Percentage Method

Percentage refers to special kind of ratio that is used in making comparison between two
or more series of data. Percentage can also be used to compare between two or more
series of data. Percentage can also be used to compare the relative item that is distribution
of two or more series of data. This method is mainly used as comparative study.
Percentages are a measure of central tendency percentages are often used in data
presentation. The data are reduced into the standard form with the base equal to 100,
which in fact facilitates relative comparison.

Percentage= (no of respondents for the particular factor/ total respondents)* 100

Weighted Average Method

The weighted mean is similar to an arithmetic mean (the most common type of average),
where instead of each of the data points contributing equally to the final average, some
data points contribute more than others. The notion of weighted mean plays a role in
descriptive statistics and also occurs in a more general form in several other areas of
research. In this research this calculation is done to analyze the performance of services
provided by OEM

X= fx / N

Where X= weighted arithmetic mean.

fx = component items multiplied by its weights.
fx = sum of products obtained by adding all the fx values.
N= total no of items.

Chi-Square Method
The test (chi-square test) is one of the simplest and most widely used non-parametric
tests in statistical work.
The formula used to find out the chi-square test is,
(O-E)
test =

----------E

Where O stands for observed frequency,

E stands for expected frequency

In general the expected frequency for any cell is calculated from the following equation
RT*CT
C=

--------------N

Where
RT

the row total for the row containing the cell

CT

the column total for the column containing the cell

the number of observation

D.F

Degree of freedom = (r-1)(c-1)

r - Number of rows
c - Number of columns

The quantity of describes the magnitude of discrepancy between theory and

observation. The calculated value of is compared with tabulated of for given degrees
of freedom at a certain specified level (5% level). If the calculated value of is more
than the tabulated value of , then the null hypothesis is rejected. On the other hand if
calculated is less than tabulated value of , the null hypothesis is accepted.

Percentage Analysis
This is a unvaried analysis (i.e. considering just one factor) where the percentage of a
particular factor, with different categories are calculated in order to help one get a fair
idea regarding a sample and thereby that of population.
Percentage = (Number of respondents/Total no of respondents)*100
The ease of simplicity of calculation, the general understanding of its purpose and the
near universal application of the percentage has made it the most widely used statistical
tool.

Correlation Analysis
Correlation is a statistical technique which can show whether and how strongly pairs of
variables are related. The formula for correlation is

Number of pairs of scores

Sum of the product of the paired scores
Sum of x scores
Sum of y scores
Sum of squared x scores
Sum of squared y scores
Correlation is only appropriate for certain kinds of data. Correlation works for data in
which numbers are meaningful, usually quantities of some sort. It cannot be used for
purely categorical data, such as gender, brands purchased or favorite color.
The main result of a correlation is called the correlation coefficient (or "r"). It ranges
from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer r is to +1 or -1, the more closely the two variables are
related.
If r is close to 0, it means there is no relationship between the variables.
If r is positive, it means that as one variable gets larger the other gets larger.
If r is negative it means that as one gets larger, the other gets smaller (often called an
"inverse" correlation).
A key thing to remember when working with correlations is never to assume a
correlation means that a change in one variable causes a change in another.
Chi- Square test

Generally speaking, the chi-square test is a statistical test used to examine differences
with categorical variables. There are a number of features of the social world we
characterize through categorical variables - religion, political preference, etc. To examine
hypotheses using such variables, use the chi-square test.

The chi-square test is used in two similar but distinct circumstances:

A. for estimating how closely an observed distribution matches an expected
distribution - we'll refer to this as the goodness-of-fit test
B. for estimating whether two random variables are independent

The steps used in calculating a goodness-of-fit test with chi-square:

1.

Establish hypotheses.

2.

Calculate chi-square statistic.

We calculate the chi-square statistic as follows:

Doing so requires knowing:

3.

The number of observations

Expected values

Observed values

Assess significance level. Doing so requires knowing the number of

degrees of freedom.

4.
Finally, decide whether to accept or reject the null hypothesis
After the data has been collected, analysis is made from questionnaire and tabulation
method is followed. Tabulation is a technique procedure where in data is classified and

put in the form of tables. The tables thus obtained were analyzed with statistical tools like
percentages and pie diagram so that interpretation would be precise and easy.

TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS

The tools selected for analysis are
1. Percentage Analysis.
2. Correlation
3. Chi-square Analysis.
4. Weighted average method
1. Percentage Analysis:
It is used to find the percentage values for all different questions used in making
comparison between two or more series of data.
No. of respondents
Percentage Analysis = --------------------------------- X 100
Total No. of respondents
2. Karl Pearsons co-efficient of correlation:
It is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables
NXY-(X) (Y)
r = -----------------------------------NX2-(X)2 * NY2-(Y)2
3. Chi-Square Test ():
Karl Pearson first used chi square test in the year of 1990.
Chi - Square is a non-parametric technique, most commonly used way a
research to test the analysis. The main objective of chi-square is to determine whether
significant difference exist among group of data.

FORMULA:
Calculated value:
Chi - Square test () = (Oi - Ei) 2/ Ei

(2.3.20, 2.3.21, 2.3.22)

Oi = Observed frequency
Ei = Expected frequency
Tabulated value:
Degree of freedom v = (c 1) (r-1)
@ 5% level of significance.
Where c = no. of columns
r = no. of rows
If calculated value of () < tabulated value of ()0.05%
H0 is accepted, H1 is rejected.
If calculated value of () > tabulated value of ()0.05%
H0 is rejected, H1 is accepted.
Null Hypothesis (H0):
A null hypothesis is a proposition that states a definitive, exact relationship between two
variables.
Alternate Hypothesis (H1):
The alternate hypothesis is a statement expressing a relationship between two variables or
indicating differences between groups.
4. Weighted Average Method:
One of the limitations of the arithmetic mean which discussed about is that it gives equal
importance to all the items. But there are cases there the relative importance of the
different items.
Formula:
W1R1 + W2R2 + W3R3 + W4R4 +W5R5
Weighted average

------------------------------------------------

W1 + W2 + W3 + W4 +W5