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POLYNOMIALS
ML 5
ZEROS OR ROOTS OF A POLYNOMIAL
A real number is a root or zero of polynomial f(x) = a n x n + a n 1x n 1 + a n 2 x n 2 + ...... + a1x + a0 ,
if f ( ) = 0. i.e. a n n + a n 1 + a n 2 n 2 + ...... + a1 + a0 = 0.
f(-2) = -8 -24 - 22 - 6
f(-2) = - 60 0.
Ex.1
Sol.
Ans.
4
is a root of the polynomial f(x) = 6x3 - 11x2 + kx - 20 then find the value of k.
3
Ex. 2
If x =
Sol.
4
4
4
4
f = 6 11 + k 20 = 0
3
3
3
3
6.
64
16 4k
11. +
20 = 0
9.3
9
3
Ex.3
Free
Ans.
If x = 2 & x = 0 are two roots of the polynomial f(x) = 2x3 - 5x2 + ax + b. Find the values of and b.
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Sol.
....(i)
3
Ans.
REMAINDER THEOREM
Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and a be any real number and If p(x) is
divided by (x - a), then the remainder is equal to p(a).
Let q(x) be the quotient and r(x) be the remainder when p(x) is divided by (x - a) then
p(a) = r
This shows that the remainder is p(a) when p(x) is divided by (x - a).
REMARK : If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (x + a), (ax - b), (x + b), (b - ax) then the remainder in the
b b b
b b b
value of p(x) at x = a , , , i.e. p(-a), p , p , p respectively.
a a a
a a a
Ex.4
Sol.
1 - 2x = 0 2x = 1 x =
3
1
2
1 1
1
1
f = 6 + 2 4
2 2
2
2
Ex.5
1 3
+1 4
8 2
1 12 + 8 32
35
=
8
8
Ans.
The polynomials ax3 + 3x2 - 13 and 2x3 - 5x + a are divided by x + 2 if the remainder in each case is the same,
find the value of a.
Sol.
5
9
Ans.
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Ex.6
Sol.
Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree greater than or equal to 1 and a be a real number such that p(a) = 0,
than (x - a) is a factor of p(x). Conversely, if (x - a) is a factor of p(x), then p(a) = 0.
Show that x + 1 an d 2x - 3 are factors of 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12.
3
To prove that (x + 1) and (2x - 3) are factors of 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12 it is sufficient to show that p(-1) and p
2
both are equal to zero.
p(-1) = 2(-1)3 - 9(-1)2 + (-1) + 12 = - 2 - 9 - 1 + 12 = - 12 + 12 = 0
3
3
3
3 3
And, p = 2 9 + + 12
2
2
2 2
27 81 3
27 81 + 6 + 48 81 + 81
+ + 12 =
=
=0
4
4 2
4
4
Hence, (x + 1) and (2x - 3) are the factors 2x3 - 9x2 + x + 12.
Ans.
Ex.7
Find
Sol.
And,
- 8 + 12 + 4 + = 0
= - 4 - 4
.....(i)
2 = - 2 = - 1
Ans.
3
Ex.8
What must be added to 3x + x - 22x + 9 so that the result is exactly divisible by 3x2 + 7x - 6.
Sol.
3x + 7x - 6 3x + x x( 22 a) + 9 + b
3x 3 + 7 x 2 6x
2
6x + 6x ( 22 a)x + 9 + b
or
6x 2 + x( 16 + a ) + 9 + b
6x 2 14 x
12
x( 2 + a) + ( b 3
Hence, x(a 2 + b 3 = 0 . x + 0)
a-2=0&b-3=0
Free
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a = 2 or b = 3
Ans.
Ex.9
Sol.
if we put x = 1 in p(x)
p(1) = 2(1)4 - 7(1)3 - 13(1)2 + 63(1) - 45
2 - 7 - 13 + 63 - 45 = 65 - 65 = 0
x = 1 or x - 1 is a factor of p(x).
