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IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)

e-ISSN: 2278-5728, p-ISSN: 2319-765X. Volume 10, Issue 6 Ver. VI (Nov - Dec. 2014), PP 14-24
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On rContinuous and rIrresolute Maps in Topological


Spaces
R. S. Wali 1 and Prabhavati S. Mandalgeri 2
1

Department of Mathematics, Bhandari Rathi College, Guledagud587 203, Karnataka State, India
Department of Mathematics, K.L.ES , S.K. Arts College & H.S.K. Science Institute, Hubli31, Karnataka
State, India

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to introduce a new type of functions called the REGULAR continuous
maps , rirresolute maps, strongly rcontinuous maps , perfectly rcontinuous maps and study some
of these properties.
Keywords: ropen sets, rclosed sets, rcontinuous maps, r-irresolute maps, strongly rcontinuous maps, perfectly rcontinuous.

I.

Introduction

The concept of regular continuous and Completelycontinuous functions was first introduced by Arya.
S. P. and Gupta.R [1]. Later Y. Gnanambal [2] studied the concept of generalized pre regular continuous
functions. Also, the concept of -continuous functions was introduced by S S Benchalli et al [3]. Recently R S
Wali et al[4] introduced and studied the properties of r-closed sets. The purpose of this paper is to introduce
a new class of functions, namely, r-continuous functions and r-irresolute functions strongly rcontinuous maps , perfectly r-continuous maps. Also, we study some of the characterization and basic
properties of r-continuous functions.

II.

Preliminaries

Throughout this paper, (X, ) and (Y, ) (or simply X and Y) represent a topological spaces on which
no separation axioms are assumed unless otherwise mentioned. For a subset A of a space X, cl(A) and int(A)
denote the closure of A and the interior of A respectively. X\A or Ac denotes the complement of A in X.
We recall the following definitions and results.
Definition 2.1: A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is called.
(1) semi-open set [5] if A cl(int(A)) and semi-closed set if int(cl(A)) A.
(2) pre-open set [6] if A int(cl(A)) and pre-closed set if cl(int(A)) A.
(3) -open set [7] if A int(cl(int(A))) and -closed set if cl(int(cl(A))) A.
(4) semi-pre open set [8] (=-open9] if Acl(int(cl(A)))) and a semi-pre closed set (=-closed ) if
int(cl(int(A)))A.
(5) regular open set [10] if A = int(clA)) and a regular closed set if A = cl(int(A)).
(6) Regular semi open set [11] if there is a regular open set U such that U A cl(U).
(7) Regular -open set[12] (briefly,r-open) if there is a regular open set U s.t U A cl(U).
Definition 2.2 : A subset A of a topological space (X, ) is called
1) generalized pre regular closed set(briefly gpr-closed)[2] if pcl(A)U whenever AU and U is regular open
in X.
2) - closed set [3] if cl(A) U whenever A U and U is -open in X.
3) regular - closed (briefly r -closed) set [4] if cl(A) U whenever AU and U is r-open in X.
4) regular generalized -closed set (briefly, rg-closed)[12] if cl (A) U whenever A U and U is regular
-open in X.
5) generalized closed set(briefly g-closed) [13] if cl(A) U whenever A U and U is open in X.
6) generalized semi-closed set(briefly gs-closed)[14] if scl(A) U whenever A U and U is open in X.
7) generalized semi pre regular closed (briefly gspr-closed) set [15] if spcl(A ) U whenever AU and U is
regular open in X.
8) strongly generalized closed set [15](briefly,g*-closed) if Cl(A)U whenever AU and U is g-open in X.
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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


9)
10)
11)
12)
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19)
20)
21)
22)
23)

-generalized closed set(briefly g -closed)[16] if cl(A)U whenever AU and U is open in X.


-closed set[ 17] if cl(A) U whenever A U and U is semi-open in X.
weakely generalized closed set(briefly, wg-closed)[18] if cl(int(A))U whenever AU and U is open in X.
regular weakly generalized closed set (briefly, rwg-closed)[18] if cl(int(A)) U whenever AU and U is
regular open in X.
semi weakly generalized closed set (briefly, swg-closed)[18] if cl(int(A))U whenever AU and
U is semi open in X.
generalized pre closed (briefly gp-closed) set [19] if pcl(A) U whenever AU and U is open in X.
regular -closed (briefly r -closed) set [20] if cl(A) U whenever AU and U is regular semi-open in
X.
g*-pre closed (briefly g*p-closed) [21] if pcl(A) U whenever A U and U is g-open in X
generalized regular closed (briefly grclosed)set[22] if rcl(A) U whenever A U and U is open in X.
regular generalized weak (briefly rgw-closed) set[23] if cl(int(A)) U whenever A U and U is regular
semi open in X.
weak generalized regular closed (briefly wgr-closed) set[24] if cl(int(A) U whenever A U and
U is regular -open in X.
regular pre semiclosed (briefly rps-closed) set [25] if spcl(A)U whenever AU and U is rg- open in
X.
generalized pre regular weakly closed (briefly gprw-closed) set [26] if pcl(A) U whenever A U and U
is regular semi- open in X.
-generalized regular closed (briefly gr-closed) set [27] if cl(A)U whenever AU and U is regular
open in X.
R*-closed set [28] if rcl(A) U whenever A U and U is regular semi- open in X.
The compliment of the above mentioned closed sets are their open sets respectively.

