= ^=

j= ^4r

=_ ^= i ^= _w ^=

=v= _g= K = W j

== _r

W= ^= l= ^= ^=

La notion de ?racine? chez les grammairiens arabes

anciens p239-246
=W _k ^=i_k ^=
Materiaux pour une histoire des thories linguistiques, ed.
Sylvain Auroux et autres. Universit de Lille III. Travaux et
recherches. 1984.
=

== W

= _f = K k^= = f= _ ^= 4 = f= _ ^= f= ? ^?= = _^= ^=

= _o ^= ^= = _ ^= i ^= s^= _w ^= `= _= ov_g ^= k= aj= w= = ak ^

= `= ? ^?= = jf= w= = I ?^?= = = = _ ^= ^= d

= r_r ^= u^ ^= f^= 2^= ^= g= = = = j= ^4r= k^I ~

= i ^= `= d= k= = f^= ^= _f^3^= = f^= _= f^= < r= f^
= ^= _ ^= = = = = ?^?= = `= I ? ^?= = = ?^?= = ^
= ^= = _ = _= = I = ^= ^= I g ^= ^= ^= I
1

= I ^= f^= fk^= d= ^= = I 4~^= = I ^= = = K ? ^?= y= =

== =^ _w ^= I Thomas Erpenius fd= _ = Pierre Kristen= 4= 4f

Abstract:

=K _ ^= 3 ^=d== = =I ? ^?= ?^?= f= ^f_= ^

This article outlines the concept of root in the works of the orientalists who adopt it and
those who do not. In order to verify the validity of the interpretations put forth by various
researchers as to the content produced by ancient Arab grammarians and lexicographers, from
the eighth century to the fifteenth century, on the concept of the base, and the extent to which
they correctly or incorrectly developed the concept of root, Grard Tropeau exposed the texts
of Sibawayh, Al Khali, Al Mubarrad, Ibn Sarraj, Al Zujaji, Ibn Jinni, Ibn Faris, Ibn Asfur, Al
Istiribadi, Al Sayuti, Ibn Mandur, to conclude that Arabs dealt with the concept of the base
rather than the root. He claims that base refers to the initial state of the word, the original
initial letters, and the semantic origin of the lexeme. These concepts are different from the
concept referred to by the term root. Finally, he concluded that the concept of root is ascribed
to the early European Arabicists such as Pierre Kristenand and Thomas Erpenius, as well as
the Jewish grammarians who used root and base interchangeably , perhaps due to unfaithful
translation.

== W r3^= ^= = =

= K ? ^?= = I f ^= = ^= ^= = ov= = I fk^= h`= k

= = = I g _f= I = _= _k = I _^= i_k ^= _= _ wk= I m_j= nn= j

== K ^

Gaudefroy-= g_
= ^ = Blachre 4f= d= g =_f I =^

= _= j= `= _ = f`= `= l^= nn= `= k_= = ?= I Dmombynes

= K 1 ?_k^= _= = l = = I m_j^= _f= K _= _k_= ^= = f= = K ^

F0

= j_k= _= = _ skf= gjj= l^= = ?= _= I Fleich = d= g _f= _`

1

. Blach re , R . et Gaudefroy- Demombynes, M. (1952), Grammaire de larabe classique, Paris, p. 13.

= = K 2 ? ^= ^= ~^= m_j^= j= ~= = k= m_ = = ^= = wkj= = K ^

F1

= ^k= = = I = = _g?= 2k= ^= e = I David Cohen = ^= d= g _f

= = = K _= _k_= ^= ^ = = = K s^= _ `= wj= j= _ = = gj= kf_n

= m_j= `= m_j= W ~`= j= _= = ja= `= I wk I =^ ^=

== K 3 ?l^
F2

= 2= ; ^= m_ ^= k k^= = I ^= = fk^= = ^= ^= ^= `= g

= = _~= `= Renan = _= `= = I _f= = K _^= ^= ^`= = I Renan _= _

= = 2= _ = I l^ _f= ^= r= = 4gk ^= 5 ?= = lo= = _ ^= m_ ^= m__~

= _ f= =j ; ^= .^= ^?= = = _ = = I ?m_j_f= ^= = _ ^= m^4k ^

K= 4 ?m_j^= _k~^= = I nn= = m_f= _3 = I f= = 4= _= ^r= _ ^

F3

= I _g= v`= hk= = I m__ ^= ^= = k= = ^= ? ^?= = `= 4

== W ^= ^ = ^f= = Carl Brockelmann= _ f= _f= ^= k

= = m_= = = m_= d= I hk ^= r= = I _ ^= m_ ^= m_ = = j?
=K ?l^= nof= ^= 3^= _ k = gjj

=W _= I 3= `= m^= = 2= m_ = = f= I f_k

= `= 4= K ^= _w ^= _ r= = = I ?r?= = _k_f= ^= ^ = _ = ?
= = X _f= kj= ; ^= I ^= _v= = I _v= = wk ^= j_k^= _ ^= _^

= < = 4 = w _= K ^= m_ = _k ^= ^= ^= = _gk^= = `= k^=

== K 5 ?_j= m_f= < = = _d= I _f

F4

= W ~b= h_r= = }= = I _^= _ ^= m_ ^= = pv_f= I g__f= I I _ ^== _

2

. Fleisch,H. (1961), Trait de philologie arabe , Beyrouth, vol. 1, p. 248.