Similarly, if we put x = 3 in p(x)
p(3) = 2(3)4 - 7(3)3 - 13(3)2 + 63(3) - 45
162 - 189 - 117 + 189 - 45 = 162 - 162 = 0
Hence, x = 3 or x - 3 = 0 is the factor of p(x).
p(x) = 2x4 - 7x3 - 13x2 + 63x - 45
Ex.10
Sol.
x2 - 31a + 220
= x 2 2.
31
31 31
.x + + 220
2
2 2
2
31
961
31
81
= x
+ 220 = x
2
4
2
4
Free
31 9
31 9
31 9
= x = x
+ x
2
2
2
2
2 2
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= (x - 11)(x - 20)
Ans.
Ex.11
Sol.
-10x2 + 31x - 24
31
24
2
2
31
24
31 31
= 10 x 2 2. .x + +
20
10
20 20
2
2
31
961 24
31
1
= 10 x
+ = 10 x
20
400 10
20
400
2
2
31 1
31 1
31 1
= 10 x = 10 x
+ x
20 20
20 20
20 20
2 x 3 5x 8
= 10
= ( 2 x 3)( 5x 8) = ( 3 2 x )( 5x 8)
2 5
Ans.
(ii) ax2 - bx + c
(iii) ax2 - bx - c
(iv) ax2 + bx - c
Ex.12
Sol.
2x2 + 12 2 x + 35
Product ac = 70 & b = 12 2
] [
= [ 2 x + 5][ 2 x + 7 ]
Free
2x 2x + 7 + 5 2x + 7
Ans.
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Ex.13
Sol.
Ex.14
Factorise :
Sol.
x2
x2
Ans.
13
1
x .
24
12
13
1
1
x
=
[ 24x 2 13x 2 ]
24
12 24
1
[24x2 - 16x + 3x - 2]
24
1
[8x(3x - 2) + 1(3x - 2)]
24
1
(3x - 2)(8x + 1)
24
Ans.
3 2
35
x 8x
2
2
Ex.15
Factorise :
Sol.
3 2
35 1
1
x 8x
= ( 3x 2 16x 35) = ( 3x 2 21x + 5x 35)
2
2
2
2
=
1
1
[ 3x( x 7 ) + 5x( x 7 )] = ( x 7 )( 3x + 5)
2
2
Ans.
b
c
b
c
For example : If
b
is a rational root of the polynomial f(x) = 6x3 + 5x2 - 3x - 2, then the values of b are
c
limited to the factors of -2 which are 1, 2 and the value of c are limited to the factors of 6, which are
1, 2 , 3 , 6 Hence, the possible rational roots of f(x) are 1, 2 ,
1 1 1 2
, , , . 1, 2 , 3, 6. Infect 2 3 6 3
2 1
, are the rational roots of f(x) = 6x3 + 5x2 - 3x - 2.
3 2
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NOTE:
(i) An nth degree polynomial can have at most n real roots.
(ii) Finding a zero or root of polynomial f(x) means solving the polynomial equation f(x) = 0. It follows from
the above discussion that if f(x) = ax + b, a 0 is a linear polynomial, then it has only one root given by f(x)
= 0 i.e. f(x) = ax + b = 0
ax = - b
x=
b
a
Thus
a=
b
is the only root of f(x) = ax + b.
a
Ex.16
If f(x) = 2x3 - 13x2 + 17x + 12 then find out the value of f(-2) & f(3).
Sol.
Ans.
Ans.
Sol.
Ex.18
Sol.
Ans.
Free
Ans.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 5.1
1.
2.
4.
(C) (x + 7)(6 - x)
(D) (x + 7)(x + 6)
x 1
Factors of x 2 + are :
6 6
(A)
3.
(B) (x + 7)(x - 6)
1
(2x + 1)(3x + 1)
6
(B)
1
(2x + 1)(3x - 1)
6
(C)
1
(2x - 1)(3x - 1)
6
(D)
1
(2x - 1)(3x + 1)
6
(D)
m+p
n+q
mp
nq
(B)
nq
m p
(C)
n+q
m+p
Factorise : 8x3 + 16 - 9.
2.
Factorise : x4 + x3 - 7x2 - x + 6.
3.
4.
5.
Using factor theorem, prove that p(x) is divisible by g(x) if P(x) = 4a 4 + 5x3 - 12x2 - 11x + 5, g(x) = 4x + 5.
