Pig Value Chain Study on Disease

Transmission in Cambodia

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Acknowledgement
The presented study was funded by the European Union and implemented under the FAO project
component (OSRO/RAS/901/EC) of a Regional cooperation program on highly pathogenic and emerging
diseases in South and Southeast Asia. The Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Diseases
(ECTAD) team in the Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP) and Cambodia has supported and
facilitated this study.
The authors would like to thank all persons such as smallholder pig farmers, small, medium and large
farms, traders and middlemen, owners of the slaughterhouses and their workers, the retailers and
butchers to dedicate some of their valuable time to interviews while they were busy doing their
business. Thanks also go to the study team members - Mr. Suy Mon, Mr. But Bun Makara, Mr. Chea
Cheang Ly, Mr. Lim Sambo, Mr. Vor Sina, Ms. Keo Srey Moch, Mr. Chiv Phiny, Mr. Pok Samkol and Dr.
Khieu Borin. Special thanks go to Dr. Than Sophannara who facilitated the meeting with official traders
and also thanks go to all veterinary officers in the surveyed provinces who facilitated meetings.

For a correspondence, please contact:

Jan Hinrichs
Animal Health Economist
Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease (ECTAD)
FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP)
39 Maliwan Mansion, Phra Atit Road
Bangkok 10200, THAILAND
E-mail: jan.hinrichs@fao.org
ECTAD Homepage: http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/AH1N1/Ectad.html

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Pig Value Chain Study on Disease

Transmission in Cambodia
Edited by:

Khieu Borin1 & Jan Hinrichs2

Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development

PO Box 2423, Phnom Penh 3, Cambodia.

Emergency Centre for Transboundary Animal Disease (ECTAD)

FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAP)

FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS

REGIONAL OFFICE FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC
Bangkok, 2012
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Table of contents
Summary ..................................................................................................................... 8
Swine production ...................................................................................................................................... 8
Smallholder pig farmers ............................................................................................................................ 8
Small, medium and large farms ................................................................................................................ 9
Traders and middlemen .......................................................................................................................... 10
Slaughterhouses...................................................................................................................................... 11
Butchers .................................................................................................................................................. 13

Introduction ............................................................................................................... 14
Objectives of the study................................................................................................ 15
Materials and methods ................................................................................................ 16
III.1. Development of questionnaires ....................................................................................................... 16
III.2. Team formation and training ........................................................................................................... 16
III.3. Sampling.......................................................................................................................................... 17
III.3. Statistical analysis ........................................................................................................................... 18

Pig producers.............................................................................................................. 19
IV.1. Smallholder pig producers ............................................................................................................. 19
IV.1.1. General information of smallholder producers ....................................................................... 20
IV.1.2. Experience in pig production and raising systems.................................................................. 20
IV.1.2.1 Pig production and feeding ................................................................................................... 21
IV.1.2.2. Type of pig production ......................................................................................................... 21
IV.1.2.3. Current number of pigs and breeds ..................................................................................... 22
IV.1.2.4. Last batch of pigs kept according to type of production..................................................... 22
IV.1.2.5. Most important inputs for pig production ........................................................................... 24
IV.1.2.6. Feed resources for pig production ....................................................................................... 24
IV.1.3. Diseases and vaccination......................................................................................................... 25
IV.1.3.1. Vaccination of pigs................................................................................................................ 25
IV.1.3.2. Disease outbreaks in pigs ..................................................................................................... 27
IV.1.4. Pig production cost ................................................................................................................. 30
IV.1.4.1.Breeding sows ....................................................................................................................... 30
IV.1.4.2. Fattening pigs....................................................................................................................... 31
IV.1.5. Pig production supply chain .................................................................................................... 32
IV.1.5.1. Access to breeding stock ...................................................................................................... 32
IV.1.5.2. Number of pigs sold ............................................................................................................. 33
IV.1.5.3. Form of selling pigs ............................................................................................................... 34
IV.1.5.4. Contract/arrangement made in selling pigs ........................................................................ 34
IV.1.5.5. Reasons for selling pigs ........................................................................................................ 35
IV.1.5.6. Problems with the marketing of pigs ................................................................................... 35
IV.1.6. Awareness of market information .......................................................................................... 36
IV.1.6.1. Checking market price and sources of information ............................................................. 36
IV.1.6.2. Persons set selling price ....................................................................................................... 36
IV.1.7. Awareness of services from Village Animal Health Workers (VAHWs) .................................. 37
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IV.1.8. General interest on pig production ......................................................................................... 38

IV.2. Small, medium and large farms ...................................................................................................... 40
IV.2.1. General information regarding the respondents.................................................................... 40
IV.2.2. Information regarding the farm .............................................................................................. 41
IV.2.3. Farm status .............................................................................................................................. 43
IV.2.3.1. Years of operation, type and production system ................................................................ 43
IV.2.3.2. Number of pigs and breed ................................................................................................... 44
IV.2.3.4. Type of feed and sources ..................................................................................................... 45
IV.2.3.5. Status of pig to sell/buy and sow performance ................................................................... 46
IV.2.3.6. Contract farming practices .................................................................................................. 47
IV.2.4. Supply and market chain ........................................................................................................ 48
IV.2.4.1. Access to stock ..................................................................................................................... 48
IV.2.4.2. Source of boars for mating .................................................................................................. 50
IV.2.4.3. Number of pigs sold and their destination .......................................................................... 51
IV.2.4.4. Price difference according to type of pigs and weight ........................................................ 56
IV.2.4.5. Seasonality demand of pigs ................................................................................................. 56
IV.2.4.6. Market information, sources and price ............................................................................... 57
IV.2.4.7. Pig delivery and payment mode .......................................................................................... 58
IV.2.5. Pig diseases ............................................................................................................................. 58
IV.2.6. Waste management, water sources and inspection .............................................................. 60
IV.2.6.1. Waste management and water sources .............................................................................. 60
IV.2.6.2. Farm inspection ................................................................................................................... 61
IV.2.7. General interest, difficulty and suggestion on pig production ............................................... 62

Traders and middlemen ............................................................................................... 64

IV.3.1. Traders and middlemen profile ................................................................................................... 64
IV.3.2. Business status of traders and middlemen ................................................................................. 67
IV.3.2.1. Years of operation and family members involved ............................................................... 67
IV.3.2.2. Situation of pigs trading....................................................................................................... 67
IV.3.2.3. Position of traders and middlemen in pig market chain...................................................... 72
IV.3.2.4. Demand and supply of pigs .................................................................................................. 73
IV.3.2.5. License for pig trading .......................................................................................................... 79
IV.3.2.6. Types of license .................................................................................................................... 80
IV.3.3. Pigs supply chain ..................................................................................................................... 81
IV.3.3.1. Pig supplies ........................................................................................................................... 81
IV.3.3.2. Sale of pigs............................................................................................................................ 87
IV.3.3.3. Access of pig weight ............................................................................................................. 89
IV.3.3.4. Criteria for buying pigs ......................................................................................................... 90
IV.3.3.5. Persons set price and mode of payment .............................................................................. 93
IV.3.3.6. Number of pigs and breed purchased in previous month ................................................... 93
IV.3.3.7. Price of pigs based on weight and breed bought in previous month .................................. 96
IV.3.3.8. Arrangement and seasonal demand of finishing pigs ......................................................... 97
IV.3.3.9. Checking before buying pigs .............................................................................................. 100
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IV.3.3.10. Arrangement for sale of pigs ............................................................................................ 101

IV.3.3.11. Numbers of pigs die during transportation in previous month........................................ 102
IV.3.3.12. Pig transport and frequency of cleaning and disinfection ............................................... 103
IV.3.3.13. Documents requirement for transporting pigs ................................................................ 105
IV.3.4. Trading partners .................................................................................................................... 107
IV.3.4.1. Business dealers ................................................................................................................. 107
IV.3.4.2. Trading association in Cambodia....................................................................................... 108
IV.3.5. Interest in pig trading ............................................................................................................ 109

Slaughterhouses ....................................................................................................... 111

IV.4.1. Information of slaughterhouses................................................................................................ 111
IV.4.2. Slaughterhouse/business status ........................................................................................... 115
IV.4.3. Pig supply chain ..................................................................................................................... 116
IV.4.3.1. Suppliers and relative share of pig for slaughtering ............................................................. 117
IV.4.3.2.Type of vehicles owned and frequency of cleaning and disinfecting ..................................... 120
IV.4.3.3.Assess pig value and arrangement with suppliers ................................................................ 122
IV.4.3.4.Number of pigs and live weight according to breeds............................................................. 123
IV.4.3.5. Frequency of slaughtering pigs and number of heads slaughtered per day.......................... 124
IV.4.3.6. Carcass distribution and delivery ......................................................................................... 125
IV.4.3.7.Persons set selling price and mode of payment .................................................................... 125
IV.4.3.8. Seasonal demand of pork .................................................................................................... 126
IV.4.4. Food safety issues ................................................................................................................. 128
IV.4.4.1. Awareness of standard and penalty .................................................................................... 128
IV.4.4.2. Performance of inspection/test for diseases ........................................................................ 129
IV.4.5. Waste management .............................................................................................................. 131

Butchers ................................................................................................................... 135

IV.5.1. Information regarding to butcher ............................................................................................. 135
IV.5.2. Business status of the butcher .................................................................................................. 136
IV.5.3. Pig and pig product supply chain .............................................................................................. 137
IV.5.3.1 Source of meat supply........................................................................................................... 137
IV.5.2.2 Sale of meat ......................................................................................................................... 142
IV.5.2.3 Amount of meat sold and prices ........................................................................................... 147
IV.5.2.4 Price of carcass and consumers' preference .......................................................................... 149
IV.5.2.5 Price differed for meat classification..................................................................................... 153
IV.5.2.6 Price set and arrangement of supply of pig meat ................................................................. 153
IV.5.2.7 Market information of pig meat and its sources .................................................................... 155
IV.5.2.8 Pig meat demand ................................................................................................................. 155
IV.5.4. Food safety in pig meat and meat products ............................................................................. 158

Conclusions .............................................................................................................. 159

References ............................................................................................................... 160

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List of figures
FIGURE 1: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE CULLED SOWS. ..................................................... 68
FIGURE 2: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE CULLED BOARS. ................................................... 68
FIGURE 3: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE WEANING PIGLETS ................................................ 69
FIGURE 4: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE FATTENING PIGS................................................... 69
FIGURE 5: BEST, MODERATE AND DIFFICULT TIME TO TRADE FINISHED PIGS. ..................................................... 70
FIGURE 6: MOVEMENT OF PIGS TO PHNOM PENH AND SIEM REAP .................................................................. 76
FIGURE 7: MOVEMENT OF PIGS WITHIN SELECTED PROVINCES ........................................................................ 78
FIGURE 8: ACCESS OF PIG WEIGHT BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS ..................................... 90
FIGURE 9: CRITERIA FOR BUYING CULLED SOWS AND BOARS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS
(MULTIPLE ANSWERS). ..................................................................................................................... 90
FIGURE 10: CRITERIA FOR BUYING WEANING PIGLETS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS (MULTIPLE
ANSWERS). ..................................................................................................................................... 91
FIGURE 11: CRITERIA FOR BUYING FATTENING PIGS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS (MULTIPLE
ANSWERS). ..................................................................................................................................... 92
FIGURE 12: CRITERIA FOR BUYING FINISHING PIGS BY TRADERS/MIDDLEMEN AND OFFICIAL IMPORTERS (MULTIPLE
ANSWERS). ..................................................................................................................................... 92
FIGURE 13: PRICES OF LIVE PIGS ................................................................................................................. 97
FIGURE 14: LOCATION OF TARGETED SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN PHNOM PENH.................................................... 113
FIGURE 15: LOCATIONS OF TARGETED SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN SIEM REAP...................................................... 114
FIGURE 16: PRICES OF CARCASS FROM SLAUGHTERHOUSES TO CONSUMPTION CENTERS .................................. 117
FIGURE 17: MOVEMENT OF PIGS TO SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN PHNOM PENH ..................................................... 118
FIGURE 18: MOVEMENT OF PIGS TO SLAUGHTERHOUSES IN SIEM REAP ......................................................... 119
FIGURE 19: COMPARISON OF OVERALL PREFERENCE RATING OF CONSUMERS ON THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CARCASS
VERSUS PHNOM PENH AND SIEM REAP. ............................................................................................151

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Summary
The objective of this study is to understand the pig value chains and associated disease
transmission risks. Expected study outputs were: (i) characterized traditional and commercial
pig production systems, (ii) identified trading routes and volumes. Data collection via focus
group discussions and individual interviews were conducted in seven provinces and Phnom
Penh during November and December 2011. Questionnaire based interviews were conducted
with 210 smallholder pig farmers, 47 small, medium and large farms, 80 traders or middlemen
and 120 butchers.

Swine production
The analysis of swine production is stratified by the pig herd size: Smallholders with less than
10 pigs, small farms (10-50 pigs), small to medium scale farms (50-200 pigs) and large farms
with more than 200 pigs.

Smallholder pig farmers

The majority of smallholder producers keep crossbreed pigs (95%) in full confinement. The
average herd comprises of 1-16 fattening pigs and 1-6 sows. Only a few farmers keep boars.
Feed was indicated as the most important input followed by animal pen building material,
breeds and labor. The majority of smallholder producers feed their pigs with concentrates in
combination with agricultural by-products which are mainly rice bran and broken rice, forages
and rice wine residue.
About 70% of the interviewed farmers indicated they had used vaccination to protect their pigs
against diseases. Vaccinations were more most frequently used to protect against Classical
Swine Fever, Pasteurellosis and Salmonella. However, 60% of farms experienced outbreaks of
Classical Swine Fever, Salmonella and Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS).
Symptoms are either treated by the owners or by Village Animal Health Workers (VAHW).
When pigs do not recover they are either quickly sold to middlemen, one third is burned and
buried and some are cooked for food. When cooking dead or sick pigs they are mostly
consumed within the family and shared with neighbors.
Each sow has 2 production cycles per year and the total expense per sow per year is 2,829,219
Riel for feed, vaccines, drugs, pen, boar service and castration of piglets. Sale of piglets and
culled sows results in an annual revenue of 5,545,094 Riel.
Piglets for fattening are sourced from neighboring farms within the villages (49%), from their
own sows, from outside the village (29%) or via middlemen (11%). In 2011, 67% of sow keepers,
sold on average 11.3 weaned piglets with an average price of 200,000 Riel per piglet.
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Finished pigs were sold at an average price of 730,000 Riel per head. The majority of farmers
(70%) marketed their pigs via middlemen or traders and 27% sold directly to slaughterhouses.
Some pigs were slaughtered within the village for self consumption in social events, such as
weddings, village parties, death ceremonies.
Pigs are transported by motorbike to collection points where they are assembled for further
transport in pick-up cars or trucks with a loading capacity of 10-15 pigs. Pig market price
volatility was indicated as a major concern when marketing pigs. Other concerns were: the
reliability of market price information, pig imports and limited choice of available traders or
middlemen. Most smallholder farmers (80%) raise pigs as an easy means of saving (family
bank).

Small, medium and large farms

Large farms (LF) employ up to 100 employees and small to medium scale farms (SMF) employ
up to 12 persons in addition to family members. The majority of LFs are established in isolated
places while SMF are situated near residential areas or within other business compounds, such
as rice mills.
All LF and SMF farms are private and their pigs are fully confined. Most SMF and all LF farms
keep sows. They commonly keep either crossbreed or exotic breeds. On average, each SMF
farms keeps 13 sows and each LF farm keeps 1,250 sows. All LFs keep boars and few SMF farms
keep 1-3 boars. The SMF farms produced 7-70 piglets while the LF farms produced 450-2,000
piglets per year. On average, a LF (SMF) produced 507 (21) weaned piglets per year.
LFs cull their sows at 7 litters and SMFs at 6.7 litters. The average litter size is 10.3 piglets for LF
and 9.24 piglets for SMF. 68.4% of SMF and 22.2% of LF produce sufficient replacement stock.
For those who do not produce enough own replacement of stock, they mostly buy their piglets
from other companies (71%). The average distance to get stock is 112 km for SMF and 196 km
for the LFs. About 2.9 times per year the SMF farms get 29 piglets and the LF farms purchase
on average 807 piglets each time. The distance to get the sows is 203 km for SMFs and 100 km
for LFs. Few SMF buy 1-2 boars about 1-3 times per year from Thailand within the distance of
300 km.
On average, each SMF sells 7 times per year about 27 weaned piglets per time while LFs sells
350 weaned piglets per time. SMF (LF) sell on average 35 (502) finished pigs per year at an
average price of US$242 - 244. LFs sell finished pigs to traders or middlemen and their
integrator company, while SMFs sell to slaughterhouses and traders or middlemen.
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Demand for pigs is high during festivities, such as Khmer or Chinese New Year and Pchum Bin.
The fish harvesting season between December and February demand for pigs is low. The
variation in number of pigs sold between these two seasons is relatively small.
Most SMFs and LFs vaccinate their pigs against Classical Swine Fever, PRRS, and FMD and
some vaccinate their pigs against Salmonella, Pasteurellosis, and Aujesky. During disease
outbreaks about 16 pigs died in SMFs and 24 pigs died in LFs. Most SMFs treat sick pigs by
themselves, while the LFs are assisted by veterinarians of the integrator company. SMFs
commonly sell sick pigs to traders and middlemen while LFs sell them to slaughterhouses.
The majority of interviewed farms indicated pig diseases, high feed cost, lack of capital to
expand the business and lack of skill as main problems. Interviewed farms suggestions to
improve their pig production business are: stabilizing pig prices, banning pig imports and
improving veterinary and extension services.

Traders and middlemen

Almost 90% of all respondents consider pig trading as an important business activity. Nearly
50% of all respondents have more than 10 years experience in pig trading. The best time to
trade finished pigs is from January to April due to high demand for pig meat. Unfavorable trade
conditions are from October to December due to difficult road conditions to transport pigs and
low demand for pig meat due to the availability of fish. Nearly half of the respondents
slaughter pigs and a few own slaughterhouses.
Interviewed traders are selling an annual volume of 464,120-552,620 pigs in Phnom Penh and
62,200-68,900 pigs in Siem Reap, respectively. The majority of traders collect pigs by
themselves but some through a network consisting of an average of 7 collectors. Official
importers arrange their pig supply with support of a company in Thailand. Most traders have
their own targeted supply areas. Almost half of the traders have a license for trading pigs and
this license is issued by different institutions under MAFF.
Traders buy on average 9 culled sows per month. The culled sows are mainly sourced from
smallholders and transported by motorbike with a load of 2 heads per time. Only a few traders
are buying culled boars or weaned piglets. The average buying volume 181 weaned piglets per
month with are also transported at average batch sizes of 8.72 heads on a motorbike. Nearly
80% of all interviewed traders and official importers are involved in trading finished pigs.
Traders source finished pigs mainly from smallholders but some have access to supplies from
contract farms. Each trader buys on average 490 heads per month while traders in Phnom
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Penh purchase about 7,500 heads. Finished pigs are mainly transported with pickup cars or
minibuses.
Traders mostly sell culled sows, boars and finished pigs to slaughterhouses. Some traders also
slaughter by themselves. Pig weight is commonly estimated via visual inspection taking into
consideration the body condition, breed, bell and back fat. Cash is the main mode of payment.
The price is high for pigs with less than 100 kg live weight. Almost all traders indicated they
would check the pigs health before buying. However, 41.8% of interviewees indicated they
would buy low non healthy pigs at low prices and try to sell them quickly to slaughterhouses or
meat processors.
More than 50% of the interviewed traders own motorbikes and 46.7% of them clean these
after each transport but almost never disinfect them. 21% of the interviewed traders own
trucks and about two thirds of them indicated they usually clean their truck before loading
pigs. Remorks (motor bike trailer) are owned by 19.5% of the interviewed traders. A few
traders own pickup cars or minibuses. Half of them never disinfect their vehicle while some do
it once a month.
52% of respondents had been asked by authorities at least once to stop their vehicles. This had
most commonly be done by provincial or district vets and by the police. Trader indicated that
common reasons for being stopped by authorities are to make a payment and to show the
animal movement certificate.
Common problems indicated by traders are a lack of capital and difficult road conditions. Their
most common requests are to stabilize prices, to improve road condition and to establish a pig
traders' association.

Slaughterhouses
The slaughterhouse business is generally inherited within the family. Each slaughterhouse
employs on average 11 persons. All interviewed slaughterhouses have official permits from the
Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP) in Phnom Penh and Provincial
Department of Agriculture (PDA) in Siem Reap. The average size of slaughterhouses in Siem
Reap is 2,752 m2 and in Phnom Penh it is 5,074 m2. The coverage area for meat distribution in
Siem Reap is 389 km2 and 678 km2 for Phnom Penh. All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are
established next to residential buildings.

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In Siem Reap, 40.2 heads are slaughtered per day on average in each slaughterhouse while in
Phnom Penh 146 are slaughtered per day and slaughterhouse. All interviewed slaughterhouses
are rented to 5-10 traders who slaughter about 15-30 pigs each. Almost all slaughterhouses
provide space for animal quarantine. The majority of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh act as
wholesalers and retailers while slaughterhouses in Siem Reap act mainly retailers. Most
slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh only slaughter pigs and only a few also slaughter cattle.
None of the slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh buy culled sows but most slaughterhouses in Siem
Reap buy on average 9 culled sows per month from smallholders in the district around Krong
Siem Reap. The supply of finished pigs for slaughtering in Siem Reap is mainly from
smallholders and only a few are source from large or contract farms. In Phnom Penh
slaughterhouses did not show any pattern with the regard to the farming system of sourced
finished pigs. Each slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh buys on average 4,580 finished pigs. The
slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh mainly use trucks (60 pigs/truck) and pickup cars (10
pigs/pickup car). In Siem Reap, remork and motorbikes are commonly used and on average
each loads 4 pigs.
Half of the slaughterhouses indicated that they weigh pigs and the other half also does visual
inspection in addition. The majority of interviewed slaughterhouses slaughter pigs daily. Each
slaughterhouse slaughters 75-188 heads in Phnom Penh and 30-47 heads in Siem Reap. Most
slaughterhouses in Siem Reap sell carcasses to retailers and consumers. The slaughterhouse
sells carcasses at different prices for different customers but the highest price is achieved when
selling to consumers. All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh sell the majority of carcasses to
wholesalers and a few carcasses to retailers within Phnom Penh. The average price of
carcasses sold to retailers is 12,667 riel/kg and 12,167 riel/kg for carcasses sold to wholesalers.
Most slaughterhouses do conventional inspection of pigs before slaughter. If pigs are found
sick, they are put in quarantine or rejected for slaughter and reported to veterinary authorities.
In addition all slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are inspected by veterinarians
twice a day.
All slaughterhouses cook blood before selling it to their clients but bones are sold fresh. More
than half of the slaughterhouses drain excreta into a blocked water body or low ground while
others use a waste water system.
Common difficulties indicated by slaughterers are the lack of modern equipment for
slaughtering pigs especially Phnom Penh, lack of buyers in Phnom Penh and lack of pigs for
slaughter in Siem Reap.
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Butchers
Most interviewed butchers are retailers but some are also wholesalers. More than half of the
interviewed butchers also slaughter pigs by themselves in addition to sourcing from
slaughterhouses and wholesalers.
Butchers about 11,500-16,500 riel/kg when buying from wholesalers. All interviewed butchers
sell meat directly to consumers and some of them also sell to meat processors, to meat
retailers, to meat wholesalers and to restaurants. The carcass price is 14,000-20,000 riel/kg
when sold to consumers, 11,000-18,000 riel/kg when sold to retailers and 14,000-18,000 riel/kg
when sold to restaurants. While consumer pay cash, while processors buy on credit and
retailers or restaurants can buy on credit or pay cash.
Each butcher sells on average 98.4 kg of carcass and slaughter byproducts per day which
results in generating a total revenue of 1,499,000 riel. Within the total volume sold, 85% is
carcass and the remaining are internal tract, blood, head and legs. The price for a whole set of
carcass is 12,500-20,000 riel/kg, 13,400 riel/kg for internal tract, 2,176 riel/kg for blood and
10,240 riel/kg for head and legs. The price of lean meat is 15,000-22,000 riel/kg, the price of
pork chop is 17,100 riel/kg, the average price of meat with fat is 15,300 riel/kg and the price of
intestinal tract including liver, heart, lung, spleen or kidney is 15,000 riel/kg. The bacon and rib
are sold for 11,000-18,000 and 10,000-20,000 riel/kg respectively.
Among 12 types of meat, lean meat and pork chop are the most preferred meat by customers.
The price of meat differs by productions systems including traditional rearing and commercial
systems. All interviewed butchers have verbal arrangements for the supply of carcass such as
timely delivery, quality, disease freedom, etc. All interviewed butchers receive market
information mostly from other butchers, whole sellers and slaughterhouses.
During regular demand periods each butcher can sell 32-650 kg/day at an average price of
16,600 riel/kg. Most butchers inspect pig meat by observing and looking at meat and some
might also touch the meat and check the odor. 61.7% of butchers use leftover meat or carcass
for processing into sausages and 66.7% refrigerate meat for sale during the next day.

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Introduction
Pigs play an important role in providing income for families in the rural areas which allows
them to pay school children, saving bank, maximizing the use of farm agricultural products and
by-products, accumulating resources for traditional and cultural festivities and providing job
opportunity for people in the dry season especially women. The demand for pork has been
increasing rapidly due to rising income and urbanization. In Cambodia, livestock contributed
about 7.6% of the GDP in 2002, and the total value of animal production was about USD 385
million (FAO 2005). The improvement of the Cambodian economy and the population growth
lead to higher demand for meat including pork, beef and chicken meat. According to MAFF
2011, the population of pig peaked in 2006 (2.74 million heads) and since then has declined
year by year. Compared with 2006 the yield of pigs in 2010 has declined by 25%. This decline is
due to several factors including the decline of smallholder and small pig producers (bankruptcy
of their pig production due to diseases outbreaks and low return from sale), the unstable price
of pigs (seasonal fish harvest and importation of pigs both official and unofficial), high input
costs (feed and drugs), availability of good quality and healthy weaning piglets.
The supply of pigs to urban centers still largely relies on smallholder pig production but due to
supply shortage the government provides license to import pigs from Thailand and Vietnam.
From local production, the country might be able to supply about 60% of the total demand of
pork in the urban centers especially Phnom Penh. In addition, the outbreak of Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) in 2010 has even greater impact on the
domestic supply of pigs. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO
2011) reported that pig production in 2010 has declined by 3.24% compared with 2009.
Livestock intensification around Asia has also heightened the risks (both in terms of probability
and severity) of the spread of trans-boundary animal diseases. Continental Southeast Asia is
increasingly linked to other parts of Asia through both regulated and unregulated livestock
trade. A virulent strain (serotype) of FMD traveled on a disease pathway between provinces in
Southern China and Southern Vietnam, leading to one minor, and one severe, Vietnamese
market collapse, in 2005 and 2006-2007, respectively (Psilos, 2007). Again it has happened in
a similar pathway for the PRRS, where the impact was greatly destroying the smallholder
production in Cambodia in 2010. The Government of Cambodia requires that the movement of
livestock across provincial boundaries have a certificate of health but inspection and checking
of animal health it is still rather just limited and weak due to several factors including human
resources, facilities for quarantine, intervention from high ranking officers in the government
etc.
Common swine diseases reported in Cambodia include Classical Swine Fever (CSF), Erysipelas,
pasteurellosis, salmonellosis and Foot and Mouth Disease. The Porcine Respiratory and
Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS) and Swine Influenza Virus (SIV) are also present in the country.
14 | P a g e

The government is supplying vaccines to control diseases in large animals but not on pigs and
poultry. However, vaccines for most diseases mentioned above can be found at the shops.
Pig value chain actors include producers (smallholder pig producers, small, medium and large
pig farms), collectors/middlemen, traders, slaughterhouses, whole sellers, retailers/butchers.
The number of collectors/middlemen and traders dealing with pigs varies by provinces. The
collectors/middlemen might source their supply of live pigs from various communities taking
them to a collecting point where traders or sometime slaughterhouse owners load pigs into
their pick-up car or small truck to the slaughterhouse. The slaughterhouse owners can play the
roles as traders and also whole sellers. In each slaughterhouse, there are several groups of
people who rent a place to slaughter pigs. This meat can be bought by retailers/butchers for
sale and distribution to restaurants.
Both, Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are considered major consumption centers for pig meat and
are chosen for this study to further understand the movement of pigs and associated disease
transmission risks. This study will document the trading routes from producers via traders and
slaughterhouses and to the consumption centers. The approach was to trace back the trading
routes and volumes from slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap to the provinces,
including a characterization of the traditional and commercial pig production systems. A
combination of classical value chain studies and epidemiological risk assessments will be
conducted following the stepwise approach described in the guideline document (FAO 2012):
"A practical aid for the design and implementation of livestock value chain studies for Highly
Pathogenic & Emerging Disease (HPED) control".

Objectives of the study

To identify people, groups and organizations in the pig value chains from the
producers, traders, processors and through to the retailers;
To identify the different categories of pigs and products being traded, e.g.
commercial breeds, native breeds, piglets, boars, sows, fattened pigs;
To map routes, trading points and volumes for the supply of pigs into Phnom Penh
and Siem Reap markets;
To assess the profitability of pig traders;
To describe the informal rules and linkages by which the actors in the supply chains
are coordinated or driven to change practices;
To identify practices that tend to increase risk for transmission of HPEDs.

15 | P a g e

Materials and Methods

III.1. Development of questionnaires
Five types of questionnaires including i) smallholder farmers, ii) small, medium and large
commercial pig farms, iii) traders including official importers and middlemen, iv)
slaughterhouses and v) butchers/retailers were developed. The questionnaires were developed
by CelAgrid team in consultation and with inputs from Dr. Jan Hinrichs, Animal Health
Economist FAO RAP in Bangkok and Dr. Lotfi Allal, FAO Phnom Penh. The information
collected for each questionnaire is as below:
-

Smallholder producer: production and feeding; diseases/vaccination; production cost;

production supply chain; awareness of market information; village animal health workers;
and general interest on pig production.
Small, medium and large commercial pig farms: information regarding the farms; business
status including either contract farming or no; supply and market chain; waste
management; and general interest on pig production.
Middlemen and trader: general information regarding the middlemen/traders; business
status; product supply chain; trading partner and general interest in the trading business.
Slaughterhouse: general information regarding the slaughterhouse; business status; pig
supply chain; food safety issue; waste management; general interest on business.
Butchers/retailers: general information regarding the butchers; business status; pig
product supply chain; and food safety in pig meat and meat product.

The drafts of the questionnaires were pretested in Phnom Penh and Kandal to check the flow
of questions and at the same time to train enumerators.
III.2. Team formation and training
The study team was divided into two sub-groups of which each has 4 team members (1 team
leader and 3 enumerators). Each of the sub-groups was led by two senior researchers Mr. Pok
Samkol and Mr. Chiv Phiny, while the 6 enumerators are Mr. Suy Mon, Mr. But Bun Makara,
Mr. Chea Cheang Ly, Mr. Lim Sambo, Mr. Vor Sina and Ms. Keo Srey Moch. All enumerators
had experience in conducting surveys with CelAgrid. Besides the team of data collection in the
field, the survey also recruited a supervisor Dr. Khieu Borin. His role was to monitor and check
the data collection, entry and analysis and report writing.
The task division for each team is as below:
Group 1: Phnom Penh, Takeo, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng.
Group 2: Siem Reap, Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Kampong Thom.
The team members have been trained on questionnaires before starting the field work. They
all participated in pretesting of questionnaires to make sure that they all understand and see
the flow of questions. The team met the chiefs of OAHP in each province for courtesy and at
the same time informing them about the purpose of this study. The team also consulted with
16 | P a g e

them about the selection of the location of the slaughterhouses, traders, pig farms, etc. As
regular practice, the team met in every afternoon to discuss their concerns and problems,
while the team leaders reviewed and checked the questionnaires for the information gap.
III.3. Sampling
The study is conducted in seven provinces and Phnom Penh of Cambodia (Table 1). Phnom
Penh and Siem Reap are considered the important consumption centers for pig meat due to
the density of population and tourists. A total of 210 smallholder pig farmers (Picture 1) and 47
small (Picture 2), medium and large farms in 7 provinces, 80 traders/middlemen (Picture 3) and
120 butchers (Picture 4) were interviewed. Beside pig traders and middlemen the team also
interviewed with 2 official importers who trade pigs from Thailand into Cambodia. Also 12
slaughterhouses in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh were interviewed.
Table 1: Sample sizes of the pig value chain study in 8 provinces and city of Cambodia.
No

1
2
3
4
7
8
9
10

Provinces

Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Takeo
Kampong
Speu
Siem Reap
Banteay
Mean Chey
Battambang
Kampong
Thom
Total

Slaughterhouse

Butchers

Middlemen
traders

Official
importers

Commercial
farms

Smallholder
farmers

Smallmedium
farms
5

6
-

15
15
15

10
10
10

2
-

15

10

12

30

15

10

30

15

10

10

30

15

10

30

15

10

30

12

120

80

28

210

30
30

Beside questionnaire used, focus group discussion was carried out with key farmers who have
the experiences in pig production, their perspective and perception on pig production, effort in
diseases prevention, areas of support from public and private institution, etc. On the other
hand, focus group discussion was conducted with middlemen/traders.

17 | P a g e

Photo 1: Team interviewed smallholder farmer in

Krong Battambang, Battambang.

Photo 2: Small farm in Krong Siem Reap, Siem Reap.

Photo 3: Middleman transported his live pigs with

Remork to supply slaughterhouse in Krong Siem Reap,
Siem Reap.

Photo 4: Team interviewed butcher in Thmei market,

Krong Battambang, Battambang.

III.3. Statistical analysis

The qualitative and quantitative data on smallholder pig producers; small, medium and large
commercial farms; trader/middlemen; slaughterhouses and butchers were coded and entered
in the Excel spreadsheet program. The data were analysed using the descriptive statistical
package for social sciences (SPSS version 14.0). The results are presented as percentages,
mean values by provinces, production system, overall mean and standard error (SE).

18 | P a g e

Pig producers

IV.1. Smallholder pig producers

A total of 210 (30 per target province, except for Phnom Penh) were randomly selected for this
study. A smallholder pig producer keeps up to 5 pigs with a mixture of ages and breeds and
they can be fatteners and breeders. The feeding system is relied on local feed resources that
can be found in the accessible areas which are grown naturally and/or cultivated.
The smallholder pig producers keep 1.25-3.78 pigs per family and they are generally rice
farmers. Although pigs are not their major livelihood activity, smallholder pig producers
continue to be the main supplier of pigs to the market. Three production systems are
practiced: a) scavenging; scavenging system plus supplement; and c) full confinement. At
present the full confinement is practiced due to the limited availability of space for pigs to
roam except the Northeast provinces where ethnic minorities are still using the scavenging
system.

19 | P a g e

IV.1.1. General information of smallholder producers

The average age of the respondents is 40.1 (20-70) years old. Out of 210 smallholder pig
producers 9.53% have no education, while 65.2%, 24.3% and less than 1.0% in Prey Veng get
grade 1-7, grade 8-12 and university levels respectively (Table 2).
The average family member of respondents in the seven interviewed provinces is 5.28 (5-5.6)
persons of which 2.48 are males and 2.79 females.
Rice farming is the main occupation of almost 98% of respondents and the remaining, pig
keeping and run village shop are their main occupation.
Table 2: General information of small holder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong
Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Average

Age
(Ave. SE)

No
education

Education level, %
Grade
Grade
1-7
8-12

Total
family
members

# male

# female

Univ.