. Cohen, D., Langue arabe , dans Encyclopedia Universalis, vol. 2 , p. 200.
4
. Renan, E., ( 1855) Histoire gnrale et systme compar des langues smitiques, Paris, p. 455.
5
. Brockelmann,C. ( 1910) , Prcis de linguistique smitique, Paris, p. 113-114.
3

=K K K = `= 4= K s^= j= = = r= m_~= = _ = d = I = = ^= ?=

= I = `= =^ = k= d= I =^ = _k= f_= = =^

== K 6 ? _ ^= _r= j= ^j= _= `= l_= ; ^= m_ ^= _`= = I v_f

F5

= I _ _f= = ^= I ^ = _ f= yj= v= _k= = I 1950= = I k_ = hk =

= m^= = _ = j= ^= `g^= = `g= =^ ?= `= = _f`= I ^4 = yg`= _

= _j= _j= ^= = j= j= _d= I hw= _ _= = = I j= _ ^= m_ ^

K 7 ? ^
F6

= `= w =^ m_^= = = k= I m__ =^ ^= k^= ^^= = _`

= =^ ^= = _7 ^= I ^= ^ = _= _=^ i=^ _w=^ = _= _= _k

= ^= _= ^d = \ ? ^?= = = _w ^= = _= = I ~b= 4gkf= = K r kf^

= I f_r^= = pwg= `= _w= ^ ^= ^= = \ = 7= _= ^= ^= = _= I

= _= d= _o^= ^= = ^kf^= = I i ^= s^= _w ^= f= ^k ^= = _=

K= = _ ^= ^

= `= = I E 794= = k^F= g= = I = `= = h= af= ^ = _o= `g

= j= % = ^d= I v = = `= f`= `= I nn= = I g= d= g _fI m_ ^= kj

=K m_^= j= v= _ k= j= I E | 792= = k^F= ^= `= I s

= I _ ^= _v= = I v= `= v= = m_ ^= j= I ^= _v= = X _ ^= `= I ^

= _ o= _`= = I d= g _f= I m_ ^= l=f = K g= `= v`= k= = m_ ^= j

= = j= I ^j= `= `= ^j= `= _^= 7 = = K paradigmes ^f= ~= = w ^

== K _ j^= ^= = ^r= j= = _ = I ^= = ^j= vaf= = _ ^= wkj = K ^= _ k _v

6
7

.Brockelmann, C. (1907), Grundriss der vrgleichenden grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, Berlin, t.1, p.286-287
. Cantineau, J. (1950), racines et schmes , Mlanges William Marais, Paris, p.119.

= I _f= I nn= I _nW ^`= nn= = kj= m_ =^ `= s= = I =^ _`

= ^d= ~b= v= = ja= f ^= ^= k ^= ^= = v= = `= _v= I _

= ^= l_= ^d= v`= nn= = I nn= ^= l_= ^d= v= = I _n= ^= l_

= h= I _ f= _= ^= aj= hv= K _ = ^= l_ = ^d= v`= f`= = I _f

= faf= _f ^= ^= I ^= lf= no ^= ^= I kf= _o ^= ^= j= _d= ^

= 4= = = m_ aj= `= v= `= d= K = = _= _ ^= ^= I =

= I g= ^= = K = _ kg _ = 2kj= _= k= m_ aj= j= ; ^= = m_ ak ^= =
K= ^= = _ = `= = _= I m_ ^= _`= = I ^=

