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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research

Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

Review on: The Characteristic Performance Parameter of


Solar Photovoltaic Cell due to Variation of Temperature
Indra Kumar Lokhande1, Dr. Nilesh Diwakar2, Abhay Gupta3
1. PG student, TRUBA Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, RGPV, Bhopal. India.Email: indral@gmail.com
2. H.O.D. Mechanical Department, TRUBA Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, RGPV, Bhopal. India.
3. Prof. Mechanical Department, TRUBA Institute of Engineering and Information Technology, RGPV, Bhopal. India.

Abstract:

Integrate photovoltaic cell is the


photovoltaic cell which replaces the conventional solar
photovoltaic cell. A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic
cell or photocell) is an electrical device that converts the
energy
of light
directly
into electricity by
the
photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic is the field of
technology and research related to the practical
application of photovoltaic cells in producing electricity
from light, though it is often used specifically to refer to
the generation of electricity from sunlight. Solar cell is a
form of photoelectric cell which, when exposed to light,
can generate and support an electric current without
being attached to any external voltage source, but do
require an external load for power consumption.
Efficiency of solar panels starts decreasing with
increasing temperature. So there is need to reduce
the temperature of solar panels to have their
optimum usage.
Key words: Open circuit current, short circuit
current, fill factor, phase change material

I. INTRODUCTION
The energy from the sun reaching the earth per day
ranges from about 633.03351kJ/sq. ft. for Northern
Europe to about i.e. 2110.1117kJ/ sq. ft. for arid
region near the equator. India receives a solar energy
equivalent of more than 5000trillion (i.e. 5 10 7lakh)
kWh per year which is far more than its total
consumption. The daily global radiation is around
5kWh per sq.m per day with sunshine ranging
between 2300 and 3200 hours per year in most parts
of India. The daily average solar energy incident
varies from 4 - 7 kWh/m2depending upon the
location. There are around 250 300 Sunny days in
most parts of the country. The state of Madhya
Pradesh is endowed with high solar radiation with
around 300 days of clear sun. The state offers good
sites having potential of more than 5.5 kWh/ sq.m/per
day for installation of Solar based power projects.

Madhya Pradesh offers good sites having potential of


more than 5.5 to 5.8kWh/sq m for installation of solar
based power projects. Solar irradiation is the measure
of power produced per unit area on the earth surface
by the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation.
Madhya Pradesh is enriched with the solar energy
having
potential
of
3.76kwh/m2/day
to
2
7.17kwh/m /day. Madhya Pradesh has the potential to
install a Solar based power project. Bhopal city is
endowed with 4.24kwh/m2/day to maximum of
7.17kwh/m2/day. Further it should be noted that
efficiency of solar panels starts decreasing with
increasing temperature [1]. The relation between
light intensity and short circuit current (Isc) is linear
with the Isc increasing with increasing light intensity,
due to the increase in the number of photons
generating the photo-current, in addition to the
perceptible improvement in Isc with increase in
temperature, which is the consequence of the
improvement in the diffusion lengths and due to the
shift of the absorption edge to lower energies [1, 2].
From the eq.,
( )

eq.(1)

which shows that the relation between Voc and light


intensity is logarithmic, i.e. causes Voc to effectively
saturate as a function of light intensity and also
shows that Voc is a function of the light intensity,
dark current (Io) and the junction perfection factor
(A0). One can conclude that the dark current (I 0)
decreases and Voc consequently increases with
increasing band gap or decreasing temperature [2,3]
A system consisting of two stages was used: a
water circulation system was found to be necessary to
overcome the degradation in Voc with panel
temperature and, at the same time, a reflecting mirror
was utilized to increase the solar radiation on the
panel surface, i.e. to increase Isc,. An increase in the
power output and in hot water can be obtained. it is
possible to increase the output power of a solar panel

Copyright 2014 IJMER, All Right Reserved

56

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research


Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

by utilizing a reflecting mirror and a water circulation


system, which affect the short circuit current and the
open circuit voltage, respectively. There is an
increase of 40 mW cm2 as a result of utilizing the
mirror and an increase of 0.70 A was obtained. to
increase the output power of a solar panel by utilizing
a reflecting mirror and a water circulation system,
which affect the short circuit current and the open
circuit voltage, respectively. There is an increase of
40 mW cm2 as a result of utilizing the mirror and an
increase of 0.70 A was obtained. At the same time,
the water circulation system helps to maintain the
panel temperature around 37"C, even when the
reflecting mirror was utilized, and a difference of
1.20 V above the Voc of the normal panel was
obtained from this system. The increase in Isc and Voc
has a direct influence on the output power by using
the above structure. Finally, the increase in cooling
water temperature of 13C, that is from 29 to 42C,
with a flow rate of 2.2 1 min ' provides an additional
source of energy which can be utilized. [8].