40.81.92

3.33

70.0

26.6

5.260.34

2.530.24

2.730.21

41.12.13
39.61.56

10.0
10.0

50.0
76.6

40.0
13.3

5.000.34
5.630.32

2.330.25
2.630.24

2.630.19
3.000.24

41.01.82

6.66

76.6

16.7

5.400.31

2.500.22

2.900.19

36.81.98
40.31.72
40.82.02
40.10.71

33.3
3.33
9.53
(n=20)

73.3
60.0
50.0
65.2
(n=137)

20.0
6.67
46.7
24.3
(n=51)

6.67
0.95
(n=2)

5.100.26
5.030.35
5.500.38
5.280.12

2.270.21
2.400.22
2.700.28
2.480.09

2.830.24
2.630.25
2.800.28
2.790.09

IV.1.2. Experience in pig production and raising systems

On average, 26.7% of smallholder producers said that they have experience with 1-2 years,
21.9% with 3-5 years, 26.2% with 6-10 years and 25.2% with more than 10 years in pig raising
(table 3). Almost half of the respondents in Battambang, Kampong Thom and Prey Veng start
their pig raising 1-2 years ago.
Table 3: Years of pig keeping of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Provinces
1-2 years, %
3-5 years, %
6-10 years, %
> 10 years, %
Banteay Mean Chey
13.3
20.0
30.0
36.7
Battambang
46.7
6.67
23.3
23.3
Kampong Speu
16.7
26.7
20.0
36.6
Kampong Thom
40.0
6.70
20.0
33.3
Prey Veng
46.6
20.0
26.7
6.70
Siem Reap
3.33
50.0
30.0
16.6
Takeo
20.0
23.3
33.3
23.3
Average
26.7 (n=56)
21.9 (n=46)
26.2 (n=55)
25.2 (n=53)

About 96% of smallholder producers practice full confinement in their production except few
in Kampong Speu and Kampong Thom practice grazing with supplement and few in
20 | P a g e

Battambang and Prey Veng tie the legs or neck of their pigs allowing pig in a limited space. The
producers reported that in the confinement system they could better manage feeding and
hygiene (Table 4).
Table 4: Pig production system of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Provinces
Grazing with supplement, % Full confinement, % Neck/leg tie down, %
Banteay Mean Chey
100
Battambang
93.3
6.70
Kampong Speu
10.0
90.0
Kampong Thom
3.33
96.7
Prey Veng
96.7
3.33
Siem Reap
100
Takeo
100
Average
1.90 (n=4)
96.2 (n=202)
1.40 (n=3)

IV.1.2.1 Pig production and feeding

IV.1.2.2. Type of pig production
Seventy seven percent of the respondents raise fattening pigs, 44.8% have sows and few
farmers in Siem Reap keep boars (Table 5). At present, the number of farmers keeping sows is
increasing while about 10 years ago they have been difficult to convince to keep sows as they
believe that sow keeping might require technical skill and availability of time to take them at
least during delivery. Some others believe it can be successful to keep sows when they have
their children married.
Some farmers keep boars for own sows and also provide services to other farmers while most
of respondents use the boars' service at their convenience distance. Those who keep boars
serve within 2-27 villages, 1-6 communes but in the same district of 0.1-10 km. They use
remork (a cart pulled by a motorbike) as their main transportation means to bring boars to sow
farms. The fee charge per sow is 50,000 riel.
Table 5: Type of pig production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple
answers).
Provinces
Fattening, %
Breeding sows, %
Breeding boars, %
Banteay Mean Chey
83.3
50.0
Battambang
73.3
53.3
Kampong Speu
66.6
36.7
Kampong Thom
86.6
43.3
Prey Veng
63.3
36.6
Siem Reap
93.3
60.0
6.70
Takeo
70.0
33.3
Average
76.7 (n=161)
44.8 (n=94)
0.95 (n=2)

21 | P a g e

IV.1.2.3. Current number of pigs and breeds

The majority of smallholder producers raise crossed breed pigs and only few keep local breeds.
None raise exotic breeds. Producers understand that the exotic breed has higher performance
and are generally preferred by slaughterhouses due to carcass low fat content , however the
shortage of piglets and high price of piglet, demand of excellent care and feeding as well the
adaptation to the local condition; they decide to raise crossbreed pigs for the meanwhile.
Among 210 smallholder farmers 94 keep on average 1.57 (1-6) crossbreed sows (Table 6)
except 5 smallholder farmers in Kampong Speu and Prey Veng who keep one local sow each.
At the time of study, only 16 producers have lactating sows with an average of 9.31 (2-38)
piglets and 7 (2-12) weaning piglets. Only two producers in Siem Reap have 1 crossbreed boar
each.
Among 210 smallholder farmers, 161 keep 5 (1-16) fattening pigs and 9 farms keep 2-5 local
fattening pigs. At the time of study, only 16 farms keep on average 4.41 (1-8) finishing
crossbreeds pigs ready for the market.
Table 6: Current number of pigs and breeds in smallholder production systems in seven provinces in
Cambodia.
Weaning pigs
Provinces
Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Average

Sows
# crossbreed

Piglets
# crossbreed

1.670.21
1.870.31
1.090.28
1.310.13
1.450.25
1.940.26
1.300.21
1.570.10

2.00 (na)
6.000.57
5.500.50
6.332.96
20.78.74
9.253.54
9.312.23

# crossbreed
7.001.73

# local
-

9.001.00
3.800.48
9.000.00
10.0 (na)
8.002.00
7.050.69

0.500.35
0.250.17
1.150.47
0.250.08

Fattening
pigs
# crossbreed

Finished pigs
# crossbreed

5.330.76
4.060.80
4.811.05
3.210.47
4.681.13
6.370.63
5.871.03
4.940.32

2.501.50
5.421.26
3.601.69
4.002.00
6.00(na)
4.410.76

IV.1.2.4. Last batch of pigs kept according to type of production

The age of piglets at start of fattened period is 1.22 (1-2) month with the average weight of
8.36 (5-15) kg (Table 7). The average fattening period is 4.68 (3-10) months with the average
finishing weight of 85.5 kg. The best price offered by trader/slaughterhouse is at 90 kg live
weight.
On average, each sow delivers 9.47 (5-16) piglets per lactation of which 1.35 (1-12) heads die
before weaning. At the weaning stage, 5.83 (1-13) weaning piglets are sold and the remaining
are kept for fattening. Interviewed producers in Takeo do not retain the weaned piglets for
fattening due to high demand for piglets after the outbreak of PRRS.

22 | P a g e

Table 7: Last batch of pig kept according to type of production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Average

Fattening pigs, Ave.SE

Age
(months)
for
fattening

Starter
Weight
(kg) for
fattening

1.220.65
1.120.05
1.170.55
1.280.06
1.070.04
1.420.05
1.170.07
1.220.02

7.900.35
8.860.26
5.800.38
9.270.40
7.390.40
10.10.60
8.090.98
8.360.22

Age of
fatteners
(months)
to sale

Breeding sows, Ave.SE

Weight
(kg) of
finisher
for
market

5.700.17
6.940.38
6.170.51
6.210.30
4.410.12
6.600.30
5.310.19
5.920.13

87.81.42
89.82.74
83.01.86
88.11.80
78.21.18
85.82.84
83.31.38
85.50.82

# piglets
at last
farrow/
cycle/sow

#
weanlings
sold

Age
(months) of
weanlings
for sale

8.930.66

# piglets
died at
last
farrow/
cycle/sow
1.640.66

4.350.97

1.120.08

#
weanlings
retained
for
fattening
2.930.91

9.000.34
9.300.88
8.781.31
10.70.75
10.20.61
9.220.95
9.470.28

1.860.40
1.000.39
0.780.66
0.820.40
2.070.85
0.440.29
1.350.23

3.730.99
7.400.96
4.221.31
9.361.20
4.871.21
8.780.79
5.830.46

1.250.13
1.300.08
1.210.10
1.040.04
1.500.08
1.080.05
1.210.03

3.400.95
1.000.54
3.771.20
0.550.55
3.270.89
2.300.35

Age
(months)
for market

6.120.35
6.50.33
6.170.93
5.500.34
6.00 (na)
5.550.42
5.940.18

Weight
(kg) of
finishers
for
market
86.23.24
98.74.70
75.02.89
82.54.23
80.0 (na)
86.34.52
87.32.18

23 | P a g e

IV.1.2.5. Most important inputs for pig production

About 95.0% of respondents said feed is the most important input for their pig production
followed by materials for building animal pen (68.6%), breed (67.1%), labor (33.8%), medicine
(28.6%), service (6.19% except in Prey Veng) and their technical skill (3.33% only in Kg Speu,
Prey Veng and Takeo) (Table 8). In theory if producers can manage well they can get 30% of
the sale revenue as their net profit but in practice this is difficult to realize although there is a
potential to minimize their input costs by using the available resources or/and cultivate
suitable crops to be used for pig feeding.
Table 8: Most important inputs for pig production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in
Cambodia (multiple answers).
Provinces
Breed,
Feed,
Building, Medicine, Labor,
Service,
Skill,
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Banteay Mean
Chey
40.0
100
76.6
43.3
30.0
10.0
Battambang
46.6
96.6
66.7
36.7
46.7
6.67
Kampong Speu
73.3
96.7
56.6
33.3
36.7
3.33
6.67
Kampong Thom
73.3
90.0
80.0
13.3
26.7
13.3
Prey Veng
76.7
93.3
63.3
36.7
40.0
10.0
Siem Reap
73.3
90.0
80.0
16.7
30.0
6.67
Takeo
86.7
96.6
56.7
20.0
26.7
3.33
6.66
67.1
94.8
68.6
28.6
33.8
6.19
3.33
Average
(n=141) (n=199)
(n=144)
(n=60)
(n=71)
(n=13)
(n=7)

IV.1.2.6. Feed resources for pig production

About 81% of smallholder producers feed their pigs with concentrated feed particularly in
Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Siem Reap and Takeo (Table 9). At the same time 72.8%
used agricultural by-product such as rice bran and broken rice, 54.7% feed forages mix with byproduct and 15.2% feed rice wine residue. Although agricultural by-products are bulky for pigs
to get enough nutrients for their growth, they can be produced by the farmer at low costs.
When they feed forages such as water spinach, amaranth, water hyacinth etc. they cook them
together with rice or/and broken rice. Some farmers produce rice wine with the main aim is to
get wine residue to feed their pigs. The wine is sold to recover the cost of wine production.
A few farmers (5.23%) in Kampong Speu, Prey Vong and Takeo feed their pigs with farm-made
feed and 13.3% except in Kampong Speu used other feed sources such as kitchen waste and
swill feed.
Nearly 83.0% of producers feed their pigs 3 times per day, 14.3% feed 2 times and 2.9% feed 4
times per day. Farmers normally feed more frequently when pigs are young as they consider
them as baby while they are older they feed larger quantity but less frequency.

Table 9: Feed resources for pig production of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia
(multiple answers).
Provinces
Concentrated
FarmForage
Rice wine
Agri. byOther, %
feed, %
made
mix with
residue,
product, %
feed,
by%
%
product, %
Banteay Mean
Chey
93.3
53.3
30.0
93.3
16.6
Battambang
86.6
80.0
6.66
100
13.3
Kampong Speu
63.3
3.33
30.0
10.0
33.3
Kampong Thom
80.0
36.6
16.7
100
10.0
Prey Veng
63.3
30.0
56.6
6.67
10.0
6.67
Siem Reap
86.6
60.0
23.3
100
36.7
Takeo
96.6
3.33
66.6
13.3
73.3
10.0
81.4
5.23
54.7
15.2
72.8
13.3
Average
(n=171)
(n=11)
(n=115)
(n=32)
(n=153)
(n=28)

IV.1.3. Diseases and vaccination

IV.1.3.1. Vaccination of pigs
Almost 70% of the 210 interviewed smallholder producers, vaccinate their pigs (Table 10).
When asked for the type of vaccines used, 92.5% of producers vaccinate their pigs against
classical swine fever followed by Pasteurellosis (74.7%), Salmonella (52.1%), FMD (33.6%
except in Kg Thom), Oyzesky (28.1% except in Kg Speu), PRRS (12.3% except in Siem Reap)
and only 3 in Banteay Mean Chey vaccinated against Chronic Respiratory Disease (CRD). The
vaccines of classical swine fever and pasteurellosis can be easily found in shops in their
provinces.
Table 10: Type of vaccines used by smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Provinces

Any vaccination
for your pigs, %
Yes
No

If yes, what types of vaccines you used?, %

(multiple answers)
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Banteay Mean
64.3
92.9
39.3
10.7
Chey
93.3
6.67
32.1
10.7
Battambang
96.7
3.33
72.4
79.3
100
41.4
44.8
31.0
Kampong Speu
33.3
66.7
20.0
60.0
90.0
20.0
20.0
Kampong Thom
76.7
23.3
39.1
78.3
95.7
43.5
8.70
Prey Veng
40.0
60.0
41.7
75.0
58.3
41.7
8.30
8.30
Siem Reap
96.7
3.33
82.8
79.3
96.6
44.8
44.8
Takeo
50.0
50.0
40.0
80.0
93.3
40.0
6.70
6.70
69.5
30.5
52.1
74.7
92.5
33.6
28.1
12.3
Average
(n=146) (n=64) (n=76) (n=109) (n=135) (n=49) (n=41) (n=18)
Note: I=Salmonella, II=Pasteurollosis, III=Classical Swine Fever, IV=FMD, V=Oyzesky, VI=PRRS, VII=CRD

VII
10.7
2.10
(n=3)

The vaccination is carried out by family members, VAHWs, private veterinarians and previous
owners who sell piglets to them. However, family members in Kampong Speu do not vaccinate
the pigs.
25 | P a g e

Among the family members involved in vaccination, 15.1% of the vaccinations are
administered by the husband and 6.80% by the wife and in few cases like in Battambang and
Prey Veng the son and daughter also administer vaccines (Table 11). In the case of Kampong
Thom and Banteay Mean Chey fathers are also involved. Among 146 farmers who have
vaccinated their pigs, 52% of the farms are carried out by VAHWs, 13% by private vets and 13%
by the previous owners.
Table 11: Persons vaccinated the pigs of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Provinces
Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Average

Husband,
%

Wife,
%

Son,
%

21.4
10.3
8.70
25.0
13.8
26.7
15.1
(n=22)

14.3
3.40
17.4
8.30
6.80
(n=10)

3.40
8.30
1.40
(n=2)

Daughter,
%
3.40
0.70
(n=1)

Father,
%
7.10
4.30
2.10
(n=3)

VAHWs,
%
21.4

Private
vet. %
28.6

Previous
owners, %
7.10

75.9
90.0
39.1
72.4
60.0
52.1
(n=76)

30.0
41.7
13.3
12.3
(n=18)

6.90
10.0
30.4
16.7
13.8
12.3
(n=18)

Among the 146 farmers who vaccinate their pigs, only 29% understand the importance of
vaccination against diseases in pigs and 71% just vaccinate their pigs because they are asked to
do or because the service is for free. The respondent get the vaccines for their pigs from drug
sellers (55.3%), except in Prey Veng 28.9% get it from NGOs who work in their villages, 10.5%
in Battambang and Kampong Thom get from VAHWs, 10.5% in Banteay Mean Chey and Prey
Veng is from private vets and only 2 farmers in Prey Veng and Banteay Mean Chey receive
advice from the drug store (Table 12).
Table 12: Sources of knowledge for vaccination of smallholder producers in seven provinces in
Cambodia.
Provinces
Drug sellers, % VAHWs, % Private vet. %
NGOs, %
Drug store, %
Banteay Mean
27.3
9.10
Chey
63.6
18.2
Battambang
16.7
50.0
33.3
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
85.7
14.3
28.6
Prey Veng
50.0
33.3
16.7
Siem Reap
50.0
50.0
Takeo
50.0
50.0
Average
55.3 (n=21)
10.5 (n=4)
10.5 (n=4)
28.9 (n=11)
5.30 (n=2)

Most (97.4%) of the 146 farms who do vaccination of their pigs by themselves get the vaccines
from the drug store and the remaining get it from private vets.

26 | P a g e

IV.1.3.2. Disease outbreaks in pigs

59% of 210 smallholder farmers experience serious disease outbreaks in their pigs although
producers in Takeo and Prey Veng have fewer problems (Table 13). Among those who
experienced serious disease outbreaks, classical swine fever is reported highest (35.5%)
following by Salmonellosis (33.9%), PRRS (25.0% except in Prey Veng), Pasteurollosis (13.7%
except in Banteay Mean Chey) and FMD (16.9% except in Takeo). Also, 5 producers in Banteay
Mean Chey, Kg Speu, Prey Veng and Siem Reap said that their pigs get Oyzesky disease.
Although 70% of all interviewed producers vaccinate their pigs, still 59% get infection in their
pigs. As mentioned above, the majority of smallholder farmers mainly against 3 diseases such
as classical swine fever, pasteurellosis and samonellosis and therefore chances for other
diseases to infect there are still there. Outbreaks might also be caused by vaccine quality
issues, storage, and delivery and administering of the vaccine to the pigs on site of the farm
premises.
Table 13: Diseases outbreak in pig of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Provinces
Diseases outbreak
If yes, what kind of diseases? %
in pig, %
(multiple answers)
Yes
No
I
II
III
IV
V
Banteay Mean
5.30
10.5
Chey
63.3
36.7
52.6
5.30
Battambang
66.7
33.3
50.0
5.00
30.0
15.0
Kampong Speu
66.7
33.3
5.00
25.0
40.0
35.0
5.00
Kampong Thom
73.3
26.7
40.9
22.7
36.4
4.50
Prey Veng
33.3
66.7
20.0
40.0
30.0
40.0
20.0
Siem Reap
73.3
26.7
31.8
4.50
59.1
18.2
4.50
Takeo
36.7
63.3
27.3
9.10
45.5
59.0
41.0
33.9
13.7
35.5
16.9
4.00
Average
(n=124) (n=86)
(n=42)
(n=17)
(n=44)
(n=21)
(n=5)
Note: I=Salmonella, II=Pasteurollosis, III=Pest, IV=FMD, V=Oyzesky, VI=PRRS

VI
52.6
20.0
10.0
36.4
13.6
36.4
25.0
(n=31)

On average, the number of days of a serious disease outbreak was 10.0 (1-45) days (Table 14a).
The duration of an outbreak is shorter in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo and longer in
Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng. During the outbreak, on
average 5.1 (1-20) heads are infected of which 2.19 (1-16) died. Except 3 farmers in
Battambang, Kampong Speu and Prey Veng; most (97.6%) producers treat their pigs.
70% of smallholder farmers use VAHWs to treat their pigs during the outbreak particularly
those in Battambang and Siem Reap. Farmers in Banteay Mean Chey (68.4%) and Prey Veng
treat pigs by themselves and few use private vets.

27 | P a g e

Table 14a: Duration, number of pigs infected, died and treatments of serious diseases of smallholder
producers.
Provinces

# days of
serious
diseases
outbreak,
Ave. SE

# pigs
infected,
Ave. SE

# pigs
died,
Ave. SE

Any treatment of
your infected
pigs, %
Yes
No

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong
Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

11.32.14
11.72.29
11.51.90

4.150.65
5.701.37
4.050.65

1.150.48
2.050.77
2.050.67

7.681.03
10.32.66
8.722.01
9.182.26

4.950.88
5.701.49
6.591.17
4.271.21

2.630.83
1.200.64
3.271.01
2.361.35

Average

10.00.75

5.090.40

2.190.32

If yes, who did the treatment?, %

(multiple answers)
VAHWs

100

26.3

Private
vet.
21.1

Treated by
themselves
68.4

95.0
95.0
100

5.00
5.00
-

94.7
78.9
72.7

10.5
18.2

21.1
21.1
18.2

90.0
100
100
97.6
(n=121)

10.0
2.40
(n=3)

22.2
90.9
63.6
68.6
(n=83)

22.2
9.90
(n=12)

66.7
27.3
45.5
34.7
(n=42)

After treatment of infected pigs, 38.8% smallholder farmers reported the recovery of their
pigs, 35.5% of treated pigs do not recover at all and 25.6% farms have some pigs recovered and
some not recovered (Table 14b). Almost 18% of unrecovered pigs except in Banteay Mean
Chey and Prey Veng cook them for food, 52.7% sell them to market, 39.2% exception in Takeo
and Prey Veng burn and bury them and 8.10% in Battambang and Prey Veng preserve them for
food (Silage). Some farmers in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo give unrecovered pigs
either alive or dead to their neighbors and relatives and also exchange them with rice.
Producers in Siem Reap and Banteay Mean Chey report that burn and bury are mainly
practiced with the piglets as they are small with not much meat to eat. Some farmers believe
unrecovered pigs from PRRS (blue ear) are not good for human consumption and it could
infect their family.
Table 14b: Actions on unrecovered pigs by smallholder producers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Average

Recovery after
treatment, % farm
Yes
No
Some

36.8
36.8
42.1
40.9
66.7
22.7
45.5
38.8
(n=47)

31.6
21.1
42.1
36.4
33.3
36.4
54.5
35.5
(n=43)

31.6
42.1
15.8
22.7
40.9
25.6
(n=31)

If no, what did you with them, % (multiple answers)

Food

Sale

Give to
neighbor

Give to
relative

Exchange
with rice

Silage
(Phaak)

50.0

Burn
and
burry
66.7

25.0
18.2
23.1
23.5
16.7
17.6
(n=13)

58.3
45.5
69.2
100
35.3
50.0
52.7
(n=39)

33.3
45.5
38.5
41.2
39.2
(n=29)

5.90
16.7
2.70
(n=2)

7.70
5.90
2.70
(n=2)

15.4
33.3
5.40
(n=4)

33.3
66.7
8.10
(n=6)

O those farmers who sell unrecovered pigs either alive or dead, 71.8% said that the buyers are
middlemen and 25.6% except in Kampong Thom and Prey Veng sell to slaughterhouse (Table
28 | P a g e

14 c). However, some producers in Battambang, Prey Veng and Siem Reap reported that they
sell to retailers and villagers/neighbors. When dead or sick pigs are used for food, 92.3% of the
farmers eat them within their own family, 53.8% share with their relatives, 30.8% invite their
neighbors for the meal and 15.4% share it with several villagers. Poverty and lack of knowledge
on disease risks including disease spread and infection risks for animals and humans can be
assumed to be the main reasons for the above described practices.
Table 14c: Buyers and the consumption of unrecovered pigs from smallholder producers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

In case you sold, who were buyers? %

(multiple answers)
Middleman
Slaughterhouse
Retailer
Villager/
neighbor
83.3
16.7
71.4
28.6
14.3
80.0
40.0
100
66.7
33.3
16.7
66.7
16.7
66.7
33.3
71.8
25.6
2.60
5.10
(n=28)
(n=10)
(n=1)
(n=2)

In case you made food, who involved in

eating?, % (multiple answers)
My
Relative Neighbor
Villager
family
100
100
66.7
100
100
92.3
(n=12)

66.7
50.0
33.3
75.0
53.8
(n=7)

33.3
33.3
50.0
30.8
(n=4)

33.3
33.3
15.4
(n=2)

All producers restart pig production after serious disease outbreaks (Table 15). More than half
(67.7%) of the interviewed smallholder farmers disinfect pens. All interviewed farmers in Takeo
disinfect their pig pen while few in Kampong Speu practice disinfection. Producers use
different disinfectants for their pig pens. Some use lime and/or wash pen with soap or hot
water. After applying the disinfection, pens are kept empty for 3-5 days before restocking with
new pigs.
Table 15: Re-start of pig production after serious diseases outbreak and disinfection of pens by
smallholder producers.
Provinces
Did you re-start of pig production
If yes, did you do disinfection? %
after serious diseases outbreak? %
Yes
No
Yes
No
Banteay Mean Chey
100
78.9
21.1
Battambang
100
65.0
35.0
Kampong Speu
100
15.0
85.0
Kampong Thom
100
90.9
9.10
Prey Veng
100
60.0
40.0
Siem Reap
100
72.2
27.3
Takeo
100
100
Total
100 (n=124)
67.7 (n=84)
32.3 (n=40)

29 | P a g e

IV.1.4. Pig production cost

IV.1.4.1.Breeding sows
Among interviewed 210 smallholder farmers, 67 farmers raise on average 1.52 sows (1-4
heads). Within those who keep sows, 76% feed their sows with concentrated feed, 10% use rice
wine residues, 61% use broken rice, 100% feed rice bran, 58% use water spinach and few use
fresh trash fish and banana stems. About 60% purchase vaccines, 39% buy drugs and 21% use
veterinary services.
Assuming 2 production cycles per year, the total expense per sow per year is 2,829,219 riels
which comprises of feed cost, vaccines, drugs, pen, boar service, castration etc (Table 16a). The
total revenue from selling piglets and culled sows was 5,545,094 riel. Therefore the profit was
2,658,528 riel.
Table 16a: Production cost per year for sows in smallholder production systems.
Descriptions
Unit
Qty
Unit price, riel
Total, riel
Expenses
Animal
Cost on sows
head
1.520.10
692,76080,540
614,469129,968
Sows-cost per year* 204,82343,322
Feed
Concentrated feed
kg
19443.2
3,74582.2
661,627130,358
Rice wine residue
kg
2,372773
461256
669,785170,346
Broken rice
kg
46576.4
1,60682.7
624,20063,209
Rice bran
kg
1,297145
83428.9
1,138,294133,512
Water spinach
kg
52958.7
65958.2
330,77439,063
Fresh trash fish
kg
13211.5
2,0000.00
265,00023,000
Banana stems
Stem
11020.6
655120
83,34428,705
Treatments &
prevention
Vaccines
Time
8.281.11
16,4871,925
121,42322,122
Drugs
Time
3.151.17
40,6879,998
83,84622,621
Vet service
Time
3.140.82
14,3572,774
35,9286,556
Other cost
Cost on pen building Unit
1.00o.oo
531,46169,869
531,46169,869
Pen-cost per year
124,94212,862
Feeder and water
Unit
1.670.33
27,66611,619
72,90848,506
trough
Labors
Day
41.32.17
14,636311
598,85833,655
Boar service
Time
2.650.17
43,318946
119,6929,143
Castration
Head
12.81.68
2,57179.7
38,0426,956
Revenue
Sold piglets
head
24.91.62
201,6385,224
5,043,542340,404
Sold culled sowshead
1.520.10
854,232111,528
1,504,657303,844
total revenue
30 | P a g e

Sold culled sowsrevenue per year*

Total expenses
Total revenue
Profit

501,552101,281

2,829,219244,390
5,545,094392,979
2,658,528322,418

Note: *sow could be used for three years breeding.

IV.1.4.2. Fattening pigs

A total of 141 smallholder farmers among 210 interviewed farms keep on average 5.14 (1-18)
fattening pigs. Among them 89% feed concentrates, 3% in Takeo and Prey Veng feed homemade concentrates, 17% use wine residue, 40% use broken rice; 90% use rice bran, 5% in
Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Takeo use maize; 41% feed water spinach; 2% in
Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Kampong Thom use trash fish and 21% use banana
stems.
About 40% interviewed smallholder farmers spend on vaccines, 28% spend on drugs for
treating sick pigs, and 30% spend on veterinary services. Within 141 interviewed farmers with
fattening pigs, 137 smallholder farmers invest on pens for their fattening pigs, 4 farmers tie
neck or leg of their animals and 14% of interviewed farmers in Banteay Mean Chey,
Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap use feeder and water troughs.
On average, each smallholder farmer spends 3,391,224riels on piglets, feed, vaccines, drugs,
pen and labor with the revenue of 3,742,925riel and 351,700riel as profit (Table 16b).
Table 16b: Production cost per cycle of fattening pigs of smallholder producers.
Descriptions
Unit
Qty
Unit price, riel
Expenses
Animal
Piglets
head
5.140.30
197,5633,029
Feed
Concentrated feed
kg
28035.2
3,756297
Home-made feed
kg
1,447613
2,162614
Rice wine residue
kg
2,795436
32187.0
Broken rice
kg
24330.9
1,732128
Rice bran
kg
81756.1
86120.6
Maize
kg
24097.2
2,800571
Water spinach
kg
19832.7
70754.0
Fresh trash fish
kg
14.74.37
46788.2
Banana stems
Stem
20358.8
1,956460
Treatments & prevention
Vaccines
Time
3.650.47
14,1232.242
Drugs
Time
2.410.33
23,6125,377
Vet services
Time
2.840.30
15,3721,969
Inputs
Pen-total cost
Unit
1.000.00
411,86655,102

Total, riel

1,026,15663,592
930,207107,365
2,266,500829,695
625,682132,783
368,53037,681
742,87761,401
568,000141,370
112,83117,460
6,6002,271
582,530223,190
5,575414,885
41,7008,582
42,9687,909
411,86655,102
31 | P a g e

Descriptions
Depreciation of pen-cost
per production cycle
Feed and water trough
Labor
Revenue
Sale of fattening pigs
Total expenses

Unit
-

Qty
-

Unit price, riel

-

Total, riel
53,6673,278

Unit
Day

1.400.13
23.91.55

13,3552,892
13,627298

21,9056,744
362,96440,350

head

5.140.30

738,44211,354
3,391,224191,252

3,742,925243,490

Total revenue
Profit

3,742,925243,490
351,700112,164

IV.1.5. Pig production supply chain

IV.1.5.1. Access to breeding stock
Among the 210 interviewed smallholder producers, 24 use self produced piglets for fattening
but only 1 farmer in Takeo breeds pigs through AI. 22 farmers buy piglets from middlemen, 102
farmers get piglets from neighbor/other farms in the villages, 61 farmers source their stock
from other farms outside the villages (Table 17). For those farmers who get the supply of
piglets from middlemen and neighbors/other farms in the village, travels 0.5-2 km while they
travel 18-36 km to get the supply of piglets from farms outside their village and NGOs.
AI is not yet common the studied sites but one respondent said it is easy to access this service
and all who use natural mating get easy access to boars. Majority of those got the supply of
piglets from neighbors/other farms in the village and middlemen access to piglets easily while
about 40% who get piglets from outside the village said it is difficult to buy for piglets as they
need information about the breeders and the health of piglets.
Table 17: Access stock to raise of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia.
Descriptions
Yes
Distance (km)
Accessibility, %
from farms,
Ave.SE
Easy
Difficult
Breed on farm natural breeding
11.4 (n=24)
100 (n=24)
Breed on farm - artificial insemination
(AI)
0.50 (n=1)
100 (n=1)
Middlemen
10.5 (n=22)
1.980.79
95.5 (n=21) 4.50 (n=1)
Neighbor/other farms in the village
48.6 (n=102)
0.690.094
91.2 (n=93) 8.80 (n=9)
Other farms outside the village
29.0 (n=61)
17.76.52
62.3 (n=38) 37.7 (n=23)
NGO
1.00 (n=2)
36.036.0
100 (n=2)
-

32 | P a g e

IV.1.5.2. Number of pigs sold

A. Sows and boars
Only 5 of the 210 interviewed farms, sold on average 1 sow each in 2011. The average price of
sows was 1,310,000 riel per head. None boar was sold during the last year.
B. Weaning pigs
Among 99 sow keepers, 66 sell on average 11.3 (2-24) weaned piglets in 2011 (Table 18a). The
price per weaning piglet is 200,000 (96,700-260,000) riel. About 71.0% of respondents said
they sell direct to buyers other smallholder farmers, and some sold to middlemen/trader and
other farms. A proportion of weaned pigs purchased by middlemen/trader and
slaughterhouses are roasted for human consumption particularly during the festivities such as
Chinese New Year and Cheng Meng (Chinese tradition of festivity for ancestors).
The weaned pigs are traded within the same province they were kept. Nearly 55.0% answered
that the buyer was from the same village, 18.2% except in Banteay Mean Chey said that buyers
came from the same commune, 16.7% except in Kg Speu and Kg Thom reported that buyers
were from the same district and 10.6% except in also Banteay Mean Chey, Kg Speu and Prey
Veng mentioned that buyers were from the same province.
Table 18a: Number of weaning piglets sold in 2011.
Provinces

#
farms

# heads sold

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

10
9
10
8
10
10
9

10.41.67
14.22.05
9.000.97
9.371.75
11.71.03
12.71.90
11.91.48

Total

66

11.30.61

Price, x103
riel/
head
23871.2
23973.5
13286.8
208126
18838.8
22255.4
17979.5
20052.5

A
10.0
25.0
20.0
20.0
44.4
16.7
(n=11)

Buyers, %
B
C
11.1
1.50
(n=1)

11.1
50.0
11.1
10.6
(n=7)

100
77.8
40.0
75.0
80.0
80.0
44.4
71.2
(n=47)

90.0
33.3
80.0
62.5
30.0
50.0
33.3
54.5
(n=36)

Source of buyers, %
II
III
22.2
20.0
12.5
20.0
20.0
33.3
18.2
(n=12)

10.0
22.2
50.0
10.0
22.2
16.7
(n=11)

IV
22.2
25.0
20.0
11.1
10.6
(n=7)

A=middlemen/trader, B=slaughterhouse, C=other farm, D=direct buyers.

I=same village, II=same commune, III=same district, IV=same province.

C. Finishing pigs
Among the interviewed 210 smallholder farmers, 150 were able to sell on average 5 (1-18)
finishing pigs in 2011 (Table 18b). The average price per head was 730,000 riel. About 70% of
respondents sold their finishing pigs to middlemen/traders, 27% sold to slaughterhouses and
few sold directly to buyers. Nearly 25% of them said that traders were within the same
commune, 27% were within the same district and 27% were within the same province. Besides
selling pigs to traders and middlemen, they also sold them to their villagers who would
slaughter them and sold meat to the villages nearby or using them for ceremony such as
wedding, village party, death ceremony etc. About 19% except in Kampong Speu sell their pig

33 | P a g e

for these activities within the village and 3 respondents in Kampong Speu sell their pigs
persons from Phnom Penh.
Table 18b: Number of finished pigs sold last time by smallholder producers in seven provinces in
Cambodia.
Provinces

#
farms

# heads
sold

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom

23
20
20
23

5.690.63
5.251.07
4.450.72
2.820.44

Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

19
24
21

5.310.85
5.620.67
5.810.80

Total

150

4.990.29

Price,
x103 riel/
head
76427.9
72146.5
71922.5
76730.7
68319.5

Buyers, %
B
C

95.7

4.30

43.5

4.30

26.1

26.1

70.0
20.0
82.6
84.2

25.0
80.0
17.4
5.30

5.00
8.70
26.3

35.0
30.0
21.7
21.1

20.0
35.0
34.8
42.1

40.0
20.0
34.8
10.5

15.0
-

33.3
9.50
18.7
(n=28)

16.7
47.6
24.7
(n=37)

12.5
23.8
27.3
(n=41)

37.5
19.0
27.3
(n=41)

2.00
(n=3)

5.00
5.3
5.30
0
72735.2
54.2
33.3
12.5
71514.8
76.2
23.8
73011.4
69.3
26.7 0.70 3.30
(n=104) (n=40) (n=1) (n=5)

Source of buyers, %
II
III
IV

A=middlemen/trader, B=slaughterhouse, C=other farm, D=direct buyers (those slaughter for own uses and not for sale).
I=same village, II=same commune, III=same district, IV=same province, V=other provinces.

IV.1.5.3. Form of selling pigs

All smallholder farmers said that buyers come to their farms to pick up their pig. Normally the
bigger traders who might have the connection or link with slaughterhouse or owners of the
slaughterhouses might go themselves to buy pigs at the agreeable collecting points and each
of them might work with several motorbike middlemen in supplying pigs to fill in their truck.
Also pickup cars with the capacity of loading 10-15 pigs each are commonly used.
IV.1.5.4. Contract/arrangement made in selling pigs
Of 210 smallholder farmers, 21% have verbal agreement with buyers (Table 19). Although they
do not have the agreement written, the respondents described that buyers agree to buy (i) any
pigs (63.6% except in Battambang), only healthy pigs (31.8% except in Kampong Speu and
Kampong Thom), buy pigs only with adequate market weight (9.10% mainly in Takeo), pigs
with veterinarians inspection (11.4% mainly in Kampong Thom) and vaccinated piglets (11.4%
in Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap).
Table 19: Contract/arrangement made in selling pigs of smallholder producers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Contract/arrangement for
selling pigs, %
Yes
No

16.7
3.33
10.0
33.3
13.3
43.3
26.7
20.9
(n=44)

83.3
96.7
90.0
66.7
86.7
56.7
73.3
79.1 (n=166)

Contract/arrangement description, %
(multiple answers)
Buy any
Only
Adequate
Vet
Vaccinated
pigs
healthy
market inspection piglets
pigs
weight
60.0
40.0
100
100
100
50.0
50.0
10.0
75.0
25.0
76.9
38.5
23.1
50.0
62.5
50.0
63.6
31.8
9.10
11.4
11.4
(n=28)
(n=14)
(n=4)
(n=5)
(n=5)

34 | P a g e

IV.1.5.5. Reasons for selling pigs

About 61% said that they sell pigs when they have reached slaughter weight particularly in
Siem Reap, 31.9% sell them when they need cash and 29.0% sell their piglets when they get
good weight and are capable to eat feed (Table 20). Nearly 7.0% except in Prey Veng and
Takeo answered that they sell their pigs if they are sick or are culling sows, 5.23% except in
Kampong Speu, Kampong Thom and Takeo sell them when the market price is high and less
than 1.0% in Battambang and Takeo reported they sell them when buyers offer good price.
Table 20: Reasons for selling pigs (multiple answers).
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Slaughter
weight, %

Need cash,
%

Offering
good
price, %

High
market
price, %

66.6
50.0
53.3
66.7
53.3
80.0
63.3
61.2
(n=130)

30.0
43.3
30.0
46.6
16.7
30.0
26.6
31.9
(n=67)

3.33
3.33
0.95
(n=2)

6.66
3.33
23.3
3.33
5.23
(n=11)

Piglets
with
adequate
weight, %
26.7
26.7
33.3
23.3
40.0
23.3
30.0
29.0
(n=61)

Sick and
culled
pigs, %
6.70
13.3
3.30
16.7
6.70
6.70
(n=14)

IV.1.5.6. Problems with the marketing of pigs

Respondents reported the low pig price and high price fluctuations as their main concerns
(70.9%) (Table 21). The imported pigs from neighboring countries are perceived by 17.6% of
respondents to make their pig production unstable and usually they get lower prices when the
market is saturated with imported pigs. The slaughterhouses generally prefer to buy imported
pigs because they have higher carcass weight. In addition, 17.1% respondents said information
about prices of pigs they receive is not reliable and they mainly rely on the prices offered by
buyers and they sell them when they feel satisfied. About 10% of respondents reported that
they cannot sell their pigs because of disease outbreaks or they sell them at a low price.
Respondents (8%) said that they do not have much choice to select the traders/middlemen as
few of them are available and the same traders/middlemen work in their villages. It seems that
there are exclusive territories which traders/middlemen are covering which limits competition.

35 | P a g e

Table 21: Problems in selling pigs of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple
answers).
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Low and
unstable
price, %

Lack of
choice for
buyers, %

63.3
70.0
80.0
66.7
73.3
73.3
70.0
70.9 (n=149)

10.0
3.33
16.7
10.0
6.67
10.0
8.09 (n=17)

Lack of
reliable
information
on market
prices, %
10.0
36.7
3.33
33.3
3.33
33.3
17.1 (n=36)

Competition
of imported
pigs, %

10.0
6.66
43.3
6.67
26.7
3.33
26.7
17.6 (n=37)

Inability to
sell due to
disease
outbreak,
%
16.7
20.0
13.3
13.3
3.33
9.52 (n=20)

Credited
by buyers,
%

3.33
3.33
3.33
3.33
1.90 (n=4)

IV.1.6. Awareness of market information

IV.1.6.1. Checking market price and sources of information
Almost all smallholder farmers except 2 in Kampong Thom and Takeo checked market price
before selling their pigs (Table 22). Respondents (88%) receive information about pig prices
from their neighbors, 47.1% from middlemen, 4.80% except in Kampong Speu receive it from
slaughterhouse, 6.30% except in Siem Reap get it from market and 1.40% in Battambang and
Prey Veng receive it from VAHWs.
Table 22: Checking market price and their sources of information of smallholder producers.
Check market
If yes, where did you get? %
price before
(multiple answers)
Provinces
selling pigs, %
Yes
No
Neighbors Middleman Slaughter Market
house
Banteay Mean
83.3
63.3
3.30
3.30
Chey
100
Battambang
100
93.3
70.0
10.0
13.3
Kampong Speu
100
83.3
50.0
10.0
Kampong Thom
96.7
3.33
89.7
44.8
6.90
3.40
Prey Veng
100
76.7
16.7
6.70
10.0
Siem Reap
100
100
66.7
3.30
Takeo
96.7
3.33
89.7
17.2
3.40
3.40
99.0
0.95
88.0
47.1
4.80
6.30
Total
(n=208)
(n=2)
(n=183)
(n=98)
(n=10)
(n=13)

VAHWs
6.70
3.30
1.40
(n=3)

IV.1.6.2. Persons set selling price

Nearly 72.0% of smallholder farmers said that the sale price is depending on the negotiation
between buyers and sellers (Table 23). Beside the price negotiation, 18.6% of producers also
reported that buyers set the price while 10.0% except in Kampong Thom and Prey Veng
answered that producers set the selling price of pigs.

