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H ms
Ht
hs
fs
hd
H stat
H md
hfd
Datum pump
center line
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
Contents
1. Units and Dimensions & Fluid Properties................ 2
2. Fluid Pressure and Hydrostatic Force.... 20
3. Fluid masses subjected to Acceleration ...... 37
4. Equilibrium of Floating Bodies.... 45
5. Kinematics of Fluid Flow.. 51
6. Flow through Pipes.. 82
7. Momentum Principle.. 109
8. Solved Problems...... 111
9. Assignments..... 184
ii
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 1
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS & FLUID PROPERTIES
1.1 Fluids :
Fluid can be defined as a substance which can deform continuously when
being subjected to shear stress at any magnitude. This includes any liquid
or gas.
. ,
FLUID MECHANICS
Ht
H ms
hs
fs
hd
H stat
H md
hfd
Water pipelines:
Datum pump
center line
FLUID MECHANICS
FLUID MECHANICS
Time
T
Mass
M
Force
F
Quantity
Length (L) Time (T) Mass (M) Force (F)
M
sec
Kg
N
International (SI)
Cm
sec
gm
dyne
French (c.g.s)
Foot (ft)
sec
slug
Pound (Ib)
British (English)
M
sec
Kg
Kgw
Kilogram weigth
1 N = 1 Kg x 1 m/s2
1 dyne = 1 gm x 1 cm/s2
1 Ib = 1 slug x 1 ft/s2
- Some conversion factors:
a- Length (L):
1 ft = 12 inch
1 inch = 2.54 cm
1 ft = 0.3048 m
b- Mass (M):
1 slug = 14.59 Kg
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
FLUID MECHANICS
c- Force (F):
1 Kgw = 9.81 N
1 N = 105 dyne
1 Ib = 4.44 N
1 Kgw = 2.205 Ib
1 Ib = 453.60 gm
(Dimension)
(units)
FLUID MECHANICS
=g
= Kgw/m3 = N/m3 = dyne/cm3 = Ib/ft3
water = 9810 N/m3 = 981 dyne/cm3 = 62.42 Ib/ft3
(units)
Temperature (C)
Density ( , kg/m )
0(ice)
917
8996
0 (water)
999
9800
1000
9810
10
999
9800
20
998
9790
30
996
9771
40
992
9732
50
988
9692
60
983
9643
70
978
9594
FLUID MECHANICS
80
972
9535
90
965
9467
100
958
9398
Example 1-2
A cylindrical water tank (see the figure) is suspended vertically by its
sides. The tank has a 2-m diameter and is filled with 40C water to 1 m in
height. Determine the force exerted on the tank bottom.
FLUID MECHANICS
(no units)
4- Surface Tension :
Surface tension (): A liquids ability to resist tension.
.
The surface tension () of a liquid is usually expressed in the units of force
per unit length.
At the interface between a liquid and a gas, i.e., at the liquid surface, and at
the interface between two immiscible (not mix-able) liquids, the out-ofbalance attraction force between molecules forms an imaginary surface
film, which exerts a tension force in the surface. This liquid property is
known as surface tension.
,) (
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
FLUID MECHANICS
,
.
Molecular forces :
Cohesion :Cohesion enables a liquid to resist tensile stress (inner
force between liquid molecules) .
Adhesion : adhesion enables it to adhere to another body (attraction
force between liquids, and a solid surface).
.
10
FLUID MECHANICS
4-1 Capillarity :
Capillary effect is the rise or fall of a liquid in a small-diameter tube. It
is caused by surface tension.
4 cos
D
4
D
11
FLUID MECHANICS
Example 1-4
Calculate the capillary effect in millimeters in a glass tube of 5 mm diam.,
when immersed in (i) water and (ii) in mercury (S.G. = 13.6). The
temperature of liquid is 20 C and the values of surface tension of water
and mercury at this temperature in contact with air are 0.0075 kg/m and
0.052 kg/m respectively. The contact angle for water = 0 and for mercury
= 130.
Solution
In water:
In mercury:
= -1.97 mm.
Example 1-5
Calculate the internal pressure of a 25 mm diameter soap bubble if the
tension in the soap film is 0.5N/m.
Solution
12
FLUID MECHANICS
5- Viscosity :
Consider that oil fills the space between two parallel plates at a distance
y a part. A horizontal force F is applied to the upper plate and moves
it to the right at velocity v while the lower plate remains stationary. The
shear force F is applied to overcome the oil resistance , and it must
be equal to because there is no acceleration involved in the process.
13
FLUID MECHANICS
The absolute viscosity has the dimension of force per unit area (stress)
times the time interval considered. It is usually measured in the unit of
poise.
1 poise = 0.1 N sec/m2
6- Kinematic viscosity:
Kinematic viscosity, , is obtained by dividing the absolute viscosity by
the mass density of the fluid at the same temperature;
= / = M L-1 T-1/ M L-3 = L2 T-1
14
FLUID MECHANICS
The absolute viscosities and the kinematic viscosities of pure water and air
are shown as functions of temperature in the next table.
.
,
.
Water
Air
Temperature
Absolute
Kinematic
Absolute
Kinematic
(C)
Viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity
Viscosity
N sec/m
cm /sec
1.717 x 10-5
.329 x 10-
N sec/m
1.781 x l0-
1.518 x l0-
10
1.307 x 10-
15
1.139 x l0-
20
1.002 x l0-
25
0.890 x 10-
30
0.798 x l0-
40
0.653 x 10-
50
0.547 x l0-
60
0.466 x 10-
70
0.404 x 10-
80
0.354 x 10-
cm /sec
.785 x 10-
.519 x 10-6
.306 x l0-
1.741 x l0-
1.767x 10-
1.139 x l0-
1.003 x l0-
1.793 x l0-
1.817 x l0-
1.840 x l0-
.555 x10-
3.800 x 10-6
1.864 x 10-'
.601 x 10-
3.658 x 10-6
1.910 x l0-
.695 x 10-
1553 x 10-
1.954 x l0-
.794 x l0-
3.474 x 10-6
2.001 x 10-5
.886 x l0-
2.044 x l0-
2.088 x 10-
3.893 x 10-
.986 x 10-
-.087 x 10-
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FLUID MECHANICS
90
0.315 x l0-
100
0.282 x 10-
3.326 x l0-
1294 x 10-
2.131 x l0-
2.174 x l0-
Example 1-6
A thin plate weighting 125gm takes 3.3 sec. to fall a distance of one meter
in a liquid with a specific gravity of 0.9 between two vertical boundaries
0.5 cm apart, the plate moves at a distance of 0.2 cm from one of them. If
the surface area of the plate is 1.5 m2. What are the dynamic viscosity of
the liquid in poise and the kinematic viscosity in stokes.
Solution
16
FLUID MECHANICS
7- Compressibility of liquids :
Compressibility (change in volume due to change in pressure) is inversely
proportional to its volume modulus of elasticity (Bulk Modulus of
Elasticity K).
17
FLUID MECHANICS
18
FLUID MECHANICS
19
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 2
FLUID PRESSURE AND HYDROSTATIC FORCE
2.1 Hydrostatic Pressure:
For liquids at rest, the pressure at all points in a horizontal plane is the
same.