Definition 2.3: A map f: (X,)(Y,) is said to be


(i)
regular-continuous(r-continuous) [1 ] if f1(V) is r-closed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(ii) Completelycontinuous[1 ] if f1(V) is regular closed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(iii) Stronglycontinuous[10] if f1(V) is Clopen (both open and closed) in X for every subset V of Y.
(iv) continuous[7 ] if f1(V) is closed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(v)
strongly continuous [29 ] if f1(V) is -closed in X for every semi-closed subset V of Y.
(vi) gcontinuous[16 ] if f1(V) is gclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(vii) wgcontinuous[18] if f1(V) is wgclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(viii) rwgcontinuous18[ ] if f1(V) is rwgclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(ix) gscontinuous[ 14] if f1(V) is gsclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(x)
gpcontinuous[19 ] if f1(V) is gpclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xi) gprcontinuous[2 ] if f1(V) is gprclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xii) grcontinuous[27 ] if f1(V) is grclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xiii) continuous[3 ] if f1(V) is closed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xiv) gsprcontinuous[15] if f1(V) is gsprclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xv) gcontinuous[3 ] if f1(V) is gclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y
(xvi) continuous[17 ] if f1(V) is closed in X for every closed subset V of Y
(xvii) rgcontinuous[12 ] if f1(V) is rgclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xviii) grcontinuous[22 ] if f1(V) is grclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xix) g*pcontinuous[21 ] if f1(V) is g*pclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xx) rpscontinuous[ 25] if f1(V) is rpsclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xxi) R*continuous[ 28] if f1(V) is R*closed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xxii) gprwcontinuous[26 ] if f1(V) is gprwclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xxiii) wgrcontinuous[24] if f1(V) is wgrclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xxiv) swgcontinuous[ 18] if f1(V) is swgclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xxv) rcontinuous[20 ] if f1(V) is rwclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
(xxvi) rgwcontinuous23 ] if f1(V) is rgwclosed in X for every closed subset V of Y.
Definition 2.4: A map f: (X,)(Y,) is said to be
(i)
irresolute [7 ] if f1(V) is -closed in X for every -closed subset V of Y.
(ii) irresolute [ 3] if f1(V) is semi- closed in X for every semi-closed subset V of Y.
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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)

contra irresolute [17 ] if f1(V) is -open in X for every -closed subset V of Y.


contra irresolute [ 7] if f1(V) is semi-open in X for every semi-closed subset V of Y.
contra rirresolute [1] if f1(V) is regular-open in X for every regular-closed subset V of Y
contra continuous [30] if f1(V) is open in X for every closed subset V of Y .
r*-open(resp r*-closed) [20] map if f(U) is r-open (resp r-closed) in Y for every r-open (resp rclosed) subset U of X.

Lemma 2.5 see[4] :


1)
Every closed (resp regular-closed, -closed) set is r-closed set in X.
2)
Every r-closed set is g-closed set
3)
Every r-closed set is gr-closed (resp -closed, gs-closed, gspr-closed, wg-closed, rwg-closed , gpclosed, gpr-closed) set in X
Lemma 2.6: see [4] If a subset A of a topological space X, and
1) If A is regular open and r-closed then A is -closed set in X
2) If A is open and g-closed then A is r-closed set in X
3) If A is open and gp-closed then A is r-closed set in X
4) If A is regular open and gpr-closed then A is r-closed set in X
5) If A is open and wg-closed then A is r-closed set in X
6) If A is regular open and rwg-closed then A is r-closed set in X
7) If A is regular open and gr-closed then A is r-closed set in X
8) If A is -open and -closed then A is r-closed set in X
Lemma 2.7: see [4] If a subset A of a topological space X, and
1) If A is semi-open and sg-closed then it is r-closed.
2) If A is semi-open and -closed then it is r-closed.
3) A is r-open iff U int(A), whenever U is r-closed and U A.
Definition 2.8 : A topological space (X, ) is called
(1) an -space if every -closed subset of X is closed in X.
III.
3. ar Continuous Functions:
Definition 3.1: A function f from a topological space X into a topological space Y is called regular
continuous (rContinuous) if f1(V) is rClosed set in X for every closed set V in Y.
Theorem 3.2: If a map f is continuous, then it is rcontinuous but not converserly.
Proof: Let f: XY be continuous. Let F be any closed set in Y. Then the inverse image f1(F) is closed set in X.
Since every closed set is rclosed Lemma 2.5, f1(F) is rclosed in X. Therefore f is rcontinuous.
Theorem 3.3: If a map f: XY is continuous, then it is rcontinuous but not converserly.
Proof: Let f: XY be continuous. Let F be any closed set in Y. Then the inverse image f1(F) is closed set
in X. Since every closed set is r closed by Lemma 2.5, f1(F) is r closed in X. Therefore f is r
continuous.
The converse need not be true as seen from the following example.
Example 3.5: Let X=Y={a,b,c,d}, ={X,,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}} and ={Y, ,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}}Let
map f: XY defined by f(a)=c , f(b)= a , f(c)=b, f(d)=d , then f is rcontinuous but not continuous and not
continuous , as closed set F= {c,d} in Y, then f1(F)={a,d} in X which is not closed , not closed set in X.
Theorem 3.6: If a map f: XY is continuous, Then the following holds.
(i)
If f is rcontinuous, then f is gcontinuous.
(ii)
If f is rcontinuous, then f is wgcontinuous (resp gscontinuous, rwgcontinuous, gpcontinuous,
gsprcontinuous, gprcontinuous, continuous, grcontinuous).
Proof: (i) Let F be a closed set in Y. Since F is rcontinuous, then f1(F) is rclosed in X. Since every
rclosed set is gclosed by Lemma 2.5, then f1(F) is gclosed in X. Hence f is gcontinuous.
Similarly we can prove (ii).
The converse need not be true as seen from the following example.
Example 3.7: Let X=Y={a,b,c}, = {X, ,{a},{b,c}} ={Y, ,{a}}, Let map f: XY defined by , f(a)=b ,
f(b)=a , f(c)=c then f is gcontinuous, wgcontinuous, gscontinuous, gpcontinuous, gsprcontinuous,
gprcontinuous , rwgcontinuous , grcontinuous but not rcontinuous as closed set F= {b,c} in Y, then
f1(F)={a,c} in X which is not rclosed set in X.
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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