36 | P a g e

Table 23: Persons set selling price of pigs of smallholder producers.

Producers, %
Buyers, %
Provinces
Banteay Mean
Chey
3.30
36.7
Battambang
13.3
40.0
Kampong Speu
40.0
3.30
Kampong Thom
23.3
Prey Veng
13.3
Siem Reap
10.0
10.0
Takeo
3.30
3.30
Total
10.0 (n=21)
18.6 (n=39)

Negotiation between buyers

and producers, %
60.0
46.7
56.7
73.3
86.7
83.3
93.3
71.4 (n=150)

Among the interviewed smallholder farmers, 70.5% are satisfied with the price of pigs they get
and 29.5% are not happy with the selling price. They are not satisfied because they think they
are able to recover their production cost although they have no record for this calculation. In
general none is keeping record of what they have spent on the production.
IV.1.7. Awareness of services from Village Animal Health Workers (VAHWs)
About 81.0% of respondents are aware of the services from VAHWs in their villages especially
all respondents in Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap reported so (Table 24). When
they ask for assistance from VAHWs, 55.6% call for their services when needed, 38.5% use
them sometimes and only 5.90% except in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo have not
used them at all. For those who use VAHW service when their pigs get sick, they do the
vaccination, castration, farrowing, and other technical assistance. For those who use them
sometimes because their pigs get really sick and cannot treat pigs by themselves. Those who
never use services from VAHWs because their animals never get sick and they can treat sick
pigs by themselves.
Table 24: Awareness and time to get assistance from VAHWs of smallholder producers.
Provinces
Awareness of VAHWs, %
When did you get assistance from VAHWs? %
Yes
No
When needed
Sometimes
Never
Banteay Mean
57.1
28.6
14.3
Chey
70.0
30.0
Battambang
100
60.0
36.7
3.30
Kampong Speu
93.3
6.67
14.3
75.0
10.7
Kampong Thom
100
63.3
36.7
Prey Veng
23.3
76.7
42.9
14.3
42.9
Siem Reap
100
86.7
13.3
Takeo
76.7
23.3
52.2
47.8
80.4
19.5
55.6
38.5
5.90
Total
(n=169)
(n=41)
(n=94)
(n=65)
(n=10)

37 | P a g e

Case study 1: Sow production in Kampong Thom

Mrs. Tri Chanthoeun, 28 years old, lives in Kro Chab village, Acha Leak
commune, Krong Treung Sen, Kampong Thom. She has 1-2 years
experience in confined pen sow production . She raises a crossed breed sow
that produced 9 piglets with 1 death in the last farrowing. She sold all
delivered piglets at an age of 1.5 months. She said that the most
important for her sow production is feed, labor and service. She uses
concentrated feed, forage such as water spinach and amaranth,
agricultural by-product such as rice bran and broken rice and kitchen
waste. Normally concentrated feed is fed to piglets in addition to milk
supply by their mother. She also vaccinates her pig against Salmonellosis
and classical swine fever. There was no serious disease outbreak in her
farm beside the pigs got low appetite and fever. Normally she was assisted
by a VAHW when her sow got sick.
Annually she can sell 16 piglets from 2 production cycles to other
smallholder producers within her commune and each piglet costs 240,000
riel. On average, her sow is culled at an age of 3 years after 6 production
cycles. Each year she can get the income from selling her cull sow of
225,000 riel. However, her expenses on feed, material, labor and service
are estimated to amount 3,532,900 riel per year. Therefore the net profit
she receives from her sow production is 532,100 riel per year.

As the impression on the service

of VAHWs, 67.5% said they are
very helpful because they come
on time when calling for their
services, pigs recover after their
treatment, they get access to
vaccination regularly and they
also provide other technical
assistance. VAHWs are living
within
the
village
and
accessibility to this service is
important for the smallholder
farmers however the degree of
their services vary a lot
depending on the capacity of the
VAHWs and the training they
received.

IV.1.8. General interest on pig production

In Cambodia the smallholder farmers still consider pig raising as an important means of saving
(family bank) and this is one of the reasons for continuing the low input-low output practice
(Case study 1). About 80% of the respondents said they consider raising pigs as a family bank,
54.7% because they have time available to do so, 36.2% consider pig raising is easy, 29% can
find market for pigs easily, 12.8% have feed available at farm, 10.5% they see other people in
village raise pigs and they also start, 5.23% especially (except in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong
Thom and Siem Reap) get high price for their pigs and 1.9% raise pigs for festivity/ceremony
(Table 25).
Table 25: Reasons for pig keeping of smallholder producers (multiple answers).
Provinces
Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Easy to
raise

Easy
to sell

High
price

Feed
availability

Follow
other
people

Time
available

Family
bank

For
festival/
ceremony

26.7
30.0
33.3
30.0
46.7
26.7
60.0
36.2
(n=76)

20.0
30.0
26.7
20.0
40.0
33.3
33.3
29.0
(n=61)

6.67
10.0
13.3
6.67
5.23
(n=11)

13.3
13.3
13.3
13.3
3.33
26.7
6.67
12.8
(n=27)

20.0
13.3
10.0
3.33
10.0
10.0
6.67
10.5
(n=22)

83.3
76.7
40.0
73.3
13.3
80.0
16.7
54.7
(n=115)

90.0
83.3
76.7
100
53.3
93.3
60.0
79.5
(n=167)

13.3
1.90
(n=4)

38 | P a g e

Among 210 smallholder farmers, 73.3% consider the feed cost as the main obstacle for their pig
raising, 72.3% find disease outbreak important for their pig production, 50.0% do not have
appropriate skills in pig production, 35.2% are lacking capital to sustain current levels of
production costs, 36.2% do not have additional capital to expand their pig production and
27.1% consider not having good quality breeds (Table 26). Also, 14.3% except in Siem Reap
reported that they are lacking good quality feed resources.
Table 26: Difficulties in pig keeping of smallholder producers in seven provinces in Cambodia (multiple
answers).

Provinces
Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Lack of
good
quality
breeds
for
raising,
%

Low
adaptability
of
exotic
crossed
to local
conditi
on, %

Lack of
good
quality
feed
resource
,%

High
cost of
feeds,
%

Diseas
es, %

Lack of
capital
to
sustain
current
levels of
production cost,
%

Lack of
capital
to
expand
to a
higher
level of
production, %

Lack of
appropria
te skills in
good pig
productio
n, %

Unstable
price due
to
imported
pigs, %

6.67
16.7
43.3
20.0
40.0
23.3
40.0
27.1
(n=57)

13.3
1.90
(n=4)

3.33
10.0
26.7
10.0
16.7
33.3
14.3
(n=30)

80.0
40.0
86.7
80.0
66.7
63.3
96.7
73.3
(n=154)

76.7
76.7
83.3
70.0
70.0
86.7
43.3
72.4
(n=152)

13.3
53.3
50.0
26.7
26.7
30.0
46.7
35.2
(n=74)

36.7
30.0
76.7
26.7
30.0
23.3
30.0
36.2
(n=76)

43.3
46.7
53.3
93.3
30.0
63.3
20.0
50.0
(n=105)

3.33
16.6
6.67
3.33
3.33
6.19
(n=13)

Smallholder farmers suggest having training on animal heal care (42.4%); the level of
knowledge of VAHWs still needs to be improved to meet the farmers' needs (38.1%).
Smallholder farmers expect the government to reduce the volume of imported pigs so that
their pig business can be more profitable (33.3%). They suggest making credit available with
interest rate affordable by farmers especially for pig production, assurance of pig price in the
market (18.1%) and some consider making vaccines accessible and available for their needs
and good quality of breeds.

39 | P a g e

IV.2. Small, medium and large farms

IV.2.1. General information regarding the respondents

Three main types of swine production are common found in most regions of Cambodia. They
are small farms (10-50 pigs), semi-commercial farms (50-200 pigs) and the commercial farms
(over 200 pigs).
On average, the age of the respondents was 41.0 years old (ranges from 21-68 years old) (Table
27). Per analysis the respondents of the small-medium farm (SMF) are younger than in large
farms (LF). Respondents had the following education, grade 1-7 (42.6%), grade 8-12 (46.8%),
university level (8.50%) and 1 respondent in Kampong Thom has the PhD degree.
Almost all respondents (about 95.8%) are pig farm owners, one respondent in Battambang is
farm worker and a CEO of the BVB Company pig commercial farm in Kampong Thom.

40 | P a g e

Table 27: General information of respondents in the study sites.

Descriptions
1. Age of respondent, Ave. SE
2. Education level, %
Grade 1-7
Grade 8-12
Colleague/university
PhD
3. Main occupation of the respondent, %
Pig producer
Worker
Chief Executive Officer (CEO)

SMF (N=37)
40.6 1.64

LF (N=10)
42.64.08

43.2 (n=16)
48.6 (n=18)
8.10 (n=3)
-

40.0 (n=4)
40.0 (n=4)
10.0 (n=1)
10.0 (n=1)

97.3 (n=36)
2.70 (n=1)
-

90.0 (n=9)
10.0 (n=1)

IV.2.2. Information regarding the farm

The numbers of persons employed in the farms differed according to the production system
and numbers of pigs to take care. The LF farms employ 1-100 employees and SMF employ 1-12
persons (Table 28). It should be noted that some of SMFs and FLs do not include their own
family members such as husband, wife, sons and daughters as they are not in the payroll.
All LFs reported that they have an official permit for the establishment of their farm and none
of the SMFs have one. All the interviewed LFs get the permission to operate their farms from
the Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA) except a LF in Kampong Thom from the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF).
On average, the LFs occupy 165,883 (832-1,050,000) m2 and the SMFs use 2,380 (48-15,000)
m2. The size of land in this case refers to the area fenced of which the farms establish.
About 64.0% of respondents answered that their farms are near to the residential buildings;
while 25.5%, 31.9%, 36.2% and 42.6% of the farms are near to other farms, cropping areas,
isolated place and village road (Table 28). The majority of LFs (70.0%) is established in isolated
places and 78.4% of SMF build pig pens near the residential areas or with other business
compounds such as rice mill to ease their operation. SMF farms have little knowledge or have
not thought about the diseases that could transmit to their family members while the LF farm
location is aiming at reducing diseases risk to their pig farming.

41 | P a g e

Table 28: Information of small, medium and large farms in six provinces of Cambodia.
Descriptions
SMF
LF
4. # persons employed in farms,
Ave. SE
1-12 (n=37)
1-100 (n=10)
5. Any official permit for your farms?, %
Yes
100 (n=10)
No
100 (n=37)
5.1. If yes, from which institute? %
PDA
90.0 (n=9)
MAFF
10.0 (n=1)
2
6. Total area (m ) of your farm,
Ave. SE
2,380555
165,883109,505
7. Type of establishment exists next to the farm, %
(Multiple answers)
Residential buildings
78.4 (n=29)
10.0 (n=1)
Village road
40.5 (n=15)
50.0 (n=5)
Isolated place
27.0 (n=10)
70.0 (n=7)
Cropping area
35.1 (n=13)
20.0 (n=2)
Other farms
18.9 (n=7)
50.0 (n=5)

42 | P a g e

IV.2.3. Farm status

IV.2.3.1. Years of operation, type and production system

On average, 25.5% established their

farm more than 10 years ago and the
Case study 2: Contract farming in Siem Reap
remaining 36.2% of 3-5 years, 23.4% of
Mr. Tan Meng Horng, 29 years old, lives in Pong Teuk village, Chup Tatrav
6-10 years and 14.9% just started 1-2
commune, Angkor Thom district, Siem Reap. He has 3-5 years experience in pig
production and does contract farming with CP Group Company. His farm is located
years (Table 29). Most SMF and 2 LF
far from residential areas. He raises 1,100 fattened pigs supplied by the parent
farms have been more than 6 years in
contracted farm from Pich Nil, Koh Kong province. At the start of the fattening
period, the piglet ages about 1 month and are fed for a period of 4.5 month to
pig business and 80% of the LF farms
reach 100 kg live weight and cost 910,000 riel per head. He uses contracted feed.
started their pig farming between 2007
His pigs are vaccinated against Classical Swine Fever, FMD, Aujeszkys and
Salmonellosis. There was PRRS outbreak in his farm which prolonged 15 days and
and 2010. Due to the demand in the
affected 1,100 heads with 50 heads died. Those dead pigs were burned and thrown
country, private companies have
in the pond with the stocking waste of the farm. He got the assistant from the
parent contracted farm to cure those infected pigs.
begun their investment in pig farming
during the last five years such as BVB
Annually he can sell 2,200 finished pigs which transported by truck with 25 heads
per load. The destination market is at Krong Siem Reap, Siem Reap province.
Pig Enterprise in Kampong Thom,
Monrithy group in Sihanoukville and
Som Siborin Pig Farm in Kandal
province. CP group is the oldest in this
business but started with feed mills
and broiler and later on begun the pig contract farming business (Case study 2). The CP group
arranges the contract farming especially in Kampong Spue and Kandal (appropriate location
nearby Phnom Penh the demand site. The Monrithy Group recently imports the pure
European breeds from UK and the BVB pig enterprise established their pig farming in
Kampong Thom 3-4 years ago.
All LF and SMF farms are privately owned enterprises and their pigs are fully confined. At
present even smallholder farmers who keep 1-3 fattening pigs, they commonly practice
confinement with the exceptional case of ethnic minorities in the Northeast provinces which
raise pigs in semi-confined and free range systems. However these local pigs (black color) have
not been seen in the market of large cities such as Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Table 29: Years of operation, type and production systems.
Descriptions
8. Years of farm operation, %
1-2 years
3-5 years
6-10 years
Over 10 years
9. Type of farm enterprise, %
Private
Government owned
Private and government

SMF

LF

8.10 (n=3)
35.1 (n=13)
27.0 (n=10)
29.7 (n=11)

40.0 (n=4)
40.0 (n=4)
10.0 (n=1)
10.0 (n=1)

100 (n=37)
-

100 (n=10)
43 | P a g e

Case study 3: Pig production farm in Banteay Mean Chey

Mr. Plang Sophon, 32 years old, lives in O Ambel village, O Ambel commune, Krong Serei Sorphorn, Banteay Mean Chey province. He has
experience in pig production of more than 10 years using confinement system in a farm of 2,500 m2. His farm locates next to residential areas,
crop and village road. He has 17 crossbreed sows, 4 exotic boars and 20 crossbreed piglets. His sow gets the first mating at the age of 7 months
with average litter size of 11 piglets. He sells the piglets at the age of 1 month with average weight of 12 kg and price of 240,000 riel/head. He
uses concentrated feed and agricultural by-product such as rice bran and broken rice to feed his pigs. His pigs are vaccinated against Classical
Swine Fever and FMD and there was no serious diseases' outbreak in his farm. Mr. Sophon installed plastic bio-digester to reduce pollution but
at same time getting gas (i) for cooking and (ii) fuel for engine, while the residues flow to an empty space.
Annually he sells 60 breeding sows, 50 breeding boars, 240-480 piglets and 6 culled pigs. The breeding sows and boars are transported by truck
and car/minibus, while piglets are transported by car/minibus and remork and cull pigs transported by remork only. The outlet market of
breeding sows and cull pigs are within his own province, while piglets and breeding boars are sold to Siem Reap, Battambang, Kampong
Chhnang, Kampong Thom and within the province of Banteay Mean Chey.
Beside the income received from selling pigs he also works as an AI technician trained by an NGO Cambodian Agribusiness Development
Facility (CADF). He serves the AI breeding in 3 districts in Banteay Mean Chey charging 50,000 riel/sow and he also sells prepared pig sperm of
15,000 riel per dose to Battambang and Siem Reap. He now provides on job-training at his farm to other farmers and NGO staff on AI and the
charge is US$ 200-300 per person per week.

10. Production system of the farm, %

Fully confinement
Grazing/Scavenging
Grazing with supplement

100 (n=37)
-

100 (n=10)
-

IV.2.3.2. Number of pigs and breed

Out of 47 farms interviewed, 37 SMF farms (Case study 3) and 3 LF farms kept sows. Both SMF
and LF farms commonly raise crossbreed pigs followed by the exotic breeds but none of the
interviewed farms keeps local breeds (Table 30). Due to the rapidly increasing demand for pig
products pig producers started to look for fast growing pigs and switched from local to cross
and pure breed pigs. These changes have been observed in most regions of the country.
On average the SMF farms raise 13 (1-50) sows and LF farms keep 1,250 (350-2500) sows per
farm. Both SMF and LF farms mainly raise crossbreed sows. Among 47 farms, only 11 keep
boars for breeding purpose. Few SMF farms keep 1-3 boards, because they use the breeding
services from others and the 2 LF farms keep 5-50 boars. The remaining 8 LF farms do the
contract farming of which they receive the weaning piglets from the parent contracted farm. In
term of breed, both SMF and LF farms mostly keep crossbreed boars.
The SMF farms produce on average 21 (7-70) piglets while the LF farms produce 450-2,000
piglets in 2011. Similarly to sows and boars, most SMF and LF farms keep crossbreed piglets.
The weaning piglets are mostly crossbreeds and none exotic weaners are at the SMF farms. On
average, LF farm raise 507 (500-650) weaning piglets and SMF farms keep 21 (9-65) piglets.

44 | P a g e

Table 30: Number of pigs and breeds.

Descriptions
11. A. # farms kept sows
12. A. Breed of sows
Local bred
Crossbred
Exotic
Aver.
11. B. # farms kept boars
12. B. Breed of boars
Local bred
Crossbred
Exotic
Aver.
11. C. # farms have piglets delivered
12. C. Breed of piglets
Local bred
Crossbred
Exotic
Aver.
11. D. # farms have weaning pigs
12. D. Breed of weaning pigs
Local breed
Crossbred
Exotic
Aver.
11. E. # farms have fattening pigs
11. E. Breed of fattening pigs
Local bred
Crossbred
Exotic
Aver.

SMF
34

LF
3

11.81.87
1.471.47
13.32.41

883715
367273
1,250645

9
1.670.33
0.330.33
2.000.29
15

2
19.019.0
8.503.50
27.522.5
2

16.13.45
4.674.67
20.74.79
16

1,0001,000
275175
1,275825
3

20.83.61
20.83.61
24

333167
236207
50743.6
6

20.53.66
5.005.00
25.55.43

55463.4
8.338.33
56359.7

IV.2.3.4. Type of feed and sources

The majority (93.6%) of SMF and FL farms use concentrated feed for their pigs (Table 31).
However, 2 LFs also buy ingredients to prepare own feed. The SMF also use farm-made feed
(8.10%), forage mixing with other feed (18.9%), agriculture by-product (62.2%), kitchen waste
(27.0%) and rice wine residue (5.40%). In the intensive pig production bulky food is generally
not part of the feeding system. Smallholder farmers still mix other feed ingredients or/and
concentrated feed and y this try to reduce costs of feed and market price risks.
45 | P a g e

Table 31: Type of feed and sources.

Descriptions
Concentrated feed
Farm-made feed
Forage mix
Agric. by-product
Kitchen waste
Rice wine residue

SMF
91.9 (n=34)
8.10 (n=3)
18.9 (n=7)
62.2 (n=23)
27.0 (n=10)
5.40 (n=2)

LF
100 (n=10)
20.0 (n=2)
-

IV.2.3.5. Status of pig to sell/buy and sow performance

The SMF farms sell piglets at the age of 5 weeks with the average weight of 10.1 kg and the LF
farms sell their piglets at around 4 weeks with the average weight of 9.6 kg (Table 32). The
facilities, management and feeding technologies help LF farms to shorten the lactating period.
The prices at the weaning are US$61 for SMFs and US$79 for LFs. The price of weaning piglets
increased by about 11% after the outbreak of PRRS due to the shortage of piglets and demand
for piglets to re-start fattening.
On average it takes about 7 months from piglets to breeding although surprisingly the LF
farms take about 10 days longer before first mating. There is almost no difference in culling
time between LFs (7 litters) and SMFs (6.7 litters). The average litter size is 9 of which the LF
farms have on average of 10.3 piglets and the SMF farms get 9.24 piglets. In the modern pig
industry, the average litter size is 12 piglets while the smallholder production is between 7.3-7.9
piglets. There is still great potential in the management aspects to put in for the best
reproductive performance of the sow-life time.
The fattening period from weaning to the market is 5.34 months with the weight of 96.8 kg
(0.59 kg daily weight gain) for SMF and 4.94 months with the weight of 106 kg (0.72 kg daily
weight gain) for LF farms. Generally the best price for the finishing pigs by the slaughterhouse
in Cambodia is between 80-90 kg while reaching 100 kg they give lower price due to fat
content however this might be their experience with the local pigs of which they accumulate
fat at 100 kg.
Table 32: Status of pig to sell/buy and sow performance.
Descriptions
Age (week) to sell piglet, Ave. SE
Weight (kg) to sell piglet, Ave. SE
Price (US$) to sell piglet, Ave. SE
Age (month) to first mate, Ave. SE
Piglet (head) per litter, Ave. SE
# litter (times) before cull, Ave. SE
Weight (kg) to sell finished pigs, Ave. SE
Age (month) to sell finished pigs, Ave. SE

SMF
5.23 0.28
10.1 0.72
60.8 1.92
7.12 0.13
9.24 0.36
6.70 0.32
94.8 1.50
5.43 0.14

LF
3.67 0.21
9.580.97
79.00.00
7.50 0.29
10.3 0.88
7.00 0.58
106 3.95
4.94 0.24

46 | P a g e

IV.2.3.6. Contract farming practices

Eight among 10 LFs get the farming contract from CP group and none for SMFs (Table 33).
Those with the contract farming reported that they have received (i) weaning piglets, (ii)
concentrated feed, (iii) medicines and vaccines, (iv) veterinary services, (v) technical support
and (vi) market information. They contractor buys the finishing pigs and none of the
respondents reported that they get a loan from CP group. The obligations of the contracted
farms includes (i) available land far from the residential areas; (ii) build/house of 64 m x 13 m
(500-550 heads), water supply, electricity and waste stocking; (iii) sufficient labors; and (iv) sell
the finished pigs to the contractor.
Three of 8 contracting farms encounter difficulties such as (i) slow growth rate (33.3%), (ii) late
supply of medicine from contractor when their pigs got sick (66.7%), (iii) feed supply not on
time (66.7%) and (iv) piglets supply not on time (33.3%). However these three contract farms
were satisfied with the temporally solutions given by the contractor such as (i) technical
support (50.0%), (ii) vet services (50.0%), and (ii) get feed from other farms for temporary use
(50.0%).
Table 33: Contract farming practices.
Descriptions
13. Any contract made of your farms, %
Yes
No
13. A. If yes, what company/farm you contracted with? %
CP Group Company
14. Type of company/farm, %
Private farm
Private company
Government farm
15. Arrangement made in the contract, %
16. A. Obligation of parent contracted farm, %
Provide stocks (mainly piglets)
Provide formulated feed
Provide medicines/vaccines
Provide veterinary support
Provide loan
Provide technical support
Provide market information
Purchase the finished pigs
15. B. Obligation of contracted farm, %
Available land for farm establishment
Available facility including building, water supply, waste stocking
etc.

SMF

LF

100

80.0
20.0

100

100
-

100
100
100
100
100
100
100

100
100
47 | P a g e

Has enough labor to take care the pig

Sell pigs to parent contracted farm
16. Any problem in practicing contract farming?, %
Yes
No
16. A. If yes, what was the problems?, % (Multiple answers)
Slow grow rate of pigs
Delay of medicine supply when pigs got sick
Delay of feed supply
Delay of providing stock
17. Any solution to solve the problem?, %
Yes
No
17. A. If yes, what was the solutions?, % (Multiple answers)
Provide technical support
Provide vet
Get feed from other farms
18. Are you satisfy with solutions?, %
Yes
No

100
100

37.5
62.5

33.3
66.7
66.7
33.3

66.7
33.3

50.0
50.0
50.p

100
-

IV.2.4. Supply and market chain

IV.2.4.1. Access to stock

Among the interviewed farms, 68.4% SMF and 22.2% LF farms produce own replacement of
stock (Table 34). The low percentage of LF farms in replacing stock is because some of them
receive piglets through contract farming. All interviewed farms in Banteay Mean Chey and
Kampong Thom produce their own stock for replacement. For those who do not produce own
replacement of stock, except those through contract farming, 7 SMF farms buy their piglets
from middlemen (29%) and other companies (71%). The average distance of which the SMF
farms get their piglets is 112 (1-280) km and 196 (15-400) km for the LFs. The large distance for
LFs is to get the supply of piglets from CP group in Phnom Penh or Siem Reap. SMF farms in
Siem Reap get their piglet supply from Battambang and some from Thailand while the LF
farms said that the origin of their piglets are from Ta Khmao, Ang Snoul (mainly from CP
farms) and Prek Samrong in Kandal and Kampong Seila in Koh Kong.
All LFs and 57.1% SMFs said they have no problem with the access to piglets but 42.8% have
difficulty. The reasons of difficult accessing the piglets are due to poor road conditions and the
distance from their farms. Per time, the SMF farms get 29 (15-55) piglets with 2.9 (2-6) times
per year and the LF farms get 807 (450-2200) piglets per time with 2.3 (2-4) times per year. The
LF farms could have more than 2 batches per year but their limitation is to get the supply of
piglets and collecting back on time of finishing pigs by the contractors. The contractors might

48 | P a g e

delay in supplying piglets due to the shortage of piglets and delay (sometimes more than 2
months) in getting finishing pigs due to the saturated market.
The SMF farms buy on average 4 sows per time and they get them 1.2 times per year. The LF
farms also buy sows 1.2 times annual with 350 sows each time. As most LF farms began their
pig business during the last 2-3 years, the number of sows that they get at this time might be
high and would not represent the time when they are well established. Sows are mainly bought
from companies such as CP group (Kampong Speu), Monrithy Group (Sihanoukville), in Siem
Reap, in Battambang, in Kandal and from Thailand. None of LFs faces any difficulty in getting
sows but 43% SMF farms have difficulty in getting sows and this links mainly with the distance
and information about good sows. The distance to get the sows is 203 (6-500) km for SMFs and
100 km for LFs. Among the interviewed farms, only 2 SMF farms buy 1-2 boars per time and 1-3
times per year from Thailand and the distance from their farms to the source of boars is about
300 km.
Table 34: Access stock and the availability
Descriptions
18. Any production for your own replacement of stock, %
Yes
No
18. A. If no, how do you access stock?
Piglet for fattening
# piglets bought per time, Ave. SE
# times purchased per year, Ave. SE
Type of suppliers, %
Middleman
Other farm/private company
Parent contracted company
Distance (km) from farm, Ave. SE
Accessibility, %
Easy
Difficult
Sows for breeding
# sows bought per time, Ave. SE
# times purchased per year Ave. SE
Type of suppliers, %
Middleman
Other farm/private company
Parent contracted company
Distance (km) from farm, Ave. SE
Accessibility, %
Easy

SMF

LF

68.4 (n=26)
31.6 (n=11)

22.2 (n=2)
77.8 (n=8)

29.34.81
2.860.59

807237
2.290.29

28.5 (n=2)
71.4 (n=5)
11237.7

100 (n=7)
19672.4

57.1 (n=5)
42.8 (n=3)

100 (n=6)
-

4.281.12
1.280.28

3500.00
1.000.00

100 (n=7)
20367.9

100 (n=1)
70.00.00

57.1 (n=4)

100 (n=2)
49 | P a g e

Difficult
Boars for breeding
# boars bought per time, Ave. SE
# times purchased per year, Ave. SE
Type of supplier, %
Middleman
Other farm/private company
Parent contracted company
Distance (km) from farm, Ave. SE
Accessibility, %
Easy
Difficult

42.9 (n=3)

1.5 0.50
2.0 1.0

100 (n=2)
3000.00

100 (n=2)
-

IV.2.4.2. Source of boars for mating

None of LF farms get the boars from outside for mating their sows but one LF raises own boars
for this purpose (table 35). About 27% of the SMF farms also raise own boars for own use and
also provide mating services to other farms and 68% get boars from other farms for their sows.
Two LFs and 4 SMFs get semen for AI within their farms and one LF and 3 SMFs get semen
from outside. Among 8 SMFs who raise boars, 5 do not take boars outside the farm. The AI in
pig has been introduced into Cambodia recently and the pilot testing has been in Takeo,
Kampong Speu and Kampong Chhnang through the EU financed project Smallholder
Livestock Production Project.
Table 35: Sources of boar for mating sows of small, medium and large farms in six provinces
Descriptions
SMF
LF
19. Source boars for mating sows, % (Multiple answers)
Own boar on farm
26.5 (n=8)
33.3 (n=1)
Boar from other farm
67.6 (n=23)
AI from boar in the farm
11.8 (n=4)
66.7 (n=2)
AI from outside the farm
8.80 (n=3)
33.3 (n=1)
20. Does your boars bring to other farms for mating, %
Yes
38.0 (n=3)
No
62.0 (n=5)
100 (n=1)
20. A. If yes, how many villages/communes/districts that yours served?
# village, Ave. SE
9.753.93 (n=3)
# commune, Ave. SE
2.750.85 (n=3)
# district, Ave. SE
1.750.48 (n=3)
20. B. If you use boars from other farms, where are they coming from? %
Same village
30.4 (n=7)
Same commune
34.8 (n=8)
Same district
34.8 (n=8)
Same province
50 | P a g e

IV.2.4.3. Number of pigs sold and their destination

Four main transportation means are used to bring pigs from different places to their farms or
taking them from their farms to other places.
- Remork is a cart with 2 wheels pulled by a motorcycle and it uses to carry people, good
and animals. In the old time the cart is pulled by a bicycle (Picture 5). At present is
widely used to carry people in cities especially for tourists.
- Motorbike is commonly used by traders and middlemen to carry piglets to sell in the
villages or finishing pigs to the slaughterhouses (Picture 6).
- Puck up car is commonly is the cheaper mean of transport to carry local people of larger
distance between provinces and cities but it is also used to carry goods and animals
(Picture 7).
- Truck is used to transport pigs of larger numbers from pig breeding farms to fattening
farms or transport finishing pigs from borders or fattening farms to slaughterhouses
(Picture 8).

Picture 5: Remork loaded with pigs

Picture 6: Motorbike carrying pigs

Picture 7: Pick up car loaded with pigs

Picture 8: Truck carrying pigs on road in Pursat

Among 47 interviewed farms, 10 (9 SMFs and 1 LF) sell their gilts for breeding. On average, the
SMF farms sell 3 gilts (1-5) per time while one LF farm sells 50 sows (Table 36). The LF farm
uses trucks as the sole transport mean for gilts and the SMF farms use truck (11.1%), pickup car
(20.2%), remork (20.2%) and motorbike (44.4%). As gilts to be used for breeding, they should
be properly transported to reduce the avoidable problems during transportation and again the
51 | P a g e

number of gilts loaded per time depends on the mean of transportation. The SMF farms load
about 3 gilts per truck with about 4 trucks per year and LF farms load 30 gilts with 2 trucks per
year. The price of one gilt sold by LF is US$415 and the SMFs can sell it on average price of
US$276. The difference in price between SMF and LF is the pure breed. Farm owners want pure
breed to be used as breeders. All LFs sell their gilts to other provinces and to other farms but
majority of the SMFs sell their gilts within the province t0 smallholder farms and some through
middlemen. The target provinces are Odor Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu, Siem
Reap and Banteay Mean Chey for SMFs and Kandal and Pursat for LFs.
None of the LFs sells boars but 6 SMFs sell 1-2 boars per time and use pickup truck, remork and
motorbike as transport. Among 6 SMFs, 50% of them use pick up cars, 33.3% use motorbikes
and 16.7% use remork to transport the breeding boars. Only one SMF in Banteay Mean that
could transport about 50 boars (1 boar per pick up car) per year especially from Thailand for
sale , the remaining transport using remork or motorbikes only 1-2 times per year for own uses.
The average price is US$370.00 per boar. The boars are mostly sold to small farms and other
farms and some are sold through middlemen/traders. Four SMFs sell their boars to other
provinces and two sell them within the province. The destinations are Siem Reap, Battambang,
Kampong Speu and Odor Mean Chey.
Among the interviewed farms, 19 sold weaning pigs (16 SMFs and 3 LFs) and on average each
SMF sells 27 (2-60) weaners per time with an average of 7 times per year. LF sells 350 (250-550)
weaners per time with an average of 63 times per year. On average, each SMF loads 18
weaners and LF loads 233 weaners. The common transportation is trucks for LFs and pickup
trucks and motorbikes for SMFs but they also use remorks. The average price of a weaning pig
is US$53 (US$37-US$69) for the SMFs and US$81 (US$69-US$94) for LFs. The differences in
price between SMF and LF are linked with weight, production system and breed. LFs sell their
weaners all to other farms while most SMFs sell their weaning pigs to smallholder farms and
other farms and some of them sell through middlemen. Two LFs sell weaners to other
provinces and one sells weaners in the same province while most SMFs sell weaners in the
same province but few sells weaners to other provinces. The destinations are Siem Reap,
Battambang Kg Speu, Odor Mean Chey, Kandal, and Takeo for SMFs, while Kandal, Kampong
Speu, Pailin, Pursat and Prah Sihanouk for LFs.
All interviewed farms sell fattening pigs and 11 farms (10 SMFs and 1 LF) sell culled pigs
including sows, boars, or underperforming pigs. The average number of finished pig per sale is
35.0 (4-75) heads for SMFs and 502 (50-850) heads for LFs. All LFs use trucks to transport when
selling their finishing pigs, while the SMFs use 4 types of transport such as truck, pickup
car/minibus, remork and motorbike. On average SMFs sell 15.1 (2-35) finishing pigs and LFs sell
50.1 (25-85) heads per truck per time. Per year each SMF could load 5.24 (1-18) times, and LF
loads 30.6 (13-88) times. The average price of finishing pigs is US$242 (US$156-277) for SMFs
and US$244 (US$211-273) for LFs. The variation of prices per head for the LFs is quite small
because animals are homogeneous in weight but quite large for the SMFs. LFs sell their pigs to
trader/middlemen, and parent contracting farm/company, while SMFs sell to slaughterhouses
and also to trader/middlemen. In contract farming, owners must usually sell finishing pigs to
52 | P a g e

the contracting company. However, in Siem Reap the parent contracting company (CP Group)
allows them also to sell pigs to others including middlemen and slaughterhouses but those
buyers must deposit money first in the bank before getting the pigs and they should collect
pigs at the farms. The LFs sell most of their finishing pigs to other provinces and SMFs sell
mainly within the district and province. The destinations are Phnom Penh, Banteay Mean
Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu, Siem Reap and Takeo for SMFs and Phnom Penh,
Battambang and Siem Reap for LFs.
The average number of culled pigs per sale is 2.80 (1-5) heads for SMFs and 4.0 heads for a LF.
Only one LF sells culled pigs and it loads 4.0 heads per vehicle with about 20 times per year,
while SMFs load 2.7 heads per time of an average of 1.6 times per year. The SMFs use truck,
pickup car/minibus and remork for transportation but LF uses remork only. The price of culled
pig is on average US$312 for SMFs and US$195 for LF. The buyers are middlemen/traders and
slaughterhouses for SMFs and LF mainly sell to the slaughterhouses. The destinations of culled
pigs are within the commune, district and province.
Table 36: Number of pigs sold per time and their destination.
Descriptions
21. Breeding sows sold
# farms sold gilts
# sows sold per time, Ave. SE
Type of vehicle used for transport, %
Truck
Pickup car/minibus
Remork
Motorbike
# sows load per vehicle used, Ave. SE
# vehicle loads per year, Ave. SE
Price (US$) per head, Ave. SE
Type of buyer, %
Middleman/ trader
Slaughterhouse
Other farms
Smallholder producer
Destination of outlet, %
Same village
Same commune
Same district
Same province
Other province
22. Breeding boars sold
# farms sold boars

SMF

LF

9
3.330.91

1
50.0

11.1 (n=1)
22.2 (n=2)
22.2 (n=2)
44.4 (n=4)
2.890.99
3.891.39
2769.58

100 (n=1)
30.00.00
2.000.00
4150.00

22.2 (n=2)
22.2 (n=2)
55.6 (n=5)

100 (n=1)
-

11.1 (n=1)
22.2 (n=2)
66.7 (n=6)
-

100 (n=1)

53 | P a g e

# boars sold per time, Ave. SE

Type of vehicle used for transport, %
Truck
Pickup car/minibus
Remork
Motorbike
# boars load per vehicle used, Ave. SE
# vehicle loads per year,
Price (US$) per head, Ave. SE
Type of buyer, %
Middleman/ trader
Slaughterhouse
Other farms
Smallholder producer
Destination of outlet, %
Same village
Same commune
Same district
Same province
Other province
23. Weaning pigs sold
# farms sold weaning pigs
# weaning pigs sold per time, Ave. SE
Type of vehicle used for transport, %
Truck
Pickup car/minibus
Remork
Motorbike
# weaning pigs load per vehicle used, Ave. SE
# vehicle loads per year, Ave. SE
Price (US$) per head, Ave. SE
Type of buyer, %
Middleman/ trader
Slaughterhouse
Other farms
Smallholder producer
Destination of outlet, %
Same village
Same commune
Same district
Same province

1.170.16

50.0 (n=3)
16.7 (n=1)
33.3 (n=2)
1.000.00
1-50
37085.3
16.7 (n=1)
33.3 (n=2)
50.0 (n=3)

66.7 (n=4)
33.3 (n=2)

16
27.34.72

3
350100

43.8 (n=7)
18.8 (n=3)
37.5 (n=6)
18.12.91
7.812.65
53.13.84

100 (n=3)
0
0
0
233101
62.783.7
80.97.15

12.5 (n=2)
25.0 (n=4)
62.5 (n=10)

100 (n=3)
-

18.8 (n=3)
6.30 (n=1)
18.8 (n=3)
50.0 (n=7)

33.3 (n=2)