(P ) = P + h = P
B abs
atm
+ h = absolute pressure
20
FLUID MECHANICS
21
FLUID MECHANICS
22
FLUID MECHANICS
pdxdy ( p
p
dz)dxdy gdxdydz 0
z
p
g
z
p
dy)dxdz 0
y
p
0
y
Fx 0
p
dx )dydz 0
x
p
0
x
For a static fluid, the pressure only varies with elevation z and is constant
in horizontal xy planes.
pdxdz (p
pdydz (p
23
FLUID MECHANICS
p z
p2 p1 z 2 z1
Alternate forms:
p1 z1 p2 z2 constant
p z constant
(piezometric pressure)
p z 0 0
i.e., p z
p
z constant
gage
increase linearly with depth
(piezometric head)
Pascal's Application:
A small force F1 applied to a piston with a
area produces a much larger force F2 on the
piston. This allows a hydraulic jack to lift heavy objects.
small
larger
24
FLUID MECHANICS
25
FLUID MECHANICS
Example 2-1
The diameters of cylindrical pistons A and B are 3 cm and 20 cm,
respectively. The faces of the pistons are at the same elevation and the
intervening passages are filled with an incompressible hydraulic oil. A
force P of 100 N is applied at the end of the lever, as shown in the
figure. What weight W can the hydraulic jack support?
Solution
Balancing the moments produced by P and F, we obtain for the
equilibrium condition.
Thus,
From Pascal's law, the pressure PA applied at A should be the same as that
of PB applied at B. We may write
26
FLUID MECHANICS
2.6 Manometers:
A manometer: Is a tube bent in the form of a U containing a fluid of
known specific gravity. The difference in elevations of the liquid surfaces
under pressure indicates the difference in pressure at the two ends.
The liquid used in a manometer is usually heavier than the fluids to be
measured. It must not mix with the adjacent liquids (i.e., immiscible
liquids).
27
FLUID MECHANICS
28
FLUID MECHANICS
Example 2-2
Determine the pressure difference P
Solution
So that,
and,
29
FLUID MECHANICS
P h y sin
The differential force dF acting on the element dA is:
dF y sin .dA
Integrate both sides and note that and
F dF sin y dA sin .A.y
A
are constants,
first moment of area about point S
F .A.h
Location of Total Hydrostatic Force (Centre of Pressure)
From the figure above, S is the intersection of the prolongation of the
submerged area to the free liquid surface. Taking moment about point S.
F . y P y dF
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
30
FLUID MECHANICS
Where,
dF y sin .dA
F .A.h
Thus,
the formula
31
FLUID MECHANICS
32
FLUID MECHANICS
Example 2-3
Determine F and yP
Solution
33
FLUID MECHANICS
, F ,
curved surface
. .
The resultant hydrostatic force is computed by considering the free-body
diagram of a body of fluid in contact with the curved surface, as illustrated
below.
FCB
C
B
W
FAC
A
Freebody
diagram
F
F
34
FLUID MECHANICS
F FH2 FV2
The angle the resultant force makes to the horizontal is:
FV
FH
tan 1
35
FLUID MECHANICS
Example 2-4
Determine the total hydrostatic pressure and the center of pressure on the 3
m long, 2m high quadrant gate in the shown figure.
Solution
The horizontal component is equal to the hydrostatic pressure force on the
projection plane A/B.
36
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 3
FLUID MASSES SUBJECTED TO ACCELERATION
3.1
Consider a tank felled with liquid moves towards the right side with
a uniform acceleration a.
As the tank stats moving under the action of acceleration force, the
liquid does not remain in horizontal level.
The liquid surface falls down on the direction of motion and rise up
on the back side of the tank, the liquid surface makes angle with
the horizontal.
Consider the equilibrium of a fluid particle a lying on the inclined
free surface as shown in the figure.
37
FLUID MECHANICS
Acceleration force
F = ma
Resolving horizontally P sin = F = ma
(i)
Resolving vertically
P cos = W = mg
(ii)
Dividing Equation (i) to (ii)
P sin / P cos = ma / mg = a/g
tan = a/g
uniform velocity
.
Now consider the equilibrium of the entire mass of the liquid. Let P1 and
P2 are the hydrostatic pressure on the back side and front side of the tank.
Net force P = P1- P2
By Newtons second law of motion,
P = ma
(P1-P2) = ma
Example 3-1
An open rectangular tank 3m long. 2.5m wide and 1.25m deep is
completely filled with water. If the tank is moved with an acceleration of
1.5m/s2, find the slope of the free surface of water and the quantity of
water which will spill out of the tank.
38
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
Slope of the free surface of water
39
FLUID MECHANICS
The force acting on the liquid column s the weight of liquid column W
acting vertically downwards, acceleration force F and pressure force
exerted by the liquid on the column.
Applying Newtons second law of motion,
Fy = m a y
P - W = m ay
p.dA - hdA = hdA / g. a
p.dA = hdA / g .a + hdA
p = h (1 + a/g)
, a
.
If the liquid is moving vertically downward with a uniform acceleration,
the pressure will be,
p = h (1 -a/g)
Example 3-2
An open rectangular tank 4m long and 2.5m wide contains an oil of
specific gravity 0.85 up to a depth of 1.5m. Determine the total pressure on
the bottom of the tank, when the tank is moving with an acceleration of
g/2 m/s2
(i) vertically upwards
(ii) vertically downwards.
Solution
(i) Total pressure on the bottom of the tank, when it is vertically upwards:
oil = 0.85 x 9810 = 8.34 KN/m3
p = h (1 + a/g) = 8.34 x 1.50 (1 + g/2g) = 18.765 KN/m2
Total pressure force on the bottom of the tank,
P = 18.765 x (4 x 2.50) = 187.65 KN
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
40
FLUID MECHANICS
We know that when the tank starts moving, the liquid surface falls down
on the front side and rises up on the back side of the tank as shown in the
figure.
41
FLUID MECHANICS
Let,
= Inclination of the plane with the horizontal
= Angle, which the liquid surface makes with the horizontal, and
a = Acceleration of the tank
Acceleration force
F = ma
Resolving horizontally P sin = FH = F cos = m a cos(i)
Resolving vertically
P cos = W+ FV = mg + m a sin(ii)
Dividing Equation (i) to (ii)
P sin / P cos = m a cos / mg + m a sin
tan = a cos / g + a sin
tan = aH/(g+aV)
If the liquid is moving downward,
tan = aH/(g-aV)
where,
aH = horizontal component of the acceleration
aV = vertical component of the acceleration
Example 3-3
A rectangular box containing water is accelerated at 3 m/s2 upwards on an
inclined plane 30 degree to the horizontal. Find the slope of the free liquid
surface.
Solution
aH = 3 cos 30 = 2.598 m/s2
aV = 3 sin 30 = 1.50 m/s2
42
FLUID MECHANICS
Where tan is the slope at the surface of paraboloid at any distance x from
the axis of rotation.
From Calculus, y = slope, thus
43
FLUID MECHANICS
For cylindrical vessel of radius r revolved about its vertical axis, the
height h of paraboloid is:
44
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 4
EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES
," " " "
.
Weight of floating body (W) = Weight of liquid displaced (Fb)
W = Fb
b . Vb = w . Vsub
S.G.w . LBD = w . LBhsub
hsub = S.G.D
45
FLUID MECHANICS
46
FLUID MECHANICS
Metacenter M: is the intersection point of the axis of the body and the
line of action of the buoyant force.