Remark 3.8: The following examples shows that r-continuous maps are independent of precontinuous,
continuous, gcontinuous, continuous, rcontinuous, swgcontinuous , rgwcontinuous , wgrcontinuous ,
rgcontinuous, gprwcontinuous, g*pcontinuous, grcontinuous, R*continuous , rpscontinuous , semicontinuous .
Example 3.9: Let X=Y={a,b,c}, = {X, ,{a},{b,c}} ={Y, ,{a}}, Let map f: XY defined by , f(a)=b ,
f(b)=a , f(c)=c then f is precontinuous, continuous, gcontinuous, continuous, rcontinuous, swg
continuous, rgwcontinuous, wgrcontinuous, rgcontinuous, gprwcontinuous, g*pcontinuous, gr
continuous, R*continuous , rpscontinuous but f is not rcontinuous , as closed set F= {b,c} in Y, then
f1(F)={a,c} in X , which is not rclosed set in X.
Example 3.10: X={a,b,c,d}, Y={a,b,c} = {X, ,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}} ={Y, ,{a}}, Let map f: XY
defined by , f(a)=b , f(b)=a , f(c)=a , f(d)=c then f is rcontinuous but f is not gprwcontinuous, rps
continuous, wgrcontinuous , rgwcontinuous, rgcontinuous, swgcontinuous, precontinuous, R*
continuous , rcontinuous , -continuous , as closed set F= {b,c} in Y, then f1(F)={a,d} in X , which is not
gprw -closed (resp rpsclosed, wgrclosed, rgwclosed , rgclosed, swgclosed, preclosed, R*closed, r
closed , -closed) set in X.
Example 3.11: X=Y={a,b,c,d}, = {X, {a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}} ={Y, ,{b,c},{b,c,d},{a,b,c}}, Let map
f: XY defined by , f(a)=c , f(b)=b , f(c)=a , f(d)=d then f is rcontinuous but f is not R*continuous , r
continuous, -continuous, gr-continuous ,gcontinuous ,g*p-continuous , as closed set F={a} in Y, then
f1(F)={c} in X, which is not R*-closed (resp rclosed, closed, grclosed, g-closed, g*p-closed) set in X.
Example 3.12: X={a,b,c,d}, Y={a,b,c} = {X, ,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}} ={Y, ,{a}}, Let map f: XY
defined by , f(a)=b , f(b)=a , f(c)=c , f(d)=b then f is rcontinuous but f is not semicontinuous, continuous
, as closed set F= {b,c} in Y, then f1(F)={a,c,d} in X which is not semi-closed (resp closed) set in X.
Example 3.13: Let X=Y={a,b,c}, = {X, ,{a},{b},{a,b}} ={Y, ,{a},{b,c}}, Let map f: XY defined by ,
f(a)=b , f(b)=a , f(c)=c then f is semicontinuous, continuous but f is not rcontinuous , as closed set
F= {a} in Y, then f1(F)={b} in X , which is not rclosed set in X.
Remark 3.14: From the above discussion and know results we have the following implications. (Fig)
regular-continuous
R*-continuous
rps-continuous
rg-continuous
swg-continuous
g-continuous
rw-continuous
rgw-continuous
gr-continuous
g*p-continuous
wgr-continuous

g*-continuous

continuous

-continuous

-continuous

r-continuous

pre-continuous
Semi-continuous
g-continuous
-continuous

gp-continuous

gpr-continuous
A
A

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gprw-continuous
gs-continuous
-continuous
gr-continuous
gspr-continuous