Fig.1 System Layout diagram for [8], experimental


setup
Over the last 20 years there has been a great effort
in research and development in the photovoltaic (PV)
field, focusing on three main directions:
to increase the efficiency of both PV cells
and panels
to reduce cost for kW peak

to develop easy to handle and durable new


materials for PV systems
The temperature drift: most PV materials have a
negative temperature drift and this entails a lower
efficiency when weather conditions are optimal for
energy production. The reduction can reach 30% in
summer radiation conditions [27,20]. The panels,
submerged and non-submerged, have been placed in

a flat position. This solution has been chosen in order


to get a better evaluation of the efficiency of the
panel, without introducing an error in the
measurement of the solar irradiance. It is important to
observe that a pyranometer shows a measurement
error that is known only if it is on a horizontal plane
[10].The behavior of a photovoltaic (PV) panel
submerged in water is studied. A sizeable increase of
electric power output is found for shallow water.
Experiments have been carried out for single
crystalline silicon panels. It is important to stress that
the temperature of the submerged panel is spatially
homogeneous and varies very little during the day.
This has a double positive effect: on the efficiency of
the PV module, since the mismatch among different
cell behaviors, due to non-uniform cell temperatures
is avoided, and on the PV system, with a reduction on
cable power losses and a more effective sizing and
operation of the inverter. The managing of the
apparatus is simple and practical. Further tests with
different types of panels (polycrystalline, amorphous
silicon, thin film panels, etc.) are in progress [56]
A large portion of solar energy is wasted through heat
dissipation [34,53]. Although some emerging
technologies can considerably improve energy
utilization efficiency, such as multi-junction cells
[35], optical frequency shifting [38], multiple exciton
generation cells [42], hot carrier cells [7] and
concentration photovoltaic system [54], these
technologies require high cost and complex service
conditions, and thus have not been commercially
used in solar roofing panel yet. Energy payback time
(EPBT) for solar thermal system is much less than
that of PV systems. The EPBT of PV system can be
reduced by using it in a hybrid system integrating PV
with solar thermal components, such as hot water
(HW) tubes [46]. Simple superposition of the
materials and costs, but provides a viable solution to
significantly increase overall energy utilization
efficiency while alleviating the disadvantages of a
single approach [48]. A PV-thermal collector enables
heat harvesting while improving the PV utilization
efficiency by controlling the temperature of PV
modules. Currently, some groups have studied the
performance of PV-thermal hybrid systems [45,49],
FGMs are characterized by continuous variation of
the volume fraction of the constituents [52]. FGMs
have attracted significant interests among researchers
and engineers because of their unique thermomechanical
properties
and
microstructures
[51,47,25]. A PV surface layer, transferring the photo
energy into electricity, is bonded to a structural
substrate plate through a functionally graded material
(FGM) interlayer. The FGM contains aluminum
powder dispersed in a high density polyethylene
(HDPE) matrix with a graded microstructure [52]. A

Copyright 2014 IJMER, All Right Reserved

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research


Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

hybrid solar panel has been invented to integrate


photovoltaic (PV) cells onto a substrate through a
functionally graded material (FGM) with water tubes
cast inside, through which water serves as both heat
sink and solar heat collector. Therefore, the PV cells
can work at a relatively low temperature while the
heat conduction to the substrate can be minimized.
Solar panel prototypes have been fabricated and
tested at different water flow rates and solar
irradiation intensities. The temperature distribution in
the solar panel is measured and simulated to evaluate
the performance of the solar panel. The finite element
simulation results are very consistent with the
experimental data. The understanding of heat transfer
in the hybrid solar panel prototypes will provide a
foundation for future solar panel design and
optimization. The finite element model is general and
can be extended for different material design and
other size of panels. The FGM layer can effectively
transfer heat from the PV cells to water tubes and
prevent heat loss to the substrate. The hybrid solar
panel exhibits promising performance with PV cells
working at relatively low temperatures. Considering
electricity and thermal energy collection, the overall
panel efficiency is around 71%, which compares
favorably with those of traditional PV thermal hybrid
solar panels. A finite element model was successfully
built to simulate the heat transfer characteristics in
the hybrid solar panel prototype and the simulation
results are consistent with the experimental data. It
provides a general approach for future FGM based
solar panel design and optimization [61].