54 | P a g e

Other province
24. Finishing pigs sold
# farms sold finishing pigs
# finishing pigs sold per time, Ave. SE
Type of vehicle used for transport, %
Truck
Pickup car/minibus
Remork
Motorbike
# finishing pigs load per vehicle used, Ave. SE
# vehicle loads per year, Ave. SE
Price (US$) per head, Ave. SE
Type of buyer, %
Middleman/ trader
Slaughterhouse
Other farms
Smallholder producer
Parent contracted farm/company
Destination of outlet, %
Same village
Same commune
Same district
Same province
Other province
25. Culled pigs (sow, boar or underperforming finishers) sold
# farms sold culled pigs
# culled pigs sold per time, Ave. SE
Type of vehicle used for transport, %
Truck
Pickup car/minibus
Remork
Motorbike
# culled pigs load per vehicle used, Ave. SE
# vehicle loads per year, Ave. SE
Price (US$) per head, Ave. SE
Type of buyer, %
Middleman/ trader
Slaughterhouse
Other farms
Smallholder producer
Destination of outlet, %

6.30 (n=2)

66.7 (n=1)

33
35.011.7

8
50277.9

18.2 (n=6)
60.6 (n=20)
21.2 (n=7)
15.11.72
5.240.76
2426.05

100 (n=8)
50.18.56
30.68.72
2448.96

57.6 (n=19)
42.4 (n=14)
-

12.5 (n=1)
87.5 (n=7)

9.10 (n=3)
33.3 (n=11)
51.5 (n=17)
6.10 (n=2)

50.0 (n=4)
50.0 (n=4)

10
2.80.44

1
4.000.00

10.0 (n=1)
60.0 (n=6)
30.0 (n=3)
2.70.47
1.60.26
31238.9

100 (n=1)
4.000.00
200.00
1950.00

50.0 (n=5)
50.0 (n=5)
-

100 (n=1)
-

55 | P a g e

Same village
Same commune
Same district
Same province
Other province

10.0 (n=1)
40.0 (n=4)
50.0 (n=5)
-

100 (n=1)
-

IV.2.4.4. Price difference according to type of pigs and weight

Only the LF in Kampong Thom said that price of sows differs according to weight. When they
are less than 90 kg, the sale price is US$ 3.17 per kg and if it is more than 90 kg the selling price
is US$ 2.47 per kg. The SMF farms in Banteay Mean Chey said if pigs weigh less than 100 kg
they get US$ 2.12 per kg but for over100 kg pigs they are given US$ 1.98 per kg live weight.
The weaning piglets are sold by head as the common practice with all interviewed farms. The
average price of the weaning piglets of 5-7 kg is US$48.1 and US$83.9 per head for 8-10 kg pig.
The cull pigs are a bit cheaper than the finishing pigs and they also give lower price for culled
pigs more than 100 kg (US$1.60 vs. US$2.02 kg for culled pig below 100 kg). But 1 SMFs in
Banteay Mean Chey said that he sells culled pigs with less than 100 kg he gets US$ 2.02 per kg
but lower (US$ 1.60 per kg) is given when they are more than 100 kg.
IV.2.4.5. Seasonality demand of pigs

Thirty eight out of 47 interviewed farms reported a high demand of pig during the period of
festivities such as Khmer (second week of April) and Chinese New Year (third week of
February) and Pchum Bin in September-October (religious ceremony), etc with the period of
31.6 days (Table 37). The period of low demand for pigs is 62.4 days because of fish availability
(fish harvesting time between December-February). Although the number of pigs sold in the
low demand season declined, the variation of number of pigs sold per season is relatively small.
During the high demand period the SMF farms sells on average 19.4 (5-30) pigs per time or 34.3
(7-100) pigs per season and the LF farms sell 790 (30-220) pigs per time or 1,359 (400-2200) pigs
per season. During the regular demand of the year, the prices between SMF and LF farms are
quite similar but in the high and low demand LF farms sell about 12% and 23% more expensive
than pigs from SMFs. The price per head during high demand only increased for LF farms but
not for the SMFs. However during the low demand the SMF farms suffer decline in price
significantly.
Table 37: Seasonality demand of pigs and its prices.
Descriptions
26. # farms reported high demand
Duration (# days), Ave. SE
# heads sold per time, Ave. SE
# heads sold per season, Ave. SE
Price (US$) per head, Ave. SE
Total price (US$) per time, Ave. SE
Total price (US$) per season, Ave. SE

SMF
27
32.17.31
19.42.39
34.35.75
228.26.93
4,378556
76311284

LF
7
29.615.4
790363
1,359792
258.212.3
195,33882,419
326,256182,621
56 | P a g e

27. # farms reported low demand

Duration (# days), Ave. SE
# heads sold per time, Ave. SE
# heads sold per season, Ave. SE
Price (US$) per head, Ave. SE
Total price (US$) per time, Ave. SE
Total price (US$) per season, Ave. SE
28. # farms for constant demand
Duration, days, Ave. SE
Avg heads sold/time, SE
Avg heads sold/year, SE
Avg price/head, USD*
Total avg price/time, USD*
Total aver. price/season, USD*

27
63.17.88
16.93.28
31.9 10.6
1843.66
3,068600
5,7491,880
37
27014.1
30.44.51
84.017.8
22524.7
13,2307,809
125,168111,200

7
60.014.8
926.7654
1,233523.8
227 14.8
206,103145,420
271,309 119,261
10
27525.8
708318
3,173 1,984
229 18.6
164,84174,710
450,308167,874

IV.2.4.6. Market information, sources and price

Nearly 98% of interviewed farms reported that they check the market price before selling pigs,
except a LF in Kampong Speu did not (Table 38) and they collect information from several
sources. The sources of information are from other farms (54.3%), middlemen (67.4%),
slaughterhouse (28.3%), market (28.3%) and parent contracted farm/company (10.9%). About
48.9% interviewed farms reported that price is based on the negotiation between sellers and
buyers, while 25.5%, 23.4% except LFs and 19.1% except SMFs said that persons who set the
price were producers, trader/middlemen and parent contracted farm/company.
Table 38: Market information, sources and decision on selling price.
Descriptions
28. Check market price before selling pigs, %
Yes
No
28. Source of information on price, % (Multiple answers)
Other farms
Middleman
Slaughterhouse
Market
Parent contracted farm/company
29. Decision on price, %
(Multiple answers)
Producer
Trader/middleman
Parent contracted farm
Negotiation between producer and buyer

SMF

LF

100 (n=37)
-

90.0 (n=9)
10.0 (n=1)

59.5 (n=22)
75.7 (n=28)
29.7 (n=11)
24.3 (n=9)
-

33.3 (n=3)
33.3 (n=3)
22.2 (n=2)
44.4 (n=4)
55.6 (n=5)

29.7 (n=11)
29.7 (n=11)
56.8 (n=21)

10.0 (n=1)
90.0 (n=9)
20.0 (n=2)
57 | P a g e

IV.2.4.7. Pig delivery and payment mode

All farms reported that buyers come to farms with their own vehicles to collect pigs (Table 39).
For SMFs cash is the common mode of payment (83.8%), followed by credit (35.1%) and
advance payment (2.7%). Most (80%) LFs use credit and the remaining use cash and advance
payments. The SMFs in general do not have contracts with buyers and this is the reason to get
cash payment for security purpose however LFs mostly do the contract farming and they know
the parent contracted farms/company well.
Table 39: Form of pig delivery and payment mode.
Descriptions
30. Form of pig delivery, %
Buyers comes to the farm with their vehicle
Delivery by farms with own vehicles
31. Mode of payment when selling pig, %
Cash
Credit
Advance payment

SMF

LF

100 (n=37)

100 (n=10)

83.8 (n=31)
35.1 (n=13)
2.70 (n=1)

10.0 (n=1)
80.0 (n=8)
10.0 (n=1)

IV.2.5. Pig diseases

Among the interviewed farms, most of SMFs and LFs vaccinate their pigs against Classical
Swine Fever, PRRS, and FMD and some vaccinate their pigs against Salmonella, Pasteurella,
and Aujesky (Table 40). Most interviewed farms (91.4% SMFs and 60.0% LFs) say that they get
serious disease's outbreaks and the diseases are Salmonellosis (22.5%), Pasteurollosis (17.5%),
and classical swine fever (25.0%), FMD (10.0%), Aujeszky (12.5%) and PRRS (60.0%). The
vaccine against PRRS is not officially allowed by the government but has (Ingelvac PRRS MLV)
already been used by SMF and LF farms in Cambodia. The quality of the vaccines is still a
problem as they are not well preserved during transportation from Vietnam or Thailand. And
in the country some shops might divide vaccines into smaller doses with use of poor facilities
and equipment.
On average, the duration of the disease outbreak is 17.1 days for SMFs and 22.7 days for LFs.
One of the reasons of longer disease outbreaks for LFs is because of the large number of pigs in
commercial production systems. The average number of pigs infected by the outbreak is 35.3
heads for SMFs and 375 heads for LFs. Although the number of infected pigs is high in LFs, the
mortality is about 7% compare with 45% death in SMFs.
40 farms experienced a serious disease outbreak and treated their pigs. SMFs use VAHWs
(35.3%), private vets (2.9%) and treat by themselves (70.6%), while the LFs get the assistance
from vets of parent contracted farm/company (71.4%) and they also make their own treatment
(57.4%). After treatments, 17.6% of SMFs reported the treatment is effective, 11.8% of SMFs
said no while 70.6% SMFs and 100% LFs said that sometime is effective and sometime not.
Sale of unrecovered pigs and burn/burry are common practice of the SMFs while the common
practices of LFs are sale and return to parent contracted farms/company. The SMFs commonly
58 | P a g e

sell their unrecovered pigs to traders and middlemen, 25% sell them directly to
slaughterhouses and 19% sell them to meat processors but LFs sell them all to
slaughterhouses.
All farms reported that they start again the production after the outbreak of which 91.2%
SMFs and 100% LFs disinfect their pig pens.
Table 40: Common pig diseases, its length and solutions.
Descriptions
32. Which diseases did you usually vaccinate? % (Multiple answers)
Salmonella
Pasteurellosis
Classical Swine Fever
FMD
Aujeszky
PRRS
33. Any serious diseases outbreak in your farms?
Yes
No
33. A. If yes, what type of diseases?, % (Multiple answers)
Salmonella
Pasteur0llosis
Pest
FMD
Aujeszky
PRRS
34. #days of diseases outbreak, Ave. SE
35. # pigs infected, Ave. SE
36. # pigs died, Ave. SE
37. Any treatment for your infected pigs? %
Yes
No
38. Persons did treatment, % (Multiple answers)
VAHWs
Private vet
Treat by myself
Vet of parent contracted farm/company
39. Any pigs recovered after treating them?, %
Yes
No
Both of above
39. A. If no, what did you do with them? % (Multiple answers)

SMF

LF

16.2 (n=6)
35.1 (n=13)
94.6 (n=35)
56.8 (n=21)
27.0 (n=10)
73.0 (n=27)

30.0 (n=3)
30.0 (n=3)
90.0 (n=9)
40.0 (n=4)
30.0 (n=3)
90.0 (n=3)

91.4 (n=34)
8.10 (n=3)

60.0 (n=6)
40.0 (n=4)

26.5 (n=9)
20.6 (n=7)
23.5 (n=8)
11.8 (n=4)
8.80 (n=3)
55.9 (n=19)
17.12.73
35.36.88
15.95.34

33.3 (n=2)
33.3 (n=2)
83.3 (n=5)
22.74.53
375137
24.46.89

100 (n=34)
-

100 (n=6)
-

35.3 (n=12)
2.90 (n=1)
70.6 (n=24)
-

57.1 (n=4)
71.4 (n=5)

17.6 (n=6)
11.8 (n=4)
70.6 (n=24)

100 (n=7)

59 | P a g e

Sell
Burn and bury
Give away
Give to parent contracted farm/company
39. A1. If sold them, whom did you sell to? % (Multiple answers)
Middleman/trader
Slaughterhouse
Meat processor
Villager
40. Did you re-start the production after diseases outbreak?, %
Yes
No
40. A. If yes, did you do any disinfection on your pig pen, %
Yes
No

57.1 (n=17)
53.6 (n=15)
10.7 (n=4)
-

14.3 (n=1)
57.1 (n=4)
42.9 (n=3)

56.3 (n=9)
25.0 (n=4)
18.8 (n=3)
12.5 (n=2)

100 (n=1)
-

100 (n=34)
-

100 (n=6)
-

91.2 (n=31)
8.80 (n=3)

100 (n=6)
-

IV.2.6. Waste management, water sources and inspection

IV.2.6.1. Waste management and water sources

Most LFs (80%) and 50% SMFs drain excreta, dung and general litter to a blocked water/low
ground before discharge into current water and the remaining SMFs drain them into a public
drainage (5.4%), store for rice/crop fertilizer (24.3%) and drained/store at the empty space
(5.4%) and into a current water (Table 41).
Water sources to supply for their farms are from piped water (23.4% SMFs), surface water from
pond/lake (67.6% SMFs and 80% LFs) and well including tube and pumping (18.9% SMFs and
30% LFs).
Table 41: Waste management and water sources.
Descriptions
41. Excreta
Drained to a public drainage
Drained to a blocked water body/low ground
Drained to a current water
Store for fertilizer
Drained to empty space
42. Dung
Drained to a public drainage
Drained to a blocked water body/low ground
Drained to a current water
Store for fertilizer
Drained to empty space

SMF

LF

5.40 (n=2)
51.4 (n=19)
13.5 (n=5)
24.3 (n=9)
5.40 (n=2)

80.0 (n=8)
20.0 (n=2)
-

5.40 (n=2)

62.2 (n=23)
5.40 (n=2)
24.3 (n=9)
2.70 (n=1)

80.0 (n=8)
20.0 (n=2)
60 | P a g e

43. General litter

Drained to a public drainage
Drained to a blocked water body/low ground
Drained to a current water
Store for fertilizer
Drained to empty space
44. Water sources used by farms, % (Multiple answers)
Piped water
Surface water from pond/lake
Well

5.40 (n=2)
51.4 (n=19)
13.5 (n=5)
24.3 (n=9)
5.40 (n=2)

80.0 (n=8)
20.0 (n=2)
-

24.3 (n=9)
67.6 (n=25)
18.9 (n=7)

80.0 (n=8)
30.0 (n=3)

IV.2.6.2. Farm inspection

All LFs and 54.1 of SMFs reported that they are regularly inspected or visited or monitored. The
inspection from OAHP is reported by 70% SMFs and 60% by LFs. 90% of LFs are inspected and
monitored by parent contracted farms/company. 40% of the LFs are visited by other farms and
10% LFs are visited by Pig Farming Association (Table 42). The SMFs have more inspection or
visits from feed companies (45%), by NGOs (25%), by clients (15%) and Pig Farming
Association (15%). The purposes of the inspection, visits or monitoring, which is mainly done
by OAHP, are to check health of the animal before getting them out to market. Parent
contracted farms/company monitor the growth of the animals and the feed companies
observe the performance of the pigs for the promotion of their feed.
Table 42: Inspection, visits and monitoring of pig farms.
Descriptions
45. Any check/inspection in your farms? %
Yes
No
45. A. If yes, who did the inspection? %
Office of Animal Health and Production in the provincial or
district level
Department of Environment in the provincial or district level
Other farms
Pig farm association
Clients (wholesalers, processors)
Consumers
Non-government organizations (NGO)
Feed company
Parent contracted farms
45. What did they do in your farms?, % (Multiple answers)
Check animal health
Promote their feed resources
Monitor/follow up pigs

SMF

LF

54.1 (n=20)
45.9 (n=17)

100 (n=10)
-

70.0 (n=14)

60.0 (n=6)

5.00 (n=1)
15.0 (n=3)
15.0 (n=3)
5.00 (n=1)
25.0 (n=5)
45.0 (n=9)
-

40.0 (n=4)
10.0 (n=1)
90.0 (n=9)

55.0 (n=11)
50.0 (n=10)
-

40.0 (n=4)
10.0 (n=1)
90.0 (n=9)
61 | P a g e

Do nothing

20.0 (n=2)

IV.2.7. General interest, difficulty and suggestion on pig production

There were several reasons of the owners interested in establishing the pig farms. Those are (i)
easy to raise (38.3%), (ii) easy to sell (31.9%), (iii) high price (4.3%), (iv) availability of feed
(25.5%), (v) follow the other people experience (12.8%), (vi) availability of time and labors at
home (42.6%) and (vii) family income (85.1%) (Table 43).
The majority of interviewed farms (81.2% SMFs and 72% LFs) reported that pig diseases are
the main problem of which they could completely loss their investment. When animals grow
slow and the price of pigs is fluctuating they could still get back part of the investment but
diseases could make them bankrupt. They also concern about high feed costs (73% SMFs), lack
of capital to expand the business (48.6% SMFs and 40% LFs), and lack of skill (51.4% SMFs and
20% LFs). The LFs have more advantage because they can get services from the parent
contracted farms/company. Unstable price of live pigs (24.3% SMFs but 60% LFs), lack of good
quality breed (14.9% but not for LFs) and lack of good quality feed are also concerns of pig
farmers.
The important inputs for pig business are feed (78.4% SMFs and 80% LFs), breed (67.6% SMFs
and 70% LFs), building (48.6 MSFs and 50% LFs), and good quality of medicine (43.2% SMFs
and 30.0% LFs), labors (43.2% SMFs and 40.0% LFs) and services (18.9% and 30.0% LFs).
Although not mentioned by interviewed farms, available and affordable credit is important for
the expansion and the growth of the SME.
The suggestions from respondents to improve pig business are i) stable pig price (40.5% SMFs
and 20% LFs), stop importing pigs from neighboring countries (27% SMFs and 10% LFs),
veterinary services including VAHWs and extension services (13.5% SMFs and 10.0% LFs),
extend livestock keeping and diseases treatment (12.8%) and no suggestion (14.9%).
Table 43: General interest, difficulty and suggestions on pig production.
Descriptions
SMF
46. Reasons for farm operation, % (Multiple answers)
Easy to raise
35.1 (n=13)
Easy to sell
37.8 (n=14)
High price
5.40 (n=2)
Feed availability
24.3 (n=9)
Follow the other people
10.8 (n=4)
Time available
40.5 (n=15)
Family income
27.0 (n=10)
47. Any difficulties in pig production?, % (Multiple answers)
Lack of good quality breeds
18.9 (n=7)
Lack of good quality feed resources
8.10 (n=3)
High cost of feeds
73.0 (n=27)

LF
50.0 (n=5)
10.0 (n=1)
30.0 (n=3)
20.0 (n=2)
50.0 (n=5)
40.0 (n=4)
10.0 (n=1)
10.0 (n=1)
62 | P a g e

Diseases
89.2 (n=33)
Lack of capital to sustain current levels of production cost
18.9 (n=7)
Lack of capital to expand to a higher level of production
48.6 (n=18)
Lack of appropriate skills in good pig production
51.4 (n=19)
Unstable price of live pig
24.3 (n=9)
48. Most important inputs for pig production, % (Multiple answers)
Breed
67.6 (n=25)
Feed
78.4 (n=29)
Building
48.6 (n=18)
Medicine
43.2 (n=16)
Labor
43.2 (n=16)
Service
18.9 (n=7)
Stop importing pigs from neighboring countries
27.0 (n=10)
Stable price of live pig
40.5 (n=15)
Veterinary services including VAHWs
13.5 (n=5)
Extension services production and diseases' prevention
13.5 (n=5)
No suggestions
5.40 (n=2)

70.0 (n=7)
10.0 (n=1)
40.0 (n=4)
20.0 (n=2)
60.0 (n=6)
70.0 (n=7)
80.0 (n=8)
50.0 (n=5)
30.0 (n=3)
40.0 (n=4)
30.0 (n=3)
10.0 (n=1)
20.0 (n=2)
10.0 (n=1)
10.0 (n=1)
50.0 (n=5)

63 | P a g e

Traders and middlemen

IV.3.1. Traders and middlemen profile

Eighty (10 from each target site) traders/middlemen were selected for the interview. To
facilitate their selection, they were chosen at the gates of the slaughterhouses when they were
transporting pigs to the slaughterhouses however some traders also slaughter pigs that they
buy to sell at the market. A trader might work with several middlemen who with their
motorbike as transport take pigs to the collecting points. In this study the team was also able
to interview two official traders by phone calls who import pigs from Thailand.
On average, the age of the respondents is ranged from 21 to 62 years old of whom 20.7% aged
21-30 years old, 26.8% aged 31.40 years old, 34.1% aged 41-50 years old, 17.1% aged 51-60
years old and 1.22% aged 62 years old (Table 44).
More than 50% of respondents reported that they had grade 1-7, 31.0% have grade 8-12 and
3.65% in Phnom Penh have university degree. However, 7.32% except in Banteay Mean Chey,
Kampong Speu and Phnom Penh have no education.

64 | P a g e

The average member of the family is 4.86 members with 2.56 males and 2.30 females. It is
relatively comparable with the figure of National Census 2008 of 4.7 members per family.
However in our study the male members of the family are higher than female while the Census
2008 reported 94.7 males per 100 females.
Table 44: Traders, middlemen and official importers profile.
Provinces

Age
(Ave. SE)

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

44.33.82
40.12.98
41.02.37
38.52.48
39.02.35
44.63.11
33.61.77
38.73.40

Total

39.91.02

Education level, %
No
Grade
Grade
education
1-7
8-12
60.0
40.0
10.0
50.0
40.0
60.0
40.0
10.0
60.0
30.0
33.3
41.7
10.0
30.0
60.0
10.0
80.0
10.0
20.0
40.0
40.0
7.32
51.2
31.0
(n=6)
(n=42)
(n=31)

Total
family
Univ.
members
4.300.47
5.000.45
5.400.43
5.500.40
25.0 4.410.40
5.800.68
3.700.33
4.900.40
3.65
(n=3) 4.860.17

# male

# female

2.400.42
2.500.48
3.000.33
2.500.17
2.080.19
3.400.58
2.000.33
2.700.33

1.900.31
2.500.31
2.400.30
3.000.42
2.330.33
2.400.30
1.700.26
2.200.33

2.560.13

2.300.12

Although trading pigs is an important business activity for the interviewed middlemen, 28.0%
of respondents are also pig producers of whom 30.0% except in Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh
and Prey Veng consider pig keeping to be very important, 52.2% except in Battambang and
Kampong Speu said pig keeping is important while 17.3% in Kampong Speu, Prey Veng and
Takeo consider less important (Table 45). In Phnom Penh, one importer also has pig farms.
On the other hand, 11% of the respondents in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Thom and Siem
Reap said that they also raise cattle and poultry of whom 11.1% in Kampong Thom consider
keeping other livestock species very important and 89.0% said it is an important food and sales
income source for their family.
The majority of respondents (89.0%) considers pig trading very important and 11.0% except in
Battambang, Phnom Penh and Prey Veng said it is important for them. About 8.0% especially
in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Thom and Prey Veng also have village shop of
which 33.3% consider very important, 50.0% important and 16.7% in Prey Veng consider less
important.
Beside the occupation above, 2 interviewees in Takeo also sell their labor and they said when
pig trading is not profitable or pigs cannot be found, the sale of their labor results in family
income. Four respondents in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and Phnom Penh are government
employees of whom 50% said public work is very important for them and 50% consider it as
important.
Among respondents, 4 in Kampong Speu and Prey Veng are also rice farmers beside the
trading pigs and 3 consider it very important and only 1 said it is important. Only 1 respondent
in Prey Veng is also money lender but considers it less important than pig trading.
65 | P a g e

Table 45: Information regarding to the occupation of the traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Pig producers, %
Yes
50.0
10.0
20.0
40.0
8.33
20.0
50.0
30.0
28.0
(n=23)

I
20.0
100
25.0
60.0
33.3
30.0
(n=7)

II
80.0
75.0
100
50.0
40.0
33.3
52.2
(n=12)

III
100
50.0
33.3
17.3
(n=4)

Cattle/chicken/duck
producers, %
Yes
I
II
40.0
100
40.0
25.0
75.0
10.0
100
11.0
11.1
89.0
(n=9) (n=1) (n=8)

Trading, %
III
-

Yes
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(n=82)

I
80.0
100
90.0
90.0
100
100
90.0
60.0
89.0
(n=73)

II
20.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
40.0
11.0
(n=9)

Village shop, %
III
-

Yes
10.0
10.0
10.0
30.0
7.32
(n=6)

I
100
33.3
33.3
(n=2)

II
100
100
33.3
50.0
(n=3)

III
33.3
16.7
(n=1)

Note: I=very important, II=important, III=less important.

66 | P a g e

IV.3.2. Business status of traders and middlemen

IV.3.2.1. Years of operation and family members involved
Among interviewed traders/middlemen, 47.6% especially in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang
and Kampong Thom have more than 10 years experience in pig trading (Table 46). About 25%
of respondents engage their family members in pig trading but none in Battambang and Siem
Reap. Nearly 24% reported that their family members want to become the pig traders in the
future especially in Banteay Mean Chey and Takeo.
Table 46: Year of trading operation and family involved of the traders/middlemen and official
importers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Year of operation, %

1-2
years
10.0
10.0
8.33
10.0
30.0
10.0
9.75
(n=8)

3-5
years
10.0
10.0
30.0
50.0
30.0
10.0
18.2
(n=15)

6-10
years
10.0
40.0
25.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
24.4
(n=20)

Family members
involvement, %
Over 10
years
70.0
100
50.0
60.0
16.7
40.0
50.0
47.6
(n=39)

Yes

No

30.0
20.0
20.0
33.3
30.0
60.0
24.4
(n=20)

70.0
100
80.0
80.0
66.7
70.0
100
40.0
75.6
(n=62)

Family members to
become traders in
future, %
Yes
No
40.0
20.0
10.0
20.0
16.7
10.0
10.0
60.0
23.1
(n=19)

60.0
80.0
90.0
80.0
83.3
90.0
90.0
40.0
76.8
(n=63)

IV.3.2.2. Situation of pigs trading

Most traders/middlemen face difficulties in selling culled sows throughout the year, with
October to December being the most difficult period. From May-July the sale of culled sows
seems easier (Figure 1) and a similar trend is also reported for selling culled boars ( Figure 2). The
period of October-December is when the harvest of the fish begins and people prefer to eat
fish.

67 | P a g e

Figure 1: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade culled sows.

Best time

Moderate time

Difficult time

80
% of pig traders/middlemen

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 2: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade culled boars.

Best time

Moderate time

Difficult time

% of pig traders/middlemen

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

The best time to sell weaning piglets for fattening is from January-April although between
May-June the sale of weaning piglets is still moderate while the most difficult period to sell
weaning piglets starts from July-December (Figure 3). It is very common that farmers begin to
buy weaning piglets for fatting when they harvest rice as they could have cash by selling paddy
rice and they also have rice by-products such as rice bran and broken rice. They also have more
time to take care of the piglets as most of the farmers are less busy with crops and other farm
activities.
68 | P a g e

The sale of the fattening pig is quite regular throughout the year except April when sale is high
and might be due to the Khmer New Year season of which some of the Khmer traditional food
used is pig meat (Figure 4). The same seasonality pattern as with the sale culled sows and boars
can be observed, traders have difficulty in selling fattening pigs due to the fish harvest season.
Figure 3: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade weaning piglets

Best time

Moderate time

Difficult time

% of pig traders/middlemen

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Figure 4: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade fattening pigs.

Best time

Moderate time

Difficult time

% of pig traders/middlemen

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

69 | P a g e

Figure 5: Best, moderate and difficult time to trade finished pigs.

Best time

Moderate time

Difficult time

80

% of pig traders/middlemen

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

The best time to trade the finished pigs is from January-April. Most of the festivities such as
Chinese New Year, Ancestor Ceremony (Cheng Meng), Khmer New Year, Wedding party etc.
that need a lot of pig meat (Figure 5). Between May and August, pig trading slows down as
demand decrease because farmers have little or no cash for pig meat. They are using their
remaining cash for hiring labors and fertilizer for rice crop. Between September and October
there is again a National festivity which takes place about 20 days in which Cambodians bring
food to pagoda.
Majority (73.2%) of respondents particularly in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu, Kampong
Thom, Siem Reap and Takeo give their reasons for best time to trade pigs is the availability of
pigs in those periods while 17.1%, 28.0%, 13.4%, 12.2% and 54.9% have other reasons as
festivity, high demand of meat, no outbreak of disease, harvest time provoked availability of
feed which is for piglets to raise and a lot of pigs sell (Table 47).Pig raisers also plan for the
festivities of which they could sell for at a higher price.
84% of the interviewed middlemen state reduced availability of pigs due to disease outbreaks
(Case study 4) or farmers occupied with crop cultivation as the reason for difficulties in trading
.57.3% of the middlemen said that the rain provoked difficult road conditions. 29.3%
middlemen reported that difficulties in trading are caused by fish availability; and only 1.2% in
Phnom Penh answered that imported pigs from neighboring country provoke difficulties for
local traders.

70 | P a g e

Case study 4: Pig trader/middlemen in Banteay Mean Chey

Mr. Mom Yong, 62 years, lives in Teuk Thla village, Teuk Thla commune, Krong Serei Sorphorn, Banteay Mean Chey. He is a
middlemen and trader who supplies pigs for other traders and sells meat in the market within his region. He has been running this
business for more than 10 years. There is no pig collector working for him and he usually purchases directly from either
smallholder producers or farms. His targeted pig collection areas are in the districts in Banteay Mean Chey included Mongkul
Borei, O Chrov and Serei Sorphorn. By estimation, he buys 100 culled sows, 80 weaning piglets and 4,500 finished pigs annually to
supply for slaughterhouse, processor (roasted piglets) and own slaughtering in Krong Serei Sorphorn and Poipet (Figure 1). He
uses pickup car to transport the pigs daily with an average of 13 heads per day/time. From the total pigs purchased daily, 2-3 heads
are kept for own slaughtering. His pickup car is cleaned and disinfected with soap after each pig transport.
The required transportation documents for his business are transportation letter, number of pigs transported and health
certificate. Each transport, he pays 20,000-30,000 riel official fee and 3,000 riel unofficial fee.

Despite a PRRS outbreak there was no ban and his business was still running but the price had gone down significantly (Table 1).
The price of live pigs was better before the PRRS outbreak and on average he can get a margin of 200 riel per kg.
Slaughter volume, buying and selling prices.

Descriptions

Price of live pig when

buying in (riel/kg)

Price of live pig when

selling out in (riel/kg)

# pig for own

slaughtering

Before PRRS outbreak

9,000

9,200

During PRRS (2 months)

3,000

3,200

After PRRS outbreak

7,500

7,700

71 | P a g e

Table 47: Reasons for best and difficult times of pig trading by the traders/middlemen and official
importers.
Provinces
Banteay Mean Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Reasons for best time of trading pigs, %

(multiple answers)
A
B
C
D
E
100
80.0
80.0
20.0
40.0
30.0
30.0
80.0
40.0
100
33.3
33.3
16.7
50.0
16.7
20.0
80.0
60.0
40.0
100
100
17.1
28.0
13.4
73.2
12.2
(n=14) (n=23)
(n=11) (n=60) (n=10)

Reasons for difficult time of trading

pigs, % (multiple answers)
I
II
III
IV
100
100
80.0
50.0
30.0
100
100
100
58.3
41.7
75.0
8.30
80.0
50.0
100
100
100
100
57.3
29.3
84.1
1.20
(n=47) (n=24)
(n=69)
(n=1)

A= Festivity; B= High demand of meat; C= No outbreak of disease; D= Availability of pigs; E= Availability of

feed after rice harvest.
I=Difficult road due to rain; II=Fish availability; III=Less raisers due to diseases and farmers occupied with
crop cultivation; IV=Pig imports from other countries.

IV.3.2.3. Position of traders and middlemen in pig market chain

The group of interviewed traders and middlemen includes two importers who have the license
to import pigs from Thailand for the market in Phnom Penh but they also purchase pigs from
local raisers to fulfill the demand for pig meat in Phnom Penh. Their license is giving by the
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (MAFF).
2.43% of the respondents buy pigs from neighboring countries as reported above, 28.0% buy
the pigs from local raisers (including smallholder producers and small, medium and large
farms), 9.75% except in Banteay Mean Chey and Battambang own pig farms and trading pigs,
3.65% in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and Kampong Thom own slaughterhouses, 41.5%
except in Battambang are middlemen and 43.9% slaughter pigs at their premises or rent a
place at a slaughterhouse and sell meat in the markets (Table 48). The owners of the
slaughterhouse charge 4,000-5,000 riel per head (the fee covers the space, water, electricity
and workers). This type of pig trading is mainly family business of which the husband is
responsible to buy pigs from raisers and his wife sells pig meat in the market.

72 | P a g e

Table 48: Position in pig market chain of the traders, middlemen and official importers (multiple
answers).
Provinces
Buying
Buying
Own pig
Own
Middlemen, Slaughter
from
from local farm and slaughter
%
to sell pig
neighboring
pig
trading
house, %
meat, %
countries,
raisers, %
pigs, %
%
Banteay Mean
Chey
50.0
10.0
60.0
20.0
Battambang
10.0
10.0
100
Kampong Speu
10.0
10.0
40.0
90.0
Kampong Thom
20.0
20.0
10.0
30.0
20.0
Phnom Penh
16.7
41.7
8.33
8.33
75.0
Prey Veng
20.0
10.0
80.0
20.0
Siem Reap
30.0
20.0
50.0
10.0
Takeo
40.0
10.0
70.0
10.0
2.43
28.0
9.75
3.65
41.5
43.9
Total
(n=2)
(n=23)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=34)
(n=36)

IV.3.2.4. Demand and supply of pigs

The calculated demand of pig meat

More demand for meat has been observed as income improved especially in the cities and
urban and peril-urban areas. The population of pig peaks in 2006 (2.74 million heads) but
begins to decline year by year and comparing data in 2006 the yield of pigs in 2010 has
declined by 33%. This decline is due to several factors including the decline of smallholder and
small pig producers (bankruptcy of their pig production due to diseases outbreaks and low
return from sale), the unstable price of pigs (seasonal fish harvest and importation of pigs both
official and unofficial), high input cost (feed and drugs), availability of weaning piglets after
PRRS.
Per capita consumption is estimated to be 9.29 kg and the population in 2010 was 14,453,680
while the number of pigs was 2,057,413 heads. Assuming that 75% of the pigs are slaughtered
for market this yields about 85,254,057 kg of carcass while the estimated annual demand in the
same year would be 134,274,687 kg. Cambodia produces about 64% of pig consumption need
based on statistics of 2010 and to fulfill the country demand for pig meat, additional 0.5-0.6
million finishing pigs per year or around 1,500 heads daily would be required. The government
had given licenses to import live pigs from Thailand of first stage 1,200 heads per day and later
reduced it to 800 heads daily which is about 292,000-438,000 heads per year however this
number might be double as there are also unofficial import from Thailand and Vietnam.
Results from interviewing traders, 464,120-552,620 heads and 62,200-68,900 are traded
respectively into Phnom Penh and Siem Reap annually (Table 49a).

73 | P a g e

Table 49a: Demand of pigs and origin of supply for Phnom Penh and Siem Reap
Demand
Supplies
Estimate, # heads/year
Kampong Chhnang
1,000-1,500

Phnom Penh

Siem Reap

Kandal
Prey Veng
Takeo
Koh Kong
Kampong Speu
Pursat
Pailin
Kampot
Kampong Cham
Kampong Thom
Thailand
Total
Siem Reap
Kampong Thom
Kampong Speu
Odor Mean Chey
Banteay Mean Chey
Pailin
Thailand
Total

2000-2500
1,000-1,500
15,000-20,000
5000-6000
51,000-56,000
1,000-1,500
1,000-1,500
1,000-1,500
1,000-1,500
20,120-21,120
365,000-438,000
464,120-552,620
60,000-65,000
200-300
500-1,000
200-300
100-200
500-1,000
600-1,000
62,200-68,900

The supply and origin of pigs

Traders/middlemen are mainly purchasing pigs in the region of their respective provinces
except in Prey Veng where they mostly bring them to Phnom Penh (Table 49b). According to
the respondents, it seems that most traders (81.7%) supply pigs within their own province
except Prey Veng in which pigs will be supplied to Phnom Penh. Although they (89%) rate as
less important, the supply of pigs can also be delivered from high demand places especially
Phnom Penh. This could mean that sometimes Phnom Penh is oversupplied with pigs and that
they are then re-distributed to other provinces.

74 | P a g e

Table 49b: Main buyers of pigs from traders/middlemen and official importers.
In own province, %
I
II
III
Banteay Mean Chey 100
Battambang
100
Kampong Speu
100
Kampong Thom
100
Phnom Penh
100
Prey Veng
16.7
83.3
Siem Reap
70.0
10.0
20.0
Takeo
100
81.7
3.70
14.6
Total
(n=67)
(n=3)
(n=12)
Provinces

From Siem Reap, %

I
II
III
90.0
10.0
100
100
10.0
90.0
100
100
30.0
70.0
100
89.0
9.80 1.20
(n=8) (n=1) (n=73)

From Phnom Penh, %

I
II
III
100
100
100
90.0
10.0
33.3
66.7
60.0
30.0
10.0
100
90.0
10.0
82.9
15.9
1.20
(n=13) (n=1) (n=68)

From other provinces, %

I
II
III
100
20.0
80.0
10.0
90.0
10.0
90.0
16.7
41.7
41.7
100
20.0
80.0
10.0
10.0
80.0
7.30
11.0
81.7
(n=6)
(n=9) (n=67)

I=very important, II=important, III=less important.

It is important to group the movement of pigs as internal movements within provinces in

Cambodia to the demand sites and the importation of pigs in this case from Thailand to Phnom
Penh and Siem Reap. The demand of pigs for Siem Reap and Phnom Penh is estimated to 700
and 2,000 heads per days respectively.
From Thailand, pigs are transported through Poipet (the municipality in Banteay Meanchey
province) directly to the slaughterhouses in Siem Reap provincial capital but larger quantity is
transported through National road no. 5 across provinces of Battambang, Pursat, Kampong
Chhnang and Kandal before reaching to slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh (Figure 6).