wg-continuous

rwg-continuous

B means A & B are independent of each other


B means A implies B but not conversely

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Theorem 3.15: Let f: XY be a map. Then the following statements are equivalent :
(i) f is rcontinuous.
(ii) the inverse image of each open set in Y is ropen in X
Proof: Assume that f: XY is rcontinuous. Let G be open in Y. The Gc is closed in Y. Since f is r
continuous, f1(Gc) is rclosed in X. But f1(Gc) = Xf1(G). Thus f1(G) is ropen in X.
Converserly , Assume that the inverse image of each open set in Y is ropen in X. Let F be any closed set in
Y. By assumption f1(Fc) is ropen in X. But f1(Fc) = Xf1(F). Thus X f1(F) is ropen in X and so
f1(F) is rclosed in X. Therefore f is rcontinuous. Hence (i) and (ii) are equivalent.
Theorem 3.16: If f: (X,)(Y,) is map . Then the following holds.
1) f is rcontinuous and contra rirresolute map then f is continuous
2) f is gcontinuous and contra continuous map then f is r continuous.
3) f is gpcontinuous and contra continuous map then f is r continuous
4) f is gprcontinuous and contra rirresolute map then f is r continuous.
5) f is wgcontinuous and contra continuous e map then f is r continuous
6) f is rwgcontinuous and contra rirresolute map then f is r continuous
7) f is grcontinuous and contra rirresolute map then f is r continuous
8) f is continuous and contra irresolute map then f is r continuous
Proof:
1) Let V be regular closed set of Y, As every regular set is closed, V is closed set in Y. Since f is r
continuous and contra rirresolute map, f1(V) is rclosed and regular open in X , Now by Lemma 2.6
, f1(V) is -closed in X. Thus f is continuous.
2) Let V be closed set of Y. Since f is gcontinuous and contra continuous map, f1(V) is gclosed and
open in X , Now by Lemma 2.6, f1(V) is rclosed in X. Thus f is rcontinuous.
Similarly , we can prove 3), 4) , 5) , 6), 7), 8) .
Theorem 3.17: If f: (X,)(Y,) is map . Then the following holds.
1) f is sgcontinuous and contra irresolute map then f is rcontinuous.
2) f is continuous and contra irresolute map then f is r continuous
Proof:
1) Let V be closed set of Y. As every closed set is semi-closed, V is semi-closed set in Y. Since f is sg
continuous and contra irresolute map, f1(V) is sgclosed and semi-open in X , Now by Lemma 2.7,
f1(V) is rclosed in X. Thus f is rcontinuous.
2) The proof is in the similar manner.
Theorem 3.18: Let A be a subset of a topological space X. Then x rcl(A) if and only if for any ropen
set U containing x, AU .
Proof: Let x rcl(A) and suppose that, there is a ropen set U in X such that x U and AU= implies
that A Uc which is rclosed in X implies rcl(A) rcl(Uc) = Uc. since x U implies that x Uc
implies that x rcl(A), this is a contradiction.
Converserly, Suppose that, for any ropen set U containing x, AU . To prove that x rcl(A). Suppose
that x rcl(A),then there is a rclosed set F in X such that x F and A F. Since x F implies that
x Fc which is ropen in X. Since A F implies that A Fc = , this is a contradiction. Thus x rcl(A).
Theorem 3.19: Let f: XY be a function from a topological space X into a topological space Y. If f: XY is
rcontinuous, then f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)) for every subset A of X.
Proof: Since f(A) cl(f(A)) implies that A f1(cl(f(A))). Since cl(f(A)) is a closed set in Y and f is r
continuous, then by definition f1(cl(f(A))) is a rclosed set in X containing A. Hence rcl(A)f1(cl(f(A))).
Therefore f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)).
The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following example
Example 3.20 : Let X=Y={a,b,c,d}, = {X, , {a},{c,d},{a,c,d}} ={Y, ,{b,c},{b,c,d},{a,b,c}}, Let map
f: XY defined by , f(a)=b , f(b)=d , f(c)=c , f(d)=d . For every subset of X, f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)) holds . But
f is not rcontinuous since closed set V={d} in Y , f1(V)={b,d} which is not rclosed set in X.
Theorem 3.21 : Let f: XY be a function from a topological space X into a topological space Y. Then the
following statements are equivalent:
(i) For each point x in X and each open set V in Y with f(x) V, there is a ropen set U in X such that
x U and f(U) V.
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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


