Chapter 2--The Chemistry of Life

1. The smallest unit of matter that can enter into chemical reactions and is nondivisible by chemical
means is called a(an) ______. (p. 20)
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1. nucleus
2. atom
3. element
4. molecule
5. compound

2. What does the nucleus of an atom contain? (p. 20)

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1. electrons
2. protons
3. neutrons
4. protons and electrons
5. protons and neutrons

3. The atomic weight of an atom is equal to the number of ______ plus the number of ______. (p. 20)
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1. electrons, protons
2. electrons, neutrons
3. protons, neutrons
4. protons, isotopes
5. isotopes, ions

4. Which of the following statements is false? (pp. 20-21)

1. An electron has one negative unit charge and almost no weight.
j 2. An electron has one negative unit charge and one atomic unit weight.
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j 3. A proton has one positive unit charge and one atomic unit weight.
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j 4. A neutron has no charge and one atomic unit weight.
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5. True or False. Atomic weights have the single exact value for each element. (pp. 20-21)
True
j False
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6. True or False. Electrons that have the greatest amount of energy are located in shells farthest from the
nucleus. (pp. 20, 22)
True
j False
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7. What determines the chemical properties of an atom? (p. 21)

1. the number of electrons in the first shell

2. the number of electrons in the outer shell
j 3. the number of protons in the first shell
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j 4. the number of protons in the outer shell
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j 5. the number of neutrons in the outer shell
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8. In an electrically neutral atom, the number of ______ is equal to the number of ______. (pp. 20-23)
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1. neutrons, electrons
2. protons, neutrons
3. protons, electrons
4. electrons, ions
5. electrons, isotopes

9. The carbon atom has an atomic number of 6 and an atomic weight of 12. Therefore, a carbon atom
has ______ protons. (pp. 20-21)
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1. 2
2. 4
3. 6
4. 8
5. 12

10. Chlorine has an atomic number of 17 and an atomic weight of 35. When chlorine becomes the
chloride ion, its charge is ______. (p. 22)
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1. plus 1
2. plus 7
3. negative 1
4. negative 7
5. negative 8

11. Chlorine has an atomic number of 17. How many electrons are in the outermost shell? (pp. 20, 22)
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1. one
2. 7
3. 8
4. 2
5. 5

12. True or False. The sodium atom has an atomic number of 11 and an atomic number of 23. Therefore,
there are two electrons in the outermost orbit. (pp. 20, 22)
True
j False
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13. True or False. The octet rule says that atoms react with one another in order to achieve four electrons
in their outer shell. (p. 24)

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True
False

14. ______ are atoms that have the same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons. (p. 21)
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1. Emulsifiers
2. Isotopes
3. Molecules
4. Compounds
5. Salts

15. Suppose that you have this chemical formula: 5 H2O. Which of the following statements is false?
(pp. 22-24)
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1. There are five molecules of water.

2. Water is composed of three different kinds of atoms.
3. There are two atoms of hydrogen for every one atom of oxygen in one water molecule.
4. There is a total of five oxygen atoms present.
5. There is a total of 10 hydrogen atoms present.

16. True or False. A compound contains more than one kind of atom. (p. 22)
1. True
j 2. False
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17. The molecule, K+Cl-, is held together by ______ bonds. (p. 22)
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1. ionic
2. covalent
3. polar
4. hydrogen
5. James

18. If an atom either gains or loses an electron, the atom is called a(an) ______. (p. 22)
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1. element
2. nucleus
3. molecule
4. compound
5. ion

19. True or False. Ionic bonds are typically found in inorganic compounds whereas covalent bonds are
typically found in organic compounds. (pp. 22-25)
True
j False
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20. Which type of bond will share electrons between atoms? (p. 24)

1. ionic
2. covalent
j 3. hydrogen
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j 4. peptide
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21. True or False. Nonmetals, such as sodium or chlorine, have atoms that gain electrons and become
negatively charged. (p. 23)
True
j False
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22. Individual water molecules are joined together by ______. (p. 26)
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1. ionic bonds
2. covalent bonds
3. hydrogen bonds
4. peptide bonds
5. James Bond