6.
Determine if (x + 1) is a factor of x3 - x2 - (2 - 2 )x +
7.
8.
x3 + 13x2 + 32 x + 20.
9.
2x3 + y2 - 2y - 1.
10.
11.
x4 + 5x2 + 4.
12.
Free
2.
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 4.1)
Qus.
10
11
Ans.
36
2. 1
3.
4.
189
5. 364
6.
(i) -281250
(ii)
7.
(i) x2 + 11x + 28
(ii) x 2 +
8.
(i) 10812
(ii) 999964
9.
10.
12.
13.
(x2 + 5x + 3)(x2 + 5x + 7)
(iii) 4x2 - 4 +
5
12
1
x2
(iii) -0.018
26
x+1
5
(iii) P 4 +
63 2
P 4
4
(iii) 1224
11. 3
2x + 4
15. (x - y) (x + y)3
Ans.
1. (2x - 1)(4x2 + 2x + 9)
4. Yes
6. (x + 1) is a factor.
9. (y - 1)(y + 1)(2y + 1)
Free
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COORDINATE GEOMETRY
ML - 6
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM
In two dimensional coordinate geometry, we u se generally two types of co-ordinate system.
(i) Cartesian or Rectangular co-ordinate system.
(ii) Polar co-ordinate system.
In cartesian co-ordinate system we represent any point by ordered pair (x,y) where x and y are called X and
Y co-ordinate of that point respectively.
In polar co-ordinate system we represent any point by ordered pair (r, ) where r is called radius vector
and ' ' is called vectorial angle of that point.
Free
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(b) Quadrants :
The co-ordinates axes XOX and YOY divide the place of graph paper into four parts XOY, XOY, XOY and
XOY. These four parts are called the quadrants. The part XOY, XOY, XOY and XOY are known as the
first, second, third and fourth quadrant respectively.
X > 0,
y>0
In second quadrant:
X < 0,
Y>0
In third quadrant :
X < 0,
Y<0
In fourth quadrant:
X > 0,
Y<0
(Positive quadrant)
(Negative quadrant)
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In point P lies on X-axis then clearly its distance from X-axis will be zero, therefore we can say that its
coordinate will be zero. In general, if any point lies on X-axis then its y-coordinate will be zero. Similarly if
any point Q lies on Y-axis, then its distance from Y-axis will be zero therefore we can say its x-coordinate
will be zero. In general, if any point lies on Y-axis then its x-coordinate will be zero.
Step I: Draw two mutually perpendicular lines on the graph paper, one horizontal and other vertical.
Step II: Mark their intersection point as O (origin).
Step III: Choose a suitable scale on X-axis and Y-axis and mark the points on both the axis.
Step IV: Obtain the coordinates of the point which is to be plotted. Let the point be P(a,b). To plot this point
start from the origin and |a| units move along OX, OX according as a is positive or negative respectively.
Suppose we arrive at point M. From point M move vertically upward or downward |b| through units
according as b is positive or negative. The point where we arrive finally is the required point P(a,b).
ILLUSTRATIONS :
Ex.1
Sol.
let XIX and YOY be the coordinate axis. Here given point is P(3,4), first we move 3 units along OX as 3 is
positive then we arrive a point M. Now from M we move vertically upward as 4 is positive. Then we arrive
at P(3,4).
Free
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Ex.2
Sol.
(ii) B(-2,3)
(iii) C(-5,-2)
(iv) D(4,-3)
(v) E(-5,-5)
Ist
quadrant.
(ii) Here x is negative and y is positive therefore point B lies in IInd quadrant.
(iii) Here both coordinates are negative therefore point C lines in IIIrd quadrant.
(iv) Here x is positive and y is negative therefore point D lies in IVth quadrant.
(v) Point E lies in III quadrant.
Ex.3
Sol.
(ii) B(-5,-7)
(iii) C(3,-2)
(iv) D (0,5)
(v) E(5,0)
Let XOX and YOY be the coordinate axis. Then the given points may be plotted as given below :
Ex.4
( x 2 x 1 )2 + ( y 2 y 1 )2
Sol.