75 | P a g e

Figure 6: Movement of pigs to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap

V.3.2.5. Pig collectors, target and loading places

Of the 82 traders/middlemen and official importer interviewed, 28.0% except in Kampong
Speu said that they work with collectors who buy pigs for them especially traders from Phnom
Penh and Battambang and 72% collect pigs by themselves (Table 50). On average, each trader
works with 7 collectors but traders in Takeo and Prey Veng work with more collectors. The
official importers reported that they make contracts with a company in Thailand to supply pigs
per demand.
Most traders (93.9%) reported that they have own target to buy pigs (Figure 7) and only few
(6.1%) traders do not have target areas for buying pigs.
- The target places for traders in Banteay Mean Chey are at the districts of Phnom Srok,
Preah Netpras, Mongkul Borei, Serei Sorphorn, Svay Chek, O Chrov within their
province and at Pouk in Siem Reap. They also buy pigs from CP Group but at the
slaughterhouse in Serei Sorphon in Banteay Mean Chey province.

76 | P a g e

The traders in Battambang purchase within own province at the districts of Banon, Ek
Phnom, Battambang, Bavel and Sang Ke and they also buy pigs in Pursat and Pailin.
In Kampong Speu they buy at Phnom Srouch, Chbar Morn and Boset within the
province.
In Kampong Thom they purchase at the districts of Prasat Sambo, Santouk, Baray,
Kampong Svay, Sandan, Tang Kork, Steung Sen, Balang and Storng within the province
and they also get from Kampong Cham, Prah Vihear and Siem Reap.
The target places for traders in Phnom Penh are from Kampong Speu at the districts of
Chbar Morn and Phnom Srouch, from Kandal at Kien Svay and Kandal Stoeung
districts, from Takeo at the districts of Bati, Samrong, Treang, Prey Kabas and
Tramkak, from Prey Veng at the district of Svay Antor and also from Kampong Cham
and Kampong Chnang provinces. Also they buy pigs at Khan Sen Sok in Phnom Penh as
the stock of live pigs imported from Thailand. Moreover, the traders in Prey Veng buy
at districts of their own province namely Kampong Trabek, Me Sang, Bar Phnom,
Romeas Hek, Prey Veng, Svay Antor, Kampong Leav, Peam Ror, Sithor Kandal and Pea
Rang and also they can get at the districts nearby in Svay Rieng.
The districts of Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralange, Bakong, Chi Kreng,
Koulen, Sotnikum, Srei Snorm, Varin, Banteay Srei and Siem Reap in Siem Reap where
those traders buy pigs. They also get from Anlong Veng in Odor Mean Chey province.
In Takeo traders buy pigs at Treang, Kiri Vong, Borei Cholasa, Tramkak, Samrong and
Daun Keo districts within the province and they also buy from Cheung Prey in Kampong
Cham, Svay Antor in Prey Veng and Dong Tong, Touk Meas, Chom Kiri and Kampong
Trach in Kampot province.

77 | P a g e

Figure 7: Movement of pigs within selected provinces

Table 50: Pig collectors, buying and loading places for traders, middlemen and official importers.
Provinces
Using pig collectors/ middlemen # collectors Target places to buy pigs,
by traders, %
Ave.SE
%
Yes
No
Yes
No
Banteay Mean Chey
20.0
80.0
1-5
100
Battambang
60.0
40.0
3-10
100
Kampong Speu
100
80.0
20.0
Kampong Thom
30.0
70.0
5-10
100
Phnom Penh
50.0
50.0
1-10
91.7
8.30
Prey Veng
30.0
70.0
10-20
80.0
20.0
Siem Reap
20.0
80.0
2-3
100
Takeo
10.0
90.0
22
100
28.0
72.0
7.131.24
93.9
6.10
Total
(n=23)
(n=59)
(n=77)
(n=5)

Among 82 interviewed traders/middlemen and official importers, 12.2% except in Kampong

Speu, Kampong Thom and Phnom Penh reported that they load pigs in one vehicle from
78 | P a g e

different collectors however almost 90% of them use more than one vehicle (Table 52). The
reasons of transporting pigs in the one vehicle, few respondents said (i) lack of transportation,
(ii) reduce cost of transport and (iii) pigs are unloaded in the same place. However, those who
use more than one vehicle because they get more pigs than the vehicle can load.
Sometimes traders might also load pigs from other traders to fill in the truck before leaving the
collecting point and they said that this could be the way of helping each other especially
friends and business partners. For the official importers they load pigs once at the border and
take them directly to Phnom Penh and where unloading can be in one place or several
slaughterhouses.
Table 52: Pigs loading by traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces
Loading pigs from
If yes, why?, % (multiple answers)
different collectors
together, %
Yes
No
Lack of
Reduce cost
Pigs go to
transportation
of transport
same place
means
Banteay Mean Chey
10.0
90.0
100
Battambang
40.0
60.0
75.0
100
Kampong Speu
100
Kampong Thom
100
Phnom Penh
100
Prey Veng
10.0
90.0
100
Siem Reap
20.0
80.0
100
Takeo
20.0
80.0
100
12.2
87.8
20.0
60.0
50.0
Total
(n=10)
(n=72)
(n=2)
(n=10)
(n=5)

IV.3.2.5. License for pig trading

Nearly 47.0% of all interviewed traders/middlemen have a license for trading pigs particularly
the traders in Phnom Penh and Kampong Speu (Table 53). The permission for trading pigs is
given by different institutions under MAFF at their respective provinces and DAHP. For the
import of pigs the license is given by MAFF and MOC. 31.6% of all licenses are issued by OAHP,
except in Kampong Speu and Phnom Penh. Licenses for official importers in Phnom Penh are
issued by MAFF and MOC. On average, the license is valid for a period 323 (30-365) days.
According to respondents, 81.8% have no limit on number of pigs' trade but the official
importers in Phnom Penh and 2 traders in Prey Veng reported that they are given specific
number of pig per day for import. The average number in the license for the official importers
is 7,500 heads of which they are allowed to import 250 heads per day within a license of one
and the traders in Prey Veng are allowed 45 heads per time.

79 | P a g e

Table 53: License of trading pigs for traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces
Received license in
If yes, which institution issued the
# days allowed
trading pigs, %
license? %
per license,
Ave.SE
Yes
No
I
II
III
IV
Banteay Mean
365
Chey
10.0
90.0
100
Battambang
20.0
80.0
100
365
Kampong Speu
80.0
20.0
75.0
25.0
365
Kampong Thom
50.0
50.0
80.0
20.0
182-365
Phnom Penh
100
83.3
16.7
30-365
Prey Veng
50.0
50.0
20.0
80.0
182-365
Siem Reap
10.0
90.0
100
365
Takeo
40.0
60.0
75.0
25.0
182-365
46.3
53.7
31.6
15.8
47.4
5.30
32315.2
Total
(n=38)
(n=44)
(n=12)
(n=6)
(n=18)
(n=2)
I=Provincial Office of Animal Health and Production (OAHP), II=Provincial Department of Agriculture
(PDA), III=Department of Animal Health and Production (DAHP), IV=Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and
Fishery (MAFF) and Ministry of Commerce (MOC).

IV.3.2.6. Types of license

The license for traders/middlemen and official importers is to control the movement of pigs in
the country aiming at disease control and the license is mainly to trade pigs for meat and
resale. In this case, the trade can be culled sows and boar, fattening and finishers and
sometimes piglets. Majority (94.7%) of respondents get the license for trading pigs within the
country, while 2 interviewed official importers have the license to import from Thailand (Table
54). Nearly 69% except in Prey Veng and Takeo said that the purpose of their business is for
meat, while 50.0% is for resale with regard to their role as middlemen. All traders in Banteay
Mean Chey and Siem Reap do both for meat and resale. Among respondents, 95% get annual
business permission (patient), 68.4% except in Banteay Mean Chey and Siem Reap get health
certificate when transporting pigs and 5% get license for importing pigs. The official importers
use Poi Pet border gate in Banteay Mean Chey for importing pigs from Thailand and transport
them via national road 5.
Table 54: Type of license and institutions responsible for license.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Countries, %
Within
Thailand
country
100
100
100
100
83.3
16.7
100
100
100
94.7
5.30
(n=36)
(n=2)

Purposes of trading, %
(multiple answers)
Meat
Resale
100
100
100
40.0
100
100
68.4
(n=26)

100
50.0
50.0
60.0
100
100
100
50.0
(n=19)

Types of license received, %

(multiple answers)
Annual
Health
Import
patient
certificate license
100
100
100
100
87.5
80.0
20.0
100
91.7
16.7
100
40.0
100
75.0
75.0
94.7
68.4
5.26
(n=36)
(n=26)
(n=2)

80 | P a g e

IV.3.3. Pigs supply chain

IV.3.3.1. Pig supplies
Traders/middlemen and official importers use different types of transports. Traders normally
use pickup trucks especially when transporting pigs across provinces or to Phnom Penh but
they also use remorks (a regular motorcycle pulling a card locally made). The standard capacity
is between 12-15 finishing pigs but sometime traders might put 3-5 pigs more to lower cost of
transportation. The remork as it uses for short distance (within the district) it can load up to 10
pigs. The motorbike is mainly used by middleman to transport pigs from village to the
collecting point and it can carry up to 2 pigs. The official importer mainly uses big truck with
loading capacity of 200 pigs (about 90 kg each).
Out of 82 traders/middlemen interviewed, 34 trade cull sows but none in Kampong Speu and
Phnom Penh (Table 55a).
- The traders in Banteay Mean Chey buy culled sows from the districts within the
provinces namely Phnom Srok, Pras Netpras, Mongkul Borei and Serei Sorphon, while
in Battambang they buy from Ek Phnom, Banon, Phnom Sampauv, Sangke, Bavel and
Thmar Koul and also from Pailin, Pursat and Banteay Mean Chey provinces.
- In Kampong Thom traders buy their culled sows from the districts of Prasat Sambo,
Santouk, Kampong Svay, Baray, Sandan, Tangkouk, Stoeung Sen and Balang and also
from Kampong Cham, Prah Vihear and Siem Reap.
- In Prey Veng, Svay Antor district is target of culled sows for traders in Prey Veng.
- Daun Keo district is the main supply of culled sows for traders in Takeo.
- The traders in Siem Reap buy the culled sows from the districts of Angkor Thom,
Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralanh, Srey Snom, Siem Reap town, Bakong, Chi Kreng, Koulen
and Varin and also from Odor Mean Chey province.
Most (97.1%) traders buy culled sows from the smallholder producers, while 2 traders in
Battambang also purchase them from large farms and other middlemen. On average, each
trader buys 1.61 culled sows per time or 9.44 heads per month. Except 4 traders in Battambang
who buy culled sows daily, the remaining does it 1-6 times per month. Fifty percent of traders
except in Prey Veng, use motorbike as their transportation mean for culled sows, while 20.6%
use remork, 20.6% use pickup car/minibus and 8.80% in Battambang and Prey Veng use
trucks. The number of culled sows loading together with other pigs per vehicle is 2.00.

81 | P a g e

Table 55a: Number of cull sows, origin and type of transportation.

Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

#
trader
5
8
10
2
8
1
34

Total

Suppliers, %
# heads
(multiple answers)
per
buying
I
II
III
100
1.800.37
87.5
25.0 37.5
1.750.31
100
1.800.38
100
1.500.50
100
1.250.16
100
1.00 (na)
97.1
5.88
8.80 1.610.15
(n=33) (n=2) (n=3)

# heads
buy per
month
2-9
1-90
1-5
1-2
1-5
1
9.443.69

Type of vehicles used, %

A
25.0
50.0
8.80
(n=3)

B
C
20.0
20.0
12.5
37.5
50.0
10.0
50.0
12.5
20.6 20.6
(n=7) (n=7)

D
60.0
25.0
40.0
87.5
100
50.0
(n=17)

# heads
per vehicle
used
1.600.40
2.871.05
1.900.37
1.500.50
1.750.25
1.00 (na)
2.000.28

I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, A=Truck,
B=pickup car/minibus, C=Remork, D=Motorbike.

Of the total 82 interviewees, 11 traders in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Thom
and Siem Reap buy culled boars (Table 55b). Culled boars supply in Battambang is from Ek
Phnom, Banon, Phnom Sampauv and Sangke districts within their respective province and
they also get them from Pailin and Pursat. In Kampong Thom traders buy their culled boars
from the districts of Prasat Sambo, Kampong Svay, Baray, Santouk and Sandan within
province and also from Kampong Cham and Prah Vihear. The traders in Siem Reap get the
culled boars from districts within the province such as Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk,
Kralanh, Srey Snom, Siem Reap, Bakong, Chi Kreng and Koulen.
Traders (90.0%) get culled boars from smallholder producers, while in Battambang they also
buy from large farms and middlemen. The average number of culled boars purchased per each
trader is 1.27 heads per time or 20.2 heads per month. Two traders in Battambang and in
Kampong Thom use truck and remork for transportation, 2 in Kampong Thom and in
Battambang use pickup car/minibus and 7 traders use motorbike. The average culled boars
loaded per vehicle are 1.45 heads.
Table 55b: Number of cull boars, origin and type of transportation.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

#
trader
3
4
4
11

Suppliers, % (multiple
answers)
I
II
III
66.7
66.7
100
100
100
90.0
18.2
27.3
(n=10)
(n=2)
(n=3)

# heads # heads
Type of vehicles used, %
per
buy per
buying
month
A
B
C
D
1.330.33
30-60
33.3
33.3
33.3
1.000.00
1-5
25.0 25.0
50.0
1.500.50
1-90
100
1.270.19 20.29.07 9.10 18.2 9.10
63.6
(n=1) (n=2) (n=1) (n=7)

# heads
per vehicle
used
1.330.33
1.000.00
2.000.40
1.450.20

I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, A=Truck,
B=Car/minibus, C=Romork motorbike, D=Motorbike.

82 | P a g e

Of the traders/middlemen, 11 in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu, Siem Reap and Takeo
trade weaning pigs (Table 55c).
- In Banteay Mean Chey the traders get the supply of weaning piglets from districts of
Serei Sorphorn, Svay Chek, Mongkol Borei and O Chrov and they also get them from
Pouk, Angkor Thom, Srey Snom, Kralanh in Siem Reap.
- Districts of Phnom Srouch and Chbar Morn is the suppliers of weaning piglets for
traders in Kampong Speu.
- In Siem Reap, traders buy them from the districts of Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum,
Pouk, Kralanh, Srey Snom within Siem Reap.
- Traders in Takeo buy weaning piglets within the province in the districts of Treang,
Tramkak, Samrong and Daun Keo.
On average, each trader buys 9.00 weaning piglets per time or 181 heads per month but
traders in Siem Reap buy on average 2 weaning piglets per time and 10 times per month.
Almost all traders use motorbike to transport their purchased weaning piglets and 1 trader in
Banteay Mean Chey uses pickup car/minibus. The average weaning piglets loaded per vehicle is
8.72 heads.
Table 55c: Number of weaning piglets, origin and type of transportation.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

#
trader
4
1
1
5
11

Suppliers, %
I
II
III
100
100
100
100
100
(n=11)

# heads
per
buying
9.002.27
8.00 (na)
2.00 (na)
9.601.63
8.541.22

# heads
buy per
month
30-450
240
20
25-450
18146.2

Type of vehicles used, %

A
B
C
D
-

25.0
9.10
(n=1)

75.0
100
100
100
90.9
(n=10)

# heads per
vehicle used
10.21.84
4.00 (na)
10.0 (na)
8.200.91
8.720.91

I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman,
A=Truck, B=pickup car/minibus, C=Remork motorbike, D=Motorbike.

Thirty two percent of traders (26 out of 82) trade fattening pigs and their main suppliers are
mostly (88.5%) from smallholder producers while 19.2% get them from middlemen and 1
trader in Battambang buy them from large farm (Table 55d).
- The origin of fattening pigs in Battambang is from Banon, Ek Phnom, Mong Russey and
Phnom Sampauv within the province and also from Pailin and Pursat.
- In Kampong Thom traders get them from Prasat Sambo, Kampong Svay, Baray,
Santouk, Sandan, Stoeung Sen, Storng, and Balang within the province and also from
Kampong Cham and Prah Vihear.
- A trader in Phnom Penh buys their fattening pigs from Leuk Dek district in Kandal
province.

83 | P a g e

The traders in Prey Veng get the fattening pigs from districts within the province
namely Romeas Hek, Kampong Trabek, Me Sang and Bar Phnom and also from Svay
Rieng province.
A trader in Siem Reap buys them from Angkor Thom, Angkor Chum, Pouk, Kralanh,
Bakong, Chi Kreng, Koulen, Sotnikom, Srey Snom, Varin, Banteay Srei and Siem Reap
town.
Traders in Takeo get them from Kiri Vong, Tramkak, Daun Keo, Samrong, Treang and
Borei Cholasa within their province and also from Kampot and Kampong Speu.

The average number of fattening pigs bought per trader per time is 10.7 but higher number for
the traders in Phnom Penh, Prey Veng and Siem Reap. Per month traders can purchase on
average of 194 heads. Traders (11.5%) use trucks, while 23.1%, 34.6% and 30.8% use pickup
car/minibus, remork and motorbike respectively for transporting fattening pigs and on average
they load 10.7 heads per vehicle.
Table 55d: Number of fattening pigs, origin and type of transportation.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

#
trader
5
7
1
6
1
6
26

Suppliers, %
(multiple answers)
I
II
III
80.0
20.0
40.0
100
100
83.3
33.3
100
83.3
16.7
88.5
3.80 19.2
(n=23) (n=1) (n=5)

# heads
per
buying
7.004.51
10.73.72
25.0 (na)
13.65.85
15.0 (na)
7.662.55
10.72.00

# heads
buy per
month
2-750
1-176
250
140-1,200
30
15-600
19456.6

Type of vehicles used, %

A
B
20.0
42.9
100
16.7
100
33.3
11.5 23.1
(n=3) (n=6)

C
40.0
28.6
50.0
33.3
34.6
(n=9)

D
40.0
28.6
33.3
33.3
30.8
(n=8)

# heads
per vehicle
used
12.09.50
9.423.33
25.0 (na)
11.55.76
15.0 (na)
7.332.59
10.72.41

I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, A=Truck,
B=Car/minibus, C=Romork motorbike, D=Motorbike.

Out of 82 interviewed traders/middlemen and official importers, 64 trade finishing pigs with
84.4% supply from smallholder producers, 20.3% from large farms/contract farming, 14.2%
from the middlemen and 11.1% in Siem Reap from his own produce (Table 55e).
- In Banteay Mean Chey their supply is from Phnom Srok, Mongkol Borei, Serei
Sorphorn, O Chrov and Prah Netpras and CP Company (Siem Reap, Kampong Speu and
Kandal).
- In Battambang, traders/middlemen buy their finishing pigs within province of the
districts of Banon, Ek Phnom, Sangke, Battambang, Bavel and Thamkol and also from
Pailin, Pursat and Banteay Mean Chey provinces.
- Traders in Kampong Speu get the supply from Phnom Srouch and Bor Set within the
province and from Kampong Seila in Koh Kong province.
- In Kampong Thom they get from Prasat Sambo, Santouk, Kampong Svay, Baray,
Sandan and Tangkork within the province and also from Kampong Cham, Prah Vihear
and Siem Reap provinces.

84 | P a g e

Traders and official importers in Phnom Penh get their pigs from Kien Svay, Leuk Dek
and Mouk Kampoul in Kandal province. The traders in Takeo buy finishing pigs within
their province at the districts of Bati, Samrong, Treang, Prey Kabas and Tramkak and
from other provinces such Kampot, Kampong Speu, Kampong Chhnang, Kampong
Thom, Banteay Mean Chey and Battambang.
In Prey Veng they buy them from Svay Antor, Ba Phnom, Me Sang, Kampong Leav,
Sithor Kandal, Pea Rang, and Pean Ror within the province and from Svay Rieng
province.
Traders in Siem Reap get their supply from the districts of Angkor Thom, Angkor
Chum, Pouk, Kralanh, Bakong, Chi Kreng, Koulen, Sotnikom, Srey Snom, Varin,
Banteay Srei, Siem Reap town, Pouk within Siem Reap province and imported pigs
from Thailand as well as CP Company.

On average each trader buys 20.8 per time but trader in Phnom Penh get 3-10 times of pigs
higher than others provinces. The number is high because each official importer loads 250
finishing pigs per day. The average number of finishing pigs traded per month is 490 heads per
trader. Among interviewed traders, 21.9% use truck while 15.6%, 23.4% and 39.1% use pickup
car/minibus, remork and motorbike respectively and on average they load 17.7 heads per
vehicle. Actually the official importers load 250 heads per truck but the truck used by local
traders can load up to 50 heads per time.

85 | P a g e

Table 55e: Number of finishing pigs, origin and type of transportation.

Provinces
#
Suppliers, % (multiple
# heads per
# heads
Type of vehicles used, %
# heads
traders
answers)
buying
buy per
per
month
I
II
III
IV
A
B
C
D
vehicle
Banteay Mean Chey
7
71.4 28.6
5.851.86
18-388
14.3
14.3
14.3
57.1
6.282.50
Battambang
9
88.9 22.2 44.4
8.002.33
15-750
11.1
11.1
66.7
11.1
10.45.00
Kampong Speu
9
100
2.770.57
28-180
11.1
22.2
66.7
2.660.60
Kampong Thom
8
100
9.504.52
42-1,050
25.0
25.0
50.0
8.253.59
Phnom Penh
12
41.7
75.0
33.3
78.536.8
200-8,300
66.7
33.3
61.725.7
Prey Veng
5
100
16.46.74
40-900
40.0
40.0
20.0
15.87.01
9
100
11.1 11.
6.113.00
18-900
11.1
11.1
77.8
5.883.02
Siem Reap
1
Takeo
5
100
7.804.36
7-750
20.0
20.0
20.0
40.0
7.404.44
64
84.4 20.3
14.2 1.60 20.87.59
490171
21.9
15.6
23.4
39.1
17.75.48
Total
(n=54) (n=13) (n=9) (n=1)
(n=14) (n=10) (n=15) (n=25)
I=Local or cross-breed pig small scale producer, II = Large scale or contract farm, III = Middleman, IV=Own production, A=Truck, B=Pickup
car/minibus, C=Remork motorbike, D=Motorbike.

86 | P a g e

IV.3.3.2. Sale of pigs

A large share of traders/middlemen sell their culled sows to slaughterhouses particularly in
Siem Reap and Takeo (Table 56a). All traders in Prey Veng and most traders in Battambang
slaughter culled sows by themselves. In Banteay Mean Chey they sell culled sows to meat
processors, to other traders and slaughter them by their own.
- The culled sows are sold in Serei Sorphorn in Banteay Mean Chey and in Battambang
they are used within the province.
- In Kampong Thom traders sell culled sows to Stoeung Sen, Baray, Prasat Sambo,
Santouk within the province and only 2 traders sell them to Khan Dong Kor in Phnom
Penh.
- The traders in Siem Reap and Takeo sell culled sows to the slaughterhouse within their
provincial towns.
Because of the limited number of culled boars, few interviewed traders deal with them. Among
those 11 traders who buy and sell culled boars, 54.5% sell to slaughterhouses especially in Siem
Reap, 9.10% sell to other traders and 36.4% do their own slaughtering. The culled boars in
Battambang and Siem Reap are sold within the provincial towns, while in Kampong Thom they
are sold at the districts' market within the province namely Stoeung Sen, Baray, Santouk and
provincial town and they also sell to Khan Mean Chey in Phnom Penh.
Table 56a: Sale of culled sows and boars by traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Slaughter
-house
40.0
37.5
50.0
100
100
55.9
(n=19)

Culled sows, %
Meat
Other
processor
trader
20.0
20.0
20.0
2.90
8.80
(n=1)
(n=3)

Own
Slaughter
slaughtering -house
20.0
62.5
33.3
30.0
25.0
100
100
32.4
54.5
(n=11)
(n=6)

Culled boars, %
Other
Own
trader
slaughtering
66.7
25.0
50.0
9.10
36.4
(n=1)
(n=4)

Among 82 traders/middlemen, only 14% deal with weaning piglets and they mostly sell them
to smallholder producers except Banteay Mean Chey of which traders sell most to processors
(mostly use for BBQ) (Table 56b).
- The traders in Banteay Mean Chey sell weaning piglets within the provincial town,
except 1 also sells to Siem Reap, Battambang and Pursat provinces.
- Traders in Siem Reap sell them mainly to Siem Reap town, traders in Kampong Speu
sell them to the districts of Chbar Morn and Phnom Srouch.
- Traders in Takeo sell them within Takeo in the districts of Treang, Tramkak, Samrong
and Daun Keo and they also sell them to other provinces such as Kampot, Kampong
Speu and Kandal.
87 | P a g e

Only 32% of 82 interviewed traders/middlemen deal with fattened pigs. On average, 26.9% sell
fattened pigs to slaughterhouses, 26.9% sell to meat processors, 7.70% sell to smallholder
producers, 11.5% sell to other traders and 26.9% do their own slaughtering. All traders in
Phnom Penh and Siem Reap slaughter fattened pigs by themselves.
- The traders in Battambang sell fattened pigs in provincial town.
- In Kampong Thom they sell them to Prasat Sambo, Baray, Santouk, Storung Sen, and
Kampong Svay districts within the province and also to Khan Dangkor and Mean Chey
in Phnom Penh.
- In Phnom Penh, they sell them to Khan Toul Kork within the capital and in Prey Veng
they sell them to Kampong Trabek, Pean Ro, Ba Phnom and Pras Sdach within the
province and also to Khan Toul Kork and Mean Chey in Phnom Penh.
- The traders in Takeo sell fattened pigs in Daun Keo and Treang districts within the
province and also to Khan Mean Chey and Toul Kork in Phnom Penh, Kandal province
and Sihanouk Ville.
The weaning and fattened pigs are mainly used for BBQ especially during the festivities
including Chinese New Year and wedding. The pigs used for this purpose are between 30-40 kg
live weights.
Table 56b: Sale of weaning and fattened by traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Weaning pigs, %
Processor
Small
scale
producers
75.0
25.0
100
100
20.0
80.0
36.4
63.6
(n=4)
(n=7)

Slaughterhouse
60.0
28.6
16.7
16.7
26.9
(n=7)

Fattened pigs, %
Meat
Small
Other
processor
scale
traders
producer
20.0
28.6
14.3
33.3
33.3
50.0
16.7
26.9
7.70
11.5
(n=7)
(n=2)
(n=3)

Own
slaughtering
20.0
28.6
100
16.7
100
16.7
26.9
(n=7)

Among 82 interviewed traders/middlemen, 78% deal with finishing pigs of which 53.1% of
traders sell them to slaughterhouses, 9.40% sell them to other traders and 51.6% do their own
slaughtering (Table 56c).
- The traders in Banteay Mean Chey sell them in provincial town and 1 also sells them to
Poi Pet and to provincial town of Battambang.
- The traders in Kampong Speu sell the finishing pigs at the districts within the province
such as Phnom Srouch, Chbar Morn and also to Sre Ambil in Koh Kong, Sihanouk ville
and Khan Sen Sok in Phnom Penh.

88 | P a g e

The traders in Kampong Thom reported that they sell them to Stoeung Sen, Baray,
Prasat Sambo, Santouk within the province and to Prah Vihear province and Khan
Mean Chey and Dangkor in Phnom Penh.
The traders in Phnom Penh sell most of finishing pigs to slaughterhouses within Phnom
Penh.
The traders in Prey Veng sell them within the province in the districts of Kampong
Trabek, Peam Ror and Svay Antor and also to Khan Mean Chey and Toul Kork in Phnom
Penh. Almost all traders in Siem Reap sell the finishing pigs in provincial town, except 1
also sell them to Rattanakiri, Stoeung Treng and Kratie provinces.
Traders in Takeo said that districts in the province namely Daun Keo, Tramkak, Treang
and Samrong and Khan Mean Chey and Toul Kork in Phnom Penh are their targets.

Traders who also slaughter finishing pigs, 30.3% sell slaughtered pigs to retailers and 78.8% sell
them directly to consumers in the markets. All traders in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu
and Kampong Thom sell directly to the consumers at the markets.
Table 56c: Sale of finishing and slaughtered pigs by traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Finishing pigs, % (multiple answers)

SlaughterOther
Own
house
traders
slaughtering
85.7
28.6
44.4
66.7
22.2
22.2
100
37.5
12.5
50.0
16.7
8.30
83.3
60.0
20.0
40.0
100
11.1
100
53.1
9.40
51.6
(n=34)
(n=6)
(n=33)

Slaughtered pigs, % (multiple answers)

Meat to
Own sale
retailers
100
33.3
83.3
100
100
70.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
30.3
78.8
(n=10)
(n=26)

IV.3.3.3. Access of pig weight

Among 82 interviewed traders/middlemen, 51.2% of them value pigs by visual inspection,
35.4% of them do weighing and 13.4% estimate weight by visual inspection (Figure 8).

89 | P a g e

Figure 8: Access of pig weight by traders/middlemen and official importers

13.4

Visual inspection, %
Weighing, %

51.2
35.4

Both, %

IV.3.3.4. Criteria for buying pigs

Traders are given chance to as much as answers for their criteria to buy pigs. Most of
traders/middlemen (88.2%) assess culled sows and boars by looking at the body condition,
76.5% look at health of the animals (probably animals are not sick), 73.5% assess the weight,
73.5% look at the breed (crossbreed might gain better carcass), 64.7% look at bell and back fat,
50.0% at age and 14.7% on production system (Figure 9).
Figure 9: Criteria for buying culled sows and boars by traders/middlemen and official importers
(multiple answers).

73.5

50

14.7

Age, %
Production system, %
no sign of sickness, %

76.5

73.5

Body condition, %
Back fat, %
Weight, %

64.7

88.2

Breed, %

90 | P a g e

For weaning piglets most of the traders/middlemen are looking at weight (90.9%), breed
(90.0%), age (81.8%) and body condition (81.8%) while 63.6% are assessing the health of the
animals and 45.5% are looking at the color (Figure 10). It is very common beside body condition,
health and breed, smallholder farmers look at the colors of pigs and this color has nothing to
link with the market but some farmers prefer black pigs as they think they can grow them
better, some prefer black with red plots and others prefer males than female pigs. So traders
need to look at the colors in order to satisfy their clients.
Figure 10: Criteria for buying weaning piglets by traders/middlemen and official importers (multiple
answers).

90

81.8

Age, %
Color, %
Production system, %

45.5
90.9

no sign of sickness, %
9.1

63.6

Body condition, %
Weight, %
Breed, %

81.8

Majority (96.2%) of traders/middlemen look at the weight of fattening pigs before buying
them, breeds (88.5%), body condition (80.8%), back fat (65.4%), healthy (61.5%), age (50.0%)
and color (23.1%) but 1 trader in Phnom Penh looks at the production system (Figure 11). The
fattening pigs can be used for different purposes such as BBQ, sale to other farmers for
continue fattening. A trader in Phnom Penh look at almost all criteria except color, while in one
trader in Siem Reap evaluate the health of pigs, body condition, back fat, weight and breed. All
in Takeo judge on the body condition, weight and breed.

91 | P a g e

Figure 11: Criteria for buying fattening pigs by traders/middlemen and official importers (multiple
answers).

50

23.1

88.5

3.8

Age, %
Color, %
Production system, %

61.5

No sign of sickness, %
Body condition, %

96.2

Back fat, %
80.8

Weight, %
Breed, %

65.4

Most of traders/middlemen dealing with finishing pigs judge on the breed (89.1%), weight
(87.5%), body condition (82.8%), back fat (81.3%), no sign of sickness (71.9%) but some look at
the age, production systems and color of finishing pigs (Figure 12).
Figure 12: Criteria for buying finishing pigs by traders/middlemen and official importers (multiple
answers).
7.8
31.3

18.8
Age, %

89.1

Color, %
71.9

Production system, %
No signs of sickness, %
Body condition, %

87.5

Back fat, %
82.8
81.3

Weight, %
Breed, %

92 | P a g e

IV.3.3.5. Persons set price and mode of payment

About 84% of traders/middlemen reported that price of pigs is depending on the negotiation
between sellers and buyers but sometimes price depends on buyers or sellers (Table 57). Cash
is the important mode of payment as mentioned by 78.0% respondents but 41.5% of
respondents said that credit also used. However 8.50% traders also use the advance payment.
Normally traders who purchase the pigs from CP Company must deposit the money into bank
or pay first before getting the pigs. The advance payment is somehow practice and the buyers
or traders already set the price at the time of payment but the weight of pigs can be done at
the time of selling them. The credit system will leave the price depending on the market price
but pigs must be sold to the creditors and this system is mainly practice when there is high
competition for buying pigs due to high demand or scarcity of pigs.
Table 57: Persons set price and usual mode of payment of traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Persons set selling price,%

Seller/producer

Buyer

Negotiation
between seller
and buyer

20.0
25.0
6.10
(n=5)

10.0
30.0
10.0
30.0
9.80
(n=8)

70.0
70.0
100
90.0
75.0
100
70.0
100
84.1
(n=69)

Usual mode of payment,%

(multiple answers)
Cash
Credit
Advance
payment

70.0
90.0
50.0
90.0
75.0
60.0
100
90.0
78.0
(n=64)

60.0
10.0
70.0
60.0
25.0
50.0
20.0
40.0
41.5
(n=34)

10.0
10.0
16.7
10.0
20.0
8.50
(n=7)

IV.3.3.6. Number of pigs and breed purchased in previous month

Among the 34 traders/middlemen who buy culled sows; 5 except in Siem Reap bought 4.20 (115) local culled sows, 22 traders/middlemen bought 8.91 (1-90) crossbreed pigs and 2 in
Battambang buy 17.5 (15-17) exotic breeds during the month previous to the study (Table 58).
Out of 11 traders buying culled boars, only 1 in Kampong Thom purchased local breed in the
previous month, while 6 bought crossbreed culled boars and 2 bought exotic breed. The
number of local culled boar bought was 1 head, on average of 13.6 (1-60) crossbreed culled
boars and 12.5 (10-15) exotic breed culled boars.
In regard to the weaning piglets; 2 in Banteay Mean Chey and Takeo bought local weaning
piglets with an average of 47.5 (20-75) heads, 10 bought 194 (7-456) crossed breed and none
reported that they bought exotic breed previous month. While 6 traders/middlemen bought
195 (10-700) local fattening pigs and 16 traders purchased 145 (1-600) crossbreed previous
month.

93 | P a g e

On average, 27.6 (2-72) local finishing pigs, 242 (5-1,210) crossbreed and 1,824 (50-7,500)
exotic breed were purchased by the interviewed traders and official importers during the
month previous to the study. The 2 official importers in Phnom Penh said last month they
purchased 500-800 crossbreed and 6,750-7,500 exotic finishing pigs and the supply of
crossbreed was from the local farms, while exotic breed was from Thailand.

94 | P a g e

Table 58: Numbers of pigs by breeds bought in previous month by traders/middlemen and official importers.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

# culled sows,
Ave. SE
Local
Cross
Exotic
breed
breed
breed
1.00
6.33
(na)
0.88
15.0
19.3
17.5
(na)
10.7
2.50

# culled boars,
Ave. SE
Local
Cross
Exotic
breed
breed
breed

# weaning piglets,
Ave. SE
Local
Cross
breed
breed
75.0
179.5
0.00
98.7

37.5
22.5

12.5
2.50

# fattening pigs,
Ave. SE
Local
Cross
breed
breed
-

188.2
187.2
-

240.0
0.00

2.00
(na)

2.25
0.45

1.00
(na)

2.50
1.50

2.00
(na)

370
169

1.33
0.33

1.00
0.00

8.91
4.13

17.5
2.50

1.00
(na)

13.6
9.52

12.5
2.50

1.00
(na)
4.202.
70

20.0
0.00
47.5
27.5

10.0
0.00
242.5
78.8
194
51.4

20.0
5.77
195
109

10.0
0.00
250.0
0.00
124
49.9
27.5
2.50
174.6
110.4
145
55.8

# finishing pigs,
Ave. SE
Local
Cross
Exotic
breed
breed
breed
5.00
0.00
42.5
32.5
9.00
2.34
20.0
0.00
84.0
12.0
30.0
15.0

16.0
14.0

149.7
53.2
182.1
68.1
65.4
14.9
189.5
97.5
505.8
78.3
471
203
124
60.6
214
138

27.6
7.78

242
35.6

55.0
5.00
2668
1418
300
0.00
1824
1008

95 | P a g e

IV.3.3.7. Price of pigs based on weight and breed bought in previous month
The price of culled sows was high when they were below 102 kg live weight. The price of a local
culled sow with less than 102 kg was 725,000.00 riel, 720,000.00 riel for a crossbreed and
860,000.00 riel for exotic breed. The price of culled sows with a weight over 102 kg was
626,000.00 riel for a local culled sow, 718,000.00 riel for crossbreed and 750,000.00 riel for
exotic breed. Similarly, the price per head was given lower when a culled boar was more than
113 kg. In Battambang a culled boar less than 113 kg the price was 740,000.00 riel compared
with 700,000.00 riel of over 113 kg a culled crossbreed boar.
Only traders in Banteay Mean Chey and Takeo bought weaning piglets with less than 9.00 kg
for 145,000.00 riel per head compared with 185,800.00 riel per head of crossed weaning piglets
with more than 9.00 kg. The traders in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu,
Kampong Thom and Siem Reap reported that they also gave different prices to finishing pigs
based on weight and breed (Figure 13). On average, the price per head of less than 73.6 kg was
760,000.00 riel for local pigs and 765,000.00 riel for crossbreed, while more than 73.6 kg the
prices were 776,000.00 riel and 798,000.00 riel for local and crossbreed pigs respectively.

96 | P a g e

Figure 13: Prices of live pigs

IV.3.3.8. Arrangement and seasonal demand of finishing pigs

Most traders/middlemen and official importers (81.7%) said that they have the arrangement
with the producers/suppliers for supplying pigs (Table 59). The official importers make the
contract with trading companies in Thailand to supply pigs to the border. All traders said that
there is seasonal demand of pigs throughout the year.
Table 59: Arrangement for buying pigs and seasonal demand.
Provinces
Any arrangement with producer for
buying pigs?, %
Yes
No
Banteay Mean Chey
100
Battambang
80.0
20.0
Kampong Speu
80.0
20.0
Kampong Thom
100
Phnom Penh
66.7
33.3
Prey Veng
40.0
60.0
Siem Reap
90.0
10.0
Takeo
100
Total
81.7
18.3
(n=67)
(n=15)

Experience of seasonal demand of

pigs,%
Yes
No
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(n=82)
97 | P a g e

Traders reported that the high demand of pigs is during the festivities and wedding period,
while low demand is correlated to the harvest of fish and during the wet season. On average,
the duration for the high demand is 47.3 days with the longer period in Banteay Mean Chey,
Battambang, Kampong Thom and Siem Reap and shorter period in Kampong Speu and Prey
Veng (Table 60). During the high demand, one average each can trade 26.0 heads daily with
the average price each of 732,ooo.00 riel compared with low demand of an average of 14.2
heads with the average price of 607,000.00 riel. The total value of trading per week in the high
demand season is 160,196,000.00 riel per week compare with 90,599,000.00 riel in the low
season.
Throughout the year the average number of days for constant demand is 224. During this time
each trader can sell 18.3 heads with the average price of 647,000.00 riel per head and total
trading value is 124,647,000.00 riel per week.