(ii) For each subset A of X, f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)).
(iii) For each subset B of Y, rcl(f1(B)) f1(cl(B)).
(iv) For each subset B of Y, f1(int(B)) rint(f1(B)).
Proof:
(i) (ii) Suppose that (i) holds and let y f(rcl(A)) and let V be any open set of Y. Since y f(rcl(A))
implies that there exists x rcl(A) such that f(x) = y. Since f(x) V, then by (i) there exists a ropen set U
in X such that xU and f(U)V. Since xf(rcl(A)), then by theorem 3.18 UA . f(UA)f(U)f(A)
Vf(A), then Vf(A) .Therefore we have y = f(x) cl(f((A)). Hence f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)).
(ii) (i) Let if (ii) holds and let x X and V be any open set in Y containing f(x). Let A = f1(Vc) this implies
that x A. Since f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)) Vc this implies that rcl(A) f1(Vc) = A. Since x A implies that
x rcl(A) and by theorem 3.18 there exists a ropen set U containing x such that UA= ,then UAc
and hence f(U) f(Ac) V.
(ii) (iii) Suppose that (ii) holds and Let B be any subset of Y. Replacing A by f1(B) we get from (ii)
f(rcl(f1(B))) cl(f(f1(B))) cl(B). Hence rcl(f1(B)) f1(cl(B)).
(iii) (ii) Suppose that (iii) holds, let B = f(A) where A is a subset of X. Then we get from (iii) , rcl(f1(f(A))
f1(cl(f(A))) implies rcl(A) f1(cl(f(A))). Therefore f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)).
(iii) (iv) Suppose that (iii) holds. Let B Y, then YB Y. By (iii) , rcl(f1(YB)) f1(cl(YB)) this
implies X rint(f1(B)) X f1(int(B)) . Therefore f1(int(B)) rint(f1(B)).
(iv) (iii) Suppose that (iv) holds Let B Y, then YB Y. By (iv), f1(int(YB)) rint(f1(YB)) this
implies that X f1(cl(B)) Xrcl(f1(B)). Therefore rcl(f1(B)) f1(cl(B)).
Definition 3.22: Let (X, ) be topological space and r ={VX : rcl(Vc) = Vc }, r is toplogy on X.
Definition 3.23: 1) A space (X, ) is called Trspace if every rclosed is closed.
2) A space (X, ) is called rT space if every rclosed set is -closed set.
Theorem 3.24: Let f: XY be a function. Let (X,) and (Y,) be any two spaces such that r is a topology on
X. Then the following statements are equivalent:
(i) For every subset A of X, f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)) holds,
(ii) f: (X, r)(Y,) is continuous.
Proof: Suppose (i) holds. Let A be closed in Y. By hypothesis f(rcl(f1(A))) cl(f(f1(A))) cl(A) = A. i.e.
rcl(f1(A))f1(A). Also f1(A)rcl(f1(A)). Hence rcl(f1(A))= f1(A). This implies f1(A) r. Thus
f1(A) is closed in (X, r) and so f is continuous. This proves (ii).
Suppose (ii) holds. For every subset A of X, cl(f(A)) is closed in Y. Since f: (X, r)(Y,) is continuous,
f1(cl(A)) is closed in (X, r) that implies by Definition 3.22 rcl(f1(cl(f(A)))) = f1(cl(f(A))). Now we have,
A f1(f(A)) f1(cl(f(A))) and by r-closure, rcl(A)rcl(f1(cl(f(A)))= f1(cl(f(A)). Therefore
f(rcl(A)) cl(f(A)). This proves (i).
Remark 3.25 : The Composition of two rcontinuous maps need not be rcontinuous map and this can
be shown by the following example.
Example 3.26 : Let X=Y=Z={a,b,c} , = {X, ,{a},{b},{a,b}} , ={Y, ,{a}} , ={Z, ,{a},{a,b},{a,c}}
and a maps f : XY , g : YZ and gof : XZ are identity maps. Both f and g are rcontinuous maps. But
gf not rcontinuous map , since closed set V={b} in Z, f1(V)={b} which is not rclosed set in X.
Theorem 3.27: Let f: XY is rcontinuous function and g:YZ is continuous function then gf: XZ is
rcontinuous.
Proof: Let g be continuous function and V be any open set in Z theng1(V) is open in Y. Since f is r
continuous, f1(g1(V)) = (gf)1(V) is ropen in X. Hence gf is rcontinuous.
Theorem 3.28: Let f: XY is rcontinuous function and g:YZ is rcontinuous function and Y is
Trspace , then gf: XZ is rcontinuous.
Proof: Let g be rcontinuous function and V be any open set in Z then g1(V) is ropen in Y and Y is
Trspace, then g1(V) is open in Y. Since f is rcontinuous, f1(g1(V)) = (gf)1(V) is ropen in X.
Hence gf is rcontinuous.
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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