Free
Let d1, d2, d3 be the required distances. By using the formula, we have
(i)
d 1 = ( 5 3 )2 + ( 3 2 )2 = 2 2 + 1 2 = 5
(ii)
d 2 = ( 1 2 )2 + { 4 ( 3)} 2 = ( 3)2 + 7 2 = 58
(iii)
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP - 6.1
1.
2.
(B) Y-axis
(B) Y-axis
(B) Second quadrant
If the abscissa of any point is zero then that point will lie :
(A) on X-axis
5.
(C) Origin
If both co-ordinates of any point are negative then that point will lie in :
(A) First quadrant
4.
3.
(C) Origin
(B) on Y-axis
(C) at origin
The co-ordinates of one end point of a diameter of a circle are (4, -1) and coordinates of the centre of the
circle are (1 ,-3) then coordinates of the other end of the diameter are :
(A) (2,5)
6.
(B) (-2,-5)
(D) (-3,-2)
The point (-2,-1), (1,0), (4,3) and (1,2) are the vertices of a :
(A) Rectangle
7.
(C) (3,2)
(B) Parallelogram
(C) Square
(D) Rhombus
(C) 5
(B) 3
34
Plot the points in the plane if its co-ordinates are given as A (5,0), B(0,3) C(7,2), D(-4,3), E(-3,-2) and F(3,-2).
2.
In which quadrant do the following points lie A(2,3), B(-2,3), C(-3,-5), D(3, -1). Explain with reasons.
3.
4.
-3
-2
-2
With rectangular exes, plot the points O(0,0), A(4,0) and C(0,6). Find the coordinates of the fourth points B
such the OABC forms a rectangle.
5.
Plot the points P(-3,1) and Q(2,1) in rectangular coordinate system and find all possible coordinates of other
two vertices of a square having P and Q as two adjacent vertices.
6.
Find the value of x, if the distance between the points (x, -1) and (3,2) is 5.
7.
The base AB two equilateral triangles ABC and ABC with side 2a, lies along the x-axis such that the mid
point of AB is at origin. Find the coordinates of the vertices C and C of the triangles.
Free
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 6.1)
Qus.
Ans.
2.
A- Ist quadrant
B - IInd quadrant
4.
(4,6)
7.
Free
C IIIrd quadrant
D - IVth quadrant
6.
7 or -1
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LINEAR EQUATION IN
TWO VARIABLES
ML - 7
LINEAR EQUATIONS IN ONE VARIABLE
An equation of the form ax + b = 0 where a and b are real numbers and x is a variable, is called a linear
equation in one variable.
Here a is called coefficient of x and b is called as a constant term. i.e. 3x + 5 = 0, 7x - 2 = 0 etc.
Ex.1
Sol.
Ex.2
Sol.
Given eq. is 4x - y - 3 = 0
....(i)
Ex.3
Sol.
Given eq, is 3x + 5y - 2 = 0
....(i)
Free
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b
b
Step II: If the equation is of the form ax = b, a o, then plot the point ,0 and one more point ,
a
a
b
when is any real number. If the equation is of the form ay = b, a 0 , then plot the point 0 , and
a
b
, where is any real number.
a
Step III : Joint the points plotted in step II to obtain the required line.
NOTE :
If eq. is in form ax = b then we get a line parallel to Y-axis and if eg. is in form ay = b then we get a line
parallel to X-axis.
Draw the graph of
Ex.4
(i) 2x + 5 = 0
(ii) 3y - 15 = 0
(i) Graph of 2x + 5 = 0
Sol.
On simplifying it we get 2x = - 5 x = -
5
2
5
First we plot point A1 ,0 & then we plot any other point A2
2
5
,2 on the graph paper, then we join
2
15
f = 5.
3
First we plot the point B1 (0, 5) & then we plot any other point B2 (3, 5) on the graph paper, then we join
these two points we get required line m as shown in figure.
NOTE :
A point which lies on the line is a solution of that equation. A point not lying on the line is not a solution of
the equation.
Free
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(B) In order to draw the graph of a linear equation ax + by + c = 0 may follow the following algorithm.