98 | P a g e

Table 60: Seasonal demand of pigs.

Provinces
# days,
Ave.SE

High demand
Ave. # of
Ave.
heads/day,
price/head,
Ave.SE
x103
Ave.SE
10.62.74
711113

Banteay Mean Chey

70.718.1

Battambang

58.016.4

18.77.76

87940.6

Kampong Speu

23.77.47

4.770.81

73722.5

Kampong Thom

78.024.0

13.74.97

831104

Phnom Penh

26.69.36

89.336.1

88726.4

Prey Veng

11.62.29

25.36.01

54292.5

Siem Reap

67.817.5

11.15.47

80746.1

Takeo

46.516.7

19.97.89

43097.3

Total

47.35.74

26.06.23

73230.8

Total value
sold/week,
x103
Ave.SE
39,563
15,654
107,299
49,791
22,484
5,385
152,518
64,017
586,740
258,289
101,397
34,873
94,949
45,611
77,539
47,829
160,196
44,093

# days,
Ave.SE

11714.9

Low demand
Ave. # of
Ave.
heads/day,
price/head,
Ave.SE
x103
Ave.SE
4.301.13
55383.4

93.05.38

6.502.63

74723.7

97.09.00

1.770.46

60758.5

90.07.88

5.902.29

69125.4

82.14.78

63.632.7

79237.6

59.58.95

11.43.79

40578.0

107.06.50

3.001.34

67737.7

86.512.1

6.102.73

34684.7

89.13.56

14.25.27

60725.8

Total value
sold/week,
x103
Ave.SE
11,318
3,826
34,579
14,980
5,867
1,308
37,484
13,034
432,246
235,025
41,870
19,668
65,059
49,457
19,563
13,097
90,599
37,817

# days,
Ave.SE

17725.5

Constant demand
Ave. # of
Ave.
heads/day,
price/head,
Ave.SE
x103
Ave.SE
6.501.60
58484.2

21419.0

11.04.95

75722.4

24819.3

3.400.70

64555.1

19824.0

9.903.73

74230.9

25610.0

72.534.4

83428.9

26819.4

16.54.58

46182.6

19316.2

5.602.72

72931.2

23122.5

10.34.04

38687.4

2247.48

18.35.57

64725.5

Total value
sold/week,
x103
Ave.SE
19,041
6,279
61,774
29,815
13,916
2,723
68,906
23,399
485,177
243,701
46,339
20,181
197,544
165,676
32,375
21,734
124,647
43,532

99 | P a g e

IV.3.3.9. Checking before buying pigs

Of 82 traders/middlemen and official importers, 97% said that they check pigs before buying
and only 3 traders in Phnom Penh do not check because trust each other in the business. They
check by looking at body condition, skin, ear, toe and nose of the pigs.
Among 79 traders who do checking, 41.8% traders/middlemen if pigs are not healthy they buy
cheap and sell them quick while 49.4% do not buy them and they do not report to vets (Table
61). Only 1 in Takeo buy cheap and put them quarantine and another 1 in Kampong Thom does
not buy them but report to vets.
Table 61: Practice of traders/middlemen and official importers for ill pigs.
Provinces
Buy cheap and
Buy cheap and put
Dont buy and
sell quickly, %
in quarantine, %
report to vet, %
Banteay Mean Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

10.0
70.0
60.0
80.0
22.2
50.0
60.0
30.0
41.8
(n=38)

10.0
1.30
(n=1)

10.0
1.30
(n=1)

Don't buy but

don't report to
vet, %
90.0
30.0
40.0
10.0
77.8
50.0
40.0
60.0
49.4
(n=39)

Out of 39 buyers who buy sick pigs, 64.1% except in Prey Veng said it affects to their business
because they lose money (Table 62). The majority (72.0%) particularly in Banteay Mean Chey,
Kampong Thom, Phnom Penh and Takeo said they take the risk if they still look fine they can
make profit otherwise they are sold lower price and 28.0% and all traders in Kampong Speu
reported that they cannot sell them because buyers refuse.
Table 62: Affects of buying ill pigs.
Affect of business when
Provinces
buying ill pigs,%
Yes
No
Banteay Mean Chey
100
Battambang
85.7
14.3
Kampong Speu
33.3
66.7
Kampong Thom
87.5
12.5
Phnom Penh
50.0
50.0
Prey Veng
100
Siem Reap
100
Takeo
50.0
50.0
Total
64.1
35.9
(n=25)
(n=14)

If yes, how?
Sell in low price,%
100
33.3
100
100
83.3
100
72.0
(n=18)

Lack of buyer, %
66.7
100
16.7
28.0
(n=7)

Forty one percent who buy sick pigs, sell them to slaughterhouses, while 41.0% slaughter by
themselves and sell directly to consumers and 38.5% sell them to meat processors (Table 63).
Per analysis, all traders in Banteay Mean Chey and Siem Reap sell all to slaughterhouses.
Table 63: Destination of the sale of ill pigs (multiple answers).
Provinces
Slaughterhouse,%
Slaughter and sell directly
to consumer,%
Banteay Mean Chey
100
Battambang
14.3
28.6
Kampong Speu
66.7
Kampong Thom
75.0
37.5
Phnom Penh
50.0
Prey Veng
20.0
40.0
Siem Reap
100
Takeo
25.0
100
Total
41.0
41.0
(n=16)
(n=16)

Meat processor,%
85.7
66.7
37.5
50.0
20.0
38.5
(n=15)

IV.3.3.10. Arrangement for sale of pigs

Out of 82 traders/middlemen and official importers, 37.8% make the arrangement with the
buyers (Table 64). With this arrangement, 80.6% arrange the sale with the slaughterhouse
owner, 12.9% with meat processors and 6.45% in Takeo with other farmers.
Table 64: Arrangement made by traders/middlemen and official importers in selling pigs.
Provinces
Any arrangement
If yes, with whom?
made,%
Yes
No
Slaughterhouse,
Meat
Farmers, %
%
processor, %
Banteay Mean Chey
40.0
60.0
75.0
25.0
Battambang
40.0
60.0
100
Kampong Speu
20.0
80.0
100
Kampong Thom
70.0
30.0
100
Phnom Penh
16.7
83.3
100
Prey Veng
20.0
80.0
100
Siem Reap
60.0
40.0
100
Takeo
40.0
60.0
25.0
25.0
50.0
Total
37.8
62.2
80.6
12.9
6.45
(n=31)
(n=51)
(n=25)
(n=4)
(n=2)

Under this arrangement, the traders/middlemen should (i) supply pigs daily (60.9%), (ii) supply
pigs on time (65.2%) and (iii) price of pigs is negotiable (34.8%) and slaughterhouses should (i)
accept the number of pigs as agreed (86.4%), (ii) pay cash after getting the pigs (63.6%), price
set based on body condition and breed (28.6%) and be able not to buy of pigs supply not
diseases free (9.50%). (Table 65).
101 | P a g e

On average, the middlemen/traders make the trading margin of 4.67% compared to their
buying price when selling to the slaughterhouses. This increase is high in Kampong Speu
(6.50%) and Prey Veng (6.25%) and low in Banteay Mean Chey (3.83%), Phnom Penh (3.50%)
and Siem Reap (2.83%).
Table 65: Description of arrangement between traders/middlemen and slaughterhouses.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Obligation of the traders, %

Obligation of the slaughterhouse, %
(multiple answers)
(multiple answers)
Supply Supply Price based Accept
Pay cash Price set
Reject
pig
pigs on
on
pigs
after
according ill pigs
daily
time negotiation based on receiving to body
order
pigs
condition
and
breed
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
50.0
50.0
100
75.0
75.0
25.0
100
75.0
25.0
100
100
100
100
60.9
65.2
34.8
86.4
63.6
28.6
9.50
(n=14)
(n=15)
(n=8)
(n=19)
(n=14)
(n=6)
(n=2)

% price
increase
when
selling to
slaughter
house,
Ave. SE
3.830.72
4.000.31
6.501.14
5.420.46
3.500.50
6.250.25
2.830.30
4.650.00
4.670.33

IV.3.3.11. Numbers of pigs die during transportation in previous month

On average, the number of vehicles used for transporting pigs during the previous month to
this study was 24.9 (1-130) per trader (Table 66). In one case a trader used 130 vehicles during
the previous month being supplied by 4-5 collectors daily. Among 82 traders/middlemen and
official importers, 69% said their pigs died during the transportation with an average number
of 3.12 (1-15) heads and the reasons were (i) long distance to the users (12.3% except in Prey
Veng, Siem Reap and Takeo), (ii) heat stress (56.1%), (iii) too crowded (43.9%), (iv) pigs got sick
(19.3% except in Banteay Mean Chey and Phnom Penh) and (v) sellers gave too much food
before loading (17.5% except in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap).

102 | P a g e

Table 66: Estimated number of pigs die during transport in previous month.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

# transport
per buying
in last one
month,
Ave. SE

Total pigs
transport,
Ave. SE

# pig died,
Ave. SE

23.83.19
25.73.22
28.21.49
18.73.82
27.21.53
34.510.7
21.12.66
20.23.33
24.91.62

18548.2
296152
91.821.4
70.319.0
1830815
26467.3
58.912.3
272126
418135

1.870.29
2.140.63
2.280.61
2.500.57
5.371.73
5.121.48
1.500.29
3.120.40
3.120.40

Reasons of pigs died, % (multiple answers)

Long
Heat
Too
Sick
Too
distance
crowded
much
to user
eating
when
selling
25.0
37.5
25.0
12.5
25.0
50.0
50.0
37.5
14.3
71.4
42.9
14.3
42.9
12.5
75.0
50.0
12.5
37.5
12.5
87.5
75.0
62.5
12.5
37.5
25.0
25.0
25.0
50.0
16.7
66.7
16.7
16.7
12.3
56.1
43.9
19.3
17.5
(n=7)
(n=32)
(n=25)
(n=11)
(n=10)

IV.3.3.12. Pig transport and frequency of cleaning and disinfection

Among the interviewees, 17 own trucks to load their pigs but none in Banteay Mean Chey,
Kampong Speu and Kampong Thom (Table 67a). Only 1 trader in Phnom Penh never cleans the
vehicles, while 64.7% and 29.4% clean before and after each travel respectively. About 12% of
traders never disinfect their tucks and 11.8% disinfect once every 3 months.
The official importers said that their trucks are cleaned and disinfected at the border before
loading pigs into Cambodia.
Table 67a: Trucks use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection.
Provinces
Owned,
Frequency of
Frequency of disinfection,%
%
cleaning,%
I
IV
V
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
Banteay Mean Chey
Battambang
10.0
100
100
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
83.3
10.0
70.0
20.0 10.0 20.0 30.0
30.0 10.0
Prey Veng
40.0
75.0
25.0
25.0 25.0
50.0
Siem Reap
10.0
100
100
Takeo
10.0
100
100
Total
20.7
5.90
64.7
29.4 11.8 17.6 35.3 23.5
11.8 11.8
(n=17) (n=1) (n=11) (n=5) (n=2) (n=3) (n=6) (n=4) (n=2) (n=2)
I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport,
VI=once every three months.

Of the total, 14 owned car/minibus and none is recorded in Prey Veng. Among those, 50.0%
clean before each pig transport and another 50.0% do after each pig transport (Table 67b).
Nearly 29.0% never do the disinfection of their car/minibus, while 14.3% in Takeo disinfect
103 | P a g e

once per week, 28.6% in Kampong Thom and Phnom Penh disinfect before each pig transport
and 28.6% disinfect after each pig transport.
Table 67b: Car/minibuses use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection them.
Provinces
Owned,
Frequency of
Frequency of disinfection,%
%
cleaning, %
IV
V
I
III
IV
V
Banteay Mean Chey
10.0
100
100
Battambang
10.0
100
100
Kampong Speu
10.0
100
100
Kampong Thom
40.0
50.0
50.0
25.0
25.0
50.0
Phnom Penh
33.3
75.0
25.0
25.0
50.0
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
10.0
100
100
Takeo
20.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Total
17.1
50.0
50.0
28.6
14.3
28.6
28.6
(n=14)
(n=7)
(n=7)
(n=4)
(n=2)
(n=4)
(n=4)
I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport.

Sixteen traders/middlemen (19.5% of all interviewed traders) owned a remork motorbike.

Within their property; 6.30% in Battambang clean once per month, 25.0% clean before each
pig transport and 68.8% do after each pig transport (Table 67c). Also, 50.0% never disinfect,
18.8% disinfect once per month, 12.5% disinfect once per week and 18.8% disinfect after each
pig transport.
Table 67c: Remork use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection.
Provinces
Owned,
Frequency of cleaning, %
Frequency of disinfection,%
%
II
IV
V
I
II
III
V
Banteay Mean Chey
10.0
100
100
Battambang
70.0
14.3
28.6
57.1
42.9
28.6
14.3
14.3
Kampong Speu
10.0
100
100
Kampong Thom
20.0
100
50.0
50.0
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
30.0
33.3
66.7
66.7
33.3
Siem Reap
Takeo
20.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0
Total
19.5
6.30
25.0
68.8
50.0
18.8
12.5
18.8
(n=16)
(n=1)
(n=4)
(n=11)
(n=8)
(n=3)
(n=2)
(n=3)
I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport.

There are 45 traders/middlemen who owned motorbikes to transport their pigs in the trading
business. Of the motorbike owners; 2.20% in Kampong Speu never clean, 6.70% clean once per
month, 15.6% clean once per week, 28.9% clean before each pigs transport and 46.7% clean
after each pig transport. Besides that, 48.9% never do the disinfection their motorbikes, while
104 | P a g e

4.40%, 15.6%, 4.40% and 26.7% disinfect once per month, once per week, before each pig
transport and after each pig transport (Table 67d).
Table 67d: Motorbikes use to transport pigs and frequency of cleaning and disinfection.
Provinces
Banteay Mean Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Owned,
%
80.0
40.0
90.0
50.0
40.0
80.0
70.0
54.9
(n=45)

I
11.1
2.20
(n=1)

Frequency of cleaning,%
II
III
IV
V
25.0
25.0
50.0
25.0
25.0
50.0
22.2 11.1
22.2
33.3
40.0
20.0
40.0
75.0
25.0
100
14.3 14.3
57.1
14.3
6.70 15.6 28.9
46.7
(n=3) (n=7) (n=13) (n=21)

I
25.0
75.0
77.8
40.0
50.0
12.5
71.4
48.9
(n=22)

Frequency of disinfection,%
II
III
IV
V
37.5
37.5
25.0
11.1
11.1
20.0
20.0
20.0
25.0
25.0
87.5
14.3
14.3
4.40
15.6
4.40
26.7
(n=2)
(n=7)
(n=2)
(n=12)

I=never, II=once per month, III=once per week, IV=before each pig transport, V=after each pig transport.

IV.3.3.13. Documents requirement for transporting pigs

Among 82 interviewees, 58.0% reported that documents are needed for transporting pigs
especially all traders in Phnom Penh (Table 68a). Among those, 59.6% reported that they need
to have business license (patent), license from vet (31.9%), certificate of animal health (31.9%),
letter of buying (8.50%), receipt of service payment (10.6%) and importation license (4.30%).
Table 68a: Requirement of documents for transporting pigs.
Provinces

Documents required
for transporting
pigs, %
Yes
No
Banteay Mean Chey
50.0
50.0
Battambang
60.0
40.0
Kampong Speu
60.0
40.0
Kampong Thom
70.0
30.0
Phnom Penh
100
Prey Veng
50.0
50.0
Siem Reap
20.0
80.0
Takeo
40.0
60.0
Total
57.3
42.7
(n=47)
(n=35)

If yes, what type of documents?, %

(multiple answers)
A
80.0
28.6
41.7
40.0
50.0
31.9
(n=15)

B
20.0
100
50.0
71.4
58.3
60.0
50.0
50.0
59.6
(n=28)

C
50.0
58.3
40.0
50.0
50.0
31.9
(n=15)

D
50.0
20.0
8.50
(n=4)

E
16.7
16.7
40.0
10.6
(n=5)

F
16.7
4.30
(n=2)

A= transportation license from vet; B= business license; C= certificate of animal health; D= letter of
buying; E= receipt of service payment; F= importation license

More than half (52.0%) except respondents in Siem Reap are asked to stop their vehicles by
provincial/district vets (65.1%), by police (41.9%), by Military Police (39.5%), by vet from DAHP
(16.3%), by custom officers (11.6%) and by local authority and provincial economic police (2.3)
(Table 68b).
Those who were not asked to stop their vehicles gave the reason that they were transporting
pigs (i) within the district/province (84.6%) and (ii) small local business (15.4%).
105 | P a g e

Table 68b: Institutions asking vehicles to stop during transportation pigs.

Provinces

Ask for
stopping
during
transport
pigs, %
Yes
No
Banteay Mean Chey 80.0
20.0
Battambang
50.0
50.0
Kampong Speu
20.0
80.0
Kampong Thom
50.0
50.0
Phnom Penh
100
Prey Veng
60.0
40.0
Siem Reap
100
Takeo
50.0
50.0
Total
52.4
47.6
(n=43) (n=39)

If yes, who ask for stopping your vehicle?, %

(multiple answers)

A
62.5
40.0
100
60.0
58.3
100
60.0
65.1
(n=28)

B
25.0
20.0
16.7
40.0
16.3
(n=7)

C
37.5
60.0
100
25.0
33.3
40.0
41.9
(n=18)

D
E
40.0
40.0
40.0
66.7
16.7
33.3
60.0
20.0
39.5
11.6
(n=17) (n=5)

F
40.0
4.70
(n=2)

If no, why?,
%

G
20.0
2.30
(n=1)

I
100
80.0
37.5
100
100
100
100
100
84.6
(n=33)

II
20.0
62.5
15.4
(n=6)

A= Provincial/district vets; B= Vet from DAHP; C= Police; D= PM; E= Custom agent; F= Local authorities;
G=Provincial economic police.
I= buying only within district/province; II= small local business.

Among traders who are asked to stop their vehicles, 62.8% said that the stopping authorities
just wanted money, particularly in Kampong Thom and Takeo, 60.5% said they were asked for
an animal movement certificate, 18.6% said the authorities checked animal health of the pigs
in the vehicles and 20.9% said that sick pigs might separated for quarantine in they were are
detected (Table 68c).
Within the 82 traders/middlemen and official importers, 45 and 47 of them pay for official fee
and unofficial fee for the pigs transportation respectively. On average, traders/middlemen are
required to make 95,489.00 (2,000-1,000,000) riel official payments and 20,713.00 (1,000100,000) riel for unofficial payments for each trip. The traders in Siem Reap pay provincial vets
1,000.00 riel per head of pig at the slaughterhouses.
Table 68c: Reasons for stopping and fee charge for each transportation of pigs.
Provinces
Purpose of stopping, %
Spent (riel) for transportation,
(multiple answers)
Ave.SE
A
B
C
D
Official fee
Unofficial fee
Banteay Mean Chey
50.0
50.0
3,000-30,000
10,000-100,000
Battambang
40.0
60.0
7,500-150,000
10,000-35,000
Kampong Speu
100
100
50.0
2,000-25,000
5,000
Kampong Thom
60.0
100
3,000-240,000
1,000-80,000
Phnom Penh
83.3
25.0
25.0
50.0
20,000-1,000,000
2,000-100,000
Prey Veng
66.7
16.7
50.0
66.7
12,000-140,000
5,000-30,000
Siem Reap
3,000-180,000
2,000-40,000
Takeo
60.0
40.0
20.0
80.0
7,000-50,000
3,000-22,500
Total
60.5
18.6
20.9
62.8
95,48931,169
20,7133,621
106 | P a g e

Case study 5: Piglet middlemen in Banteay Mean Chey

Mr. Ri Chet, 32 years, lives in Bok Thom village, Rong Kor commune, Krolanh district,
Banteay Mean Chey. He is a piglet middleman. He has been running this business for 9-10
years. There is no pig collector working for him and usually he only purchases directly
from smallholder producers. The targeted areas for pig collection are in Kralanh and
Phnom Srok in Banteay Mean Chey and Samrong in Odor Mean Chey. He buys 7-10
piglets daily. He sells those to smallholder producers in Poipet, Malai and Serei Sorphorn
in Banteay Mean Chey and Kampong Kdey in Siem Reap and to processor (roasted
piglets) in Serei Sorphorn. During high demand periods (festivities) for roasted piglets
with a weight of about 20 kg he can sell 10 heads per day.
He uses motorbike to transport the piglet with 7-10 heads per time. His motorbike is
cleaned and disinfected with soap after each pig transport. Documents for transportation
are not required as he operates small business. However, he pays about 10,000 riel
unofficial fee for each transport.
During the PRRS outbreak, his business was stopped because no supply of pigs. The price
of piglets was better before PRRS outbreak; however, he can get a trading margin of at
least 20,000 riel per head.

Selling volume, buying and selling prices.

Descriptions
Price of piglets
when buying in
(riel/head)
Before PRRS
220,000-260,000
outbreak
During (2 months)
After PRRS outbreak
190,000-200,000

Price of piglets
when selling out in
(riel/head)
240,000-280,000

# piglets sold

200,000-220,000

1-2

10

(n=26)
(n=8)
(n=9)
(n=27)
A= animal movement certificate; B=animal health; C=separate sick animals; D=unofficial payment

IV.3.4. Trading partners

IV.3.4.1. Business dealers
Nearly 98% of the traders/middlemen make business deals with pig raisers and farmers, 64.6%
are partners with slaughterhouse owners and 51.2% do trading with other traders (Table 69).
All traders in Siem Reap also trade with slaughterhouse owner. Almost all traders/middlemen
(91.5%) prefer working with raisers and farmers (Case study 5), 72.0% prefer to trade with
other traders and 58.5% prefer to trade with slaughterhouse owners.

107 | P a g e

Table 69: Trading partners and preferences (Multiple answers).

Provinces
Persons to trade with, %
Preference to trade with?, %
Raiser/
SlaughterOther
Raiser/
SlaughterOther
farmer
house
traders
farmer
house
traders
owners
owners
Banteay Mean Chey
100
40.0
40.0
100
60.0
50.0
Battambang
80.0
70.0
70.0
90.0
70.0
60.0
Kampong Speu
100
40.0
40.0
70.0
30.0
80.0
Kampong Thom
100
80.0
40.0
100
100
80.0
Phnom Penh
100
66.7
75.0
91.7
66.7
75.0
Prey Veng
100
60.0
70.0
100
20.0
70.0
Siem Reap
100
100
30.0
100
90.0
100
Takeo
100
60.0
40.0
80.0
30.0
60.0
Total
97.6
64.6
51.2
91.5
58.5
72.0
(n=80)
(n=53)
(n=42)
(n=75)
(n=48)
(n=59)

IV.3.4.2. Trading association in Cambodia

Out of 82 interviewees, only 7.3% in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu and
Phnom Penh know that there is a traders' organization in Cambodia while 53.7% said that
there is no such association in Cambodia and 39% do not know about the existence of the pig
trading association. Among those who know this association, 66.7% are members of the
association in Battambang and Banteay Mean Chey (Table 70). About 33% of the respondents
think that it is important to have the pig traders association formed but 18% of them said it
should not be formed and 49% of them are not sure about what could association help them. A
small percentage of interviewees mentioned about the association and at present there is no
specific association for trading pigs. However, there are a few Pig Raising Associations in some
provinces but there is no national association representing the pig producers.
Table 70: Existence of pig trading association in Cambodia.
Provinces
Trader organizations /
If yes, are you
associations exist in
belong to these
Cambodia, %
associations,%
Yes
No
Dont
Yes
No
know
Banteay Mean Chey 10.0
90.0
100
Battambang
30.0
10.0
60.0
100
Kampong Speu
10.0
90.0
100
Kampong Thom
20.0
80.0
Phnom Penh
8.30
66.7
25.0
100
Prey Veng
100
Siem Reap
50.0
50.0
Takeo
90.0
10.0
Total
7.30
53.7
39.0
66.7
33.3
(n=6) (n=44)
(n=32)
(n=4)
(n=2)

Do you think association

should be formed?, %
Yes

No

60.0
40.0
20.0
20.0
16.7
10.0
90.0
10.0
32.9
(n=27)

40.0
20.0
33.3
10.0
10.0
30.0
18.3
(n=15)

Dont
know
40.0
60.0
40.0
60.0
50.0
80.0
60.0
48.8
(n=40)

108 | P a g e

About 83.0% of the respondents know that there are informal traders' networks in Cambodia
especially in Kampong Thom, Prey Veng and Siem Reap (Table 71). Among those, 72.1% work
in these networks within the province and with traders in other provinces, 32.4% they work
through these informal networks because they are friends and about 3% especially in
Battambang and Kampong Speu work in these networks because they are family members
and relatives.
Table 71: Informal network of traders in Cambodia.
Provinces
Informal traders
If yes, how is the informal networks?, %
networks in
(multiple answers)
Cambodia, %
Yes
No
Family's
Friends
Other traders in
members/
and outside the
relatives
province
Banteay Mean Chey
60.0
40.0
50.0
50.0
Battambang
80.0
20.0
12.5
37.5
62.5
Kampong Speu
40.0
60.0
25.0
100
Kampong Thom
100
50.0
60.0
Phnom Penh
91.7
8.30
9.10
90.9
Prey Veng
100
10.0
100
Siem Reap
100
70.0
30.0
Takeo
90.0
10.0
22.2
88.9
Total
82.9
17.1
2.90
32.4
72.1
(n=68)
(n=14)
(n=2)
(n=22)
(n=49)

IV.3.5. Interest in pig trading

Out of 82 interviewees, 76.8% they are interested in pig trading because it is easy to get profit,
32.9% because they are free from other works, 24.4% said because it is family heritage, 19.5%
follow other friends and relatives and 18.3% do this pig trading because they have no other
jobs (Table 72).
Table 72: Interest in pigs trading in Cambodia (multiple answers).
Provinces
Easy to get
Family
Follow the other
profit, %
heritage, %
people, %
Banteay Mean Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

80.0
50.0
100
80.0
75.0
80.0
70.0
80.0
76.8 (n=63)

20.0
40.0
10.0
30.0
41.7
50.0
24.4 (n=20)

10.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
8.30
20.0
40.0
20.0
19.5 (n=16)

Free from
other
works, %
30.0
20.0
40.0
40.0
25.0
30.0
50.0
30.0
32.9 (n=27)

No job, %

50.0
20.0
30.0
10.0
20.0
10.0
10.0
18.3 (n=15)

109 | P a g e

Traders/middlemen consider the lack of capital (17.1%) and difficult road (14.6%) very serious
difficulties in pig trading (Table 73).
Table 73: Difficulties in pig trading.
Descriptions
1. Obey the govt. law
2. Un-official tax payment
3. Pigs lose weight/get weak after buying
4. Lack of adequate pigs for buying
5. Lack of transportation mean
6. Lack of capital
7. Use a lot of labor
8. Difficult road
9. Lack of customers
10. Customer owed

Very serious, %
3.70 (n=3)
9.80 (n=8)
7.30 (n=6)
12.2 (n=10)
1.20 (n=1)
17.1 (n=14)
9.80 (n=8)
14.6 (n=12)
11.0 (n=9)
11.0 (n=9)

Serious, %
28.0 (n=23)
29.3 (n=24)
47.6 (n=39)
46.3 (n=38)
17.1 (n=14)
36.6 (n=30)
23.2 (n=19)
35.4 (n=29)
41.5 (n=34)
34.1 (n=28)

Less serious, %
68.3 (n=56)
61.0 (n=50)
45.1 (n=37)
41.5 (n=34)
81.7 (n=67)
46.3 (n=38)
67.1 (n=55)
50.0 (n=41)
47.6 (n=39)
54.9 (n=45)

Respondents make the following suggestions in order to improve their pigs trading: help to
make the price of pigs' stable (24%), improve the road condition (19.5%), establish pig traders'
association (17.1%), provide training to pig raisers especially the smallholder farmers so that
they could produce good quality of pigs, concerned authorities should issue relevant
documents on time when asking for (Table 74):
Table 74: Suggestions to improve pig trading (multiple answers).
Provinces
Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

A, %

B, %

C, %

D, %

E, %

F, %

G, %

40.0

10.0

10.0

20.0

10.0

40.0
20.0
7.30
(n=6)

10.0
30.0
8.30
50.0
17.1
(n=14)

10.0
40.0
10.0
7.30
(n=6)

20.0
30.0
41.7
50.0
19.5
(n=16)

20.0
10.0
40.0
9.80
(n=8)

20.0
30.0
25.0
40.0
10.0
50.0
24.4
(n=20)

10.0
16.7
4.90
(n=4)

H, %
-

I, %
-

J, %
30.0

10.0
60.0
8.50
(n=7)

20.0
2.40
(n=2)

30.0
20.0
30.0
25.0
40.0
22.0
(n=18)

A= Reduce slaughtering fee; B= Form the pig trader association; C= Stop imported pigs; D=Improve the
road; E= Train farmers on pig raising; F= Keep stable of pig price; G= Reduce tax; H= Provide trading
license on time; I= Reduce unofficial fee; J=No suggestion.

110 | P a g e

Slaughterhouses

IV.4. Slaughterhouses
Also 12 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap and Phnom Penh were interviewed. Their selection is
based on the list available from DAHP and their willingness to allow team to interview.
IV.4.1. Information of slaughterhouses
On average, the age of the respondents is 48.7 years old (Table 75). In overall, 58.3% never
attended school and 41.7% have grade 1-7. Per observation, the slaughterhouse business is
generally inherited through generation of family especially from parents. Among respondents,
each slaughterhouse has 5.0 members with 2 males and 3 females.
The interviewees in Phnom Penh reported that their main occupation is slaughterhouse
business, while in Siem Reap 33.3% said that they are owners of slaughterhouses, 33.3% are
slaughterhouse managers, 16.7% are pig killers and 16.7% also works as mobile restaurant to
111 | P a g e

serve food during the occasional ceremony such as wedding, cerebration etc. This mobile
restaurant is generally organized on the roadside.
The slaughterhouses employ 6.75 (1-20) persons at the start of business but 11.2 (2-40) persons
at present. Fewer workers in Phnom Penh are employed compared to slaughterhouses in Siem
Reap. The reason is that Siem Reap is nearby the source of labors and slaughterhouses in
Phnom Penh need to look for labors from provinces. All interviewed slaughterhouses have
official permits. More than 40% of respondents reported that they receive the permit from the
Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH) while 75% received from the Provincial
Department of Agriculture (PDA).
The average size of slaughterhouse in Siem Reap is smaller (2,752 m2) than in Phnom Penh of
5,074 m2. The coverage area of slaughterhouses in Siem Reap for meat distribution is 389 km 2
and 678 km2 for Phnom Penh. All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are established next to
residential buildings and only 1 of them also is next to the empty space. However, 66.7%,
33.3%, 16.7% and 16.7% of slaughterhouses in Siem Reap are next to empty space, residential
building, rice/crop field and rice mills respectively (Figure 14 & Figure 15).

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Figure 14: Location of targeted slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh

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Figure 15: Locations of targeted slaughterhouses in Siem Reap

In Siem Reap, the actual average slaughtering is 40.2 heads/day per slaughterhouse, while in
Phnom Penh each could do 146 heads/day to supply to the markets in Phnom Penh.
Table 75: General information of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
1. Age of respondent, Ave. SE
47.73.83
49.73.45
2. Education level, %
No education
66.7 (n=4)
50.0 (n=3)
Grade 1-7
33.3 (n=2)
50.0 (n=3)
Grade 8-12
College/university
3. Family members, Ave. SE
5.670.76
4.330.67
# male, Ave. SE
2.170.40
1.670.33
# female, Ave. SE
3.500.76
2.670.61
4. Main occupation of the respondent, %
Slaughterhouse owners
100 (n=6)
33.3 (n=2)
Slaughterhouse manager
33.3 (n=2)
Pig slaughter
16.7 (n=1)
Mobile restaurants to serve food for wedding and other
ceremonies
16.7 (n=1)
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5. # workers at start, Ave. SE

6. # workers at present, Ave. SE
7. Having had the official permit, %
8. If have, which institutions, % (multiple answers)
Department of Animal Production and Health (DAPH)
Provincial Department of Agriculture (PDA)
9. Total areas of slaughterhouse (sq. m), Ave. SE
10. Coverage area for meat distribution (sq. km), Ave.
SE
11. Type of establishment exists next to your
slaughterhouse, % (multiple answers)
Other slaughterhouse
Empty space
Residential building
Rice/crop field
Rice miller
12. Capacity of slaughtering (# pigs per day), Ave. SE

4.671.28
11.14.15
100 (n=6)

8.832.64
11.35.80
100 (n=6)

50.0 (n=3)
50.0 (n=3)
5,0742,149

33.3 (n=2)
100 (n=6)
2,7521,029

6780.00

389143

16.7 (n=1)
100 (n=6)
14635.3

66.7 (n=4)
33.3 (n=2)
16.7 (n=1)
16.7 (n=1)
40.230.1

IV.4.2. Slaughterhouse/business status

Except 2 slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh operate over 10 years, the rest operate between 1-10
years. All interviewed slaughterhouses are private enterprises and they supply meat
throughout of the year (Table 76). All slaughterhouses rent to several individuals by charging
them a fee. Few owners (33.3%) 0f the slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap also
slaughter pigs for the markets. Each slaughterhouse is rent out to 5-10 individuals of which
each individual slaughters 15-30 pigs daily. 91.6% of slaughterhouses provide space for
quarantine of animals. Majority of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh are wholesalers and retailers
while in Siem Reap there are more retailers.
Most slaughterhouses (83.3%) in Phnom Penh only slaughter pigs and the remaining slaughter
pigs and cattle while in Siem Reap, 83.3% slaughter pigs, cattle and buffaloes and the
remaining only slaughter pigs.
Table 76: The status of the slaughterhouse/business in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
13. Years of slaughterhouse established, Ave. SE
1-2 years
3-5 years
16.7 (n=1)
66.7 (n=4)
6-10 years
50.0 (n=3)
33.3 (n=2)
Over 10 years
33.3 (n=2)
14. Type of enterprise that slaughterhouse currently have,
%
Private
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Government owned
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Both private and government

15. Slaughterhouse/business operation, %
Regular (throughout the year)
Seasonal (only part of the year)
16. Type of service that slaughterhouse provide in relation
to slaughtering, % (multiple answers)
Slaughter only own animal
Provide slaughtering service for a fee
Provide quarantine service
17. Position in the pig market chain, % (multiple answers)
Slaughterhouse and carcass wholesaler
Slaughterhouse and meat retailer
Slaughterhouse and meat processor
Slaughterhouse, retailer and processor
18. Kind of animals to slaughter, %
Only pig
Pig and cattle
Pig, cattle and buffalo
19. Proportion of pigs in relation to other types of animals
that slaughtered, %
100%
75%
50%
25%

100 (n=6)
-

100 (n=6)
-

33.3 (n=2)
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)

33.3 (n=2)
100 (n=6)
83.3 (n=5)

66.7 (n=4)
83.3 (n=5)
-

33.3 (n=2)
100 (n=6)
-

83.3 (n=5)
16.7 (n=1)
-

16.7 (n=1)
83.3 (n=5)

83.3 (n=5)
16.7 (n=1)
-

16.7 (n=1)
66.7 (n=4)
16.7 (n=1)
-

IV.4.3. Pig supply chain

Prices at different players to the consumers
Figure 16 shows the flow and prices at different players from slaughterhouses to the

consumers. From slaughterhouses carcass is sold to whole sellers, processors, retailers,

restaurants and consumers and similar flows also go to different players except to the
consumers. The price of carcass is high when carcass is sold to restaurant and consumers.

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Figure 16: Prices of carcass from slaughterhouses to consumption centers

IV.4.3.1. Suppliers and relative share of pig for slaughtering

Only 4 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap get the supply of culled sows from the pig smallholder
producers (Table 77). The supply of culled sows for these slaughterhouses in Siem Reap is from
Sot Nikum, Chi Kreng and Prasat Bakong districts. Per time, only one culled sow is purchased
with a total of 9 heads per month. Only remork and motorbike are used for transporting culled
sow and each can loads 1.75 (1-3 heads) heads. Although not very common, a slaughterhouse
in Siem Reap buys 1 culled boar per month from smallholder producer in Prasat Bakong
district, Siem Reap. The motorbike is used for transporting the culled boar.
None of slaughterhouse raise finishing pigs themselves for slaughter. The supply of finishing
pigs for slaughtering in Siem Reap is mainly from smallholder producers and few of them get
pigs from large farm/contract farms and middlemen while in Phnom Penh slaughterhouse get
the supply of pigs equally from smallholder producers, large farms/contract farms and
middlemen.
- The supply of pigs to slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are from (i) Kampong Trabek,
Svay Anthor and Me Sang districts in Prey Veng province, (ii) Dong Tong district in
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Kampot province, (iii) Phnom Srouch and Samrong Torng districts in Kampong Speu
province, (iv) Kandal Steung and Kean Svay districts in Kandal province, (v) Tramkak,
Bati and Treang districts in Takeo province, (vi) Kampong Chhnang province; (vii)
Pursat province; (viii) Pailin province, (ix) Kampong Cham province, (x) Siem Reap, (xi)
Kampong Thom, (xii) Khan Sen Sok in Phnom Penh and (xiii) from Thailand (Figure 17).
Figure 17: Movement of pigs to slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh

In Siem Reap, the slaughterhouses get their of pigs supply from Chi Kreng, Sot Nikum,
Prasat Bakong districts and Oddar Meanchey but a slaughterhouse in Krong Siem Reap
also gets pigs from CP Group in Ang Snoul district in Kandal province and from Thailand
(Figure 18).