If M is above G, Fb and W will produce a righting moment
RM which causes the body to return to its neutral position, thus
the body is stable.
If M is below G, the body becomes unstable because of the
overturning moment OM made by W and Fb.
47
FLUID MECHANICS
:
G M
:
Fb W ,G M :
.
Fb W ,G M :
.
Fb W ,G M :
,
.
48
FLUID MECHANICS
Assume that the body is rectangular at the top view and measures B by
L at the waterline when in upright position.
The moment due to the shifting of the buoyant force is equal to the
moment due to shifting of wedge.
For small value of , tan sin and note that 1/12 LB3 = I, thus,
49
FLUID MECHANICS
50
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 5
KINEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW
5.1 Kinematics :
Kinematics of fluid describes the fluid motion and its consequences
without consideration of the nature of forces causing the motion.
) ( ,
5.2 Difference between open-channel flow and the pipe flow:
Pipe flow :
The pipe is completely filled with the fluid being transported.
The main driving force is likely to be a pressure gradient along the pipe.
.
Open-channel flow :
Fluid flows without completely filling the pipe.
Gravity alone is the driving force, the fluid flows down a hill.
,
.
51
FLUID MECHANICS
v t x ,y ,z
v t x ,y ,z
v s t
v s t
0
0
.
.
Examples of flow types:
52
FLUID MECHANICS
53
FLUID MECHANICS
54
FLUID MECHANICS
Reynolds
Experiment:
Rn
VD VD Inertial Forces
Viscous Forces
Where
V: mean velocity in the pipe
D: pipe diameter
: density of flowing fluid
[L/T]
[L]
[M/L3]
55
FLUID MECHANICS
: dynamic viscosity
[M/LT]
: kinematic viscosity
[L2/T]
" "
." " ." "
The Kind of flow depends on value of Rn
If Rn < 2000 the flow is Laminar
If Rn > 4000 the flow is turbulent
If 2000 < Rn < 4000 it is called transition flow.
Laminar Vs. Turbulent flows
Laminar flows characterized by:
low velocities
small length scales
high kinematic viscosities
R < Critical R
n
.
" " . :
.) (
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
56
FLUID MECHANICS
Example 5-1
40 mm diameter circular pipe carries water at 20oC. Calculate the largest
flow rate (Q) which laminar flow can be expected.
Solution
D 0.04m
1106 at T 20o C
Rn
VD
2000
Q V . A 0.05
V (0.04)
2000 V 0.05m / sec
1 10 6
4
Streamlines and Streamtubes:
Streamtube" ":
A set of streamlines arranged to form an
imaginary tube. Ex: The internal surface of a
pipeline.
.
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
57
FLUID MECHANICS
58
FLUID MECHANICS
59
FLUID MECHANICS
60
FLUID MECHANICS
dVol11'
dVol 2 2'
.
dt
dt
dS1
dS 2
. A1
. A2
. A1.V1 . A2 .V2 .Q
dt
dt
A1.V1 A2 .V2 Q
61
FLUID MECHANICS
,
.
Apply Newtons Second Law:
F M a M
dV M V 2 M V1
dt
t
P1 A1 P2 A2 Fx Wx
Fx is the axial direction force exerted on the control volume by the wall of
the pipe.
F
F
F
.Q(Vx2 Vx1 )
.Q(V y2 V y1 )
.Q(Vz2 Vz1 )
F .Q(V
V 1)
Conservation of
moment equation
62
FLUID MECHANICS
. on section 1-1
. on section 2-2
g. A1.V1dt.( z1 z2 )
The kinetic energy:
1
1
1
2
2
M .V22 M .V1 . A1.V1.dt (V22 V1 )
2
2
2
The total work done by all forces is equal to the change in kinetic energy:
1
2
P1.Q.dt P2 .Q.dt g.Q.dt.( z1 z2 ) .Q.dt (V22 V1 )
2
Dividing both sides by gQdt
Bernoulli Equation
2
V1 P1
V2
P2
z1
z2
2g
2g
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
63
FLUID MECHANICS
V2
P2
H2
z2
2g
Energy
head
Kinetic
head
Pressure
head
Elevation
head
V1
P1
H1
z1
2g
Notice that:
In reality, certain amount of energy loss (hL) occurs when the water
mass flow from one section to another.
The energy relationship between two sections can be written as:
2
V1
P
V
P
1 z1 2 2 z2 hL
2g
2g
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
64
FLUID MECHANICS
Consider large tank filled with a liquid with a small orifice located in the
wall at a depth H below the free surface, the ratio of jet area Ao at vena
contracta to area of orifice A is symbolized by coefficient of contraction
Cc
65
FLUID MECHANICS
The actual discharge passing the orifice is the product of the actual
velocity at the vena contracta and the area of the jet, thus
66
FLUID MECHANICS
Large
67
FLUID MECHANICS
Where Q1 is the discharge for the free area and Q2 is the discharge for the
fully submerged area As.
68
FLUID MECHANICS
69
FLUID MECHANICS
Internal
(Re-entrant) Mouthpieces
70
FLUID MECHANICS
During time dt the volume of fluid in the tank is reduced by A.dh. We can,
therefore, write
71
FLUID MECHANICS
Let,
H = Height of the water above the crest of the weir
L = Length of the weir and
Cd = Coefficient of discharge
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
72
FLUID MECHANICS
dq Cd .L.dh 2 gh
The total discharge, over the weir, may be found out by integrating the
above equation within the limits 0 and H.
H
Q Cd .L.dh 2 gh
0
Q Cd .L 2 g h .dh
0
2
Q Cd .L 2 g H 2
3
Example 5-2
A weir of 8m long is to be built across a rectangular channel to discharge a
flow of 9m3 /s. If the maximum depth of water on the upstream side of
weir is to be 2m, what should be the height of the weir? Adopt Cd = 0.62.
Solution
3
2
9 x0.62 x8 2 x9.81H 2
3
H 0.72m
Therefore height of weir should be = 2.0 - 0.72 = 1.28 m.
73
FLUID MECHANICS
b 2( H h) tan
So the discharge is
Q 2Cd . 2 g tan
( H h)
h .dh
2
Q 2Cd . 2 g tan Hh h
2 5
5 0
3
2
5
2
8
2
Q Cd . 2 g tan H
15
2
5
Example 5-3
A right-angled V-notch was used to measure the discharge of a centrifugal
pump. If the depth of water at V-notch is 200mm, calculate the discharge
over the notch in liters per minute. Assume Cd = 0.62.
Solution
5
8
90
Q x0.62 x 2 x9.81 tan 0.2 2 0.026m3 / s
15
2
Q 26liters / s 1560liters / min
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
74
FLUID MECHANICS
Q Q1 Q2
2
8
Q Cd .L 2 g H 2 Cd . 2 g tan H 2
3
15
2
3
75
FLUID MECHANICS
76
FLUID MECHANICS
Note that the above expression is for ideal condition and is known as
theoretical discharge. Actual discharge will be less than theoretical
discharge
77
FLUID MECHANICS
Case 2: The liquid in the manometer is lighter than the liquid flowing
through the pipe:
78
FLUID MECHANICS
79
FLUID MECHANICS
Thus, discharge,
Hence,
The coefficient of discharge of the orifice meter is much smaller than that
of a venturimeter.
5.8.8 Pitot tube :
Orifice meter: is a device used for measuring the velocity of flow at any
point in a pipe or a channel.