Step III : Put any two or three values for x or y and calculate the corresponding values of y or x respectively
from the expression obtained in Step II. Let we get points as ( 1 , 1 ), ( 2 , 2 ), ( 3 , 3 ) .
Ex.5
Draw the graph of the line x 2y = 3, from the graph find the coordinate of the point when
(i) x = - 5
Sol.
(ii) y = 0
0 3 3
=
2
2
33
=0
2
x = - 2, then y =
x3
2
2 3 5
Hence we get
=
2
2
3
3
2
-2
5
2
Free
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Ex.6
Draw the graphs of the lines represented by the equations x + y = 4 and 2x - y = 2 in the same graph. Also
find the coordinate of the point where the two lines intersect.
Sol.
2x - y = 2 ......(ii)
y=4-x
(ii) We have
y = 2x - 2
-2
By drawing the lines on a graph paper, clearly we can say that P is the point of intersection where
coordinates are x = 2, y = 2
Free
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(ii) The equation of a line passing through origin is y = mx. Here c= 0 then the line passes always from
origin.
x y
+ = 1 where a & b are intercepts on positive direction of x-axis and y-axis
a b
Ex.7
Solve :
x
x
= 3+
2
3
Sol.
Given
x
x
x x
= 3+ = 3
2
3
2 3
3x 2 x
=3
6
x
=3
6
x = 18
Free
b
is a solution.
a
Ans.
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Sol.
....(ii)
-13y = 13
y=
13
13
y = -1
Put the value of y in eg. (i) we get
2x - (3) (-1) = 5
2x + 3 = 5
2x = 5 - 3
2x = 2
x=1
x = 1, y = 1
Ans.
Solve
x + 4y = 14
....(i)
7x - 3y =
...(ii)
7 (14 - 4y) - 3y = 5
98 - 28y - 3y = 5
98 - 31y = 5
93 = 31y
y=
93
31
y=3
Now substitute value of y in equation (ii)
7x - 3 (3) = 5
7x - 3 (3) = 5
7x = 14
x=
14
=2
7
Free
Ans.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP # 7.1
1.
2.
Solution of equation
(A) 2( 3 1)
3.
Solution of
(C) x2 + 3 = 5x - 3
(D) (x - 2)2 = x2 + 8
(C) 1 + 3
(D) 2(1 + 3 )
(C) 2
(D) -2
(C) -a + b + c
(D) a + b + c
3 x - 2 = 2 3 + 4 is
(B) 2(1 3 )
6 x + 5 3x + 5
is
=
4x + 7 2 x + 6
(B) 1
xa xb xc
+
+
= 3 is
b+c c+a a+b
(A) a + b - c
5.
2
x + 5 = 3x - 4
3
4.
(B)
(B) a - b + c
A man is thrice as old as his son. After 14 years, the man will be twice as old as his son, then present age of
this son.
(A) 42 years
6.
(D) 290
(B) x = 2, y = 0
(C) x = 6, y = 2
3
(B) 0 ,
4
4
(C) ,0
5
5
(D) ,0
4
Free
(C) 288
4
(A) 0 ,
3
10.
(B) 286
9.
(D) 36 years
8.
(C) 12 years
One forth of one third of one half of a number is 12, then number is
(A) 284
7.
(B) 14 years
(B) 3
(C) 7
(D) 5
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1.
If
2.
3.
8x - 5y = 34, 3x - 2y = 13
4.
20x + 3y = 7, 8y - 15x = 5
5.
2x - 3y - 3 = 0,
6.
Draw the graph of 2x + 3y = 6 and use it to find the area of triangle formed by the line and co-ordinate axis.
7.
Draw the graph of the lines 4x - y = 5 and 5y - 4x = 7 on the same graph paper and find the coordinates of
2x
1
+ 4y +
=0
3
2
8.
Find two numbers such that five times the greater exceeds four times the lesser by 22 and three times the
greater together with seven times the lesser is 32.
9.
Draw the graph of x - y + 1 = 0 and 3x + 2y - 12 = 0 on the same graph. Calculate the area bounded by these
lines & X-axis.
10.