23. If there are three pairs of electrons that are shared between two atoms, a(an) ______ is formed. (p.
25)
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1. single bond
2. double bond
3. triple bond
4. ionic bond
5. hydrogen bond

24. When two nonmetal oxygen atoms (atomic number = 8) react with each other, they ______. (p. 24)
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1. each give up two electrons

2. each take two electrons
3. each need six electrons
4. each need eight electrons
5. share electrons

25. Complete this chemical reaction: HCl + NaOH ----------> (p. 25)
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1. NaOH + HCl
2. HCL + NaCl
3. NaOH + NaCl
4. NaCl + HOH
5. NaCl + HCl

26. In this reaction, K + Cl -----> K+Cl-, which element has been reduced? (p. 25)
1. potassium
j 2. chlorine
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j 3. both potassium and chlorine
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j
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4. sodium

27. Oxidation refers to the ______. (p. 25)

1. loss of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms
j 2. loss of electrons and the gain of hydrogen atoms
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j 3. gain of electrons and/or hydrogen atoms
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j 4. gain of electrons and the loss of hydrogen atoms
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28. Which of the following statements is NOT a true characteristic of water? (p. 26)
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1. Hydrogen bonding causes water molecules to be cohesive.

2. Without hydrogen bonding, water would boil at -80 C and freeze at -100 C.
3. Water absorbs a great deal of heat before it evaporates.
4. Water keeps an animal's body temperature within normal limits.
5. Because of hydrogen bonding, liquid water is less dense than ice.

29. True or False. Bases, when added to water, increase the hydrogen ion concentration. (p. 28)
True
j False
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30. ______ are molecules that dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions. (p. 28)
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1. Bases
2. Acids
3. Salts
4. Buffers
5. Carbohydrates

31. When hydrochloric acid, a strong acid, is added to water, the pH of water ______. (p. 28)
1. goes up
2. stays the same
j 3. goes down
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j 4. goes first up and then down
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32. At which pH will the concentration of hydrogen ions be equal to the concentration of hydroxide
ions? (pp. 28-29)
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1. pH 1
2. pH 5
3. pH 7
4. pH 9
5. pH 14

33. True or False. As the pH scale decreases, there is a two-fold increase in hydrogen ion concentration
for every pH unit. (pp. 28-29)

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True
False

34. ______ are chemicals or combinations of chemicals that take up excess hydrogen ions or hydroxide
ions in order to keep the pH constant. (p. 29)
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1. Acids
2. Bases
3. Salts
4. Buffers
5. Carbohydrates

35. True or False. Acids have a pH that is greater than 7, whereas bases have a pH that is less than 7.
(pp. 28-29)
True
j False
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36. If the concentration of hydrogen ions was 1 x 10-6,, the pH is ______. (pp. 28-29)
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1. one
2. 10
3. 16
4. 6
5. 4

37. If the hydrogen ion concentration in water was 0.0000001, the pH is ______. (pp. 28-29)
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1. one
2. 10
3. 6
4. 7
5. 8

38. Which atoms are always found in organic molecules? (p. 31)
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1. carbon and hydrogen

2. carbon and oxygen
3. carbon and nitrogen
4. oxygen and nitrogen
5. oxygen and hydrogen

39. Which of the following is NOT an organic molecule? (p. 31)

1. glucose
2. triglyceride
j 3. protein
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j 4. water
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j 5. DNA
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40. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about organic molecules? (p. 31)
1. Organic molecules are often associated with living organisms.
j 2. Organic molecules always have ionic bonding between atoms.
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j 3. Organic molecules always contain carbon and hydrogen.
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j 4. Organic molecules may be quite large, with many atoms.
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41. Carbohydrates are macromolecules composed of ______ monomers. (p. 32)

1. amino acid
j 2. monosaccharide
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j 3. glycerol and fatty acid
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j 4. nucleotide
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42. ______ is the process of splitting of a bond within a larger molecule by the addition of water. (p. 32)
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1. Emulsification
2. Ionization
3. Dissociation
4. Condensation synthesis
5. Hydrolysis