Principle: If the velocity at any point decreases, the pressure at that point
increases due to the conservation of the kinetic energy into pressure
energy.
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
80
FLUID MECHANICS
In simplest form, the pitot tube consists of a glass tube, bent at right
angles.
.
Let p1 = pressure at section 1
p2 = pressure at section 2
v1 = velocity at section 1
v2 = velocity at section 2
H = depth of tube in the liquid
h = rise of liquid in the tube
above the free surface
Applying Bernoullis equations at sections 1 and 2, we get
81
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 6
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
6.1 Introduction:
Any water conveying system may include the following elements:
pipes (in series, pipes in parallel)
elbows
valves
other devices
If all elements are connected in series, the arrangement is known as a
pipeline. Otherwise, it is known as a pipe network.
6.2
82
FLUID MECHANICS
:
,
.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Darcy-Weisbach formula
Darcy-Weisbach Equation
Where:
F is the friction factor
L is pipe length
D is pipe diameter
Q is the flow rate
h is the loss due to friction
L
V 2 8F L Q 2
hL F
D
2g g D 5 2
64
Rn
For turbulent flow in smooth pipes (e/D = 0) with 4000 < Rn < 105 is
0.316
1/ 4
Rn
84
FLUID MECHANICS
Moody diagram
A convenient chart was prepared by Lewis F. Moody and commonly
called the Moody diagram of friction factors for pipe flow, There are
4 zones of pipe flow in the chart:
85
FLUID MECHANICS
86
FLUID MECHANICS
Typical values of the absolute roughness (e) are given in the next table
Example 6-1
The water flow in Asphalted cast Iron pipe (e = 0.12mm) has a diameter
20cm at 20oC. Is 0.05 m3/s. determine the losses due to friction per 1 km
Solution
87
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Hazen-Williams
88
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Manning Formula
This formula has extensively been used for open channel design, it is also
quite commonly used for pipe flows
89
FLUID MECHANICS
V C Rh1/ 2 S 1/ 2
L V
hf 4
DC
8g
C
F
F is Darcy Weisbeich coefficient
0.00155 1
S
n
C
0.00155 n
1(23
)
S
Rh
23
90
FLUID MECHANICS
Hazen-William Method
hf
10.7 L
1.852
Q
1.852
CHW
D 4.87
hf
10.7 6000
0.321.852 333m
1.852
4 .87
130
0.3
Manning Method
10.3 L nQ
hf
D 5.33
2
10.3 6000 0.011 0.32
hf
470 m
0.35.33
2
Valves
Tees, Bends
Reducers
V2
Q2
hm k L
kL
2g
2 gA2
minor compared to friction losses in long pipelines but, can be the
dominant cause of head loss in shorter pipelines.
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
91
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92
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hc' kc'
Losses
V2
2g
Note that the drop in the energy line is much larger than in the case of a
contraction
2
hL
V1 V2
2g
93
FLUID MECHANICS
V12 V2
hE' k E'
2g
hent K ent
2g
94
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V2
hL
2g
V2
hb kb
2g
95
FLUID MECHANICS
VA2
PB VB2
zA
z B hL
2g
2g
PA
z A zB hL H
Where
i 1
j 1
hL h fi hmj
Li Vi 2
V32
V12
V22
V22
hL Fi
K ent
Kc
K enl
K exit
D
2
g
2
g
2
g
2
g
2g
i 1
i
3
96
FLUID MECHANICS
Discharge:
3
Q Q1 Q2 Q3 Qi
i 1
Head loss: the head loss for each branch is the same
hL h f 1 h f 2 h f 3
L3 V32
L1 V12
L2 V22
F1
F2
F3
D1 2 g
D2 2 g
D3 2 g
97
FLUID MECHANICS
Example 6-3
In the figure shown two new cast iron pipes in series, D1 = 0.6 m, D2 = 0.4
m length of the two pipes is 300m, level at A =80 m, Q = 0.5 m3/s (F1 =
0.017, F2 = 0.018). There are a sudden contraction between Pipe 1 and 2,
and Sharp entrance at pipe 1, and Sharp outlet at pipe 2.
1- Find the water level at B, and draw T.E.L & H.G.L
2- If the two pipes are connected in parallel to each other, and the
difference in elevation is 20 m. Find the total flow.
Solution
Kent 0.5,
Kc 0.27,
Kexit 1
98
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Example 6-4
1- Determine the flow rate in each pipe (F=0.015)
2- Also, if the two pipes are replaced with one pipe of the same length
determine the diameter which give the same flow.
99
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Solution
If the two pipes are replaced with one pipe of the same length
100
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6.4
101
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Negative pressure exists in the pipelines wherever the pipe line is raised
above the hydraulic gradient line (between P & Q)
The negative pressure at the summit point can reach theoretically -10.33
m water head (gauge pressure) and zero (absolute pressure). But in the
practice water contains dissolved gasses that will vaporize before -10.33 m
water head which reduces the pipe flow cross section.
Example 6-5
Syphon pipe between two pipe has diameter of 20cm and length 500m as
shown. The difference between reservoir levels is 20m. The distance
between reservoir A and summit point S is 100m. Calculate the flow in the
system and the pressure head at summit. F=0.02
Pof.Dr. Anas M. Elmolla & Dr. Amir M. Mobasher
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Solution
103
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6.5
Three-reservoirs problem :
Q3 = Q1 + Q2
Flow Direction????
All pipes that meet at junction J must share the same pressure at
the junction.
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Example 6-6
In the following figure determine the flow in pipe BJ & pipe CJ. Also,
determine the water elevation in tank C
Solution
105
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Type 2:
given the lengths , diameters, and materials of all pipes involved;
D1 , D2 , D3 , L1 , L2 , L3 , and e or F
given the water elevation in each of the three reservoirs,
Z 1 , Z2 , Z3
determine the discharges to or from each reservoir,
Q1 , Q2 ,and Q3 .
1- First assume a piezometric surface elevation, P, at the junction.
2- This assumed elevation gives the head losses hf1, hf2, and hf3
3- From this set of head losses and the given pipe diameters, lengths,
and material, the trail computation gives a set of values for
discharges Q1 , Q2 ,and Q3 .
4- If the assumed elevation P is correct, the computed Qs should
satisfy:
5- Otherwise, a new elevation P is assumed for the second trail.
The computation of another set of Qs is performed until the above
condition is satisfied
This types of problems are most conveniently solved by trail and error
Example 6-7
In the following figure determine the flow in each pipe.
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Solution
107
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108
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CHAPTER 7
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
7.1 Development of the Momentum Equation :
It is based on the law of conservation of momentum principle, which states
that the net force acting on a fluid mass is equal to the change in
momentum of flow per unit time in that direction .the force acting on
fluid mass m is given by the Newton`s second law of motion
F=mxa
Where a is the acceleration acting in the same direction as force F
But
F dt = d(mv)
Which is known as the impulse momentum equation and states that:
The impulse of a force acting on a fluid of mass in short interval of time is
equal to the change of momentum (d(mv)) in the direction of force.
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7.2
110
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ext
( QV ) out ( QV )in
And the angle made by the resultant force with horizontal direction is
given by
111
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112
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SOLVED PROBLEMS
113
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CHAPTER 1
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS & FLUID PROPERTIES
Problem 1-1: Identify the dimensions and units for the following
engineering quantities and terms (in British, and SI units): Density (),
specific weight (), specific gravity (S.G.), discharge (Q), surface tension
(), shear stress (), pressure intensity (p), pressure head (p/), dynamic
viscosity (), kinematic viscosity (), Linear momentum, angular velocity
(),Reynolds number (Rn= VD/), Froude number (Fn= V/gY).