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Figure 18: Movement of pigs to slaughterhouses in Siem Reap

Per time, on average each slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh buys 148 (13-536) or 4,580 (21016,080) finishing pigs per month while in Siem Reap, 38 (1-190) per time or 1145 (30-5700)
finishing pigs per month. The slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh mainly trucks and pick up cars
for transporting pigs and about 10 pigs per pickup car and 60 pigs per truck can be loaded but
sometime remork is also used. In Siem Reap, remork and motorbikes are very common
transport for all slaughterhouses and on average it can load 4 (2-10) pigs but sometime pick up
cars are also used.
Table 77: Suppliers and the relative share of pig for slaughtering in Phnom Penh and Siem
Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
Supply of culled sows to slaughter
20. A. Type of suppliers, %
Local or crossbred pig small scale producers
100 (n=4)
Large scale or contract farm
Middlemen
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Own production
21. A. Average heads per buying, Ave. SE
22. A. # pigs buying per month, Ave. SE
23. A. Type of vehicle used for transport, %
Truck
Pick up car/minibus
Remork
Motorbike
24. A. #heads per vehicle used, Ave. SE
Supply of finishing pigs to slaughter
20. B. Type of suppliers, %
(multiple answers)
Local or crossbred pigs from smallholder producers
Large scale or contract farm
Middlemen
Own production
21. B. Average heads per buying, Ave. SE
22. B. # pigs buying per month, Ave. SE
23. B. Type of vehicle used for transport, %

1.000.00
9.007.01

50.0 (n=2)
50.0 (n=2)
1.750.48

66.7 (n=4)
66.7 (n=4)
66.7 (n=4)
15879.2
4,5802,426

100 (n=6)
16.7 (n=1)
16.7 (n=1)
38.230.4
1,145913

50.0 (n=3)
50.0 (n=3)
16.7 (n=1)
33.36.79

16.7 (n=1)
100 (n=6)
83.3 (n=5)
4.331.22

(multiple answers)

Truck
Pick up car/minibus
Remork
Motorbike
24. B. #heads per vehicle used, Ave. SE

IV.4.3.2.Type of vehicles owned and frequency of cleaning and disinfecting

Fifty percent of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh own trucks but none in Siem Reap. All
interviewed slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh reported that they clean their truck after each pig
transport (Table 78). However, 66.7% said that they disinfect their trucks once per week and
33.3% mentioned that they do before transportation.
Similarly, 50% and 16.7% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively own
pick up car/minibus and they cleanse their vehicles once after each pig transport. Each of
slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh disinfects their pick up car differently; once a week, once per
month and before each pig transport and a slaughterhouse in Siem Reap that disinfects pick up
car does it after pig transport.
A slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh owns remork and he cleanses it once per month but never
disinfects it. All slaughterhouses in Siem Reap own remorks and most of them clean and
disinfect their remorks once after using it.

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Eighty percent of slaughterhouses owned motorbike in Siem Reap and they cleanse their
vehicles before each pig transport and 20% reported that they do after each pig transport. Also
80% of them said they disinfect after each pig transport and 20% do once per week.
The disinfection in this case, they use normal soap especially in Siem Reap to reduce smell of
pig manure in their vehicles.
Table 78: Type of vehicles owned and frequency of cleaning and disinfecting by
slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
Truck
25. A. Owned, %
Yes
50.0 (n=3)
No
50.0 (n=3)
100 (n=6)
26. A. Frequency of cleaning, %
Never
Once per month
Once per week
Before each pig transport
After each pig transport
100 (n=3)
27. A. Frequency of disinfecting, %
Never
Once per month
Once per week
66.7 (n=2)
Before each pig transport
33.3 (n=1)
After each pig transport
Car/minibus
25. B. Owned, %
Yes
50.0 (n=3)
16.7 (n=1)
No
50.0 (n=3)
83.3 (n=5)
26. B. Frequency of cleaning, %
Never
Once per month
Once per week
Before each pig transport
After each pig transport
100 (n=3)
100 (n=1)
27. B. Frequency of disinfecting, %
Never
Once per month
33.3 (n=1)
Once per week
33.3 (n=1)
Before each pig transport
33.3 (n=1)
After each pig transport
100 (n=1)
Remork
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25. C. Owned, %
Yes
No
26. C. Frequency of cleaning, %
Never
Once per month
Once per week
Before each pig transport
After each pig transport
27. C. Frequency of disinfecting, %
Never
Once per month
Once per week
Before each pig transport
After each pig transport
Motorbike
25. D. Owned, %
Yes
No
26. D. Frequency of cleaning, %
Never
Once per month
Once per week
Before each pig transport
After each pig transport
27. D. Frequency of disinfecting, %
Never
Once per month
Once per week
Before each pig transport
After each pig transport

16.7 (n=1)
83.3 (n=5)

100 (n=6)
-

100 (n=1)
-

16.7 (n=1)
83.3 (n=5)

100 (n=1)
-

16.7 (n=1)
83.3 (n=5)

100 (n=1)

83.3 (n=5)
16.7 (n=6)

20.0 (n=1)
80.0 (n=5)

20.0 (n=1)
80.0 (n=4)

IV.4.3.3.Assess pig value and arrangement with suppliers

Fifty percent of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap reported they assess the value
of pigs by weighing, while another 50% said that they do so based on both by weighing and
visual inspection (Table 79). Only 2 slaughterhouses in both interviewed locations said that
they have an agreement with pigs' suppliers and this agreement is verbal. All reported that
they order pigs with negotiated price while the suppliers have an obligation to supply healthy
pigs with market prices as verbal agreement. However, some slaughterhouses also have verbal
agreement with traders to bring pigs to their slaughterhouses for slaughtering by them. In this
case the slaughterhouse provides (i) slaughtering place, (ii) supplies workers for slaughter, and
(iii) supplies water and electricity. Traders are required to (i) bring healthy pigs for slaughtering,
122 | P a g e

(ii) transport carcass to the markets, (iii) pay for service. The cost of the service is of 4,0005,000 riel per head.
Table 79: Assess pig value and arrangement with suppliers for buying pigs of slaughterhouses
in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh Siem Reap
28. Assess pig value, %
Inspect by ocular
Weighing
50.0 (n=3)
50.0 (n=3)
Both of above
50.0 (n=3)
50.0 (n=3)
29. Any arrangement with suppliers, %
Yes
16.7 (n=1)
16.7 (n=1)
No
83.3 (n=5)
83.3 (n=5)
30. Type of arrangement, %
Verbal
100 (n=1)
100 (n=1)
Contract
Other (specify..)
31. If yes, please describe the arrangement, %
Obligation of the slaughterhouses
Order pigs
100 (n=1)
100 (n=1)
Price negotiation
100 (n=1)
100 (n=1)
Obligation of the suppliers
Supply pig by order with healthy
100 (n=1)
100 (n=1)
Price based on market
100 (n=1)
100 (n=1)
IV.4.3.4.Number of pigs and live weight according to breeds
The variation of number of pigs bought is large between slaughterhouses in Siem Reap and
Phnom Penh. On average, each slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh purchased 66 (42-90) local
pigs, 2,913 (90-14,311) crossbreed pigs and 1,370 (60-2,250) improved breeds per month. Each
slaughterhouse in Siem Reap bought 824 (31-3,000) crossbreed pigs per month (Table 80).
Only one slaughterhouse in Siem Reap bought 92 local pigs and the other bought 2,700
improved pigs. Only a few local and crossbreed culled sows are bought by slaughterhouses in
Siem Reap. The large difference in pig meat demand between Phnom Penh and Siem Reap is
by the number of population and also visitors. The population of Krong Siem Reap according to
Census 2008 was about 24,000 persons compared with 1,327,615 persons in Phnom Penh. In
Siem Reap the number of tourists is estimated to be about 5,000 persons daily or 15,000
tourists monthly. Although no report is available, it is expected that Phnom Penh is also the
attractive centre for tourists and in this case Phnom Penh would have demanded 4-5 times
more pig meat compared to Siem Reap.
Among the three breed types s, crossbred pigs are the largest percentage for both Siem Reap
and Phnom Penh. Mainly finishing pigs and only very few culled sows are slaughtered.. On
average local and crossbreed culled sows have a live weight of over 100 kg and for local and
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crossbreed finishing pigs the live weight is about 70 kg and improved pigs are around 90 kg.
Three slaughterhouses in Siem Reap paid 7,500-8,000 riel/kg live weight? of crossbred pigs
below 50-60kg but over this weight the price was 8,000-8,200 riel/kg. For the improved breeds
they offered even higher rates of9200 riel/kg. Similarly for local breeds, when they are below
80 kg the price is 7,500 riel/kg but over 80 kg they get 8200 riel/kg.
Table 80: Number of pigs bought per month (prior to survey date) and their average live
weight according to breeds for slaughtering in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, Cambodia.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
# pigs bought in last one month
32. Culled sows, heads Ave. SE
Local breed
1.00 (na)
Crossbred
11.39.35
Improved breed
33. Finishing pigs, heads Ave. SE
Local breed
66.024.0
92.0 (na)
Crossbred
2,9132,303
815550
Improved breed
1,370470
2,700 (na)
34. Overall, heads Ave. SE
Local breed
66.024.0
92.0 (na)
Crossbred
2,9132,303
824549
Improved breed
1,379470
2,700 (na)
Ave. live weight of pigs for slaughtering
35. Culled sows, kg Ave. SE
Local breed
110 (na)
Crossbred
1356.45
Improved breed
36. Finishing pigs, kg Ave. SE
Local breed
70.010.0
70.0 (na)
Crossbred
77.56.55
77.02.00
Improved breed
90.03.53
90.0 (na)
IV.4.3.5. Frequency of slaughtering pigs and number of heads slaughtered per day
On average, 83.3% and 66.7% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively
slaughter pigs daily, 33.3% slaughter pigs twice daily and 16.7% slaughter pigs once in every 2
days (Table 81).
The minimum and maximum numbers of pigs slaughtered per day respectively are 75 heads
and 188 heads for slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and 30 heads and 47 heads for
slaughterhouses in Siem Reap.

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Table 81: Frequency of slaughtering pigs and number of heads slaughtered per day of
slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
37. Frequency of slaughtering pigs, %
Once a day
83.3 (n=5)
66.7 (n= 4)
Twice a day
33.3 (n=2)
Every 2 days
16.7 (n=1)
Once a week
38. # pigs slaughtered per day, Ave. SE
Minimum
75.026.8
30.025.9
Maximum
18868.6
46.536.8
IV.4.3.6. Carcass distribution and delivery
Among the six interviewed slaughterhouses in Siem Reap, 2 sell 10-20% to processors, 6 sell
20-80% directly to customers, 5 sell 20-100% to retailers and 2 sell 20-100% to whole sellers of
the total volume of slaughtered pigs. None sells meat to supermarket but one slaughterhouse
sells about 15% of the total volume to restaurants in Siem Reap. The average prices of carcass
are 12,750 riel/ kg for processors, 12,800 riel/kg for retailers, 14,500 riel/kg and 12,400 riel/kg
respectively for directly to customers and whole sellers. The average price sold to restaurant is
14,000 riel/kg. It is common practice to deliver to clients free of charge but also clients collect
meat at the slaughterhouse at their own cost. All meat from Siem Reap slaughterhouses is sold
within Siem Reap province at the districts nearby the slaughterhouse and in Siem Reap town.
In Phnom Penh, among, none of the 6 interviewed slaughterhouses reported the sale of meat
to processors not directly to customers. 3 slaughterhouses sell 15-25% of total volume of
slaughtered pigs to retailers and all sell 85-100% to whole sellers. All slaughterhouses sell pig
meat within the capital of Phnom Penh. The average price of carcass for sale to retailers is
12,667 riel/kg and 12,167 riel/kg for the whole sellers. Most customers of the slaughterhouses in
Phnom Penh have to pick up meat from slaughterhouses at their own cost and a few whole
sellers with larger volumes are delivered by the slaughterhouses.
IV.4.3.7.Persons set selling price and mode of payment
66.7% and 50% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively reported that
the price of pig meat is set by themselves, 50% in Siem Reap and 16.7% in Phnom Penh said
the price is based current market price and 16.7% of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh reported
that price of pig meat is based on negotiation between sellers (Table 82). The common modes
of payments are by cash and credit.

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Table 82: Persons set selling price of carcass and mode of payment of slaughterhouses in
Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
39. Persons set selling price, %
Fixed by sellers (slaughterhouses)
66.7 (n=4)
50.0 (n=3)
Based on current market price
16.7 (n=1)
50.0 (n=3)
Negotiated between buyer and seller
16.7 (n=1)
40. Mode of payment, % (multiple answers)
Cash
66.7 (n=4)
83.3 (n=5)
Credit
66.7 (n=4)
50 (n=3)
Advance payment
In kind
IV.4.3.8. Seasonal demand of pork
All interviewed slaughterhouses reported that the high demand for pig meat during the
festivity/occasional ceremonies including Khmer and Chinese New Year, Pchum Ben, Cheng
Meng (bring food to the thump according to Chinese tradition), etc., Few slaughterhouse also
said wedding period between February-May has high demand for pig meat. The duration of
high demand for pig meat is 12 (5-34) days and 56.7 (3-180) days for Phnom Penh and Siem
Reap respectively. This big variation was observed not only between the study sites but also
within slaughterhouses of the same site and similar situation of demand for pig meat during
the festivities was reported by traders. In Phnom Penh during the period of high demand, each
slaughterhouse slaughters 188 (20-500) pigs per day and each slaughterhouse in Siem Reap
kills 47 (3-230) pigs. Out of the 6 interviewed slaughterhouses in Siem Reap, 5 seem to be
slaughter very few pigs, although in high season most of them slaughter maximum 15 pigs.
Only one slaughters 230 pigs per day. The average price during high demand period in Phnom
Penh is 866,000 riel per head live weight pig. During the high demand period the average price
per head live weight pigs in Siem Reap is 1,071,000 riel or the daily total revenue is 54,200,000
riel (Table 83).
The period of low pig meat demand is during the harvest season of fish especially from Tonle
Sap Lake between December-February but one slaughterhouse in Siem Reap also refers to the
seasonal availability of vegetables. Meat is a small part of the disk while large proportion of
cooked food is vegetable for most Cambodians. The duration of low demand season is 69 (5080) days for Phnom Penh and 120 (90-180) days for Siem Reap. The low demand season is
longer for Siem Reap as it is located in the centre of fish harvest from Tonle Sap Lake. Most
Cambodians chose fish as the first meat to be eaten. According to So Nam and Touch Bunthan
(2011)1 the Cambodian per capita consumption of fish varies between 40-60 kg while in Tonle
Sap region fish consumption per capita is up to 87 kg. During the low demand period,
interviewed slaughterhouses slaughter on average 75 (10-200) pigs per day in Phnom Penh and
1

Fisheries Resources in Cambodia: Implications for Food Security, Human Nutrition and Conservation.

126 | P a g e

30 (1-160) pigs in Siem Reap. The price per head is 732,000 (600,000-900,000) riel with the total
revenue of 53,200,000 (7,200,000-134,400,000) riel per day for slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh.
In Siem Reap price per head is 886,000 (700,000-1,050,000) riel with a total average revenue of
31,200,000 (845,000-168,000,000) riel per slaughterhouse and day.
The period of average demand for pig meat in Phnom Penh lasts 283 days while in Siem Reap it
is 181 days. During this period on average, each slaughterhouse slaughters 117 (13-250) pigs
and 36 (2-190) pigs per day. The average price per head is 819,000 (702,000-990,000) riel for
slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and 784,000 (820,000-1,050,000) riel for slaughterhouse in
Siem Reap.
Although number of heads slaughtered changes between the demand periods, the impact on
prices of pig per head in Phnom Penh is smaller compared with Siem Reap
Table 83: Seasonal demand of pork of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh Siem Reap
High demand
41. A. Season, %
Occasional ceremony
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Wedding time
33.3 (n=2)
42. A. Duration, # days Ave. SE
12.04.48
56.729.5
43. A. Ave. # heads per day, Ave. SE
18868.6
46.536.8
44. A. Ave. price, x103 riel/head Ave. SE
86649.0
107150.3
6
45. A. Total value sold per day, x10 riel Ave. SE
16156.4
54.244.4
Low demand
45. B. Season, %
Fish availability
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Vegetable availability
16.7 (n=1)
46. B. Duration, # days Ave. SE
69.26.11
12614.6
47. B. Ave. # heads per day, Ave. SE
75.026.8
30.325.9
48. B. Ave. price, x103 riel/head Ave. SE
73241.6
88646.4
6
49. B. Total value sold per day, x10 riel Ave. SE
53.217.7
31.227.4
Average
45. C. Season, %
After high and low season
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
46. C. Duration, # days Ave. SE
2835.66
18142.0
47. C. Ave. # heads per day, Ave. SE
11734.6
35.830.9
48. C. Ave. price, x103 riel/head Ave. SE
81939.5
784159
6
49. C. Total value sold per day, x10 riel Ave. SE
95.827.9
37.232.5

127 | P a g e

IV.4.4. Food safety issues

IV.4.4.1. Awareness of standard and penalty
All interviewed slaughterhouses are aware of the standard of the slaughterhouses and they get
this information from OAHP (100% of slaughterhouses), while 25%, 8.33%, 8.33%, 8.33% and
16.7% get it from provincial Dept. of Health, other slaughterhouses, slaughterhouse
association, NGOs and Provincial Department of Environment respectively (Table 84). But the
slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh receive the information from (i) Office of Animal Health and
Production, (ii) Dept. of Health and (iii) Department of Environment.
The description of the standards by the slaughterhouses are (i) good hygiene, (ii) waste
stocking and management, (iii) supply enough water and electricity, (iv) available place for
animal quarantine, (v) available veterinarians for health checking and certify meat before
distribution to the markets and disinfection.
Only 3 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap are aware of penalties imposed if slaughterhouses do not
adhere to these standards. The penalty is to demand slaughterhouses to close their operation
if they do not practice these standards but they are informed 3 times to improve their practice
otherwise they are shut down. Only one in Phnom Penh and 3 slaughterhouses in Siem Reap
assess themselves to meet the standards, 3 in Siem Reap are below the standards, 4 in Phnom
Penh cannot determine their practice to the standards and 1 again in Phnom Penh refuses to
give the answer.
Table 84: Awareness of standard and penalty imposed that slaughterhouses should follow in
Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
46. Awareness of standard of slaughterhouse, %
Yes
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
No
47. If yes, which institution you received the information
about this standard?, % (multiple answers)
Office of Animal Health and Production in the provincial and
district levels
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Dept. of Health in the provincial and district levels
33.3 (n=2)
16.7 (n=1)
Other slaughterhouses
16.7 (n=1)
Slaughterhouse association
16.7 (n=1)
Non-government organizations (NGO)
16.7 (n=1)
Provincial Department of Environment
16.7 (n=1)
16.7 (n=1)
48. If yes, please describe these standards, %
Well hygiene
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Waste stocking and management
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Have enough water supply and electricity
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Have place for quarantine animals
33.3 (n=2)
100 (n=6)
128 | P a g e

Has vet for checking health and certify meat

Disinfection
49. Awareness of penalties imposed if slaughterhouses do
not adhere to these standards, %
Yes
No
50. If yes, indicate the penalties are imposed, %
Close if not follow the law and regulation
Authority gives advice to improve 3 times if still not obey it
will close
51. Indicate level of slaughterhouse relatively to standard,
% (multiple answers)
Within the same level
Below standard
Cannot determine
Refuses to answer

33.3 (n=2)
33.3 (n=2)

100 (n=6)

50.0 (n=3)
50.0 (n=3)

33.3 (n=1)
66.7 (n=2)

16.7 (n=1)
66.7 (n=4)
16.7 (n=1)

50 (n=3)
50 (n=3)
-

IV.4.4.2. Performance of inspection/test for diseases

Most interviewed slaughterhouses, except 1 in Phnom Penh perform the conventional
inspection to identify whether pigs are sick or healthy. They mostly check on body condition
and observe skin, nose and ear of the pigs (Table 85). If they find sick pigs, 60% and 83.3% in
Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively put them on quarantine, reject and report to vet
(80% in Phnom Penh and 66.7% in Siem Reap). One slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh slaughters
sick pigs and sells the meat to the processors.
All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap are inspected by veterinarians: (i) check
animal health before slaughtering (100%), (ii) stamp on carcass before taking to the market
(100%) and (iii) count number of animals for service fee (100% in Phnom Penh and 83.3% in
Siem Reap). All slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and 83.3% in Siem Reap reported that
veterinarians inspect their slaughterhouse twice a day and 1 slaughterhouse in Siem Reap said
that the inspection is only once a day. Slaughterhouses have available place for vets to sleep
and work. Vets perform inspection of animal health in the evening and stamp them early
morning before allowing pig meat to the market.
Most of the interviewed slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh do not know what the veterinarians
are inspecting about, they said that they do not know which diseases the vets are looking for
but some said they are checking for FMD, parasites and Aujesky. Most slaughterhouses in Siem
Reap reported that they are looking for parasites, pest and PRRS and some said FMD and
pasteurollosis are also their targets.
The respondents reported that veterinarians inspect the live pigs for (i) certificate of pig
movement with regard to origin and (ii) physical body condition, skin, mouth, respiration etc.
while on meat they inspect on color of meat and intestinal tracts and in case of suspicion they
129 | P a g e

would cut the meat for test. The diseases they would look for, are infectious diseases such as
FMD, Classical Swine Fever, Pasteurelosis, Aujesky, PRRS, etc.

130 | P a g e

Table 85: Performance of specific inspection/test for the diseases by the slaughterhouses in
Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
52. Any inspection/test for the diseases, %
Yes
83.3 (n=5)
100 (n=6)
No
16.7 (n=1)
53. If yes, describe the methods, %
(multiple answers)
Direct observation on body condition
100 (n=5)
100 (n=6)
Direct observation on skin, nose and ear
60.0 (n=3)
100 (n=6)
54. If found sick pigs, what would you do?, %
Put them on quarantine
60.0 (n=3)
83.3 (n=5)
Reject and report to vet
80.0 (n=4)
66.7 (n=4)
Reject but don't report to vet
Slaughter and send carcass to processor
20.0 (n=1)
slaughter and mix with other carcasses
slaughter and separate the carcass
55. Any vet/regular vet for inspection, %
Yes
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
No
56. If yes, what do they do?, % (multiple answers)
Check animal health before slaughtering
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Stamp on carcass before sending to market
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
Count number of animal for paying services
100 (n=6)
83.3 (n=5)
Do nothing
57. Frequency of vet perform the check, %
Once a day
16.7 (n=1)
Twice a day
100 (n=6)
83.3 (n=5)
Every 2 days
Once a week
58. Main diseases that vet looks for, % (multiple answers)
Parasite
16.7 (n=1)
83.3 (n=5)
FMD
16.7 (n=1)
33.3 (n=2)
Pasteurollosis
33.3 (n=2)
Pest
66.7 (n=4)
PRRS
66.7 (n=4)
Aujesky
33.3 (n=2)
Don t know
66.7 (n=4)
IV.4.5. Waste management
All slaughterhouses cook blood before selling it to their clients while bones are sold fresh to the
market (Table 86). The clients for bones are restaurants who use them to boil to get flavor in
131 | P a g e

the soup. About 67% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh drain excreta into a blocked water
body/low ground and 33% into the public drainage and they practice similarly for the offal
remains except 1 slaughterhouse of which it is placed in the recycle bin. While in Siem Reap
50% of respondents drain excreta and remaining offal into block water/low ground and 50%
drain into current water.
Three water sources such as pipe water, water from open wells and surface water from lakes
and ponds are used for these interviewed slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap
although majority in both places use water from wells. Slaughterhouses in Siem Reap score
about 3.5 for all four criteria such as sanitation inside the slaughterhouse, animal holding
ground, waste disposal outlet/area and its surrounding areas but slaughterhouses in Phnom
Penh give higher scores for their animal holding ground and waste disposal outlet/area. Only
one slaughterhouse in Siem Reap has been cautioned by inspectors due to poor hygiene and
asked to cleanse before the future inspection.
Nearly 70% of slaughterhouses answered that they use water from the well, while 33.3% use
from piped water which is supplied by the private company and autonomous state own
enterprise and 25% use from the pond and lake.
Table 86: Waste management and water sources of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh and Siem
Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
59. Blood, %
Drained to a public drainage
Drained to a blocked water body/low ground
Drained to a current water
Boil and sell
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
60. Excreta, %
Drained to a public drainage
33.3 (n=2)
Drained to a blocked water body/low ground
66.7 (n=4)
50.0 (n=3)
Drained to a current water
50.0 (n=3)
61. Bones, %
Drained to a public drainage
Drained to a blocked water body/low ground
Drained to a current water
Sell fresh
100 (n=6)
100 (n=6)
62. Offal remains, %
Drained to a public drainage
33.3 (n=2)
Drained to a blocked water body/low ground
50.0 (n=3)
50.0 (n=3)
Drained to a current water
50.0 (n=3)
Recycle bin
16.7 (n=1)

132 | P a g e

Descriptions
63. Water sources used by slaughterhouse, %
(multiple answers)
Pipe
Well
Surface water from pond/lake
64. Score (1-5) of health and sanitation of slaughterhouse
score, Ave. SE
Inside the slaughterhouse
Animal holding ground
Waste disposal outlet/area
Surrounding of the slaughterhouse
65. Ever been caution by inspector, %
Yes
No
66. If yes, why?, %
Lack of hygienic
67. What was caution/penalty?, %
Just warning and ask for well cleaning

Phnom Penh

Siem Reap

50.0 (n=3)
66.7 (n=4)
16.7 (n=1)

16.7 (n=1)
66.7 (n=4)
33.3 (n=2)

3.670.42
4.670.21
4.170.31
3.500.22

3.500.56
3.500.56
3.160.40
3.830.54

100 (n=6)

16.7 (n=1)
83.3 (n=5)

100 (n=1)

100 (n=1)

IV.4.6. General interests on business

About 67% and 50% of slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap respectively said
because it is easy to get profit, as family heritage (83.3% in Phnom Penh), having experience
and skill (50% in Siem Reap and 33.3% in Phnom Penh) and few slaughterhouses in Siem Reap
said this business is easy to handle, just follow other people experience and have time (Table
87).
The common difficulties encountered by slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are lack of buyers of
pig meat (83.3%), lack of modern equipment for slaughtering pigs and lack of pigs for slaughter
while in Siem Reap their main problems are lack of pigs for slaughter (50%) and lack of modern
equipment for slaughtering pigs (50%) although few slaughterhouses are concerned about the
lack of appropriate techniques and skills, lack of buyers of pig meat, lack of capital to sustain
current levels of business, lack of capital to expand to a higher level of business, lack of skill
labors to slaughter pigs and delay in issuing official permission for the pig movement by
concerned institutions.
Main suggestions from slaughterhouses in Phnom Penh are certificate of sanitary inspection of
animal and animal products (50%) and ban unofficial payment during the transportation of
pigs (33.3%) because some of slaughterhouses also play the role as traders. The person who
engages in transporting animal and animal products must apply for the certificate of sanitary
inspection and they can be requested to the nearest animal health offices at the district or
provincial office of animal health and production or DAHP. The important suggestion from
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slaughterhouses in Siem Reap is the assistance for improvement of slaughterhouse to meet

the standards. There are other suggestions from few slaughterhouses such as improving road
for transportation, reduce tax payment and ban imported pigs.
Table 87: General interest on business of slaughterhouse in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Descriptions
Phnom Penh
Siem Reap
68. Why choose this business?, %
(multiple answers)
Easy to get profit
66.7 (n=4)
50.0 (n=3)
Easy to handle
16.7 (n=1)
Have skill
33.3 (n=2)
50.0 (n=3)
Family heritage
83.3 (n=5)
16.7 (n=1)
Follow the other people
16.7 (n=1)
Have time
16.7 (n=1)
69. Met any difficulty in business?, % (multiple answers)
Lack of modern equipment for slaughter operation
66.7 (n=4)
50.0 (n=3)
Lack of appropriate techniques and skills
16.7 (n=1)
Lack of pigs for slaughter
33.3 (n=2)
50.0 (n=3)
Lack of buyers of carcass
83.3 (n=5)
16.7 (n=1)
Lack of capital to sustain current levels of business
16.7 (n=1)
Lack of capital to expand to a higher level of business
16.7 (n=1)
Lack of skill labor to slaughter pigs
16.7 (n=1)
Late issue of official permission for the pig movement
16.7 (n=1)
70. Any suggestion to improve business?, %
Help improving slaughterhouse to meet the standard
50.0 (n=3)
Ban unofficial payment during pig transportation
33.3 (n=2)
Certificate animal movement issues by district vets
50.0 (n=3)
Help improving road for transportation
16.7 (n=1)
Reduce tax payment
16.7 (n=1)
16.7 (n=1)
Ban imported pigs
16.7 (n=1)
-

134 | P a g e

Butchers

IV.5.1. Information regarding to butcher

Hundred and twenty butchers in 7 provinces and Phnom Penh were interviewed in this study of
which 15 butchers each per province were selected from 2-3 markets in each target site. They
were interviewed individually using the structured questionnaire. The key information of study
interest is information regarding the butchers; business status; pig product supply chain; and
food safety in pig meat and meat products.
On average, the age of interviewed butchers is 39.6 years old (ranges from 19-65 years old)
(Table 88). Only 1 butcher in Prey Veng has university degree, 41.7% had grade 8-12, 52.5%
had the grade 1-7, while 5% of butchers in Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Thom
have never attended school. On average, 5% of butchers in eight provinces interviewed had no
grade.
On average family members of a butcher is 5.38 (2-13) persons composing of 2.57 male and
2.81 female. About 59% of butchers have 2-5 family members, 40% have 6-10 family members
135 | P a g e

and only 1% of butchers have 13 members. All interviewed butchers in 8 provinces reported
that their main occupation is selling meat in the markets.
Table 88: General information of butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Age
(Ave. SE)

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

38.53.23
40.72.10
37.03.18
40.42.04
42.92.06
37.52.78
40.32.69
39.32.92

Total

39.60.93

Education level, %
No
Grade
Grade
education
1-7
8-12
6.67
46.7
46.7
6.67
66.7
26.7
66.7
33.3
13.3
46.7
40.0
66.7
33.3
6.67
33.4
53.3
6.67
53.3
40.0
40.0
60
5.00
52.5
41.7
(n=6)
(n=63)
(n=50)

Univ.
6.67
0.83
(n=1)

Total
family
members
5.930.72
5.670.53
5.400.37
5.270.42
5.070.31
4.930.34
5.800.64
5.000.40

# male

# female

2.060.23
2.460.23
3.000.24
2.530.40
2.330.23
2.860.27
2.930.52
2.330.27

3.800.62
3.200.44
2.400.29
2.730.25
2.730.23
2.070.18
2.860.40
2.670.27

5.380.17

2.570.11

2.810.13

About 25% of butchers reported that they have other occupations beside selling pig meat, they
(18.5%) also raise pigs, rice and other crop cultivation (59.2%), selling beef, sausages and
perfume (3.7%) and small percentage sell labors, official workers, remork drivers (Table 89).
Table 89: Other occupations of butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Other
occupation
%

6.70
26.7
33.3
40.0
6.70
6.70
26.7
33.3
22.5
(n=27)

Pig raiser

25.0
20.0
50.0
18.5 (n=5)

Farmers
(rice &
other
crops)
100
75.0
60.0
50.0
100
25.0
80.0
59.2
(n=16)

If yes, what are they?, %

Selling
Daily wage
sausage,
worker
beef and (agriculture)
perfume
20.0
100
25.0
20.0
11.1
3.70
(n=3)
(n=1)

Official
worker

Remork

25.0
3.70
(n=1)

25.0
3.70
(n=1)

IV.5.2. Business status of the butcher

Less than 40% of interviewed butchers have over 10 years of the experiences in selling meat,
while 33.3%, 21.7% and 5.83% have 6-10 years, 3-5 years and 1-2 years respectively in this
business (Table 90). Seven butchers in Banteay Mean Chey, Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh and
Takeo are very new in this business. Meanwhile the butchers with longest experience of more
than 10 years are in Battambang, Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.

136 | P a g e

Table 90: Years of business operation by butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces
1-2 years, %
3-5 years, %
6-10 years, %
> 10 years, %
Banteay Mean Chey
6.70
33.3
26.7
33.3
Battambang
13.3
26.7
60.0
Kampong Speu
13.3
46.7
33.3
6.70
Kampong Thom
20.0
46.7
33.3
Phnom Penh
6.70
13.3
26.7
53.3
Prey Veng
26.7
26.7
46.7
Siem Reap
6.70
26.7
66.7
Takeo
20.0
13.3
53.3
13.3
Total
5.83 (n=7)
21.7 (n=26)
33.3 (n=40)
39.2 (n=47)

All interviewed butchers in these provinces are regular sellers of meat in the shop of which
53.3% are meat retailers, 5% are meat whole sellers and 41.7% do both retailing and whole sale
(Table 91).
Table 91: Business operation and its type of butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces
Business operation, %
Type of operation, %
Regular (year
Seasonal
Meat
Meat whole
Meat retailer
round)
(part of year)
retailer
seller
and whole seller
Banteay Mean
100
Chey
73.3
26.7
Battambang
100
53.3
46.7
Kampong Speu
100
26.7
13.3
60.0
Kampong Thom
100
60.0
40.0
Phnom Penh
100
73.3
6.70
20.0
Prey Veng
100
13.3
86.7
Siem Reap
100
80.0
20.0
Takeo
100
46.7
53.3
Total
100 (n=120)
53.3 (n=64)
5.00 (n=6)
41.7 (n=50)

IV.5.3. Pig and pig product supply chain

IV.5.3.1 Source of meat supply
More than 50% of butchers slaughter pigs by themselves, 21.6% and 29.2% of butchers get the
supply of meat from slaughterhouses and whole sellers respectively (Table 92a). None of
butchers in Phnom Penh slaughter pigs themselves, none in Takeo get meat from the
slaughterhouse however, all butchers in Prey Veng slaughter pigs by themselves.
Of the total volume of pig meat, on average 21.6% of butchers get meat from the
slaughterhouse, 26.0% from whole sellers and 52.4% from their own slaughtering. Butchers in
Phnom Penh and Siem Reap got large share of meat sale from the slaughterhouses, while in
Prey Veng, Takeo, Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang, Kampong Speu and Kampong Thom
they sell large percentage of pig meat from own slaughtered pigs.
137 | P a g e

Table 92a: Source and % share of carcass supply of butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Source of carcass supply, %

(Multiple answers)
Slaughter
Whole
Own
house
seller
slaughtering
13.3
33.3
73.3
20.0
26.7
53.3
6.67
40.0
46.7
20.0
26.7
66.7
60.0
40.0
100
53.3
40.0
13.3
26.7
73.3
21.6 (n=26) 29.2 (n=35)
53.3 (n=64)

% share of carcass bought

(Ave. SE)
Slaughter
Whole
Own
house
seller
slaughtering
13.39.08
18.38.95
68.311.3
20.010.7
26.711.8
53.313.3
6.676.67
40.013.1
53.313.3
20.010.7
16.79.03
63.312.2
60.013.1
40.013.1
1000.0
52.713.2
40.013.1
7.336.65
26.711.8
73.311.8
21.63.76
26.03.94
52.44.50

In relation to the location of their meat suppliers, 15.4% get it from a slaughterhouse within the
same village, 19.2% within the same commune, 38.5% within the same district and 26.9%
within the same province (Table 92b). All butchers in Kampong Speu get the supply from a
slaughterhouse within the village, while all in Banteay Mean Chey get all within district. The
average price of meat is 13,442 (11,000-16,000) riel/kg. The higher price is observed in Banteay
Mean Chey (16,000 riel/kg), while the lower price is in Kampong Thom (12,833 riel/kg) and
Phnom Penh (12,555 riel/kg).
About 43% of butchers get the supply of meat from whole sellers within the village, 22.8% of
butchers get meat within the commune, 22.8% get it within the district and 11.4% get meat
within the province. The average price of meat from whole sellers to butchers is 13,442 (11,50016,500) riel/kg of which the higher price is found in Banteay Mean Chey (15,000 riel/kg) and
lower price in Takeo (12,500 riel/kg).
The butchers who slaughter pigs by themselves get 16%, 23.4%, 42.2% and 18.7% of their live
pigs supply within the village, within the commune, within the district and within the province
respectively. Large supply of live pigs within the village is observed in Kampong Speu, while in
Prey Veng and Siem Reap their important supply of live pigs is within the commune but in
Kampong Thom and Takeo get large supply of live pigs within the district. The average price of
live weight pig is 8,282 (7,000-9,500) riel/kg.

138 | P a g e

Table 92b: Location and buying price of carcass supply for butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Slaughterhouse
Location of suppliers, % Buying price,
riel/kg
A
B
C
D
(Ave. SE)

Whole seller
Location of suppliers, %
A
B
C
D

100
16,0000.00
40.0
33.3 33.3 33.3 14,333667
50.0
100
14,0000.00
50.0
33.3 66.7
12,833833
25.0
33.3 33.3
33.3 12,555452
50.0
62.5 37.5 13,625498
16.7
75.0
15.4 19.2 38.5 26.9
42.8
Total
(n=4) (n=5) (n=10) (n=7) 13,442303 (n=15)
A=within village, B=within commune, C=within district, D=within province.

