Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Vi r
Oj h"^
CONTENTS
Page
1,
INTRODUCTION
1,1
2.
2.1
2.1
Introduction
2.2
Currents
2.1
2.2.1
C u r r e n t boundary l a y e r
2.1
2.2.2
H y d r a u l i c regimes
2.2
2.2.3
V e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e depth
2.3
2.2.4
F l u i d mixing c o e f f i c i e n t
2.4
2.2.5
2.4
2.3
Waves
2.6
2.3.1
Near-bed o r b i t a l v e l o c i t i e s
2.6
2.3.2
Wave boundary l a y e r
2.7
2.3.3
H y d r a u l i c regime i n waves
2,8
2.3.4
V e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n wave boundary l a y e r
2,9
2.3.5
2.3.6
Breaking waves
2.3.7
2.3.8
2.4
2,25
2.4.1
Introduction
2,25
2.4.2
Wave c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
2.25
2.4.3
2,26
2.5
References
2.38
2.6
Figures
3.
3.1
Introduction
3.2
P a r t i c l e parameter
3.1
3.3
P a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y parameter
3.1
3.4
3.2
3.5
Suspension parameter
3,2
2,1
2,13
,
,"
2,15
2,19
2.24
3.1
3,1
CONTENTS ( c o n t i n u e d )
4.
4.1
4.1
F l u i d Properties
4.1
4.1.1
Introduction
4.1
4.1.2
Fluid density
4.1
4.1.3
Fluid viscosity
4,2
4.2
Sediment P r o p e r t i e s
4.3
4.2.1
Introduction
4.3
4.2.2
D e n s i t y and p o r o s i t y
4,3
4.2.3
Shape
4.6
4.2.4
Size
4,7
4.2.5
Particle f a l l velocity
4.9
4.2.6
Angle o f repose
4.3
References
4.4
Figures
5.
5.1
I n i t i a t i o n o f motion
5.1.1
Current
5.1
5.1.2
Waves
5.4
5.1.3
C u r r e n t and waves
5.7
5.2
I n i t i a t i o n o f suspension i n c u r r e n t s
5,9
5.3
References
5.4
Figures
6.
BED FORMS
6.1
6,1
Bed forms i n u n i d i r e c t i o n a l c u r r e n t s
6.1
6.1.1
Classification
6.1
6.1.2
F l a t bed
6.3
6.1.3
Ribbons and r i d g e s
6.3
6.1.4
Ripples
6.3
6.1.5
Dunes
6.4
6.1.6
Washed-out dunes
6.9
6.1.7
Bars
6,10
6.1.8
6,10
4,13
4.14
5.1
'.
5.1
5,11
CONTENTS ( c o n t i n u e d )
6.2
6.10
6.2.1
Non-steady r i v e r f l o w
6.10
6.2.2
Tidal flow
6.13
6.3
6.14
6.3.1
Classification
6.14
6.3.2
Ripples
6.15
6.3.3
Sheet f l o w regime
6.21
6.3.4
6.21
6.4
6.22
6.4.1
Classification
6.22
6.4.2
Transverse r i p p l e s
6.24
6.4.3
6.25
6.4.4
L o n g i t u d i n a l r i b b o n s , r i d g e s and banks
6.27
6.5
References
6.29
6.6
Figures
7.
7.1
7.1
Introduction
7.1
7.2
C u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed roughness
7.1
7.2.1
7.1
7.2.2
7.6
7.2.3
Comparison o f methods
7.8
7.3
7.9
7.4
7.11
7.5
References
7.14
7.6
Figures
8.
8.1
8.1
Introduction
8.1
8.2
Bed load t r a n s p o r t
8.2
8.2.1
Introduction
8.2
8.2.2
8.3
8.2.3
P r e d i c t i o n method o f F r i j l i n k ( 1952)
8.4
CONTENTS
(continued)
8.2.4
8.4
8.2.5
8.2.6
8.2.7
T r a n s p o r t o f non-uniform bed m a t e r i a l
8.16
8.2.8
8.18
8.3
Suspended load t r a n s p o r t
8.19
8.3.1
Introduction
8.19
8.3.2
Mass-balance equation f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n
8.20
8.3.3
Sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
8.20
8.3.4
Concentration p r o f i l e s
8.23
8.3.5
Velocity p r o f i l e
8.25
8.3.6
Reference c o n c e n t r a t i o n
8.3.7
I n f l u e n c e o f non-uniform bed m a t e r i a l
8.29
8.3.8
P r e d i c t i o n method o f E i n s t e i n (1950)
8.30
8.3.9
8.31
8.3.10
P r e d i c t i o n method o f B i j k e r (1971)
8.31
8.3.11
P r e d i c t i o n method o f Van R i j n ( 1 9 8 4 ) . . . . . , .
