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Abstract:
I. INTRODUCTION
The energy from the sun reaching the earth per day
ranges from about 633.03351kJ/sq. ft. for Northern
Europe to about i.e. 2110.1117kJ/ sq. ft. for arid
region near the equator. India receives a solar energy
equivalent of more than 5000trillion (i.e. 5 10 7lakh)
kWh per year which is far more than its total
consumption. The daily global radiation is around
5kWh per sq.m per day with sunshine ranging
between 2300 and 3200 hours per year in most parts
of India. The daily average solar energy incident
varies from 4 - 7 kWh/m2depending upon the
location. There are around 250 300 Sunny days in
most parts of the country. The state of Madhya
Pradesh is endowed with high solar radiation with
around 300 days of clear sun. The state offers good
sites having potential of more than 5.5 kWh/ sq.m/per
day for installation of Solar based power projects.
eq.(1)
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II.SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC
WORKING PRINCIPLE
A basic solar PV panel contains a
semiconductor material covered by protective
glass connected to a load. When sunlight hits
the semiconductor, electrons become excited.
These excited electrons are separated by an
internal field inherent in the semiconductor and
collected into an external circuit generating
electricity. When light shines on a solar cell photovoltage is generated. The generated voltage across
the solar cell drives the current in external circuit and
therefore can deliver power. In order to collect
energy of a photon in the form of electrical energy
through solar cells following action must be taken (a)
increase in potential energy of carriers, and (b)
separation of carrier. Task (a) is performed efficiently
by semi-conductor material. In order to perform task
(b) asymmetry in semi-conductor device is required.
Asymmetry should be such that the generated
electron hole pairs should get separated from each
other [60].
Once an electron-hole pair is generated
within the junction (depletion layer), both carriers
will be acted upon by the built-in electric field. Since
the field directed from n top side, it will cause the
holes to be swept quickly toward the n side. Once out
of the junction region, these carriers became a part of
the majority carrier in the respective regions and
diffuse away from the junction region as their
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From [60]
Where, IL is the current generated due to light, Rs is
the series resistance of PV modules, n is the ideality
factor, I0 is the reverse saturation current, T is the
temperature and k is the Boltzmann constant.
The various parameters of a solar PV module include
Short Circuit Current (Isc), Open Circuit Voltage
(Voc), Fill Factor (FF), Efficiency (), Peak Power
(Pm),
Series
Resistance
(Rs)
and
Shunt
Resistance(Rsh).
Short Circuit Current: The short circuit current, Isc,
is the maximum current produced by a solar PV
module when its terminal is shorted. Mostly Isc= IL
Open Circuit Voltage: The open circuit voltage, Voc,
is the maximum voltage that can be obtained from a
solar PV module when its terminal is left open.
(
)
From [60]
From [60]
From [60]
60
%.
From [60]
V. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
ON THE DESIGN PARAMETERS
OF SOLAR CELL
Solar cells vary under temperature changes. The
change in temperature will affect the power output
from the cells. The voltage is highly dependent on the
temperature and an increase in temperature will
decrease the voltage. An increase in temperature
causes reduction in band gap which in turn, causes
some increase in photo-generation rate and thus a
marginal increase in current. . Due to this, the cell
voltage decreases by approximately 2.2mV per C
rise in operating temperature, depending on the
resistivity of the silicon used higher the silicon
resistivity, more marked is the temperature effect.
Also, the fill factor decreases slightly with
temperature. Hence the efficiency of the solar panel
starts decreasing as the temperature increases [60].
There is a need to manufacture solar panel according
to the climate condition or certain measures has to be
taken for improving the efficiency of the European
manufactured solar panels that can also works
efficiently in our country.
Where Imax and Vmax are the current and voltage
for maximum power, corresponding to solar intensity
(I(t)) and AC is Area of solar cell[58]
VII. METHODOLOGY
A solar cell panel for electricity generation and
air/water is made to flow in a duct placed below the
surface on which the solar cells are mounted to
extract heat from the system, thereby cooling the
cells and increasing their efficiency [14].
From[58]
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VIII. CONCLUSION
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Reference:
[1] R. K. Yasui and Schmidt, IEEE photo spec. 8th
Conference Rec., Seattle, p. 110 (1970).
[2] W. Luft, 1EEE-Trans, Aerospace Electron
System, AES- 7, p. 332 (1971)
[3] J. Mandelkorn, Barona and Lamneck, IEEE photo
spec. conference. 9th conference Rec., p. 15
(1972).
[4] H. J. Hovel, Semiconductors and Semimetals,
Vol. 11, Solar Cells" (1975)
[5] L. Florschuetz, Extension of the HotelWhillier
Bliss model to the analysis of combined
photovoltaic/thermal
flat
plate collector,
Sharingthe Sun Joint Conference Proceeding,
vol. 6, 1976, pp. 7992
[6] Evans. D. L. and Florschuetz. L. W. (1978).
Terrestrial concentrating photovoltaic power
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[7] R.T. Ross, A.J. Nozik, Efficiency of hot-carrier
solar-energy converters, J. Appl. Phys. 53 (1982)
38133818.
[8] A.A.Al Baali, Improving the power of a solar
panel by cooling and light concentrating, Solar &
Wind Technoloyy Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 241 245,
1986
[9] A Bohner Solar desalination with a high
efficiency multi effect process offers new
facilities, Desalination, 73 (1989) 197- 203
[10] Duffie JA, Beckman WA. In: University of
Wisconsin-Madison, editor. Solar engineering of
thermal processes. John Wiley & Sons; 1991
[11] A.K. Bhargava, H.P. Garg, R.K. Agarwall,
Study of a hybrid solar system-solar air heater
combined with solar cells, Energy Convers.
Manage. 31 (5) (1991) 471479.
[12] K. Sakuma et al., Yearly characteristics of a
photovoltaic/thermal hybrid panel based on
exergy theory, Trans. Inst. Electr. Eng. Jpn. 113B (1993) 736743.
[13]
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[61]
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