= = _ f= gjj= ^= = = f= I ? ^?= = d= ^= _= e= I d

= g= `= = K _o ^= ^= = s^= ^= = = I w ^= ^ = = = r= = I _

= 4= _= I k^= w^= = I r= = `= = K ? ^?= = = m_^= = ^= ^

= = I _= I = = d= 4= `= _ef= _= ^= I ?^?= = = K ? ^?= = d

K= _ f= wj= = ; ^= ^= j ^= m^4k ^= = f_ ^= _ ^= `= I = ^= _ ^

= j= j= = ^= = E | 898= = k^F= 2^= = = I _k =^ =^

= _ ^= g= k^= ^= I ?`?= = _k^= = ^j= I = I v= _`= 4= I m_ ^

= _k = _gk_f= I ?^?= = k= 2_= K _ = `= _ = g= ^= _f= I ^= =

= = = X ?_`?= f= _= _v= = = I = `= k= f= = g= ^= I ^=

== K ^= = w`= ^= ?`?| = ^ = ^= f= ?`?= = lwg`

= _w ^= = I w^= = m_ ^= = = I _ ^= ^= = ^= ^=

= = r= m_= `= d= K E | 951= = k^F= r_r ^= E | 928= = k^F= u^ ^= f^= o=

= = I _ ^= ^= = _o ^= ^= = m = = _ k = ^= = f= _f= kj

=K E | 999= = k^F = _= f^= s^= E | 1001= = k^F= < r= f^= w ^

5

= ; ^= ?^?= ^= = v= = < k= ?`?= = _k^= < r= f^= ^=

= I ^= K ^= ? _`?= j= ; ^= m_ ^= = = = g= `= d= I = = j

= j= ; ^= ^= = _ ^= `= = I _g= ^?W _k ^= ^= = ^= ^=

= kf= < r= f^= _= I ^= ?^?= = d= _f= = K 8 ?_ j= = = = ^

F7

= `= I nn= `= W `= nn= = j= _ = _= = ; ^= _5 ^= `= ^?W m_ ^

= `= nn= `I `= = j= _ = _= = ; ^= _^= I _ = `= I _f
= m_ ^= = _^= = I ^= aj= = = ^= m_f_v= < r= f^= _`= = K 9 = ?_f
F8

= k= j= `= _ = nn= = `= = v= I 4= = _ = = _^= _d= I _ =j ; ^

= _ = kj= I `= = f`= j= = = _f= = `= I k= _ = I `

= = v^= `= _ = k= I `= = _= j= = _ = = `= I = f`
== K 10 4
F9

= = = I _f= .^= f= = I 3^= ^= = < r= f^= p= I ~ `= r=

= = ^= no ^= ^= g= = K nn= = = rk^= k ^= ^= = `

=W < r= f^= = I _o^= g= = I ??

= I f= = _ v= f= j= = I l= = I mr= `= ?= = ?= = d?
== K 11 ? ^= = = _d= I = ~aj
F10

=W ? ?= =_ =kj=; ^= ^= =

= ^= = ^= __= lgj= pv= _ `= = I _7 _v= _`= = ?= = = ?= _` ?

== K 12 ? ^
F1

10 . .1970 . . .
9
17 1954 .
10
61 1 1955 .
11
11-5 1 .
12
17 -13 1 .

= I = = = = = X ^= ^= = = I = i= u= .^= = I < r= f^= o= _ =

K= 13 ^ = i_w^= = = I = = = = = X _kr^= ^= =
F12

= w ^= = _= I m_ = _k^= = d= < r= f_f= pwg =^ ^= `=

= = lk~^= d= I _= f= sk= ^kk= ^= = `= ~aj= a = K K K K = 4 _ ?W _k ^

= g _j= = = k= I no ^= ^= = `= ~aj= `= = 2 ^= _k^= _` = K K K _g

K= 14 ? = _ = = = k= _= k ^= h ^3 ^= k= I ^v^= = k ^
F 13

= f= = r= = = ?^?= = = = I = =I < r=f^==I =I ^

= `= d= K < r= f= _= s= = I _= f^= = ?^?= = _`= =

=K _ = rk^= k^= m_ ak ^= f= 3= = ^= = _=

= = _ aj= `= _= f^= k= d= K ^= ^= _d = I ^= ^= < = = I = I ^

= = K aj= = = _f= _ r^k^= _= ?`?= _= = = `= = = ^k= ^

= = I = = = `= ak ^==I k ^= ^= ^= W = `= _= = I o= I i= i= `= ak ^

= nn= I ^= _ ^= r^= ^= W = = _= f`= d= = _`= `= _

= `= _ = f`= = I = i= `= ak ^= = X ^= ^= ^W = `= ~`= _
K= 15 g ^= o ^= ^kr^= f^= W
F14

= _f^3^= E 1270= = k^F = = f^= g= = _w ^= = I ~`= = I = _

= I ^= ^= ^= _ ^= _= = I = p _o ^= ^= = I E | 1289= = k^F

= _`= 4 = K ? _^?= y= ^= k= I ^= = = 4k= r= y= = v

= f^= _r= ; =^ I _k^= m_= = = 4k =^ j= I =^ r= = I

= K ^= ^= f= r^= m_ ^= ^ = I < r

13

136-135 2 .
14
134-133 2 .
15
. 1 .