Fig.2 Schematic illustration of hybrid solar roofing


panel prototype for D.J Yang [25]
A solar cell basically is a p-n semiconductor junction.
When exposed to light, a dc current is generated. PVs
offer several advantages such as: high reliability, low
maintenance cost, no environmental pollution, and
absence of noise [50]. The PV curves vary with solar
insolation and module temperature. Equation (1) and
(2) are used to describe the characteristics of PV
array.:

Where: IPV is the PV module current (A), IL is the


light generated current (A), Io is the diode saturation
current, q is the charge of electron (coulomb), K is
the Boltzmann's constant (j/K), A is the diode factor,
T is the module temperature (K), RS is module series
resistance (ohm), Rsh is module parallel resistance
(ohm), VPV is the module output voltage (V), and
PPV is the extracted PV power (W) [55]
Jones and Underwood [36] have studied the
temperature profile of photovoltaic (PV) module in a
non-steady state condition with respect to time. They
conducted experiments for cloudy as well clear day
condition. They observed that the PV module
temperature varies between 300 and 325K (2752
1C) for an ambient air temperature of 297.5K (_24.5
1C). The carrier of thermal energy associated with
PV module may be either air or water. Once thermal
energy requirement is integrated with PV module, it
is referred as hybrid photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T)
system.
Hybrid PV/T system has following applications:
(i) Water heating system [13,17]
(ii) Air heating system [11].
Chow [39] has analyzed PV/T water collector with
single glazing in a transient condition. The tube
below a flat plate with metallic bond collector was
used. It has been observed that electrical thermal
efficiency is increased by 2% at mass flow rate of
0.01 Kg/s for 10,000W/m2K plate to bond heat
transfer coefficient. An additional thermal efficiency
of 60% was also observed. Huang et al. [32] have
studied experimentally unglazed integrated PV and
thermal solar system (IPVTS) for water heating under
the natural mode of operation. They observed that the
primary energy saving efficiency of IPVTS exceeds
0.60 which is higher than for a conventional solar
water heater or pure PV system. Kalogirou [33] has
carried out a monthly performance of unglazed
hybrid PV/T system under the forced mode of
operation for climatic condition of Cyprus. He
observed an increase in the mean annual efficiency of
PV solar system from 2.8% to 7.7% with a thermal
efficiency of 49%. Similar study has also been
carried out by Zondag et al. [37]. Hagazy [28] and
Sopian et al. [37] investigated glazed PV/T air system
for single and double pass air heater for space heating
and drying purposes. They have also developed a
thermal model of each system. Thermal energy for
glazed PV/T system is increased with lower electrical
efficiency due to high operating temperature. Further,
Coventry [41] has made an attempt to study the
performance of a concentrating PV/T solar collector

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research


Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

and concluded that an overall thermal and electrical


efficiency of PV/T concentrating system are 58% and
11%, respectively. This gives a total efficiency of the
system as 69%. Thermal energy is produced along
with electrical energy generated by a PV module with
higher efficiency. An analytical expression for an
overall efficiency (electrical and thermal) has been
derived by using energy balance equation for each
component for back surface, outlet air and top surface
temperatures with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.97
0.99 and root mean square percent deviation (e) of
7.5413.89% There is an increase in an overall
efficiency of hybrid PV/ thermal system by 18% due
to thermal energy available in addition to electrical
energy. The points to be noted while analyzing
solar panel:
1) Temperature of solar panel increases
exponentially with the ambient temperature
2) Efficiency is inversely proportional to the
ambient temperature
3) Higher the wind speed lowers the
temperature difference
4) Glass cover on the panel act as the
sunlight absorber