Free
If p = 3x + 1, q =
1
(9x + 13) and p : q = 6 : 5 then find x.
3
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 7.1)
Qus.
Ans.
1
C
2
D
3
B
4
D
5
B
6
C
7
C
8
D
9
A
10
B
-104
5.
x=
8.
6,2
Free
2.
21
3
,y =
20
10
Yes
1
,y=1
5
3.
x = 3, y = -2
4.
x=
6.
7.
x = 2, y = 3
9.
10.
-7
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INTRODUCTION
TO EUCLIDS GEOMETRY
ML - 8
INTRODUCTION
The credit for introducing geometrical concepts goes to the distinguished Greek mathematician Euclid
who is known as the Father of Geometry and the word geometry comes from the Geek words geo
which means Earth and metreon which means measure.
(a) Axioms :
The basic facts which are granted without proof are called axioms.
(iii) A circle can be drawn with any centre and of any radius.
(iv) All right angles are equal to one another.
(v) If a straight line falling on two straight lines makes the exterior angles on the same side of it taken
together less than two right angles, then the two straight lines if produced infinitely meet on that side on
which the sum of angles are less than two right angles.
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(iii) Given two distinct points, there is one and only one line that contains both the points.
(iv) If P is a point outside a line , then one and only one line can be drawn through P which is parallel to
.
(v) Two distinct lines can not have more than one point in common.
(vi) Two lines which are both parallel to the same line, are parallel to each other.
i.e. n , m n m
(ii) Concurrent Lines : Three or more lines are said to be concurrent if there is a point which lies on all of
them.
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(iii) Intersecting lines : Two lines are intersecting if they have a common point. The common point is called
the point of intersection.
(iv) Parallel lines : Two lines I and m in a plane are said to be parallel lines if they do not have a common
point.
(v) Line Segment : Given two points A and B on a line I, the connected part (segment) of the line with end
points at A and B, is called the line segment AB.
(vi) Interior point of a line segment : A point R is called an interior point of a line segment PQ if R lies
between P and Q but R is neither P nor Q.
(vii) Congruence of line segment : Two line segments AB and CD are congruent if trace copy of one can be
superposed on the other so as to cover it completely and exactly in this case we write AB CD. In other
words we can say two lines are congruent if their lengths is same.
(viii) Distance between two points : The distance between two points P and Q is the length of line segment
PQ
(ix) Ray : Directed line segment is called a ray. If AB is a ray then it is denoted by AB . Point A is called
initial point of ray.
(x) Opposite rays : Two rays AB and AC are said to be opposite rays if they are collinear and point A is the
only common point of the two rays.
Ex.1
If a point C lies between two points A and B such that AC = BC, then prove that AC =
1
AB. Explain by
2
Sol.
According to the given statement, the figure will be as shown alongside in which the point C lies between
two points A and B such that AC = BC.
Clearly,
AC + BC = AB
AC + AC = AB
Free
2AC = AB
And,
AC =
[ AC = BC]
1
AB
2
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Ex.2
Give a definition for each of the following terms. Are there other terms that need to be defined first ? What
are they, and how might you define them ?
(i) parallel lines
Sol.
(iv) radius
(i) Parallel lines : Lines which dont intersect any where are called parallel lines.
(ii) Perpendicular lines : Two lines which are at a right angle to each other are called perpendicular lines.
(iii) Line segment : it is a terminated line.
(iv) Radius : The length of the line-segment joining the centre of a circle to any point on its circumference is
called its radius.
Ex.3
How would you rewrite Euclid fifth postulate so that it would be easier to understand ?
Sol.
Ex.4
Does Euclids fifth postulate imply the existence of parallel lines ? Explain.
Sol.
if a straight line falls on two straight lines m and n such that sum of the interior angles on one side of is
two right angles, then by Euclids fifth postulate the line will not meet on this side of . Next, we know that
the sum of the interior angles on the other side of line also be two right angles. Therefore they will not
meet on the other side. So, the lines m and n never meet and are, therefore parallel.
Theorem 1 : If , m, n are lines in the same plane such that intersects m and n m, then intersects n also.