Solution
114
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Solution
Problem 1-3: Determine the specific weight, density and specific gravity
of a liquid that occupies a volume of 200 lit., and weighs 178 kg. Will this
liquid float on the surface of an oil of specific gravity (0.8)? Provide
results in SI units.
Solution
115
FLUID MECHANICS
Since S.G of fluid (0.89) is higher than SG of oil (0.80) so the fluid will
not float over the oil (Higher S.G. means denser fluid)
Problem 1-4: Calculate the capillary rise in mm in a glass tube of 6 mm
diameter when immersed in (a) water, and (b) mercury, both liquids being
at C0 20. Assume to be 73103 N/m for water and 0.5 N/m for mercury.
The contact angle for water and mercury are zero and 1300 respectively.
Solution
116
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Solution
117
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118
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Problem 1-8: A 25 mm diameter steel cylinder falls under its own weight
at a uniform rate of 0.1 m/s inside a tube of slightly larger diameter. Castor
oil of viscosity 0.25N.s/m2 fills the spacing between the tube and the
cylinder. Find the diameter of the tube. (specific weight of steel = 7.8
t/m3).
Solution
119
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Solution
120
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121
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122
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CHAPTER 2
FLUID PRESSURE AND HYDROSTATIC FORCE
Problem 2-1: For the tank shown in Fig. (1), calculate the pressure in KPa
at points A, B, C, and D.
Solution
123
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Problem 2-2: The pressure gage in the tank shown in Fig. reads 1.5 KPa.
Determine the elevations of the liquid levels in the open piezometer tubes
B and C.
Solution
Problem 2-3: For the pipes shown in Fig. (3), determine the absolute and
gage pressures at the center of each pipe (A) in N /m2. Find the pressure
head in each the pipe expressed in terms of meters of water.
124
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Solution
125
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Solution
126
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Solution
Use pressure distribution method since the gate is rectangular shape.
Problem 2-6: Find the minimum value of Z for which the gate shown in
Fig. will rotates counterclockwise if the gate is (a) rectangular, 1.2 by 1.2
m; (b) triangular, 1.2 m base as axis of motion, height 1.2 m.
127
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
a. The gate is Rectangular
Use pressure distribution method since the gate is of a planar rectangular
shape.
For the gate to rotate at B, then the reaction at A is equal to zero
128
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129
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Problem 2-7: (a) A circular butterfly gate pivoted about a horizontal axis
passing through its centroid is subjected to hydrostatic thrust and
counterbalanced by a force F, applied at the bottom as shown in Fig. (7). If
the diameter of the gate is 4 m and the water depth is 1 m above the gate.
Determine the force F, required to keep the gate in position.
(b) If the gate is to retain water to its top level on the other side also,
determine the net hydrostatic thrust on the gate and suggest the new
condition for the gate to be in equilibrium.
Solution
The resultant force passing through the pivot and the gate is in
equilibrium.
130
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 2-8: Find the magnitude and location of the resultant force on the
cylindrical arc shown in the Fig. if Pg = 120.11 KPa (abs) and the arc is
25m long (normal to the paper).
Solution
131
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132
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Problem 2-9: The cylindrical dome shown in the Fig. is 10 m long and is
secured to the top of a tank by bolts. If the pressure gauge reads 2.42 bar,
and the tank is full of oil (0.86), calculate the total tension force carried by
the bolts. Neglect own weight of dome.
Solution
Problem 2-10: The cylinder shown in the Fig. retains oil from one side
and water from the other side. Determine the resultant hydrostatic thrust on
the cylinder per unit length and its inclination to the vertical.
Solution
133
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134
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Problem 2-11: The log shown in the Fig. retains oil and water. Determine
the resultant hydrostatic thrust pushing the log against the wall per unit
length. Also find the specific gravity of the log material, assuming the
reaction of the wall is normal to the log surface.
Solution
135
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CHAPTER 3
FLUID MASSES SUBJECTED TO ACCELERATION
136
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Problem 3-2: A closed rectangular tank 1.2 m high, 2.5 m long, and 1.5
wide is filled with water. The pressure at the top of the tank is raised to 60
KN/m2. Calculate the pressure at the corners of this tank when it is
decelerated horizontally along the direction of its length at 5 m/s2.
Calculate the forces on both ends of the tank and check their difference by
Newton's law.
Solution
137
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Solution
138
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 3-4: A closed cubic box of side 2.0 m contains water to a depth
of 1.0 in. calculate the pressure force on the top and the bottom sides of the
tank if it moves with horizontal acceleration of 19.6 m/s 2. Sketch the water
surface and the pressure distributions on the four sides.
Solution
139
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 3-5: Find the force on the bottom side of the tank in problem 3-4,
when the tank moves with the same acceleration, but in the vertical
direction: 1) upwards,
2) downwards.
Solution
140
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141
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 3-8: A closed cylindrical tank 2-m long, 1-m diameter is partially
filled with water to 1.5 m depth. The pressure at the water surface is 40
KN/m2. If the tank is rotated about its vertical axis with an angular velocity
of 12 rad/s, determine the pressure at the bottom of the tank; at its center,
and edge. Also calculate the force on the top of the tank.
Solution
142
FLUID MECHANICS
143
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 4
EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES
Problem 4-1: A body is weighed twice while suspended in two different
fluids of specific gravities 0.85 and 1.6. If the balance readings are 30 and
18 kg. Determine the density of the body.
Solution
144
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145
FLUID MECHANICS
146
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 4-5: Check the stability of the floating unit in the shown fig.
Solution
147
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 4-6: A rectangular pontoon 10.3m long, 7.3m wide, and 2.4 m
deep has a displacement weight of 74 tons. If an empty cylindrical boiler
of 5.5m diameter and 10.3m long is mounted on its deck, check the
stability of the system while floating in sea water (1.03), when the boiler's
axis is: a) horizontal (parallel to pontoon axis), b) vertical. The boiler
weighs 70 Ions.
Solution
148
FLUID MECHANICS
149
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 5
KINEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW
Problem 5-1: Determine the type of flow in a 305 mm diameter pipe when
a) Water flows at average velocity of 1.0 m/sec and = 1.13 x 10-6 m2/sec.
b) Glycerin flows at a rate of 1.8 lit/min having = 1260 kg/m3 and
= 0.9 N.s/m2.
Solution
150
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 5-2: Oil of specific gravity 0.9 flows through a vertical pipe of
diameter 5 cm. A pressure gauge reads 6 kg/cm2 while another gauge 20 m
higher reads 2 kg/cm2. Find the direction of flow and the head losses.
Solution
Problem 5-3: A tank where the water level is 25.0 m above an arbitrary
datum feeds a pipeline AB ending at B with a nozzle 4.0 cm diameter. Pipe
AB is 15.0 cm diameter with point A being 20.0 m above datum and point
B at datum. Find:
i) The discharge through the pipeline, the pressures and water velocities
at A & B.
ii) If friction losses in the nozzle are 0.5 m, and between A & B are 5.0
m, resolve (i) and plot the hydraulic gradient and total energy lines.
