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ANALYSIS
Siham Abdoun
Msc., PhD
Introduction
detectors ,.etc
Titration
potentiometric titrations.
1.
Applications :
Provide standard pharmacopeial methods for
the assay of unformulated drugs and
excipents and some formulated drugs e.g.
Fischer
1.
Advantages:
Capable of higher degree of precision and
accuracy.
2.
3.
4.
Limitations:
1.
Non selective
2.
4.
Procedure:
Preparation techniques
Titration curves
A titration curve is a curve in the plane whose xcoordinate is the volume of titrant added since
the beginning of the titration, and whose ycoordinate is the concentration of the analyte at
the corresponding stage of the titration (in an
acid-base titration, the y-coordinate is usually
the pH of the solution).[6]
Endpoint
Types of titrations:
There are many types of titrations with
different procedures and goals. The most
common types of quantitative titration are
acid base titrations and redox titrations.
Methyl Violet
Yellow
0.01.6
Violet
Bromophenol Blue
Yellow
3.04.6
Blue
Methyl Orange
Red
3.14.4
Yellow
Methyl Red
Red
4.46.3
Yellow
Litmus
Red
5.08.0
Blue
Bromothymol Blue
Yellow
6.07.6
Blue
Phenolphthalein
Colorless
8.310.0
Pink
Alizarin Yellow
Yellow
10.112.0
Red
indicator error
2. Redox titration
4. Complexometric titration
Complexometric titrations rely on the formation
5. Back titration
Back titration is a titration done in reverse;
instead of titrating the original sample, a known
excess of standard reagent is added to the
solution, and the excess is titrated. A back
titration is useful if the endpoint of the reverse
titration is easier to identify than the endpoint of
the normal titration, as with precipitation
reactions.
endpoint include:[17]
1.
endpoint is reached.
The pH meter is a potentiometer with an
Beer's Law.
9. Thermometric titrimetry:
Differentiated from calorimetric titrimetry
because the heat of the reaction (as indicated