II.SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
WORKING PRINCIPLE
A basic solar PV panel contains a
semiconductor material covered by protective
glass connected to a load. When sunlight hits
the semiconductor, electrons become excited.
These excited electrons are separated by an
internal field inherent in the semiconductor and
collected into an external circuit generating
electricity. When light shines on a solar cell photovoltage is generated. The generated voltage across
the solar cell drives the current in external circuit and
therefore can deliver power. In order to collect
energy of a photon in the form of electrical energy
through solar cells following action must be taken (a)
increase in potential energy of carriers, and (b)
separation of carrier. Task (a) is performed efficiently
by semi-conductor material. In order to perform task
(b) asymmetry in semi-conductor device is required.
Asymmetry should be such that the generated
electron hole pairs should get separated from each
other [60].
Once an electron-hole pair is generated
within the junction (depletion layer), both carriers
will be acted upon by the built-in electric field. Since
the field directed from n top side, it will cause the
holes to be swept quickly toward the n side. Once out
of the junction region, these carriers became a part of
the majority carrier in the respective regions and
diffuse away from the junction region as their

concentration near the junction has increased. This


addition of excess majority charge carrier on each
side of the junction, results in a voltage across
external terminals of the junction. If a load is
connected across these terminals, the photon
generated current will flow this external circuit. This
current will be proportional to the number of electron
hole pairs generated, which in turn, depends on the
intensity of illumination. Thus, an illuminated p-n
junction becomes a photovoltaic cell with positive
terminals on p side[59].
Solar panel works best in certain weather condition,
but since the weather is always changing and as
engineers are installing solar panel all over the world
in different climate region, most panels do not
operating under ideal conditions. That is why it is
important for engineers to understand how panel
reacts to different weather conditions. The different
types of solar cells can be classified according to the
microstructure of the active material: Monocrystalline, Poly-crystalline and Thin film. A basic
solar PV panel contains a semiconductor
material covered by protective glass connected
to a load. When sunlight hits the semiconductor,
electrons become excited. These excited
electrons are separated by an internal field
inherent in the semiconductor and collected into
an external circuit generating electricity. It has
been found out that temperature of solar panels
increases twice with the ambient temperature. In
Rajasthan ambient temperature reaches above
400C and the temperature of solar panel reaches
to 800C. The solar panels available in India are
European manufactured according to their
standards which are not suitable to Indian
conditions. European summers can be
considered as Indian winters and it is required to
manufacture solar panels suitable to Indian
conditions.
It has been found that with increase in
temperature there is a drop in voltage and
efficiency [60]. Solar cell's performance with
changes in environment and design parameters which
can be controlled [59]. There is an increase in the
output power of a solar panel by utilizing a Thermal
energy is produced along with electrical energy
generated by a PV module with higher efficiency.
There is an increase in an overall efficiency of hybrid
PV/ thermal system by 18% due to thermal energy
available in addition to electrical energy [40]. The
behavior of a photovoltaic (PV) panel submerged in
water. A sizeable increase of electric power output is
found for shallow water [56]. When the solar cell is
heated, the current, Isc will increase, but the voltage,
Voc, will decrease. Since the voltage decreases faster

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research


Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

than the current increases, the result is that the overall


efficiency goes down [46].

III. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON


PV CELL
Solar cells vary under temperature changes. The
change in temperature will affect the power output
from the cells. The voltage is highly dependent on the
temperature and an increase in temperature will
decrease the voltage [57].

IV. DESIGN PARAMETERS OF


SOLAR CELL
The Current-Voltage relationship of a solar PV
module can be given by the following equation:
(

From [60]
Where, IL is the current generated due to light, Rs is
the series resistance of PV modules, n is the ideality
factor, I0 is the reverse saturation current, T is the
temperature and k is the Boltzmann constant.
The various parameters of a solar PV module include
Short Circuit Current (Isc), Open Circuit Voltage
(Voc), Fill Factor (FF), Efficiency (), Peak Power
(Pm),
Series
Resistance
(Rs)
and
Shunt
Resistance(Rsh).
Short Circuit Current: The short circuit current, Isc,
is the maximum current produced by a solar PV
module when its terminal is shorted. Mostly Isc= IL
Open Circuit Voltage: The open circuit voltage, Voc,
is the maximum voltage that can be obtained from a
solar PV module when its terminal is left open.
(
)
From [60]

Fig.3 Output I-V characteristic of PV module with different


temperature [44]

Figure shows the effect of temperature on I-V


characteristic of PV module at constant radiation
[57], with decreasing temperature, PV current
decrease slightly but PV voltage increase clearly.
Thermal energy is produced along with electrical
energy generated by a PV module with higher
efficiency. An analytical expression for an overall
efficiency (electrical and thermal) has been derived
by using energy balance equation for each component
[44]. The photovoltaic thermal solar collector,
sometimes known as the hybrid solar collector
generates both thermal and electrical energies
simultaneously. A double pass photovoltaic thermal
solar collector suitable for solar drying applications
has been developed and tested. A steady state closed
form solution to determine the outlet and mean
photovoltaic panel temperature has been obtained for
the differential equations of the upper and lower
channels of the collector. photovoltaic thermal solar
collector or hybrid solar collector, which converts
solar radiation directly to both thermal and electrical
energies. It is very attractive for solar applications in
which limited space and area related installation cost
are of primary concern. The hybrid collector is also
attractive when the space needed to install side-byside solar thermal and photovoltaic collectors is not
readily available [44].