= = I `= = I ^= k ^= _= ^d= K ^= _k = j= = f^= = I ^

= I ? ^= ?= = a= = e = I ? `?= = = = `= = = _d?= W i ^= _w^= j=

=W < r= f^= j= = i3= j= _o ^= k ^= e = = I 16 ?_ = = = = `=

F 15

= _j= = ?

J^= < ` =J _k^= = I i=^ ^7= _ =^ ^ ?=

= = = = K f_k= = `= I v^= = = I ^= h ^j= = I h j

K= 17 ?v^= = d= = _o`= ?_f^ ?= ?_f?= = ?_f^?= ?_f_?

F16

= __= = ?k?= = ~af= = I k ^= = = = l`= ^_= = f^=

W= ?j?= ^= ^

= I ^= = I ^= = hj= = I ^= = = ^= I = _= ?k^?= _`

= = = k^= K = = ^= a = I ^= = uk= I =^ kj= a

== K 18 ?^
F17

==

=W _k ^= ^3^=

J= ~a= ` =J ^= = k= d= =^ = _= `= y= = W = e?= = = = = = = = = = =
=I ?= \ ^= = = = ^

=W _= = f^=

= = _g= ^= = _ = _= `= = = K _.^= _k^= r= = I y= = `= i^ _ ?

= d= I ^= = r= a = = _= I = ^r= ^= = _ = I ^= v
== K 19 ?= = = % = ^= _
F18

== W _= }= _k^= = 3= = f^= `= 4

16

41 1 .1970 . .
17
43 .
18
44 .
19
44 .

= e= K ^r= _w^= `= f= f= ^= _ = _= d= I = = I = `= g= = `= ^`?

= _ `= = `= hr

J_f= = k ^= f =J _f= 4= d= ^= r= r= = %

== K 20?~^= = ^~a= _v`= = I `

F19

= K v^= `= d= _= ^= = d= I = = = _o = ?= ? = ?_ ?= = f^=

= ^= h _j= = = ?j_ = = = f^= e= I 2 ^= _k^= d= g _f= _`

K= 21 < r= f^= 4 = = _w ^= = f= _= = v`= = `= _`= d = I ?v^= = = _

F20

=d= ^= I ^= ^= d= _w ^= = = = % = 2 ^= _k^= `= g= e= I _f

= `= I ^= _k^= d= _k^= = = = e= I ^= = I = = _f^3^= `

== K 22 ?v^ = `= = j~a = _ = `= I ~^= = ~a= k ^= vd= = ?= W gv
F21

= _ ^= ^= = I _ = f= lj= = I = f^= = I _k^= = l_ =

= k= I f_= m_j= _= = E | 1505= = k^F= ^= w ^= a^= I

=K ~`= __ `

= W ??= I ?_?I ??= m_ ^= _k_f= _k^= =

= _o _f= = X _7 = h j= = I `= _= = _ _j^= = ~`= = = ~`?

K= 23 = ?= _fI ^= =
F2

=W = _ = _= ^= e= I f= v ^= m^k ^= ^= = _= _`

= j= = r= = ^= K _ `= _= ^= = ^= ^= f= ^= K K K K = _?
K= 24 ?^= = ^= = d= = 4j= = = ^
F23

= _ = I o= o ^= _ ^= i ^= _w ^= = I ? ^?= = v = pwg ^= ^= _ =

= = ; ^= `= = = _w ^= = _= = = h_= 4= g= y^= ^= d= ^
20

.
.

41 .
21
40 .
22
334 2 .
23
346 1 .
24
57 1 .

= _ ^= = W _= nn= I _`= _ = I j= ^= = I ^= = K j= `= _ = ^

= ^= = 4gk = K ^= ^= = = ^4~`= I ^= ^= = n= I ^

=K ? ^?= y= = = ?`?= y= `= g= I 4~^= ^

= 4f= I = f_^= ^= = = ^= f^= fk^= = = = jaj= = ^= = d

= _ _= ; ^= _^= = I Thomas Erpenius fd= _ = Pierre Kristen= 4

=; ^= ^== _==v^==I _f=I =; ^= = radix = |f= `= = _ j= = I j _f

= _ f= = }3^= _= I g = K ?= = `?= _ f= = f^= s^= _

= = = ^= _f= `= = I _`= = I ^~`= = ^= _w ^= `= I Brockelmann

= _2 = _s= `= ^= = _ ^= ^= = }_r= f^= ^= s^= = _~= I ?r?

== K ^= i_k = W _5

= = v= _ =^ m_ =^ ^= = =^ _ =^ = I `= e= I __k~

= K ^= ^ = = _ ^= i ^= _w ^= `f= = 4 k ^= ^= = _ = = `= I = ? ^?
=

=
=
=
=

10