Theorem 3.29: If a map f: XY is completelycontinuous, then it is r continuous.
Proof : Suppose that a map f: (X,)(Y,) is completelycontinuous. Let F closed set in Y. Then f1(F) is
regular closed in X and hence f1(F) is is rclosed in X. Thus f is rcontinuous.
Theorem 3.30: If a map f: XY is irresolute, then it is r continuous.
Proof : Suppose that a map f: (X,)(Y,) is irresolute. Let V be an open set in Y. Then V is -open in Y.
Since f is irresolute , f1(V) is open and hence ropen in X. Thus f is rcontinuous.
Definition 3.31: A function f from a topological space X into a topological space Y is called perfectly regular
continuous (briefly perfectly rContinuous) if f1(V) is clopen (closed and open) set in X for every r
open set V in Y.
Theorem 3.32: If a map f: XY is continuous, Then the following holds.
(i)
If f is perfectly rcontinuous, then f is rcontinuous.
(ii) If f is perfectly rcontinuous, then f is gcontinuous.
(iii) If f is perfectly rcontinuous, then f is wgcontinuous(resp gscontinuous, rwgcontinuous, gp
continuous, gsprcontinuous, gprcontinuous, continuous, grcontinuous).
Proof:
(i) Let F be a open set in Y, as every open is ropen in Y , since F is perfectly rcontinuous, then
f1(F) is both closed and open in X, as every open is ropen , f1(F) is ropen in X. Hence f is r
continuous.
(ii) Let F be a open set in Y, as every open is ropen in Y, since F is perfectly rcontinuous, then f1(F)
is both closed and open in X, as every open is ropen that implies is gopen, then f1(F) is gopen in
X. Hence f is gcontinuous.
Similarly , we can prove (iii).
Definition 3.33: A function f from a topological space X into a topological space Y is called regular
*- continuous (briefly r*continuous) if f1(V) is rclosed set in X for every -closed set V in Y.
Theorem 3.34: If A map f: (X,)(Y,) be function,
(i) f is rirresolute then it is r*continuous.
(ii) f is r*continuous then it is rcontinuous.
Proof:
(i) Let f: XY be rirresolute. Let F be any -closed set in Y. Then F is rclosed in Y. Since f is r
irresolute , the inverse image f1(F) is rclosed set in X. Therefore f is r*continuous.
(ii) Let f: XY be r*continuous. Let F be any closed set in Y. Then F is closed in Y. Since f is r*
continuous., the inverse image f1(F) is rclosed set in X. Therefore f is rcontinuous.
Theorem 3.35: If a bijection f: (X,)(Y,) is r*-open , r*continuous , then it is rirresolute.
Proof: Let A be rclosed in Y. Let f1(A) U where U is r-open set in X, Since f is r*-open map, f(U) is
r-open set in Y. A f(U) implies cl(A) f(U). That is , f1(cl(A)) U. Since f is r*continuous ,
cl( f1(cl(A))) U. and so cl(f1(A)) U This shows f1(A) is rclosed set in X. Hence f is r
irresolute.
Theorem 3.36 If f: (X,)(Y,) is r-continuous and r*-closed and if A is r-open(or r-closed) subset
of (Y,) and (Y,) is -space, then f1(A) is r-open (or r -closed) in (X,).
Proof : Let A be a r-open set in (Y,) and G be any r-closed set in (X,) such that G f1(A). Then
f(G) A. By hypothesis f(G) is r-closed and A is r-open in (Y,). Therefore f(G) Int(A) by Lemma 2.7
and so G f1(Int(A)). Since f is r-continuous, Int(A) is -open in (Y,) and (Y,) is -space, so Int(A) is
open in (Y,). Therefore f1(Int(A)) is r-open in ((X,). Thus G Int(f1(Int(A))) Int(f1(A)); that is,
G Int(f1(A)), f1(A) is r-open in (X,).
By taking the complements we can show that if A is r-closed in (Y,), f1(A) is r-closed in (X,).
Theorem 3.37:Let (X,) be a discrete topological space and (Y,) be any topological space. Let f: (X,) (Y,)
be a map. Then the following statements are equivalent:
(i) f is strongly r-continuous.
(ii) f is perfectly r-continuous.
Proof:
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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


(i)=>(ii) Let U be any r -open set in (Y,).By hypothesis f-1(U) is open in (X,). Since(X,) is a discrete
space,f-1(U) is also closed in (X,). f-1(U) is both open and closed in (X,). Hence f is perfectly r-continuous.
(ii)=>(i) Let U be any r-open set in (Y,). Then f-1(U) is both open and closed in (X,). Hence f is strongly
r-continuous.
rIRRESOLUTE AND STRONGLY rCONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS:
V.
Definition 4.1: A function f from a topological space X into a topological space Y is called regular
irresolute (rirresolute) map if f1(V) is rClosed set in X for every rclosed set V in Y.
IV.