8.32
8.4
T o t a l load t r a n s p o r t
8,35
8.4.1
8,35
8.4.2
8,36
8.4.3
8.36
8.4.4
Comparison o f p r e d i c t i o n methods
8.37
8.5
References
8.39
8.6
Figures
9.
9.1
Introduction
9.2
Analysis
'
8.16
and reference l e v e l
o f measured c o n c e n t r a t i o n
8.5
8.26
9.1
9.1
p r o f i l e s and t r a n s p o r t
rates
9.3
9.2.1
Instantaneous c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
9.3
9.2.2
Time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
9.5
9.2.3
Sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
9.3
Computation o f time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
9.3.1
Introduction
9.10
on p r o f i l e s
9.12
9,12
CONTENTS
(continued)
9v3.2
Time-averaged
9.14
9.3.3
9.15
9.3.4
Sediment mixing
9.17
9.4.3.1
Existing relationships
9.3.4.2
9.3.5
Sediment mixing
9.3.6
c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation
c o e f f i c i e n t f o r non-breaking waves
9.17
c o e f f i c i e n t i n breaking
coefficient
9.22
9.26
waves
9.28
waves
9.3.7
Reference c o n c e n t r a t i o n
9-29
9.3.8
Computation methods
9.3.9
Comparison
9.4
Computation o f sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
9.39
9.4.1
Introduction
9.39
9.4.2
Sediment t r a n s p o r t formulae
9.39
9.4.3
Sediment t r a n s p o r t models
9.44
9.5
References
9.47
9.6
Figures
10.
i n near-bed r e g i o n
9.32
concentration
profiles
9.38
CURRENTS
10.1
10.1
Introduction
10.1
10.2
A n a l y s i s o f measured c o n c e n t r a t i o n
p r o f i l e s and t r a n s p o r t
10.1
rates
10.2.1
Time-averaged
10.2.2
Sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
10.3
Computation o f time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
10.3.1
Introduction
10.7
10.3.2
Computation methods
10.7
10.3.3
10.4
10.11
10.4.1
Introduction
10.11
10.4.2
Computation methods
10.11
10.4.3
Comparison
10.5
concentration
10.1
profiles
10.4
profiles
profiles
transport rates
waves ( s u r f z o n e )
10.7
10.10
10.21
10.23
CONTENTS ( c o n t i n u e d )
10.5.1
Introduction
10.23
10.5.2
Computation methods
10,23
10.5.3
10,26
10.6
References
10.27
10.7
Figures
11,
11,1
11.1
Introduction
11.1
11.2
11.1
11 ,2,1
River f l o w
11,1
11,2,2
Tidal flow
11,1
11.3
11.2
11.4
11,3
11.4.1
Mass-balance
11.4.2
Momentum balance f o r f l u i d - s e d i m e n t
11.4.3
11.9
11.4.4
Scale a n a l y s i s
11.15
11.4.5
R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f neap-spring c y c l e i n sediment t r a n s p o r t
equation
11.3
mixture
11.6
Computations
11.17
11.5
Mathematical models
11,20
11.5.1
Introduction
11.20
11.5.2
11.21
11.5.3
11.24
11.6
References
11.25
11.7
Figures
12.
12.1
12.1
Introduction
12.1
12.2
Cohesion, p l a s t i c i t y , v i s c o s i t y and y i e l d s t r e s s
12.1
12.3
Flocculation
12.3
12.4
Settling
12.5
12.5
Deposition
12.7
12.5.1
Introduction
12.7
12.5.2
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s > 10 kg/m3
12.7
CONTENTS ( c o n t i n u e d )
12.5.3
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f 0.3
t o 10 kg/m3
12.8
12.5.4
12.6
Consolidation
12.7
Erosion
12,15
12.7.1
Introduction
12,15
12.7.2
C o n s o l i d a t e d hard d e p o s i t s
12,16
12.7.3
Consolidated s o f t deposits
12,16
12.7.4
Erosion r a t e s
12.19
12.7.5
12,19
12.8
T r a n s p o r t o f mud by c u r r e n t s
12.20
12.8.1
Steady f l o w
12.8.2
Non-steady
12.9
T r a n s p o r t o f mud by waves
12,22
12.10
References
12,25
12.11
Figures
12.10
12,12
12.20
( t i d a l ) flow
12.20
-1.1-
1.