Given : Three lines , m, n in the same plane s.t. intersects m and n m.
To prove : Lines and n are intersecting lines.
[Given]
n and n m m
Theorem 2 : If lines AB, AC, AD and AE are parallel to a line , then points A, B, C, D and E are collinear.
Given : Lines AB, AC, AD and AE are parallel to a line .
To prove : A, B, C, D, E are collinear.
Proof : Since AB, AC, AD and AE are all parallel to a line Therefore point A is outside and lines AB,
AC, AD, AE are drawn through A and each line is parallel to .
But by parallel lines axiom, one and only one line can be drawn through the point A outside it and
parallel to .
This is possible only when A, B, C, D, and E all lie on the same line. Hence, A, B, C, D and E are collinear.
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EXERCISE
SUBJECTIVE DPP # 8.1
1.
2.
Write he largest number of points in which two distinct straight lines may intersect.
3.
A, B and C are three collinear points such that point A lines between B and C. Name all the line segments
determined by these points and write the relation between them.
4.
5.
6.
If AB is a line and P is a fixed point, outside AB, how many lines can be drawn through P which are :
(i) parallel to AB
(ii) Not parallel to AB
7.
Out of the three lines AB, CD and EF, if AB is parallel to EF and CD is also parallel to EF, then what is the
relation between AB and CD.
8.
If A, B and C three points on a line, and B lines between A and C, then prove that :
AB + BC = AC.
9.
10.
(i) How many lines can be drawn to pass through three given point if they are not collinear ?
(ii) How many line segments can be drawn to pass through there two given points if they are collinear
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ANSWER KEY
(Subjective DPP # 8.1)
1.
(i) Infinite
2.
One
3.
BA, AC & BC ; BA + AC = BC
4.
(i) True
(ii) False
(iii) False
(iv) True
(v) False
(vi) True
5.
6.
7.
AB CD
10.
Free
(ii) Infinite
(ii) one
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LINES AND ANGLES
ML - 9
LINE
A line has length but no width and no thickness.
ANGLE
An angle is the union of two non-collinear rays with a common initial point. The common initial point is
called the vertex of the angle and two rays are called the arms of the angles.
REMAK :
Every angle has a measure and unit of measurement is degree.
One right angle = 900
10 = 60 (minutes)
1 = 60 (Seconds)
Angle addition axiom : If X is a point in the interior of BAC, then m BAC = m BAX + m XAC
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(ii) Acute angle : An angle whose measure is less than 900 is called an acute angle.
(iii) Obtuse angle : An angle whose measure is more than 900 but less than 180 0 is called an obtuse angle.
(iv) Straight angle : An angle whose measure is 180 0 is called a straight angle.
(v) Reflex angle : An angle whose measure is more than 1800 is called a reflex angle.
(vi) Complementary angles : Two angles, the sum of whose measures is 900 are called complementary
angles.
(vii) Supplementary angles : Two angles, the sum of whose measures is 180 0, are called the supplementary
angles.
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(viii) Angle Bisectors : A ray OX is said to be the bisector of AOB, if X is a point in the interior of AOB,
and AOX = BOX.
AOX and BOX are adjacent angles, OX is common arm, OA and OB are non common arms and lies on
either side of OX.
(x) Linear pair of angles : Two adjacent angles are said to form a linear pair of angles, if their non common
arms are two opposite rays.
(xi) Vertically opposite angles : Two angles are called a pair of vertically opposite angles, if their arms
form two pairs of opposite rays.
AOC & BOD from a pair of vertically opposite angles. Also OD & BOC form a pair of vertically
opposite angles.
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(ii) Corresponding angles : Two angles on the same side of transversal are known as the corresponding
angles if both lie either above the two lines or below the two lines, in figure 1 & 5, 4 & 8, 2 & 6, 3
& 7 are the pairs of corresponding angles.
(iii) Alternate interior angles : 3 & 5, 2 & 8, are the pairs of alternate interior angles.
(iv) Consecutive interior angles : The pair of interior angles on the same side of the transversal are called
pairs of consecutive interior angles. In figure 2 & 5, 3 & 8, are the pair of consecutive interior angles.