151
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Solution
152
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153
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
154
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 5-5: Water flows through the pipe contraction shown in the Fig.
For the given difference in peizometer levels, determine the flow rate as a
function of the diameter of the small pipe, D.
.
Solution
Problem 5-6: A 5.0-cm diameter orifice (Cd = 0.6) discharges water from
tank A to tank B as shown in the Fig. The vacuum gauge in tank B reads
0.65 Kg/cm2 below atmospheric pressure, while the air pressure above oil
in tank A is 70 KN/m2, find the discharge from the orifice and the distance
(L).
155
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
Problem 5-7: The velocity of water in a pipe 10.0 m diameter is 3.0 m/s.
At the end of the pipe there is a nozzle the velocity coefficient of which is
0.98. If the pressure in the pipe is 0.7 kg/cm2, find the jet diameter, the rate
of flow, and the power lost due to friction in the nozzle.
Solution
156
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 5-8: Water issues from a 10.0-cm diameter circular sharp edged
orifice under a head of 12.0 m. If a volume of 13.6 m3 is collected in 3
minutes, what is the coefficient of discharge? If the diameter of the jet at
the venacontracta is 8.0-cm what are the values for Cv & Cc?
Solution
157
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 5-10: A head gate supplies water from a pond to a canal. The
rectangular partially submerged opening is practically a sharp edged
orifice 1.0 m wide by 1.75 m high. The pond water level is 2.0 m above
the top edge of the opening on one side and the canal water level is 0.3 m
below the top edge on the other side. The coefficient of discharge is the
same as for free discharge. Calculate the approximate discharge. Take C d
equals 0.62
158
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
Problem 5-11: A drowned orifice 1.0 m wide has water columns of height
2.50 m and 2.0 m from the bottom and top of the orifice respectively. Find
the discharge through the orifice if the difference of water levels on
discharge through the orifice is 0.40 m. Take Cd equals 0.62.
Solution
159
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
Applying Bernoullis equation between the reservoir surface and the throat
of the mouthpiece, i.e. section (1),
160
FLUID MECHANICS
Applying Bernoullis equation between the reservoir surface and the exit
of the mouthpiece, i.e. section (2), yields
161
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
The time t required to lower the fluid level from H1 = 6.0 2.0 = 4.0 m to
H2 = 2.02.0 = 0.0 m is
162
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 5-14: A swimming pool 20.0 m long and 8.0 m wide is 2.0 m
deep at one end and 1.0 m deep at the other end. The pool is emptied
through an orifice of 0.1 m diameter at the bottom. Find the time required
to empty the pool if Cd = 0.7.
Solution
163
FLUID MECHANICS
Total time = t1 + t2
Where,
t1: time required to empty 1 m depth from top through two outlets, and
t2: time required to empty the bottom 3 m depth, through the bottom
outlet.
To find t1:
164
FLUID MECHANICS
To find t2:
165
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 5-17: Water flows along a rectangular channel 50.0 cm wide and
30.0 cm deep and then over a sharp-edged rectangular weir of 30.0 cm
crest length and Cd = 0.6. If the water in the channel is 18.0 cm above the
weir crest, calculate the discharge.
Solution
166
FLUID MECHANICS
167
FLUID MECHANICS
When the pipe is shifted to the horizontal position with the same discharge
the reading of the manometer will not be affected.
168
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169
FLUID MECHANICS
170
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 6
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
Problem 6-1: The following figure shows pipe system from cast iron steel.
The main pipe diameter is 0.2 m with length 4m at the end of this pipe a
Gate Valve is fixed as shown. The second pipe has diameter 0.12m with
length 6.4m, this pipe connected to two bends R/D = 2.0 and a globe valve.
Total Q in the system = 0.26 m3/s at T=10oC. Determine Q in each pipe at
fully open valves.
Solution
171
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 6-2: Determine the flow in each pipe and the flow in the main
pipe if Head loss between A & B is 2m & F=0.01
Solution
172
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
173
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 6-4: A syphon filled with oil of specific gravity 0.8 discharges
220 lit/s to the atmosphere at an elevation of 3.0 m below oil level. The
siphon is 0.2 m in diameter and its invert is 5.0 m above oil level. Find the
losses in the syphon in terms of the velocity head. Find the pressure at the
invert if two thirds of the losses occur in the first leg.
Solution
174
FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 7
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
Problem 7-1: A nozzle 5 cm diameter delivers a jet of water that strikes a
flat plate normally. If the jet velocity is 60 m/sec, calculate he force acting
on the plate if:
- The plate is stationary.
- The plate is moving at 20 m/sec. in the same direction of the jet.
- If the plate is replaced by a series of plates moving at the same speed,
determine the rate of doing work and the efficiency of the system.
Solution
175
FLUID MECHANICS
Solution
Problem 7-3: A jet of water having a velocity of 30 m/sec and area 10 cm2
impinges on a curved vane. The jet approaches the vane horizontally and
deviates an angle of 120o. Calculate the force acting on the vane if it is:
- Stationary.
- Moving at 15 m/sec in the direction of the jet.
- If the vane is replaced by a series of vanes moving at the same speed,
calculate the output power and the efficiency of the system.
Solution
176
FLUID MECHANICS
177
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178
FLUID MECHANICS
179
FLUID MECHANICS
180
FLUID MECHANICS
181
FLUID MECHANICS
182
FLUID MECHANICS
Problem 7-8: A rectangular vertical gate has an opening 0.5m high and
coefficients of contraction and discharge of 0.6 and 0.55, respectively. If
the water depth upstream the gate is 5.0 m, calculate the force exerted by
the water on the gate per unit widt, and sketch the dynamic pressure
distribution on the gate.
Solution
183
FLUID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENTS
184
FLUID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT 1
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS & FLUID PROPERTIES
Q1: Using dimensional analysis, put down the dimensions and units in the
engineering systems {pound (Ib), foot (ft), second (s)} and
{kilogram (kg), meter (m), second (s)} for the following engineering
quantities:
Density (), specific weight (), surface tension (), pressure
intensity (p), dynamic viscosity (), kinematic viscosity (),
energy per unit weight, power, liner momentum, angular
momentum, shear stress ().
= 1000 kg/m3
g = 9.81 m/sec2
p = 7 kg/cm2
= 710 dyne/cm3
= 4640.84 poise
to
to
to
to
to
Ib/ft3
ft/sec2
N/m2
Ib/ft3, N/m3
Ib.sec/ft2, Pa.sec
Q5: What is the diameter of a spherical water drop if the inside pressure is
15 N/m2 and the surface tension is 0.074 N/m.
185
FLUID MECHANICS
Q10: For the shown figure, Calculate the friction force if the plate area is
(2m x3m) and the viscosity is 0.07 poise.
186
FLUID MECHANICS
187
FLUID MECHANICS
188
FLUID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT 2
FLUID PRESSURE AND HYDROSTATIC FORCE
Q1: A tank full of water as shown below. Find the maximum pressure, and h.
Q2: A tank full of water and oil (S.G = 0.80), as shown. Find the pressure at
the oil/water interface and the bottom of the tank.
189
FLUID MECHANICS
Q3: For the shown figure, find the pressure (P1) if the pressure
KPa (abs)?
(P2) = 60
Q4: If the pressure at point (B) = 300 KPa as shown in figure, find the
followings:
a) The height (h)
b) The pressure at point (A)?