INTRODUCTION
T h i s handbook i s concerned mainly w i t h phenomena r e l a t e d t o movable beds cons i s t i n g o f cohesive and non-cohesive sediment m a t e r i a l i n c u r r e n t s , waves or
b o t h . The t o p i c s covered are sediment p r o p e r t i e s , i n i t i a t i o n o f m o t i o n and
suspension, bed forms, e f f e c t i v e bed roughness, the t r a n s p o r t o f non-cohesive
and cohesive sediments. A s h o r t summary o f the basic f l u i d parameters i s a l s o
g i v e n (Chapter 2 ) .
The book i s an a t t e m p t t o summarize the most r e l e v a n t t h e o r i e s and measurements. The a u t h o r has not t r i e d t o g i v e a complete summary o f the overwhelming
amount o f l i t e r a t u r e a v a i l a b l e . Only, those t h e o r i e s and data which a r e c o n s i dered r e l e v a n t by the a u t h o r , are presented and discussed. Many o f t h e o l d
ideas o f the a u t h o r r e l a t e d t o r i v e r problems are presented; new ideas a r e
proposed w i t h r e s p e c t t o sediment t r a n s p o r t i n c o a s t a l waters where the e f f e c t
o f t h e waves i s dominant. Much a t t e n t i o n i s paid t o q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n
( d a t a ) because t h e sediment t r a n s p o r t phenomena are too c o m p l i c a t e d f o r f u l l
theoretical description.
The f o l l o w i n g s u b j e c t s
( c h a p t e r s ) are presenteed:
2.
F l u i d v e l o c i t i e s and bed-shear s t r e s s e s .
3.
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c sediment t r a n s p o r t parameters.
4.
F l u i d and sediment p r o p e r t i e s .
5.
6.
Bed forms.
7.
E f f e c t i v e bed roughness.
8.
9.
currents.
waves.
10.
11.
12.
T r a n s p o r t o f cohesive m a t e r i a l s .
scientists.
-2.1-
2.
2.1
Introduction
Sediment t r a n s p o r t processes
2.2
2.2.1
Currents
C u r r e n t boundary l a y e r
(2.2.1)
^z = P ^ i - P ^
Although t h e time-averaged
v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y w i s equal t o z e r o (w = 0 ) , t h e
becomes dominant c l o s e
-2.2-
2.2.2
The
H y d r a u l i c regimes
turbulent
f l o w was f i r s t i n v e s t i g a t e d
f o r pipe f l o w by Nikuradse
He
(1933).
(D)
introduced the
roughness (kg) as
the v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n c l o s e t o the
and
pattern.
= current-related
Based on e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s , i t was
Hydraulically
smooth f l o w ,
) i n which v
bed-shear
roughness
kinematic
stress.
found:
k
1.
rapidly
f o r 7 - ^ = ^^-^ < 5
^/^*,c
2.
Hydraulically
k
Ujj
rough f l o w , f o r r-^ =
k
>
70
3.
Hydraulically
( v ) o f the f l u i d .
u^ k
t r a n s i t i o n a l flow, f o r 5 < <
The v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s a f f e c t e d
bottom
roughness.
70
by v i s c o s i t y as w e l l as by the
-2.3-
2.2.3
A g e n e r a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r the v e l o c i t y
and rough f l o w s
is:
(2.2.2)
i n which:
Zq = z e r o - v e l o c i t y l e v e l ( u
H y d r a u l i c a l l y smooth regime:
a t z = Zq)
= 0.11
0
H y d r a u l i c a l l y rough regime:
z
0
H y d r a u l i c a l l y t r a n s i t i o n regime: z
for
u.
for
= 0.033 k
s
= 0.11
+ 0.033 k
u k
*, c s
Ul. k
*,c s
for 5 <
*'
< 5
> 70
^ < 70
,c
The zero v e l o c i t y
after
this
particles.
-^-l
yields:
(2.2.3)
J ' ^ l ^ ( ^ ) d - ^ [ ^ - 1 ^ l ^ ( ^ ] ]
z^
o
o
velocity
logarithm
(e - 2.72).
A p p l y i n g Eq. ( 2 . 2 . 3 ) i n Eq. ( 2 . 2 . 2 ) , the v e l o c i t y
expressed as:
d i s t r i b u t i o n can a l s o be
-2.H-
" =
/h - 1 " l n ( h / z )1
O
2.2.4
(2.2.11)
0
F l u i d mixing c o e f f i c i e n t
stress
d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e depth, y i e l d s a p a r a b o l i c f l u i d m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t .