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IMPORTANT THEOREMS
Theorem 1 : If two lines intersect each other, then the vertically opposite angles are equal.
Given : Two lines AB and CD intersecting at a point O.
...(i)
[linear pair]
...(ii)
[linear pair]
DOB = AOC
AOC = DOB
Similarly we can prove that BOC = DOA
Hence Proved.
Theorem 2 : If a transversal intersects two parallel lines, then each pair of alternate interior angles is equal.
Given : AB and CD are two parallel lines, Transversal I intersects AB and CD at P and Q respectively
making two pairs of alternate interior angles, 1, 2 & 3, 4.
To prove :
Free
1 = 2 and 3 = 4
Proof : Clearly,2 = 5
And,
1 = 5
[Corresponding angles]
1 = 2
Also,
3 = 6
And,
4 = 6
[Corresponding angles]
3 = 4
Hence, Proved.
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ILLUSTRATIONS
Ex.1
Sol.
4x + 5x = 1800 9x = 1800
x=
1800
= 200
9
Ans.
Ex.2
Sol.
x0 - (90 - x0) = 10
x0 - 90 0 + x0 = 10
2x0 = 10 + 90 = 100
100 0
= 50 0
2
x0 =
Ans.
Ex.3
In figure, OP and OQ bisects BOC and AOC respectively. Prove that POQ = 900.
Sol.
OP bisects BOC
POC =
1
BOC
2
...(i)
COQ =
OC stands on AB
...(ii)
[Linear pair]
1
1
1
AOC + BOC = 1800
2
2
2
POQ = 90 0
Hence Proved.
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Ex.4
In figure, lines AB, CD and EF intersect at O. Find the measures of AOC, DOE and BOF
Sol.
Given
AOC = 350
Ans.
BOF = AOE
BOF = 40 Ans.
AOB = 180 0
Now,
[Straight angles]
35 + COF + 40 = 180
DOE = COF
DOE = 1050
Ans.
Ex.5
Sol.
np and m is transversal
1 = 3 = 850
[Corresponding angles]
2 + 3 = 1800
2 + 85 0 = 1800
2 + 1800 - 850
2 = 95 0
Free
Ans.
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EXERCISE
OBJECTIVE DPP # 9.1
1.
If two lines intersected by a transversal, then each pair of corresponding angles so formed is
(A) Equal
2.
3.
(B) Complementary
(C) 50 0
(B) 350
(C) 50 0
Two angles whose measures are a & b are such that 2a - 3b = 600 then
(A) 0
9.
(B) 290
(D) 30 0
8.
(D) none
0
(A) 280
7.
If one angle of triangle is equal to the sum of the other two then triangle is :
(A) acute a triangle
6.
5.
(A) 380
4.
(C) Supplementary
(B)
8
5
(C)
1
2
(D) 45 0
4a
= ? If they form a linear pair :
5b
(D)
2
3
10.
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1.
The supplement of an angle is one third of itself. Determine the angle and its supplement.
2.
Two complementary angles are such that two times the measure of one is equal to three times measure of
the other. Find the measure of the large angle.
3.
4.
(A) 54 28'
5.
(B) 4202536
(B) 98 0 35 20
In figure, if BOC = 7x + 200 and COA = 3x, then find the value of x for which AOB becomes a straight
line.
6.
7.
If the bisectors of two adjacent angles form a right angle prove that their non common angles are in the
same straight line.
8.
9.
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10.
In the given figure, AB is a mirror, PO is the incident ray and OR, the reflected ray. If POR = 1120 find
POA
11.
12.
In figure if ABCD, EF CD and GED = 1260, find AGE, GEF and FGE.
13.
ABC is an isosceles triangle in which B = V and L & M are points on AB & AC respectively such that
LMBC. If A = 500 find LMC.
14.
15.
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ANSWER KEY
(Objective DPP # 9.1)
Qus.
10
Ans.
1350, 450
2.
540
3.
(A) 53020
(B)
47034 24
4.
(B)
81024 40
5.
16 0
8.
800
9.
60 0,48 0,72 0
10.
34
11.
126
12.
13.
1150
14.
125 0
15.
2600
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