43. ______ is the process in which water is removed when two monomers join to form a
macromolecule. (p. 32)
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1. Emulsification
2. Ionization
3. Dissociation
4. Condensation synthesis
5. Hydrolysis

44. True or False. When a dipeptide, disaccharide, and a triglyceride molecule is formed, one water
molecule will be released during the condensation synthesis reaction of each. (p. 32)
True
j False
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45. True or False. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all monosaccharides with the same molecular
formula C6H12O6. (p. 32)
True
j False
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46. True or False. Glucose is the primary energy source of the body. (p. 32)
True
j False
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47. Which type of organic macromolecule is used primarily for energy and structure? (pp. 32-33)

1. proteins
2. carbohydrates
j 3. lipids
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j 4. nucleic acids
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j 5. NaCl
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48. True or False. Pentoses are sugars that have six carbon atoms. (p. 32)
True
j False
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49. True or False. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose in plants. (pp. 32-33)
True
j False
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50. True or False. Maltose is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose. (p. 32)
True
j False
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51. Which type of organic molecule has the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms of approximately
2:1? (pp. 32-33)
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1. carbohydrates
2. lipids
3. proteins
4. nucleic acids
5. cholesterol

52. Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all classified as ______. (p. 32)
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1. fatty acids
2. amino acids
3. polysaccharides
4. disaccharides
5. monosaccharides

53. Which of the following molecules is not a polysaccharide? (p. 33)

1. starch
j 2. glycogen
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j 3. sucrose
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j 4. cellulose
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54. Which type of carbohydrate is found in plant cell walls and accounts in part for the strong nature of
these walls? (p. 33)
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1. glycogen

2. starch
3. cellulose
j 4. galactose
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j 5. ribose
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55. Glycerol and fatty acid are the monomers for the macromolecule ______. (p. 31)
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1. protein
2. carbohydrate
3. lipid
4. nucleic acid
5. steroid

56. ______ occurs when an oil droplet is dispersed in water. (p. 34)
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1. Ionization
2. Saturation
3. Emulsification
4. Dissociation
5. Oxidation

57. A saturated fatty acid contains more ______ atoms than the same unsaturated fatty acid. (p. 34)
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1. carbon
2. oxygen
3. nitrogen
4. phosphorus
5. hydrogen

58. When glycerol combines with three fatty acids, a (an) ______ molecule results. (p. 34)
1. steroid
2. phospholipid
j 3. monoglyceride
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j 4. triglyceride
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j 5. tripeptide
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59. ______ are lipids containing phosphorus that are very important in cell membranes. (p. 35)
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1. Glycerol
2. Fatty acids
3. Triglycerides
4. Steroids
5. Phospholipids

60. True or False. A soap is a salt formed from an amino acid and an inorganic base. (p. 34)
True
j False
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61. True or False. Fats do not mix with water because they are polar molecules. (pp. 34-35)
True
j False
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62. Which type of organic macromolecule represents a stored energy source and yet is found within
membranes? (p. 35)
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1. proteins
2. carbohydrates
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids
5. water

63. True or False. The polar portion of the phospholipid molecule (head) is soluble in water, whereas the
two hydrocarbon chains (tails) are not. (p. 35)
True
j False
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64. A (An) ______ has a hydrocarbon chain (a string of carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms attached)
and ends with the acid group -COOH. (p. 37)
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1. amino acid
2. fatty acid
3. steroid
4. phospholipid
5. monosaccharide

65. True or False. At room temperature, fats are liquids and oils are solids. (p. 34)
True
j False
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66. True or False. Water, being a nonpolar molecule, acts as a solvent. (p. 26)
True
j False
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67. Which type of organic molecule is used for long-term energy storage, insulation against heat loss,
and forms a protective cushion around major organs? (p. 34)
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1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids
5. salts

68. Which type of lipid has four fused carbon rings? (p. 35)

1. cholesterol
2. triglyceride
j 3. phospholipid
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j 4. DNA
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j 5. maltose
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69. Which of the following molecules is not a steroid? (p. 35)

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1. cholesterol
2. aldosterone
3. testosterone
4. estrogen
5. phospholipid