Power Output: The power output, Pout is the power


produced by a solar module. The power output is the
product of Open Circuit Voltage (Voc), Short Circuit
Current (Isc) and Fill Factor.
From [60]

Fill Factor: The fill factor (FF) is defined as the


squareness of the I-V curve and mainly related to the
resistive losses in a solar module. It can be defined as
the ratio of the actual maximum power output to the
ideal maximum power output. In ideal case, its value
can be 100% corresponding to square I-V curve. But
it is not feasible to have square I-V. There are always
some losses that reduce the value of FF. The best
value of FF that can be obtained for a solar module
can empirically be written as a function of Voc.
(

From [60]

The Fill Factor (FF) of a PV module can also be


actually the area under the I-V curve. It is given in
percentage.
%

From [60]

Efficiency: The module efficiency is given as:

Copyright 2014 IJMER, All Right Reserved

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research


Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

%.

From [60]

V. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
ON THE DESIGN PARAMETERS
OF SOLAR CELL
Solar cells vary under temperature changes. The
change in temperature will affect the power output
from the cells. The voltage is highly dependent on the
temperature and an increase in temperature will
decrease the voltage. An increase in temperature
causes reduction in band gap which in turn, causes
some increase in photo-generation rate and thus a
marginal increase in current. . Due to this, the cell
voltage decreases by approximately 2.2mV per C
rise in operating temperature, depending on the
resistivity of the silicon used higher the silicon
resistivity, more marked is the temperature effect.
Also, the fill factor decreases slightly with
temperature. Hence the efficiency of the solar panel
starts decreasing as the temperature increases [60].
There is a need to manufacture solar panel according
to the climate condition or certain measures has to be
taken for improving the efficiency of the European
manufactured solar panels that can also works
efficiently in our country.
Where Imax and Vmax are the current and voltage
for maximum power, corresponding to solar intensity
(I(t)) and AC is Area of solar cell[58]

properties, having values of about 0.0045K and 0.12,


respectively, for crystalline silicon
modules [43].
The quantities Tref and ref are normally given by the
PV manufacturer. However, they can be obtained
from flash tests in which the modules electrical
output is measured at two different temperatures for a
given solar radiation flux [18]. The actual value of
the temperature coefficient, in particular, depends not
only on the PV material but on Tref as well. It is
given by the ratio:

In which T0 is the (high) temperature at which the


PV modules electrical efficiency drops to zero [6].
For crystalline silicon solar cells this temperature is
270 C [14].

VII. METHODOLOGY
A solar cell panel for electricity generation and
air/water is made to flow in a duct placed below the
surface on which the solar cells are mounted to
extract heat from the system, thereby cooling the
cells and increasing their efficiency [14].

VI. PV MODULE EFFICIENCY AS A


FUNCTION OF OPERATING
TEMPERATURE
The solar cell power conversion efficiency can be
given as:
( )

From[58]

Where Imax and Vmax are the current and voltage


for maximum power, corresponding to solar intensity
(I(t)) and Ac is Area of solar cell [58].
The correlations expressing the PV cell temperature
(Tc) as a function of weather variables such as the
ambient temperature (Ta), solar radiation (I(t)), etc.
will be discussed in this section. The effect of
temperature on the electrical efficiency of a PV
cell/module can be obtained by using the
fundamental equations.
The basically effect leads to a relation in the form:(
from [43]
(
)
( )
(
)
In which Tref is the modules electrical efficiency at
the reference temperature, Tref, and at solar radiation
of 1000W/m2. The temperature coefficient, ref, and
the solar radiation coefficient, , are mainly material

Fig.4 Design of Solar Photovoltaic/ Thermal


air/water heating system by Jai Prakash [14]
The PV/T collector made in the present study
comprises a commercial PV module and a heatcollecting plate (Fig. 2). A Solarex MSX60 polycrystalline solar PV module (467 mm31105 mm)
(rated 60 Wp, 17.1 Vpeak voltage) was adopted to be
combined with a heat-collecting plate. The heatcollecting plate adheres directly to the back of the
commercial PV module. Thermal grease was used
between the plate and the PV module for better
contact. Below the heat collecting plate, a PU thermal
insulation layer is attached using a fixing frame.
The flow channels in the heat-collecting plate are in
the corrugated structure with W/D = 1.0. The heat
transfer can be greatly enhanced. The flow channel