40.0
25.0
50.0
25.0
16.7
22.8
(n=8)

20.0
25.0
50.0
33.3
66.7 16.7
25.0
22.8 11.4
(n=8) (n=4)

Buying price,
riel/kg (Ave.
SE)
15,000548
15,500353
13,333211
12,375554
14,300622
13,625497
12,500204
13,442303

Own slaughtering
Location of suppliers, %
Buying price,
riel/kg (Ave.
A
B
C
D
SE)
18.2
9.10
45.5
27.3
50.0
50.0
57.1
14.3
28.6
20.0
10.0
50.0
20.0
73.3
26.7
50.0
50.0
18.2
81.8
15.6
23.4
42.2
18.7
(n=10) (n=15) (n=27) (n=12)

8,445119
8,975148
8,314142
8,15081.9
7,760125
8,750250
8,345117
8,28266.9

139 | P a g e

Fifty percent of butchers get meat supplied from slaughterhouses with no additional cost,
while 46.1% butchers pick up meat at slaughterhouses with their own cost but only 1 butcher in
Phnom Penh reported that the slaughterhouse charges him additional cost for the delivery at
his shop (Table 92c). All butchers in Kampong Thom get the delivery of meat with additional
charge while all butchers in Kampong Speu pick up meat at slaughterhouses at their cost. The
payment mode is by cash as reported by 19.2% of butchers, 69.2% of butchers use credit term
and 11.5% do the advance payment. All butchers in Banteay Mean Chey, Battambang and
Kampong Thom do the payment by credit, while all in Kampong Speu make it by cash.
On average, 40% of butchers get the supply of meat at whole sellers with no additional
charges, 22.8% delivered at butchers cost and 37.1% butchers pick up at their cost. Butchers in
Phnom Penh (66%) and Kampong Thom (75%) get the supply of meat whole sellers at no cost,
while 66.7% in Kampong Speu reported that the delivering made at butchers expense and 5080% in Battambang, Takeo and Banteay Mean Chey pick up meat at their cost. In term of
payment, 71.4% pay by credit, 22.8% by cash and 5.71% make advance payment.
About 15% of butchers get the supplied with live pigs for own slaughtering at no cost, 7.81% of
butchers in Prey Veng get live pigs at their own cost at their places and 78.1% pick up live pigs
at the collecting points at their own cost. Normally butchers who have slaughtering facility or
rent a place at slaughterhouses collect live pigs from producers. The majority (70.3%) pays by
cash, 17.2% by credit. 4.69% of the butchers in Kampong Speu and Prey Veng make advance
payment and 7.81% in Kampong Speu and Takeo use both cash and credit payments.

140 | P a g e

Table 92c: Mode of delivery and payment of carcass supply for butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong
Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Slaughterhouse
Mode of delivery
Mode of payment
A
B
C
I
II
III
50.0
33.3
-

50.0
66.7
100

100

100
100
-

Whole seller
Mode of delivery
Mode of payment
A
B
C
I
II
III
20.0
25.0
-

25.0
66.7

80.0
50.0
33.3

20.0
25.0
33.3

100
100
75.0
25.0
25.0
33.3
11.1 55.6
77.8
22.2
50.0
33.3
16.7
16.7
62.5
37.5
50.0
37.5
12.5
66.7
33.3
50.0
50.0
50.0
50.0 3.84 46.1
19.2
69.2 11.5
40.0
22.8
37.1
22.8
Total
(n=13) (n=1) (n=12) (n=5) (n=18) (n=3)
(n=14)
(n=8)
(n=13)
(n=8)
A=delivered at no cost to costumer, B=delivered at customer s expense, C=Customer picks up at his/her cost.
I=by cash, II=by credit, III=advance payment, IV=both cash and credit.

80.0
75.0
50.0

Mode of delivery
A
B
C

Own slaughtering
Mode of payment
I
II
III

IV

16.7

9.10
25.0
14.3

90.9
75.0
85.7

72.7
87.5
28.6

27.3
12.5
-

28.6

42.9

75.0
66.7
16.7
100
50.0
71.4
5.71
(n=25) (n=2)

20.0
13.3
50.0
14.1
(n=9)

33.3
7.81
(n=5)

80.0
53.3
50.0
100
78.1
(n=50)

90.0

10.0

66.7
50.0
72.7
70.3
(n=45)

26.7
50.0
9.10
17.2
(n=11)

6.70
4.69
(n=3)

18.2
7.81
(n=5)

141 | P a g e

IV.5.2.2 Sale of meat

All interviewed butchers sell meat directly to consumers. In Battambang and Kampong Thom
2.5% also sell to meat processors. 40.8% except in Siem reap sell to meat retailers, 3.33% in
Banteay Mean Chey, Prey Veng and Takeo also sell to meat whole sellers and 19.2% sell to
restaurants (Table 93a). The butchers in Prey Veng (73%) and Kampong Speu (80%) also sell to
the meat retailers. On average, the percentage of meat sold directly to consumers is 80.6%
(10-100%), while few (0.42%) butchers sell to processors, 14.3% to meat retailers, 0.87% for
meat whole sellers and 4.04% for restaurants.
It needs to be explained that traders, slaughterhouses, whole sellers, retailers and butchers are
mixed. Some slaughterhouses are owned by persons who do not involve with pig business,
they just establish facilities to be rented to the pigs' business dealers and they can be traders,
whole sellers and butchers however some slaughterhouse owners also slaughter pigs and work
as whole sellers and retailers and they can also be the traders. The traders also slaughter pigs
by renting a place at the slaughterhouse and they can work as retailers and butchers while
some of the butchers can also take similar roles as traders.
Table 93a: Selling and % share of carcass sell to customers of butchers in eight provinces and Phnom
Penh.
Provinces

Banteay
Mean Chey
Battambang
Kampong
Speu
Kampong
Thom
Phnom
Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Selling of carcass, %
(Multiple answers)
Direct
Meat
Meat
Meat Restaurant
consumer processor retailer
whole
seller

% share of carcass sold

(Ave. SE)
Direct
Meat
Meat
Meat
consumer processor retailer
whole
seller

Restaurant

100
100

13.3

26.7
46.7

6.70
-

20.0
33.3

85.76.38
9.674.69 1.671.67
76.35.82 2.672.67 14.35.18
-

3.001.81
6.672.70

100

80.0

6.70

76.05.32

22.04.39

2.002.00

100

6.70

40.0

20.0

79.35.62 0.670.67 15.05.37

5.002.71

100
100
100
100
100
(n=120)

2.50
(n=3)

6.7
73.3
53.3
40.8
(n=49)

13.3
6.70
3.33
(n=4)

26.7
13.3
26.7
6.70
19.2
(n =23)

90.05.69
73.34.92
93.34.10
71.18.21

4.004.00
23.75.57 1.330.91
25.67.16 4.002.72

6.002.89
1.671.35
6.674.10
1.331.33

80.62.12 0.420.27 14.31.87 0.870.42 4.040.89

With regard to the sale of meat directly sold to consumers, about 38% of butchers do it within
the same district, 26.7% of butchers in Kampong Speu, Prey Veng and Takeo sell within the
village, 30.8% except in Kampong Thom and Siem Reap sell within the commune and 20.8%
except in Takeo sell within the province (Table 93b). On average, the price of carcass sold
directly to consumers is 16,641 (14,000-20,000)riel/kg. The lower price of meat sold to
consumers is in Takeo (15,900 riel/kg) compare with the higher price in Phnom Penh (18,466
riel/kg).
142 | P a g e

Except in Phnom Penh and Siem Reap, 35.0% butchers sell meat to retailers within the village,
40.0% except Siem Reap sell to retailers within the commune, 16.3% except in Banteay Mean
Chey, Battambang, Phnom Penh and Siem Reap sell meat to retailers the district and 8.16%
except Banteay Mean Chey, Phnom Penh, Kampong Thom Siem Reap and Takeo sell to
retailers within the province. The average price of meat sold to retailers is 15,071 (11,00018,000) riel/kg.
All interviewed butchers supply meat to restaurants of whom 33.3% of butchers in Banteay
Mean Chey, Kampong Thom and Phnom Penh supply to restaurants within the village, 45.4%
butchers sell to restaurants within the commune, 27.3% except Kampong Speu, Phnom Penh,
Prey Veng and Takeo supply meat to restaurants within the district and few butchers supply
meat to restaurants within the province. On average, the price of the meat sold to restaurants
is 16,130 (14,000-18,000) riel/kg.

143 | P a g e

Table 93b: Location and price of carcass sell to customers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Director consumer
Location of suppliers, %
Selling
price, riel/kg
A
B
C
D
(Ave. SE)
Banteay Mean Chey
13.3
46.7
40.0
16,800242
Battambang
20.0
33.3
46.7
17,133192
Kampong Speu
26.7
46.7
20.0
6.7
16,067182
Kampong Thom
86.7
13.3
16,300279
Phnom Penh
40.0
20.0
20.0
18,466363
Prey Veng
26.7
53.3
13.3
6.7
16,400305
Siem Reap
66.7
33.3
16,067300
Takeo
26.7
53.3
20.0
15,900458
12.0 30.8
38.3
20.8
Total
(n=10) (n=37) (n=46) (n=25) 16,641126
A=within village, B=within commune, C=within district, D=within province.

Meat retailer
Location of suppliers,
A
B
C
D
25.0
75.0
42.9
28.6
8.33
50.0
66.7
16.7
100
36.4
45.4
50.0
25.0
34.7
40.8
(n=17) (n=20)

33.3
16.7
9.10
25.0
16.3
(n=8)

28.6
8.33
9.10
8.16
(n=4)

Selling
price, riel/kg
(Ave. SE)
16,0000.00
15,785325
14,750279
13,416583
17,0000.00
15,863427
14,375541
15,071207

Restaurant
Location of suppliers, %
A
B
C
D
33.3
33.3
33.3
13.6
(n=3)

33.3
60.0
100
33.3
100
25.0
100
45.4
(n=10)

33.3
20.0
66.7
50.0
27.3
(n=6)

20.0
33.3
25.0
13.6
(n=3)

Selling
price, riel/kg
(Ave. SE)
15,667333
16,000548
15,0000.00
17,000577
17,625239
16,0001000
15,375375
14,0000.00
16,130255

144 | P a g e

Except 6.67% of butchers in Phnom Penh that deliver meat to consumers at no cost and 6.67%
in Kampong Speu takes meat to consumers with additional charges, most interviewed
butchers sell meat to the consumers at their shops or markets. All butchers get paid
immediately by cash (Table 93c). Similarly processors pick up meat at butchers places at their
cost and they get paid by credit.
The retailers pick up meat at their cost at butchers' place as reported by 81.6% of butchers,
28.6% of butchers in Battambang deliver meat to retailers with additional charges and 14.3%
except in Kamp0ng Speu, Siem Reap and Phnom Penh deliver meat to retailers at no
additional cost. On average, 49% pay by cash, 44.9% pay by credit and 8.33% of butchers in Kg
Speu and 12.5% of butchers in Takeo are paid by both cash and credit.
On average, 43.5% of butchers deliver meat to the restaurants at no additional cost, while 13%
of butchers make additional charge on top of the meat cost and 43.5% of butchers reported
that restaurants pick up meat at their places at their own cost. The mode of payment is by cash
(26.1%) and credit (73.9%).

145 | P a g e

Table 93c: Mode of delivery and payment of meat sold to customers by butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay
Mean Chey
Battambang
Kampong
Speu
Kampong
Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo

Direct consumer
Mode of delivery
Mode of payment
A
B
C
I
II
III
-

100
100

6.67

93.3

100
100
100

Meat retailer
Mode of delivery
Mode of payment
A
B
C
I
II
III

25.0
14.3

28.6

75.0
57.1

25.0
14.3

75.0
85.7

33.3
60.0

66.7
40.0

33.3
40.0

66.7
60.0

100

50.0

41.7

8.33
-

100

100

50.0
9.10
12.5

50.0
100
90.9
87.5

100
100
75.0

100
12.5

12.5

66.7
100
-

25.0
50.0
-

33.3
75.0
50.0
100

25.0
100

100
75.0
100
100
-

14.3

4.08

81.6

49.0

44.9

6.12

43.5
(n=10)

13.0
(n=3)

43.5
(n=10)

26.1
(n=6)

73.9
(n=17)

100
6.67
-

100
93.3
100
100
100

0.83

0.83

98.3

100
100
100
100
100

Restaurant
Mode of delivery
Mode of payment
A
B
C
I
II
III

(n=1) (n=1) (n=118) (n=120)

(n=7) (n=2) (n=40) (n=24) (n=22) (n=3)
Total
A=delivered at no cost to costumer, B=delivered at customers expense, C=Customer picks up at his/her cost.
I=by cash, II=by credit, III=both cash and credit.

146 | P a g e

IV.5.2.3 Amount of meat sold and prices

On a daily basis, the total of volume including carcass and its products sold per butcher is 98.4
(23-650) kg and with this volume each butcher can generate the total revenue of 1,499,000 riel
(Table 94). Per day each butcher sells whole set of carcass for the value of 1,349,200 riel, 80,700
riel for internal tract, 7,830 riel for blood and 179,000 riel fro head and legs. Within the total
volume sold, whole set of carcass is 84 (30-200) kg, internal tract is 5.31 (05.-40) kg, blood is
1.95 (0.5-20) kg and head and legs are 7.17 (2-132) kg. The head and legs are not reported by
butchers in Kampong Speu, Prey Veng and Takeo. About 6.67 (1-27) kg remaining from daily
sale of which 5.76 kg is whole set of carcass, 0.39 kg internal tract, 0.26 kg blood and 0.94 kg
leg and head.
The average price of whole set of carcass sold by butchers in the eight provinces is 16,000
(12,500-20,000) riel/kg. The highest is in Phnom Penh (17,100 riel/kg) and low in Kg Speu
(14,800 riel/kg). The average price of internal tract is 13,400 riel/kg, blood is 2,176 riel/kg and
head and legs is 10,240 riel/kg.

147 | P a g e

Table 94: Daily sold of carcass and its price to customers by butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Whole set of carcass (Ave.SE.)

Qty
Price,
Total
Qty
sold,
x103
price,
left,
kg
riel/
x103
kg
kg
riel
72.7
16.8
1209.1
4.13
12.5
0.222
198.4
0.29
1312
16.1
2134.6
5.27
9.5
0.412
500.3
1.27
69.9
14.8
1053.0
6.93
13.5
0.321
205.5
0.93
83.9
16.1
1355.4
5.93
13.7
0.378
227.5
0.85
73.3
17.1
1242.9
5.60
9.18
0.300
152.4
1.26
99.2
16.2
1644.9
7.67
18.9
0.388
339.2
1.16
57.7
15.5
897.6
4.07
8.91
0.327
142.9
0.57
85.0
15.3
1256.0
6.47
10.0
0.446
127.3
0.77
84.0
16.0
1349.2
5.76
5.78
0.138
96.4
0.34

Internal tract (Ave.SE.)

Qty
Price,
Total
Qty
sold,
x103
price,
left,
kg
riel/
x 103
kg
kg
riel
5.70
14.0
84.4
0.65
1.17
1.082
21.5
0.21
9.07
15.6
156.4
0.82
2.88
0.628
53.0
0.27
2.86
12.5
38.6
0.27
0.62
0.675
5.15
0.16
8.80
11.9
82.6
0.30
3.57
0.784
27.2
0.15
3.20
12.9
66.9
0.62
0.94
1.104
16.6
0.26
3.63
11.8
58.1
0.27
0.78
0.711
8.94
0.19
4.07
15.2
61.2
0.10
0.56
0.711
9.10
0.07
5.13
12.4
86.0
0.14
1.05
0.846
12.1
0.14
5.31
13.4
80.7
0.39
0.65
0.317
9.56
0.07

Qty
sold,
kg
2.00
0.43
1.80
0.59
1.07
0.28
3.07
0.71
2.13
1.35
0.37
0.19
3.60
1.37
1.60
0.49
1.95
0.29

Blood (Ave.SE.)
Price,
Total
x103
price,
riel/
x 103
kg
riel
1.958
4.68
0.129
0.78
2.571
10.6
0.414
2.93
2.250
3.42
0.189
0.84
2.038
7.19
0.038
1.47
1.750
16.6
0.250
7.99
3.667
6.67
0.333
0.67
1.944
11.4
0.100
3.75
2.357
8.07
0.210
1.25
2.176
7.83
0.080
0.93

Qty
left,
kg
0.30
0.17
0.37
0.28
0.00
0.0
0.36
0.17
0.00
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.67
0.37
0.00
0.0
0.26
0.08

Head and legs (Ave.SE.)

Price,
Total
Qty
x103
price,
left,
riel/
x 103
kg
kg
riel
9.93
10.0
116
0.65
2.86
0.348
31.4
0.28
16.8
10.0
284
0.67
8.49
0.601
131
0.47
Qty
sold,
kg

11.9
2.47
2.00
1.17

9.535
1.550
9.33
2.962

120
23.3
105
60.1

1.39
0.71
0.67
0.67

16.7
7.02

11.6
0.693

252
112

1.00
0.41

7.17
1.56

10.24
2.50

179
37.7

0.94
0.24

Qty
sold,
kg
90.0
15.2
1583
9.9
73.8
14.0
1081
8.5
80.6
10.8
1031
8.8
82.1
14.9
91.7
10.5
98.4
7.20

Total (Ave.SE.)
Price,
Total
x103
price,
riel/
x 103
kg
riel
1398
222
2456
619
1088
207
1556
259
1304
163
1688
338
1184
229
1323
134
1499
112

Qty
left,
kg
5.58
0.47
6.80
1.73
7.17
1.03
7.85
1.29
6.07
1.24
7.87
1.18
5.43
0.85
6.57
0.81
6.67
0.39

148 | P a g e

IV.5.2.4 Price of carcass and consumers' preference

On average, the price of lean meat is 17,500 (15,000-22,000) riel/kg of which the highest price is
in Phnom Penh (18,800 riel/kg) and Prey Veng (18,100 riel/kg) compare to low price in Siem
Reap (16,600 riel/kg) (Table 95). The price of pork chop is 17,100 riel/kg similar to the price of
lean meat but lower price in Takeo.
The average price of meat with fat is 15,300 riel/kg with highest price in Phnom Penh (16,600
riel/kg) and Banteay Mean Chey (16,000 riel/kg) but lower prices are found in Kampong Thom,
Siem Reap and Takeo. Similarly, the cost of intestinal tract including liver, heart, lung, spleen
or kidney is 15,000 riel/kg.
The butchers sell bacon and rib at similar prices of which a kilo of bacon is 14,400 (11,00018,000) riel/kg and 14,700 (10,000-20,000) riel for a kilo of rib. The price of backbone, leg and
intestinal tracts including intestine and stomach is 12,700 riel/kg, 11,900 riel/kg and 10,600
riel/kg respectively. In Phnom Penh again the butchers sell all these parts with higher prices
compare with other studied sites.
On average, the price of fat is 5,850 riel/kg, head including brain and tail is 8,820 riel/kg and
blood is 2,260 riel/kg. Consumers buy fat to extract oil for cooking purposes including frying
vegetable, rice, fish, etc especially in the rural community.

149 | P a g e

Table 95: Price of pig meat based on the different types of carcass in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Bacon,
x103 riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Pork chop,
x103 riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Rib, x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Backbone,
x103 riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Leg, x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Fat, x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Banteay Mean Chey

17.70.186
16.00.239
15.50.236
Battambang
17.10.191
15.50.255
15.00.310
Kampong Speu
17.80.133
15.50.165
14.40.235
Kampong Thom
17.00.243
14.10.407
12.90.315
Phnom Penh
18.80.388
16.60.265
16.40.325
Prey Veng
18.10.412
15.20.449
13.90.430
Siem Reap
16.60.270
14.90.228
14.40.273
Takeo
17.10.228
14.50.306
12.70.228
Total
17.50.112
15.30.125
14.40.148
1
Intestinal gut includes intestines and stomach.
2
Intestinal organs include liver, heart, lung, spleen or kidney.

17.50.215
17.10.206
17.40.290
16.90.252
18.40.505
17.20.564
16.50.236
15.70.547
17.10.147

15.50.262
14.50.490
14.80.296
12.80.508
17.60.582
14.50.496
14.80.311
13.00.330
14.70.194

13.60.485
12.10.543
12.50.466
10.90.441
16.00.676
12.40.272
12.90.436
11.80.380
12.70.208

10.80.400
11.50.387
12.80.466
10.00.396
15.10.466
12.40.296
11.50.533
11.40.387
11.90.196

5.160.151
5.430.284
5.330.232
4.870.236
7.600.688
6.960.317
5.760.504
5.660.329
5.850.153

Provinces

Lean
meat,
x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Meat with
fat, x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Head
including
brain and
tail, x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)
9.930.206
9.800.416
7.430.509
7.100.229
9.860.290
8.500.485
9.400.289
8.460.608
8.820.166

Intestinal
gut1, x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Intestinal
organ2, x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

Blood,
x103
riel/kg
(Ave.SE)

9.200.545
11.81.200
10.70.573
8.300.377
13.90.943
10.60.464
10.70.679
9.500.341
10.60.281

17.40.191
16.60.360
15.60.455
13.30.701
15.70.858
13.40.785
15.80.611
12.10.758
15.00.268

2.100.139
2.530.198
2.330.166
2.030.033
2.100.130
2.730.181
2.030.090
2.260.107
2.260.052

150 | P a g e

Based on their daily sale of pig meat and its products the butchers are asked to give their rating
in regard to the consumers preference of 12 types of pigs' meat and its products of which
respondents are asked to from 1-5 for consumers preference. The most preference by
consumers is lean meat (4.85) and pork chop (4.18) (Figure 19). Lean meat and pork chop score
high because of low fat content and consumers' income. Generally, people in towns and cities
have higher income compared to rural communities and they are aware of health problem of
consuming fat. Meat with fat, bacon, rib, backbone, intestinal guts and organs are rated 3.98,
3.85, 3.17, 3.27 and 3.43 respectively while leg, head and blood are the less preferred by
consumers and lastly is fat (Table 49).
Figure 19: Comparison of overall preference rating of consumers on the different types of carcass
versus Phnom Penh and Siem Reap.
Blood
Intestinal organ
Intestinal gut
Head including brain and tail
Fat
Phnom Penh

Leg

Siem Reap

Backbone
Rib

Overall

Pork chop
Bacon
Meat with fat
Lean meat
0

151 | P a g e

Table 96: Preference rating of consumers (1-5) on the different types of carcass in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Lean meat
(Ave.SE)

Meat with fat

(Ave.SE)

Bacon
(Ave.SE)

Pork chop
(Ave.SE)

Rib
(Ave.SE)

Backbone
(Ave.SE)

Leg
(Ave.SE)

Fat
(Ave.SE)

Head
including
brain and tail
(Ave.SE)

Intestinal
gut1
(Ave.SE)

Intestinal
organ2
(Ave.SE)

Blood
(Ave.SE)

4.800.11
4.870.09
5.000.00
4.730.11
5.000.00

4.460.16
4.200.20
3.800.20
4.330.18
3.730.31

4.130.16
3.930.21
3.800.17
4.060.23
3.730.28

3.930.30
4.200.36
4.400.21
4.400.21
4.200.22

3.800.28
4.000.26
3.400.13
3.730.18
3.870.31

3.330.25
3.670.27
2.600.19
3.200.10
3.260.25

3.060.28
3.070.30
2.130.16
3.000.17
3.000.22

2.400.33
2.200.29
1.070.07
2.270.27
1.930.21

2.600.27
2.670.29
1.470.13
2.930.34
2.330.23

3.460.16
3.730.35
2.600.30
3.400.23
3.470.33

3.530.25
4.000.32
2.930.39
3.730.27
3.530.27

2.400.21
2.600.25
1.730.18
2.530.19
2.330.19

Prey Veng
4.800.11
3.260.23
3.730.15
Siem Reap
4.800.11
4.200.24
4.060.25
Takeo
4.860.13
3.860.13
3.400.25
Total
4.850.03
3.980.08
3.850.08
1
Intestinal gut includes intestines and stomach.
2
Intestinal organs include liver, heart, lung, spleen or kidney.

4.000.27
4.460.19
3.860.27
4.180.09

3.130.19
4.060.21
3.870.23
3.730.08

3.060.18
3.470.13
2.730.23
3.170.08

2.800.20
2.870.13
2.260.23
2.770.08

1.130.09
2.000.17
1.530.24
1.810.09

1.600.16
2.600.16
1.530.19
2.210.09

3.130.39
3.730.23
2.670.29
3.270.11

2.600.35
4.130.19
3.400.40
3.430.11

2.070.21
2.800.31
1.800.24
2.280.08

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh

152 | P a g e

IV.5.2.5 Price differed for meat classification

About 60% of butchers reported that the price of meat is differed according to their
classification such as type of pigs (77% of butchers), while only 2.77% of butchers in
Battambang and Kampong Thom said that the price is also based on the production systems,
27.8% except in Phnom Penh but mostly in Banteay Mean Chey and Battambang reported that
prices are also based on pig breeds. 13.9%, except in Banteay Mean Chey, said the absence of
diseases also make the price difference. Few butchers in Kampong Thom, Siem Reap and
Takeo differ prices on high back fat and low and over weight of pigs (Table 97).
Table 97: Price differed for the class of pig meat and criteria to classify by butcher in eight provinces
and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Any price differed

for class of meat,
%
Yes
No
33.3
53.3
73.3
60.0
53.3
66.7
60.0
93.3
61.7
(n=74)

If yes, what specific criteria that the pig meats were classified?, %
(Multiple answers)

Type of
productivities
66.7
80.0
46.7
50.0
26.7
100
40.0
44.4
46.7
87.5
33.3
100
40.0
77.8
6.7
71.4
38.3
77.0
(n=46)
(n=57)

Production
systems
12.5
11.1
2.77
(n=2)

Breed
100
62.5
18.2
44.4
10.0
12.5
14.3
27.8
(n=20)

Absence of
diseases
12.5
18.2
11.1
14.3
10.0
12.5
21.4
13.9
(n=10)

Back Weight
fat
44.4
12.5
7.14
7.14
8.33
1.39
(n=6) (n=1)

IV.5.2.6 Price set and arrangement of supply of pig meat

On average, 50% said butchers they set the selling price of carcass, while 31.7%, 20.8% and
23.3% respectively reported that whole sellers, slaughterhouses and through the negotiation
between buyers and sellers (Table 98a). None in Kampong Speu, Prey Veng and Takeo have
answered that the slaughterhouse sets the selling price and none in Phnom Penh mentioned
that the prices are set by the negotiation between sellers and buyers.
Nearly 70% of butchers answered that they have the arrangement with suppliers of carcass. All
of them said the type of arrangement is made by verbal as they trust each other.

153 | P a g e

Table 98a: Persons set the selling price and the arrangement with the suppliers of pig meat with
butcher in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean Chey

Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Persons set selling price, %

(Multiple answers)
Butcher

Whole
seller

Slaughter
house

33.3
20.0
66.7
26.7
66.7
86.7
40.0
60.0
50.0
(n=60)

46.7
40.0
46.7
33.3
26.7
20.0
20.0
20.0
31.7
(n=38)

40.0
26.7
46.7
40.0
13.3
20.8
(n=25)

Negotiation
between
buyer and
seller
13.3
33.3
33.3
26.7
13.3
26.7
40.0
23.3
(n=28)

Any arrangement
with suppliers?, %
Yes
No

If yes, what type

of arrangement?,
%
Verbal Written

40.0
60.0
86.7
40.0
80.0
80.0
80.0
86.7
69.2
(n=83)

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(n=83)

60.0
40.0
13.3
60.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
13.3
30.8
(n=37)

About 82% of butchers reported that suppliers have the obligation to supply carcass based on
order and time, 60.7% of the butchers said they have to supply good quality of carcass, 8.33%
butchers in Banteay Mean Chey and Siem Reap said carcass must have the stamp by inspector
on it to certify the quality of meat particularly the diseases free, 44.0% butchers except in
Kampong Speu get price information from their suppliers and 7.14% in Takeo and Banteay
Mean Chey reported that prices from suppliers are based on market prices (Table 98b).
Moreover, 82.1% of the butchers reported it is their obligation to make order for carcass on
time by, the volume of carcass should be based on order (83.3%) and no return of the
remaining carcass from daily sale is possible (61.9%). Also 14.2% of butchers in Kampong Speu
and Takeo said that they have the right to return if the carcass is not good or not diseases free,
while 2.38% in Banteay Mean Chey and Takeo reported that the price is based on market price
and types of meat, and 35.9% except in Prey Veng and Takeo said they must pay old debt
before getting the new supply.

154 | P a g e

Table 98b: Description of verbal contract/arrangement between suppliers and butchers in eight
provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces
Supply
carcass
on order
base and
on time
Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong
Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Obligations of suppliers, %
(Multiple answers)
Supply Supply
Provide
good
carcass
price
quality
with
informa
carcass
stamp
tion to
from vet butcher

Price
based
on
market
price

Order
carcass
on time

Obligations of butchers, %
(Multiple answers)
Receive
Has right
Market
Pay
carcass
to return
price
debt
based on
if not
and
before
order
good
types of
getting
quality
meat
new
supply

Responsi
ble for
remaining
from daily
sale

100
100
53.8

66.7
100
46.2

16.7
-

16.7
100
-

16.7
-

100
100
53.8

100
100
61.5

53.8

16.7
7.70

66.7
100
7.70

66.7
100
38.5

100
100
58.3
100
69.2
82.1
(n=69)

100
100
75.0
7.70
30.8
60.7
(n=51)

46.2
8.33
(n=7)

100
50.0
50.0
38.5
30.8
44.0
(n=37)

38.5
7.14
(n=6)

100
100
54.5
100
69.2
82.1
(n=69)

100
100
54.5
100
69.2
83.3
(n=70)

38.5
14.2
(n=12)

2.38
(n=2)

100
50.0
35.7
36.9
(n=31)

100
50.0
81.8
35.7
61.5
61.9
(n=52)

IV.5.2.7 Market information of pig meat and its sources

All interviewed butchers in eight provinces receive any market information for carcass at all.
69.2% get it from other butchers and 41.7% from whole sellers while 31.7% except in Prey Veng
and Takeo receive it from slaughterhouses and a few (2.5%) in Kampong Speu and Prey Veng
get it from CP Group (Table 99).
Table 99: Market information of pork and its sources received by butchers in eight provinces and
Phnom Penh.
Provinces
Any market
If yes, where did you received?, %
information
(Multiple answers)
received?, %
Yes
No
Other
Slaughter
Whole
CP Group
butchers
house
sellers
Banteay Mean Chey
100
73.3
53.3
33.3
Battambang
100
86.7
60.0
33.3
13.3
Kampong Speu
100
66.7
6.70
53.3
Kampong Thom
100
80.0
53.3
46.7
Phnom Penh
100
33.3
53.3
33.3
Prey Veng
100
66.7
53.3
6.70
Siem Reap
100
60.0
26.7
40.0
Takeo
100
86.7
40.0
Total
100
69.2
(n=120
(n=83)
31.7 (n=38) 41.7 (n=50)
2.50 (n=3)

IV.5.2.8 Pig meat demand

The season of high demand of pig meat is during the festivity and occasional ceremony such as
New Years, Pchum Bin, wedding etc. However, butchers in Siem Reap refer to the number of
tourists visiting Siem Reap. On average, the duration of high demand is 32.5 (6-180) days but
155 | P a g e

longer than total average is in Battambang (56.3 days), Siem Reap (54.1 days) and Kampong
Thom (45 days) (Table 100). The total volume sold during the high demand period is 171 (301,000) kg/day/butcher with a price of 18,200 riel/kg or a total value per season of 109 (8.331,200) million riel.
The low demand period is 82.3 (30-180) days of which the period is longer in Banteay Mean
Chey, and Battambang and shorter in Prey Veng and Takeo. The volume of pig meat sold in
this period is 59.6 (15-400) kg/day/butcher with price 15,300 riel/kg or a total 2 (12.6-540)
millions riel per low season.
On a yearly basis the constant demand period is 249 days. The average carcass sold is 95.7 (32650) kg/day/butcher with the average price of 16,600 riel/kg or a total value of 386 (74.42,375.7) million riel per constant demand period per butcher.

156 | P a g e

Table 100: Demand of pig meat throughout the year experienced by butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh (Ave.SE).
Provinces

High demand (festivities and occasional ceremony)

Low demand (after festivities and fish availability)

# days

Qty
sold,
kg/day

Price, x 103
riel/kg

Total sold/
season,
x 106
riel/kg

Price, x 103
riel/kg

Total sold/
season,
x 106
riel/kg

Banteay Mean
Chey

22.13.59

15039.1

18.30.251

62.818.1

1067.81

60.711.9

16.50.215

11025.2

2368.86

92.018.2

17.20.145

35763.4

Battambang

56.311.7

26670.6

19.00.365

285101

90.05.85

92.725.4

15.70.326

12334.2

21813.7

15040.2

17.10.371

569152

Kampong Speu

21.80.99

13624.7

17.50.424

54.410.6

73.33.70

41.06.95

14.90.284

44.47.82

2693.53

69.711.2

16.10.435

30650.7

Kampong
Thom

45.19.64

17826.8

17.90.415

14132.0

92.77.52

70.714.3

14.40.466

95.720.9

22714.2

10818.8

16.30.351

39882.7

Phnom Penh

23.11.62

98.712.3

18.90.415

45.28.59

74.77.03

47.37.36

15.90.539

64.415.8

26411.0

76.19.45

17.20.677

32631.5

Prey Veng

17.91.22

21954.2

18.80.725

65.314.1

68.77.29

64.212.0

16.00.294

69.113.0

2853.98

11022.8

17.00.218

538114

Siem Reap

54.113.9

11715.0

18.00.209

15061.3

86.08.11

50.78.48

15.10.315

63.910.4

21218.4

72.711.1

15.70.347

21625.0

Takeo

19.40.92

20237.1

17.70.361

71.213.2

66.73.86

49.75.31

14.20.319

46.55.10

2794.31

85.910.1

16.30.386

38040.7

Total

32.52.88

17114.4

18.20.149

10916.8

82.32.55

59.64.66

15.30.142

77.26.96

2494.52

95.77.32

16.60.144

38629.7

# days

Qty sold,
kg/day

Price, x 103
riel/kg

Constant (no festivity, ceremony & fish)

Total sold/
season,
x 106
riel/kg

# days

Qty sold,
kg/day

157 | P a g e

IV.5.4. Food safety in pig meat and meat products

Almost all interviewed butchers inspect/test pig meat when they buy of whom 100% just
observe and look at meat, 39% touching the meat and 4.24% get odor of the meat (Table 101).
When meat has no standard quality for example diseases free, 11% of butchers buy it cheap,
5.08% buy it cheap for processing, 18.6% reject it and report to vet and 65.2% reject and dont
report to vet.
Table 101: Inspection of meat bought and their behavior on meat safety of butchers in eight provinces
and Phnom Penh.
Provinces

Banteay Mean
Chey
Battambang
Kampong Speu
Kampong Thom
Phnom Penh
Prey Veng
Siem Reap
Takeo
Total

Inspection/test
on meat
whether
diseases free,
%
Yes
No

If yes, how do you

inspect/test?, %
(Multiple answer)

Use eye
By
By
to
touching smelling
observe

100

100

100
93.3
100
100
100
100
100
98.3
(n=118)

6.67
1.67
(n=2)

100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(n=118)

46.7
66.7
50.0
86.7
46.7
13.3
7.14
39.8
(n=47)

14.3
13.3
7.14
4.24
(n=5)

If the meat is not diseases free, what do

you do?, %

Buy
cheap

6.70
21.4
13.3
13.3
20.0
14.3
11.0
(n=13)

Buy cheap Reject

for
it and
processing report
to vet

14.3
6.70
20.0
5.08
(n=6)

26.7
20.0
46.7
40.0
13.3
18.6
(n=22)

Reject
but
dont
report to
vet
66.7
80.0
64.3
33.3
46.7
60.0
86.7
85.7
65.2
(n=77)

On average 61.7% of butchers, use leftover meat or carcass for processing especially into sausages if
the carcass could not be sold within a day, while 7.50% except in Kampong Speu, Siem Reap and Takeo
also process it for home consumption, 21.7% except Kampong Speu sell leftover meat cheap to
processors, 66.7% preserve meat in cold chain for selling in the next day and only 3.33% of butchers in
Kampong Thom, Prey Veng and Takeo exchange it with rice to farmers (Table 102).

Table 102: Carcass left over management by butchers in eight provinces and Phnom Penh.
Provinces
Process to
Process to
Sell cheap
Preserve the
Exchange it
sell, %
consume, %
to
meat in cold
with to
processors,
chain for next
farmers, %
%
day, %
Banteay Mean
Chey
93.3
6.70
20.0
46.7
Battambang
66.7
26.7
20.0
46.7
Kampong Speu
60.0
60.0
Kampong Thom
66.7
13.3
46.7
66.7
13.3
Phnom Penh
60.0
6.70
6.7
80.0
Prey Veng
60.0
6.70
13.3
73.3
6.70
Siem Reap
53.3
40.0
66.7
Takeo
33.3
26.7
93.3
6.70
Total
61.7 (n=74) 7.50 (n=9)
21.7 (n=26)
66.7 (n=80)
3.33 (n=4)

Conclusions
The Cambodian pig sector is not self sufficient. An additional 0.5-0.6 million finishing pigs per
year or around 1,500 heads daily would be required to meet the domestic pork demand.
Although smallholder pig producers raise few pigs they are still the most important supplier of
live pigs to various players in the chain. They raise mainly crossbreed pigs and feed them with
concentrate mixed and other agriculture by-products. Pig raising is still considered as their
saving bank. Medium scale and larger scale or contract farms are supplying a small share of the
domestic pork production. Disease outbreaks are common in pig farms of all sizes while larger
scale farms are more frequently using vaccination as a means to protect their pigs from
common swine disease.
The role of traders, slaughterhouses and butchers is complex. Some of them slaughter,
wholesale and retail while other are also in engaged in raising pigs. Disease spread prevention
measures such as cleaning of transport vehicle are not a common practice. The absence of
basic hygiene measures together with trading of unhealthy pigs is a major disease transmission
risk factor.
Although producers and other value chain actors commonly experience the impacts of
diseases in pigs these are not their main concerns. access to veterinary services, credit and
good improved breeds. Other productivity related issues such as access to credit and improved
breed are more important, especially for the smallholders. Market related issues such as price
information systems and hedging against market price risks are frequently mentioned by all
value chain actors. Linking disease control interventions with the market or production issues
159 | P a g e

of smallholders would enhance incentives for participation and therefore the effectiveness for
disease control interventions.

References
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Branch AGAL, July 2005.
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FAO (2011): Swine Industry Profile of Cambodia. Assistance on Diagnosis and Management of Porcine
Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) and Other Swine Diseases to Improve Swine Health
Status in Selected Countries (TCP/RAS/3215). FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations).
FAO (2012): Designing and implementing livestock value chain studies A practical aid for Highly
Pathogenic and Emerging Disease (HPED) control. FAO Animal Production and Health Guidelines No. 10.
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Psilos P (2007): Smallholder Swine-Pig Meat Production in Asia. A Conceptual Framework for
Competitiveness: using analysis from the Lower Mekong Region. Strengthening the contribution of
livestock to economic growth in Asia. APHCA.
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160 | P a g e