Q5: For the shown figure, where is the maximum pressure (PAB or PBC)?
190
FLUID MECHANICS
Q6: For the shown figure, what is the difference in pressure between points
1,2?
Q8: For the shown figure, what is the difference in pressure between points
A, B?
191
FLUID MECHANICS
Q9: For the shown figure, what is the pressure at gauge dial Pg?
Q10: For the shown hydraulic press, find the force (F) required to keep the
system in equilibrium.
192
FLUID MECHANICS
Q11: A vertical triangular gate with water on one side is shown in the figure.
Calculate the total resultant force acting on the gate, and locate the
center of pressure.
Q12: In the shown figure, the gate holding back the oil is 80 cm high by 120
cm long. If it is held in place only along the bottom edge. What is the
necessary resisting moment at that edge.
Q13: In the shown figure, the gate holding back the water is 6 ft wide. If it is
held in place only along the bottom edge. What is the necessary
resisting moment at that edge.
193
FLUID MECHANICS
Q14: (A) Find the magnitude and line of action of force on each side of the
gate.
(B) Find the resultant force due to the liquid on both sides of the
gate.
(C) Determine F to open the gate if it is uniform and
weighs 6000 Ib.
Q15: Find the value of P which make the gate in the shown figure just
rotate clockwise, the gate is 0.80 m wide.
194
FLUID MECHANICS
Q16: Determine the value and location of the horizontal and vertical
components of the force due to water acting on curved surface per 3
meter length.
Q17: Determine the horizontal and vertical components of the force acting on
radial gate ABC in the shown figure and their lines of action. What F is
required to open the gate. Take the weight of the gate W = 2000 kg
acting on 1m from O?
195
FLUID MECHANICS
Q20: The hemispherical dome in the figure weighs 30 kN, is filled with
water, and is attached to the floor by six equally spaced bolts. What is
the force on each bolt required to hold the dome down.
196
FLUID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT 3
FLUID MASSES SUBJECTED TO ACCELERATION
Q1: Calculate the total forces on the sides and bottom of the container shown
in Figure 1 while at rest and when being accelerated vertically upward
at 3 m/s2. The container is 2.0 m wide. Repeat your calculations for a
downward acceleration of 6 m/s2.
Q2: For the shown container in Figure 2, determine the pressure at points A,
B, and C if:
The container moves vertically with a constant linear
acceleration of 9.81 m/s2.
The container moves horizontally with a constant linear
acceleration of 9.81 m/s2.
197
FLUID MECHANICS
Q4: An open cylindrical tank 2.0 m high and 1.0 m diameter contains 1.5 m
of water. If the cylinder rotates about its geometric axis, find the
constant angular velocity that can be applied when:
a) The water just starts spilling over.
b) The point at the center of the base is just uncovered and the
percentage of water left in the tank in this case.
Q5: An open cylindrical tank 1.9 m high and 0.9 m diameter contains 1.45 m
of oil (S.G = 0.9). If the cylinder rotates about its geometric axis,
a)
What constant angular velocity can be attained without spilling
the oil?
b) What are the pressure at the center and corner points of the tank
bottom
when ( = 5.0 rad/s).
Q6: An open cylindrical tank 2.0 m high and 1.0 m diameter is full of water.
If the cylinder is rotated with an angular velocity of 2.5 rev/s, how
much of the bottom of the tank is uncovered?
Q7: A closed cylindrical container, 0.4 m diameter and 0.8 m high, two third
of its height is filled with oil (S.G = 0.85). The container is rotated
about its vertical axis. Determine the speed of rotation when:
a) The oil just starts touching the lid.
b) The point at the center of the base is just clear of oil.
Q8: A closed cylindrical tank with the air space subjected to a pressure
14.8 psi. The tank is 1.9 m high and 0.9 m diameter, contains 1.45 m
oil (S.G = 0.9). If the cylinder rotates about its geometric axis,
a)
When the angular velocity is 10 rad/s, what are the pressure
bar at the center and corner points of the tank bottom.
b) At what speed must the tank be rotated in order that the center
the bottom has zero depth?
of
of
in
of
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FLUID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT 4
EQUILIBRIUM OF FLOATING BODIES
Q1: Will a beam of S.G. = 0.65 and length 1500 mm long with a cross
section 136 mm wide and 96 mm height float in stable equilibrium in
water with two sides horizontal?
Q2: A floating body 100 m wide and 150 m long has a gross weight of
60,000 ton. Its center of gravity is 0.5 m above the water surface. Find
the metacentric height and the restoring couple when the body is given
a tilt as shown 0.5m.
Q3: A ship displacing 1000 ton has a horizontal cross-section at water-line as
shown in the figure, its center of bouyancy is 6 ft below water surface
and its center of gravity is 1 ft below the water surface. Determine its
metacentric height for rolling (about y-axis) and for pitching (about xaxis).
Q4: An empty tank rectangular in plan (with all sides closed) is 12.5m
long, and its cross section 0.70 m width x 0.60 m height. If the sheet
metal weights 363 N/m2 of the surface, and the tank is allowed to
float in fresh water (Specific weight 9.81 KN/m3) with the 0.60m
wedge vertical. Show, whether the tank is stable or not?
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FLUID MECHANICS
and weighing 10 KN is in
of gravity is 0.45 m from
the top; find the maximum
bottom if the buoy is to
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FLUID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT 4
KINEMATICS OF FLUID FLOW
Q4: For the shown figure calculate the discharge and the value h.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q5: A tank where the water level is 30.0 m above an arbitrary datum feeds a
pipeline AB ending at B with a nozzle 5.0 cm diameter. Pipe AB is 20.0
cm diameter with point A being 23.0 m above datum and point B at
datum. Find:
i- The discharge through the pipeline, the pressures and water velocities
at A & B.
ii- If friction losses in the nozzle are 0.5 m, and between A & B are 5.0 m,
resolve (i) and plot the hydraulic gradient and total energy lines.
Q6: The losses in the shown figure equals 3(V 2/2g)ft, when H is 20 ft. What
is the discharge passing in the pipe? Draw the TEL and the HGL.
Q7: Find the discharge and head loss when using sharp- edged orifice (Cc =
0.64). If Cv of the orifice is 0.94 and the water head over the center line
of the orifice is 2.5 m.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q9: A rectangular orifice 1.5 m wide and 1.2 m deep is fitted in one side of a large
tank. The water level on one side of the orifice is 2 m above the top edge of the
orifice, while on the other side of the orifice, water level is 0.4 m below its top edge.
Calculate the discharge through the orifice (Cd = 0.62).
Q10: A swimming poll 25 ft long and 10 ft wide is 3 ft deep at one end and
6 ft deep at the other end where an orifice 1.5 ft diameter was provide.
It is required to find the time needed to empty the pool completely
through this orifice (Cd = 0.62).
Q11: Calculate the time required to empty a cylinder tank 3 m diameter and 4
m height through a circular orifice 5 cm diameter and C d = 0.62 placed
at the bottom of the tank. The tank was originally full. What will be
effect of connecting a vertical pipe of length 0.5 m to the orifice at the
bottom on the time of emptying the tank?
Q12: Calculate the time required emptying a hemi-spherical vessel full of
water with an orifice at the bottom. The diameter line of the vessel is 2
m. Take the area of the orifice is 44 cm2 and Cd=0.60.