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research


Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

dimension is 6 mm in width, 4 mm in height, 0.6 mm


in thickness, and 6 mm in rib spacing [30].

width of 660 mm and a length of 1,476 mm. The total


area of the panel covered by photovoltaic cells is
0.8505 m2. Therefore, the packing factor, or the
fraction of the total collector area covered by
photovoltaic cell is 0.87. The efficiency of the
photovoltaic panel is 14% at a mean panel
temperature of 2580C. The ambient temperature
thermocouple is located outside in a well ventilated
location about 1.25 m above the ground. Two

thermocouples are used for measuring the inlet


temperature and are placed at the beginning of
the photovoltaic panel. The temperatures at the
end of the first pass stream are measured by two
thermocouples.

Fig.5 Schematic diagram of integrated PV/T system


(IPVTS) by B J Huang [30].
Eight T type thermal couples (10 C) are attached on
the panels to detect the temperature distribution of
the PV cells and water. The solar panels are tested in
a solar room equipped with a metal halide lamp,
which can provide irradiation up to 4 KW/m2. The
panel is fixed on a wood frame with 45_ tilt angle so
that the panel surface is normal to the irradiation. A
pyranometer is used to measure and calibrate the
solar irradiation. A mass flow meter is used to control
the cooling water flow rate. The experimental data is
collected with the data acquisition system. The whole
system testing set up is shown in Fig.
The performance of the solar panels is characterized
in the following way: The solar panels are put in the
solar room under different irradiations of 850 and
1100 W/m2 [61].

Fig.6 Schematic diagram of hybrid solar collector by


[30]
The experimental setup is shown in Fig. 6. The basic
components are as follows: (i) the
double pass hybrid solar collector, (ii) the support
structure, (iii) the air ow measurement
system, (iv) the temperature measurement system, (v)
the wind speed measurement system, (vi) the solar
radiation measurement system and (vii) the data
acquisition system. Then photovoltaic panel has a

Fig.7 Schematic diagram of double pass photovoltaic


thermal solar collector
A hybrid solar collector is a panel that unites a
photovoltaic unit with a solar collector and affords
reductions in installation space over conventional
solar energy utilization systems. Some studies have
addressed hybrid solar collectors. These include one
on a test product by the New Energy and Industrial
Development Organization (NEDO) [26], experiment
and evaluation based on exergy by Tani et al.
[12,15,19,23,31], a simulation of TRNSYS by
Yoshinaga et al. [16], proposal of a simulation model
by Florschuetz [5] and examination of a system using
brine [21,22] and air [24] as heating media.
Experiments and analyses were conducted on power
and heat generation characteristics of the hybrid solar
collector. First, experiments under constant supply
temperature of brine were made and conversion
efficiency and collector efficiency were measured.
Second, the efficiency of the hybrid solar collector
was compared with those of a photovoltaic and a
solar collector in terms of the energy and exergy
efficiency [40].

VIII. CONCLUSION

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Research


Volume 3 Issue 1 (Page, 56-65), ISSN: 2277-8128

In this paper the effects of temperature on


photovoltaic modules, the losses of panel due to
temperature variation and its cause is discussed. The
losses due to higher temperature is controlled by
using the phase change material, due to its change in
phase the latent heat of the wax is transferred to the
water and then the water starts boiling and a hot
water or distilled water can be obtained by this
improvising.

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[1] R. K. Yasui and Schmidt, IEEE photo spec. 8th
Conference Rec., Seattle, p. 110 (1970).
[2] W. Luft, 1EEE-Trans, Aerospace Electron
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[3] J. Mandelkorn, Barona and Lamneck, IEEE photo
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(1972).
[4] H. J. Hovel, Semiconductors and Semimetals,
Vol. 11, Solar Cells" (1975)
[5] L. Florschuetz, Extension of the HotelWhillier
Bliss model to the analysis of combined
photovoltaic/thermal
flat
plate collector,
Sharingthe Sun Joint Conference Proceeding,
vol. 6, 1976, pp. 7992
[6] Evans. D. L. and Florschuetz. L. W. (1978).
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