Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Our primary interests were in traditional wooden construction and designing with wooden joints, principly inspired by Crannogs vernacular
architecture. We then researched more modern examples including the mathematical bridge in Cambridge which we felt was apt due to its
mathematical focus of the project. A sculptural piece by Ai WeiWei built out of old temple parts was also an inspiration for its
traditional oriental joinery.
A key feature in our design was to get people as close to the water as possible, close enough on a lower level to engage and touch it. On
top of this we created a pond space to allow for a closer interaction with the wildlife. As a sight of natural beauty, we chose the site taking
into account the present habitat of the birds. We also desired to get out into the centre of the loch to envoke a sense of awe at the beautiful
stillness and topography.
Its trajectory into the loch was taken so you would view the most picturesque areas of wildlife to the east. However, we wanted areas
providing panoramic views which were accomodated by a raised platform.
1:200 Plan
A key aspect of our design was to create a series of view points. We decided on three areas, focusing on different
elements of the loch and surrounding scenery. The principle walkway runs continuously at the same level allowing
access for all users. The design steps down at the end of the boardwalk bringing users closer to the water and the
birds.
6
Exploded Axonometric
COLUMNS
Check loading on column A
The chosen column dimension 200 x 200 mm (200 x 195 in Table 12:
Geometrical properties of regularised softwood)
Total area of floor carried by column = 2.2 x 1.575 = 3.47 m2 (column carries half of the adjacent spans).
Therefore, the total load carried by each column P = 3.47 x 5.5 (+4.5 pedestrian load) = 23.59 kN
For stress class D40, the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc,0,k = 26 N/mm2
Consider actual construction details and conditions in determining effective
length Le for buckling (the height the column can buckle):
Le = 3000 mm
From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers
(Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003)):
E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2 , therefore
E0.05 9400
=
= 361.5
fc,0,k
26
Le 3000
=
= 53.3 , where the radius of gyration about the axis of the section
rxx 56.3
x-x rxx = 56.3mm (from Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods).
The slenderness ratio y =
Using these values (Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in
terms of the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40
strength, the slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.7471
The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:
P 23.59 10 3
=
= 0.590 N / mm 2
200 200
A
The check for buckling strength is sufficient when c kc,y fc,0,d and the column is therefore safe
The actual compressive stress c =
against buckling.
c = 0.590
The chosen column dimension 250 x 250 mm (250 x 245 in Table 12: Geometrical properties of
regularised softwood)
Total area of floor carried by column = 3.0 x 2.250 = 6.75 m2 (column carries half of the adjacent spans).
Therefore, the total load carried by each column P = 6.75 x 5.5 (+ 4.5 pedestrian load) = 41.625 kN
From Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN
338:2003)):
For stress class D40, the compressive strength parallel to the grain fc,0,k = 26 N/mm2
Consider actual construction details and conditions in determining effective
length Le for buckling (the height the column can buckle):
E0.05 = 9.4 kN/mm2 , therefore
E0.05 9400
=
= 361.5
fc,0,k
26
Le 3000
=
= 42.4 , where the radius of gyration
rxx 70.7
about the axis of the section x-x rxx = 70.7mm (from Table 12: Geometrical
properties of regularised softwoods).
The slenderness ratio y =
Using these values (from Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in
terms of the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40
strength, the slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.5640
The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:
P 41.62510 3
=
= 0.666 N / mm 2
250 250
A
against buckling.
c = 0.666
PRIMARY BEAM
LOADING
Domestic; long term action
Live load (impose)
5.0 kN/m2
Self weight (planks)
0.5 kN/m2
Total q
5.5 kN/m2
1. Mechanical Properties
We have chosen a hardwood, green oak, with Strength Class D40.
The grade stresses for D40 were taken from Table 3: Strength classes and characteristic values for
common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003).
Bending, fmk
Compression parallel fc0k
Compression perp fc90k
Shear fvk
Mean Elasticity Modulus E
40 N/mm2
26 N/mm2
8.8 N/mm2
3.8 N/mm2
11000 N/mm2
2. Section
Rectangular section 100 x 295 mm
From Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods:
Area A = 29.5 x 103 mm2
Second moment of inertia Ixx = 213.94 x 106 mm4
Section modulus Zxx = 1450.4 x103 mm3
10
3. Modification factors
!!!"!
!!!
!".!"!!!!!"!
!"#$.!!!!!"!
= 10.02!!/!! !
The actual bending stress against permissible strength means that !!" < ! !!" ,!10.02 < 16.92 N/mm2,
therefore the section is satisfactory in bending.
7. The design (permissible) shear stress (strength) f vd is:
The load sharing factor k is is assumed to be 1.1 as the beam (floor joists) span 2.75m, which is
less than 6m apart (from Table 9: Description of assemblies and load distribution systems)
Instability factor for solid beams k crit
Considering a full torsional constraint of the beam, kcrit = 1.0
The moisture and creep modification factor k def is defined in Table 10: Values of kdef for timber
materials. For Service Class 3 and solid timber material, kdef = 2.0
The material is solid untreated timber, therefore the partial factor !m for material properties is
1.3 (from Table 5:!Partial factors M for material properties and resistances (Table NA.3 from NAD))
Therefore, the design (permissible) bending stress (strength) f md is:
!!"
!!" = !
=!
!.!!!.!!!.!
!.!
= 1.61!N/mm! !
Max shear force for UDL V = q s L/2 = 5.5 x 2.2 x 2.75/2 = 16.64 kN!!
!
!.!
The maximum shear stress in a rectangular section against the design shear stress means that,
!! < !!" !!"!0.96 < 1.61 the section is ok.
5
!! ! !!
5
12.1!!!2750!
!
=!
!!
= 3.83!!!
384 !! ! !!!