Definition 4.2: A function f from a topological space X into a topological space Y is called strongly regular
continuous (strongly rcontinuous) map if f1(V) is closed set in X for every rclosed set V in Y.
Theorem 4.3: If A map f: (X,)(Y,) is rirresolute, then it is rcontinuous but not conversely.
Proof: Let f: XY be rirresolute. Let F be any closed set in Y. Then F is rclosed in Y. Since f is r
irresolute , the inverse image f1(F) is rclosed set in X. Therefore f is rcontinuous.
The converse of the above theorem need not be true as seen from the following example.
Example 4.4 : X={a,b,c,d}, Y={a,b,c} = {X, ,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}} ={Y, ,{a}}, Let map f: XY
defined by , f(a)=b , f(b)=a , f(c)=a , f(d)=c then f is rcontinuous but f is not rirresolute, as r-closed
set F= {b} in Y, then f1(F)={a} in X , which is not rclosed set in X.
Theorem 4.5: If A map f: (X,)(Y,) is rirresolute, if and only if the inverse image f1(V) is ropen
set in X for every ropen set V in Y.
Proof: Assume that f: XY is rirresolute. Let G be ropen in Y. The Gc is rclosed in Y. Since f is
r irresolute, f1(Gc) is rclosed in X. But f1(Gc) = Xf1(G). Thus f1(G) is ropen in X.
Converserly , Assume that the inverse image of each open set in Y is ropen in X. Let F be any rclosed
set in Y. By assumption f1(Fc) is ropen in X. But f1(Fc) = Xf1(F). Thus X f1(F) is ropen in X and
so f1(F) is rclosed in X. Therefore f is r irresolute.
Theorem 4.6: If A map f: (X,)(Y,) is rirresolute, then for every subset A of X ,f(rcl(A) cl(f(A)).
Proof : If A X then consider cl(f(A)) which is r-closed in Y. since f is rirresolute , f1(cl(f(A))) is
r-closed in X. Furthermore A f1(f(A)) f1(cl(f(A))). Therefore by r-closure, rcl(A)f1(cl(f(A))),
consequently , f(rcl(A) f(f1(cl(f(A)))) clf((A)).
Theorem 4.7: Let f: (X, )(Y,) and g: (Y, ) (Z,) be any two functions. Then
(i) g f : (X, )(Z,) is rcontinuous if g is r-continuous and f is r irresolute.
(ii) g f : (X, )(Z,) is rirresolute if g is rirresolute a nd f is rirresolute.
(iii) g f : (X, )(Z,) is rcontinuous if g is rcontinuous and f is rirresolute.
Proof:
(i) Let U be a open set in (Z, ) . Since g is r-continuous, g1(U) is r-open set in (Y, ). Since every r-open is
ropen then g1(U) is ropen in Y , siince f is rirresolute f1(g1(U)) is an ropen set in (X, ).
Thus (gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an ropen set in (X, ) and hence gof is rcontinuous.
(ii) Let U be a ropen set in (Z, ) . Since g is rirresolute, g1(U) is ropen set in (Y, ). Since f is
rirresolute, f1(g1(U)) is an ropen set in (X, ). Thus (gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an ropen set in
(X, ) and hence gof is r irresolute.
(iii) Let U be a open set in (Z, ) . Since g is continuous, g1(U) is open set in (Y, ). As every open set is r
open, g1(U) is ropen set in (Y, ). Since f is r irresolute f1(g1(U)) is an ropen set in (X, ).
Thus (gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an ropen set in (X, ) and hence gof is rcontinuous.
Theorem 4.8: Let f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous then it is continuous.
Proof: Assume that f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous, Let F be closed set in Y. As every closed is
rclosed, F is rclosed in Y. since f is strongly rcontinuous then f1(F) is closed set in X. Therefore
f is continuous.
Theorem 4.9: Let f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous then it is strongly continuous but not
conversely.

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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


Proof: Assume that f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous, Let F be -closed set in Y. As every -closed
is rclosed, F is rclosed in Y. since f is strongly rcontinuous then f1(F) is closed set in X.
Therefore f is strongly continuous.
The converse of the above theorem 4.9 need not be true as seen from the following example
Example 4.10: Let X=Y={a,b,c,d}, ={X, ,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}} and ={Y,,{a},{b},{a,b},{a,b,c}}Let
map f: XY defined by f(a)=a , f(b)=f(c)=f(d)=b , then f is strongly continuous but not continuous and not
strongly rcontinuous , as closed set F={a,c,d} in Y, then f1(F)={a} in X which is not closed set in X.
Theorem 4.11: Let f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous if and only if f1(G) is open set in X for
every ropen set G in Y.
Proof : Assume that f: XY is strongly rcontinuous. Let G be ropen in Y. The Gc is rclosed in Y.
Since f is strongly rcontinuous, f1(Gc) is closed in X. But f1(Gc) = Xf1(G). Thus f1(G) is open in X.
Converserly , Assume that the inverse image of each open set in Y is ropen in X. Let F be any rclosed
set in Y. By assumption Fc is ropen in X. But f1(Fc) = Xf1(F). Thus X f1(F) is open in X and so f1(F) is
closed in X. Therefore f is strongly rcontinuous.
Theorem 4.12: Let f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly continuous then it is strongly rcontinuous.
Proof: Assume that f: XY is strongly continuous. Let G be ropen in Y and also it is any subset of Y
since f is strongly continuous, f1(G) is open (and also closed) in X. f1(G) is open in X Therefore f is strongly
rcontinuous.
Theorem 4.13: Let f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous then it is rcontinuous.
Proof: Let G be open in Y , every open is ropen , G is ropen in Y, since f is strongly rcontinuous,
f1(G) is open in X. and therefore f1(G) is ropen in X . Hence f is rcontinuous.
Theorem 4.14: In discrete space, a map f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous then it is strongly
continuous.
Proof: F any subset of Y, in discrete space, Every subset F in Y is both open and closed , then subset F is both
ropen or rclosed, i) let F is rclosed in Y, since f is strongly rcontinuous, then f1(F) is closed
in X. ii) let F is ropen in Y, since f is strongly rcontinuous, then f1(F) is open in X. Therefore f1(F)
is closed and open in X. Hence f is strongly continuous.
Theorem 4.15 : Let f: (X, )(Y,) and g: (Y, ) (Z,) be any two functions. Then
(i) g f : (X, )(Z,) is strongly rcontinuous if g is strongly rcontinuous and f is strongly r
continuous.
(ii) g f : (X, )(Z,) is strongly rcontinuous if g is strongly rcontinuous and f is continuous.
(iii) g f : (X, )(Z,) is rirresolute if g is strongly rcontinuous and f is rcontinuous.
(iv) g f : (X, )(Z,) is continuous if g is rcontinuous and f is strongly rcontinuous
Proof:
(i) Let U be a ropen set in (Z, ) . Since g is strongly rcontinuous, g1(U) is open set in (Y, ). As
every open set is ropen, g1(U) is ropen set in (Y, ). Since f is strongly rcontinuous
f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, ). Thus (gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, ) and hence gof is
strongly rcontinuous.
(ii) Let U be a ropen set in (Z, ) . Since g is strongly rcontinuous, g1(U) is open set in (Y, ). Since
f is continuous f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, ). Thus (gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, )
and hence gof is strongly rcontinuous.
(iii) Let U be a ropen set in (Z, ) . Since g is strongly rcontinuous, g1(U) is open set in (Y, ). Since
f is rcontinuous f1(g1(U)) is an ropen set in (X, ). Thus (gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an ropen
set in (X, ) and hence gof is rirresolute
(iv) Let U be open set in (Z, ) . Since g is rcontinuous, g1(U) is ropen set in (Y, ). Since f is strongly
rcontinuous f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, ). Thus (gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, )
and hence gof is continuous.
Theorem 4.16 : Let f: (X, )(Y,) and g: (Y, ) (Z,) be any two functions. Then
1. g f : (X, )(Z,) is strongly rcontinuous if g is perfectly rcontinuous and f is continuous.