Q13: An orifice is fitted at the bottom of a boiler tank drum (cylinder) for the
purpose of emptying it. The drum is horizontal and half full of water. It
is 10 m long and 2 m in diameter. Find the time required to empty the
boiler, if the diameter of the orifice is 50 mm. (Take Cd = 0.8).
Q14: What is the theoretical rate of flow in m3/sec from the notch shown in
the figure, if the total head above the sill of the notch is 0.15 m?
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q15: The discharge over a rectangular notch is to be 0.20 m3/s when the
water level is 30 cm above the sill. If the coef. of discharge is 0.65,
calculate the width of notch required.
Q16: If the rate of flow of water over a V-noch having = 80o is 50 lit/s, find
the head in centimeters (Take Cd = 0.8).
Q17: Water in tank discharges through an orifice of 25 cm2 cross-sectional
area and coefficient of discharge is 0.64. The axis of the orifice is 3 m
below the free surface of water in tank. The water, which has passed
through the orifice, flows over a rectangular notch of breadth 0.5 m.
The head over the notch is maintained at 6 cm. Find the coefficient of
discharge for the notch.
Q18: A horizontal venturi-meter carries a liquid (S.G.= 0.9) and has an inlet
to throat diameters of 18 / 9 cm. If the actual discharge is 45 l/s, and Cd
= 0.94, find:
i)the pressure difference between the inlet and the throat, ii) the
deflection in the mercury U-tube manometer connecting these points,
and iii) the energy lost between the inlet and the throat. Also sketch the
H.G.L. and the T.E.L. for the system.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q20: During a test in the laboratory, the water passes through a horizontal
venturimeter and then flows over a right-angled V-notch. The head at
notch being registered. The inlet and the outlet diameters for the
venturimeter are 12 inches and the throat diameter is 5 inches. When a
steady head of 0.604 ft is recorded over the V-notch the differential
pressure head between inlet and throat was found to be 1.075 ft of
water. If the V-notch coefficient of discharge is 0.6, determine the
coefficient of discharge of the venturimeter.
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ASSIGNMENT 6
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
Q1: Find the discharge through pipe and the pressure at point C.
Q2: Find difference in the level H between point a and b for the shown figure.
Q3: Find the discharge through pipe for the shown figure.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q4: For the shown figure, find the mean and the maximum velocity in the pip.
Q5: For the shown figure, find the head of the pump.
Q6: Determine the shear stress at the inner wall of a 305 diameter pipe when an oil
of kinematic viscosity of 105 x 10-6 m2/s causes a measured head loss of 15 m in
10 km pip length. What is the value of the shear stress at 51 mm from the pip
centerline? Also, calculate the shear velocity, the average velocity and the
maximum velocity in the pip (oil = 0.9 t/m3).
Q7: Two reservoirs are connected by 3 pipes in series as shown in figure. The
velocity of water in the first pipe is 5.73 m/s. considering minor losses, calculate
the difference in levels of the water in the two reservoirs. Sketch the T.E.L and
the H.G.L. showing all vertical dimensions. Kc=0.5.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q8: Two pipes are connected in parallel to each other between two reservoirs with
length L1=2400m, D1=1.20m, F1=0.024; L2=2400m, D2=1.0m, and F2=0.02.
Find the total flow, if the difference in elevation is 25m.
Q9: Reservoir A is connected to reservoir B through a pipeline having a length 64
km. The elevation of reservoir A is 180 m higher than that of reservoir B. The
pipeline was designed to convey a flow rate of 28,000 m3/day. It was decided to
raise the flow rate from reservoir A to reservoir B by laying an identical pipe
connected in parallel to the original pipe for a length of 32 km. Find the new
flow rate from reservoir A to reservoir B. (F = 0.016 for all pipes).
Q10: A reservoir A with its surface at elevation 100 ft above datum supplies water to
2 other reservoirs B and C of surface levels of 25 ft and zero ft respectively
above datum. From A to junction J, common pip of 6 inch diameter, 800 ft long
is used, the junction being at a level 20 ft above datum. The branch JB is 4 inch
diameter, 200 ft long and the branch JC is 5 inch diameter, 300 ft long.
Calculate the discharge to B and C. Take F for all pipes is taken 0.0075 .
Q11: The discharge in the network shown is increased from 250 lit/s to 350 lit/s by
adding a new branch pipe BC of length 800 m. calculate the diameter of BC
such that the head loss from A to D remains constant.
Q12: A syiphon filled with oil of specific gravity 0.9 discharges 300 lit/s to
the atmosphere at an elevation of 4.0 m below oil level. The syphon is
0.2 m in diameter and its invert is 5.0 m above oil level. Find the losses
in the syphon in terms of the velocity head. Find the pressure at the
invert if two thirds of the losses occur in the first leg.
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FLUID MECHANICS
ASSIGNMENT 7
MOMENTUM PRINCIPLE
Q1: The force exerted by a 25mm diameter jet against a flat plate normal to the axis
of the jet is 650N. What is the flow in m3/s?
Q3: A square plate of uniform thickness and length of side 30 cm hangs vertically
from hinges at its top edge. When a horizontal jet strikes the plate at its center,
the plate is deflected and comes to rest at an
angle of 30 to the vertical. The jet is 25 mm
diameter and has a velocity of 6 m/s.
Calculate the mass of the plate and give the
distance along the plate, from the hinge, of the
point at which the jet strikes the plate in its
deflected position.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q4: Water flows from a large tank through an orifice of 3-in-diameter and against a
block, as shown in fig. the water jet strikes the block at the vena contracta. The
block weighs 50 Ib, and the coefficient of friction between the block and the
floor is 0.57. The orifice's coefficient of discharge Cd is 0.60, and it's coefficient
of contraction Cc is 0.62.Find the minimum height to which water must rise in
the tank (y in the figure) in order to start the block moving (to the right).
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q7: Find the force exerted on each bolt, when the water is flowing at rate of 0.25
m3/s. The diameters of the pipe and the nozzle are 0.30 m and 0.10m.
respectively.
Q8: A horizontal jet of water 2 x 103 mm2 cross-section and flowing at a velocity of
15 m/s hits a flat plate at 60 to the axis (of the jet) and to the horizontal. The jet
is such that there is no side spread. If the plate is stationary, calculate a) the
force exerted on the plate in the direction of the jet and b) the ratio between the
quantity of fluid that is deflected upwards and that downwards. (Assume that
there is no friction and therefore no shear force).
Q9: The outlet pipe from a pump is a bend of 45 rising in the vertical plane (i.e. and
internal angle of 135). The bend is 150mm diameter at its inlet and 300mm diameter
at its outlet. The pipe axis at the inlet is horizontal and at the outlet it is 1m higher. By
neglecting friction, calculate the force and its direction if the inlet pressure is 100
KN/m2 and the flow of water through the pipe is 0.3 m3/s. The volume of the pipe is
0.075m3.
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FLUID MECHANICS
Q10: A conveying elbow turns water through an angle of 120 in a vertical plane.
The flow cross-sectional diameter is 400 mm at the elbow inlet, section 1, and
200 mm at the elbow outlet, section 2. The elbow flow passage volume is 0.20
m3 between sections 1&2. The water flow rate is 0.40 m3/s and the elbow inlet
and outlet pressures are 150 KPa and 90 KPa, respectively. Determine the
magnitude and direction of the horizontal and vertical components of reaction
force exerted by the water on the elbow.
213