70. Proteins are polymers of ______. (p. 37)

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1. amino acids
2. nucleotides
3. glycerol and fatty acid
4. monosaccharides
5. disaccharides

71. The bond that occurs between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another
amino acid is termed a (an) ______ bond. (p. 38)
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1. hydrogen
2. weak
3. peptide
4. ionic
5. covalent

72. A ______ is a string of 100-1000 amino acids joined by peptide bonds. (p. 38)
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n

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1. dipeptide
2. tripeptide
3. polypeptide
4. protein
5. nucleotide

73. Which of the following types of organic molecules have their monomers joined by a peptide bond?
(p. 38)
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j
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j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

1. proteins
2. lipids
3. carbohydrates
4. nucleic acids
5. salts

74. True or False. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms associated with a peptide bond share electrons in such a

way that the oxygen carries a partial positive charge and the hydrogen carries a partial negative charge.
(p. 38)
True
j False
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

75. Which type of organic molecule has sometimes a structural role and may act as enzymes? (pp. 3738)
1. proteins
j 2. lipids
k
l
m
n
j 3. carbohydrates
k
l
m
n
j 4. DNA
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

76. True or False. When a strong acid is added to milk, the milk curdles. This is an example of protein
denaturation. (p. 38)
True
j False
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

77. True or False. When proteins are exposed to extreme pH, they can undergo a reversible change in
shape. (p. 38)
True
j False
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

78. What is the final three-dimensional shape of a protein called? (pp. 38-39)
j
k
l
m
n

j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

1. quaternary structure
2. tertiary structure
3. secondary structure
4. primary structure
5. molecular structure

79. The _______ structure of a protein is the linear sequence of the amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
(pp. 38-39)
1. quaternary
2. tertiary
j 3. secondary
k
l
m
n
j 4. primary
k
l
m
n
j 5. molecular
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

80. True or False. Hemoglobin is a complex protein having a quaternary structure. (p. 38)
True
j False
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

81. True or False. All amino acids are the same except for their R group. (p. 38)

j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

True
False

82. What is the name of this functional group: -COOH ? (p. 37)
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

j
k
l
m
n

1. amino group
2. acidic group
3. hydrogen bond
4. peptide bond
5. saturated group

83. The ______ structure of a protein comes about when the polypeptide chain takes a particular
orientation in space. (pp. 38-39)
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

1. quaternary
2. tertiary
3. primary
4. secondary
5. ionized

84. What are the components of a nucleotide? (p. 40)

j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

1. glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride

2. amino acid, fatty acid, phosphate
3. phosphate, glucose, fatty acid
4. phosphate, hexose sugar, organic base
5. phosphate, pentose sugar, organic base

85. When nucleotide monomers join together, the ______ polymer is formed. (p. 40)
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

j
k
l
m
n

1. protein
2. carbohydrate
3. lipid
4. nucleic acid
5. cholesterol

86. The backbone of a nucleic acid is composed of ______. (p. 40)

j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

1. the nitrogen bases

2. sugar-phosphate-sugar-phosphate, etc.
3. sugar-phosphate-base-sugar-phosphate-base, etc.
4. sugar-base-sugar-base, etc.
5. the R groups

87. ______ molecules are characterized by having two strands of nucleotide polymers held together by
hydrogen bonds. (p. 40)
1. Dipeptide
j 2. Disaccharide
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

3. Diglyceride
4. RNA
j 5. DNA
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

88. Which type of organic macromolecule is used for reproduction and to control protein synthesis? (p.
40)
1. proteins
2. carbohydrates
j 3. lipids
k
l
m
n
j 4. nucleic acids
k
l
m
n
j 5. salts
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

89. Which molecule functions as an energy carrier in cells? (p. 41)

j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

1. DNA
2. RNA
3. ATP
4. glucose
5. fatty acid

90. Which pair below is mismatched? (pp. 32-41)

j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n
j
k
l
m
n

1. amino acid-protein
2. glycerol-glycogen
3. glucose-starch
4. phosphoric acid-nucleotide
5. fatty acid-lipid

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