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On rContinuous And rIrresolute Maps In Topological Spaces


g f : (X, )(Z,) is perfectly rcontinuous if g is strongly rcontinuous and f is perfectly r
continuous.
Proof:
1. Let U be a ropen set in (Z, ) . Since g is perfectly rcontinuous, g1(U) is clopen set in (Y, ).
g1(U) is open set in (Y, ). Since f is continuous f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, ). Thus (gof) 1(U) =
f1(g1(U)) is an open set in (X, ) and hence gof is strongly rcontinuous .
2. Let U be a ropen set in (Z, ) . Since g is strongly rcontinuous, g1(U) is open set in (Y, ).
g1(U) is open set in (Y, ). Since f is perfectly r-continuous , f1(g1(U)) is an clopen set in (X, ). Thus
(gof) 1(U) = f1(g1(U)) is an clopen set in (X, ) and hence gof is perfectly rcontinuous.
2.

Theorem 4.17: If A map f: (X, )(Y,) is strongly rcontinuous and A is open subset of X then the
restriction f/A: AY is strongly rcontinuous.
Proof: Let V be any r-open set of Y, since f is strongly rcontinuous , then f1(V) is open in X. since A is
open in X, (f/A) 1 (V)=A f1(V) is open in A. hence f/A is strongly rcontinuous.
Theorem: 4.18 Let (X,) be any topological space and (Y,) be a T r -space and f: (X,) (Y,) be a map.
Then the following are equivalent:
(i) f is strongly r-continuous.
(ii) f is continuous.
Proof:
(i) =>(ii) Let U be any open set in (Y,). Since every open set is r-open, U is r-open in (Y,). Then f1(U)
is open in (X,). Hence f is continuous.
(ii) =>(i) Let U be any r-open set in (Y,). Since (Y,) is a Tr -space, U is open in (Y,). Since f is
continuous. Then f1(U) is open in (X,). Hence f is strongly wgr-continuous.
Theorem 4.19:Let (X,) be a discrete topological space and (Y,) be any topological space. Let f: (X,) (Y,)
be a map. Then the following statements are equivalent:
(i) f is strongly r-continuous.
(ii) f is perfectly r-continuous.
Proof:
(i)=>(ii) Let U be any r -open set in (Y,).By hypothesis f-1(U) is open in (X,). Since(X,) is a discrete
space,f-1(U) is also closed in (X,). f-1(U) is both open and closed in (X,). Hence f is perfectly r-continuous.
(ii)=>(i) Let U be any r-open set in (Y,). Then f-1(U) is both open and closed in (X,). Hence f is strongly
r-continuous.
Theorem 4.20: Let f: (X,) (Y,) be a map. Both (X,) and (Y,) are Tr-space . Then the following are
equivalent:
(i) f is r-irresolute.
(ii) f is strongly r-continuous
(iii) f is continuous.
(iv) f is r-continuous.
Proof : Straight forward.
Theorem 4.21: Let X and Y be rT-spaces, then for a function f: (X,) (Y,), the following are equivalent:
(i) f is -irresolute.
(ii) f is r-irresolute.
Proof: (i)=> (ii): Let f: (X,) (Y,) be a -irresolute. Let V be a r -closed set in Y. As Y rT-space, then
V be a -closed set in Y. Since f is -irresolute, f 1 (V) is -closed in X. But every -closed set is r -closed
in X and hence f 1 (V) is a r-closed in X. Therefore, f is r-irresolute.
(ii)=> (i): Let f: (X,) (Y,) be a r -irresolute. Let V be a -closed set in Y. But every -closed set is r closed set and hence V is r-closed set in Y and f is r-irresolute implies f 1 (V) is r-closed in X. But X is
1
(V) is -closed set in X. Thus, f is -irresolute.
rT-space and hence f

Acknowledgment:
The Authors would like to thank the referees for useful comments and suggestions

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