384 11000!!!213.94!! !106
!! ! !!
4.5!!!2750!
= !!
6
48! !! ! !!!
48!!!11000!!!213.94!! !10
= 8.28!!!10!! !!!!
Which results in a final deflection wfin = wins (1 + kdef) = 3.83 (1+2) = 11.49 mm
Max allowable deflection (from Table 11: Recommended limits for the final deflection) = L/150 = 2750/150
= 18.3mm
11.49 < 18.3 therefore the deflection of the beam is ok.
5. Max bending moment
Each joist is considered as simply supported above each post. The max bending moment occurs at the
centre:
Max bending moment for UDL !!!" = !
!!.!!!
!
!".!!!!.!"!
!!.!!!
!
= 11.44!!"#
!
!.!!!!.!"
!
= 3.09!!"#
11
2.
1.
2.
1.
12
2.
2.
1.
This is the most complicated joint implemented in our scheme. We had to use large timber
posts which easily stay within the safety regulations. This large sizing was neccessary to
allow for the joints we chose to work. The beams themselves had to be of a certain
diameter for the mortice and tenon (2) and bridle joints (1) to work.
1.
Here the purple lines show where these connections take place.
13
1.
2.
2.
1.
14
SECONDARY BEAM
LOADING
Domestic; long term action
Live load (impose)
5.0 kN/m2
Self weight (planks)
0.5 kN/m2
Total q
5.5 kN/m2
FLOOR JOIST SIZE
1. Mechanical Properties
The grade stresses for D40 (green oak) were taken from Table 3: Strength classes and
characteristic values for common timbers (Table 1 from BS EN 338:2003).
Bending, fmk
Compression parallel fc0k
Compression perp fc90k
Shear fvk
Mean Elasticity Modulus E
40 N/mm2
26 N/mm2
8.8 N/mm2
3.8 N/mm2
11000 N/mm2
2. Section
Rectangular section 75 x 147 mm
From Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods:
Area A = 11.03 x 103 mm2
Second moment of inertia Ixx = 19.85 x 106 mm4
Section modulus Zxx = 270.1 x103 mm3
3. Modification factors
Strength modification factor k mod
Service Class 3: external uses, fully exposed (Table 7: Service Classes (Table NA.2 from NAD) )
Load duration: permanent
Material: solid timber
Therefore (from Table 6: Strength modification factor kmod (Table 3.1 from EN 1995-1-1:2004)), kmod = 0.50
Size factor k h
d = 147 mm
k ! = min
!"# !.!
!
= min
!"# !.!
!"#
= 1.004
15
The moisture and creep modification factor k def is defined in Table 10: Values of kdef for timber
materials. For Service Class 3 and solid timber material, kdef = 2.0
The material is solid untreated timber, therefore the partial factor !m for material properties is
1.3 (from Table 5:!Partial factors M for material properties and resistances (Table NA.3 from NAD))
Therefore, the design (permissible) bending stress (strength) f md is:
!!" = !
The maximum shear stress in a rectangular section against the design shear stress means that,
!! < !!! !!"!0.665 < 1.61 the section is ok
5
!! ! !!
5
2.519!!!!2100!
!
=!
!!
= 2.92!!!
384 !! ! !!!
384 11000!!!19.85!x!10!
!! ! !!
4.5!!!2100!
= !!
= 3.98!!!10!! !!!!
48! !! ! !!!
48!!!11000!!!19.85!x!10! !
Which results in a final deflection wfin = wins (1 + kdef) = 2.92 (1+2) = 8.76 mm
Max allowable (from Table 11: Recommended limits for the final deflection) = L/150 = 2100/150 = 14.0mm
Each joist is considered as simply supported above each post. The max bending
moment occurs at the centre:
!!.!!!
!
!.!"#!!!.!!
!!.!!!
!
= 1.39!!"#
!.!!!!.!
!
= 2.36!!"# !
!!!"!
!!!
!.!"!!!!"!
!"#.!!!!!"!
= 13.88!!/!! !
The actual bending stress against permissible strength means that !!" < ! !!" ,!13.88 <16.92 N/mm2,
therefore the section is satisfactory in bending
7. The design (permissible) shear stress (strength) f vd is:
!!" = !
=!
!.!!!.!!!.!
!.!
= 1.61!!/!! !
!.!
!
!
!
= 2.64 kN
=!
!.!
!
= 2.25!!" !
16
1:20 Section AA
17
To ensure that the primary beam was efficient in its use of materials,
with minimum excess in cross section, we alternated the secondary
beam connections. This layout can be seen in the diagram above.
1:20 Section BB
18
1:20 Section CC
19
20
21
22
Le 3000
=
= 53.3 , where the radius of gyration about the axis of the section xrxx 56.3
x rxx = 56.3mm (from Table 12: Geometrical properties of regularised softwoods).
The slenderness ratio, y =
Using these values (Table 14: Values for the slenderness modification factor kc,y in HARDWOODS in terms of
the material properties of the stress class and the slenderness of the column), for D40 strength, the
slenderness modification factor is obtained kc,y = 0.7471
The permissible stress in the column fc,0,d is:
!".!"!!!!"!
!""!!""
=!1.18 N/mm2
against buckling.
!! = 1.18
kc,y fc,0,d = 0.7471 11.0 = 8.22 N/mm2
1.18 8.22 N/mm2
Therefore the column is safe against buckling.
23
D
D
1:50 Section DD
24
25
26
27
28
29
CREDITS
Group work :
Justification
Layout drawings
Section drawings
Discussion of the design
Individual work:
1. Detail drawings and Sections - Jack Cripps s1118304
2. Schedule of calculations with diagrams and Plans- Matt Pepper s1105037 and Rachel Braude s1115488
3. Axonometric drawing and 3d Renders- Martin Skarback s1142587
30