^ f , c = ^ z(1-z/h)u^^
(2.2.5)
= K z(1-z/h)u5j
= 0.25 K
(2.2.6a)
(2.2.6b)
2.2.5
1984).
= P ^^c
(2.2.7)
i n which:
h
= water depth
= energy l i n e g r a d i e n t
= depth-averaged
= Chzy-coefficient (C^ = 8 g / f )
c
velocity
f g = f r i c t i o n f a c t o r o f Darcy-Weisbach
kg = e f f e c t i v e bed roughness
height
-2.5-
Laminar f l o w
i n which:
Re = h/v
= Reynolds number
H y d r a u l i c smooth t u r b u l e n t f l o w
For a wide open channel:
f
-0.5
(g^)
= 3 + 2.5 l n ( u ^ ^ ^ h/v)
C
= 18 l o g
. )
12h
(2.2.9)
(2.2.10)
-3.3v/u^
H y d r a u l i c rough t u r b u l e n t f l o w
For a wide open channel:
f
-0.5
[g^]
= 6 + 2.5 l n ( h / k g )
(2.2.11)
log"2(12h/k^)
s
(2.2.12)
= 18 l o g ( 1 2 h / k )
s
(2.2.13)
T r a n s i t i o n regime
For a wide open channel:
,c
-2.6-
2.3
2.3.1
Waves
Near-bed o r b i t a l v e l o c i t i e s
(A^) and
A
H
6 2 sinh(kh)
(2.3.1)
^&
(2.3.2)
^8
= T sinh(kh)
i n which:
) = 2IT/T
= angular
velocity
k = 2TI/L
= wave number
= wave h e i g h t
L = (gT2/2iT) t a n h ( k h ) = wave l e n g t h
T
= wave p e r i o d
= water depth
o v e r p r e d i c t i o n o f 25^ o f measured h o r i z o n t a l r m s - v e l o c i t i e s o u t s i d e t h e s u r f
zone and an u n d e r p r e d i c t i o n o f 5% i n s i d e t h e s u r f zone.
Dean (1986) r e p o r t s t h a t l i n e a r wave theory provides a good p r e d i c t i o n o f
near-bottom k i n e m a t i c s f o r a wide range o f r e l a t i v e wave h e i g h t s and wave
steepnesses.
"'C = T sinh[k(h+nc)J
(2.3.3)
"6,t - T s L h [ k h ]
(2.3.4)
in
which:
Ug c = peak v a l u e o f near-bed
o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y under wave c r e s t
Ug
o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y under wave t r o u g h
= wave c r e s t h e i g h t above s t i l l
T]^
water
= wave t r o u g h h e i g h t beneath s t i l l
water
Equation (2.3.3) and (2.3.4) a r e based on c a l i b r a t i o n u s i n g t h e stream f u n c t i o n method o f Dean f o r symmetrical and asymmetrical waves i n s h a l l o w water.
The water s u r f a c e e l e v a t i o n s n
and
C
must be known.
Tf
v e l o c i t i e s . I n case o f s y m m e t r i c a l
t o determine t h e near-bed
velocities.
Surpri-
situa-
transport
i n combination w i t h t h e peak
2.3.2
f o r the
t r a n s p o r t process.
Have boundary l a y e r
t h e f r e e stream v e l o c i t y
(Ug).
In
Jonsson 1980:
= |^
(2.3.5)
Manohar 1955:
= ^
(2.3.6)
i n which:
6 = (-n/vT)^'^ = l e n g t h parameter o f Stokes
V
= kinematic v i s c o s i t y
= o s c i l l a t i o n period.
coefficient
A,
)
A,
f o r 10 < < 500
(2.3.7)
/6
-0.25
= 0.072 ( )
A,
(2.3.8)
^w
= 0.15
h
/ -0.25
{]
(2.3.9)
2.3.3
H y d r a u l i c regime i n waves
H y d r a u l i c regime = F [
, J
follows:
(2.3.10)
kg
F i g u r e 2.2.2
The
onset o f t u r b u l e n c e
researchers.
The
r e s u l t s o f Sleath
S l e a t h i n v e s t i g a t e d the onset of t u r b u l e n c e
accurate.
i n o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w over f l a t beds
o f sand, g r a v e l and pebbles. Both h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y f l u c t u a t i o n s were measured using a l a s e r Doppler v e l o c i t y meter.
For p r a c t i c a l purposes the f o l l o w i n g expression can be a p p l i e d t o determine
the t r a n s i t i o n t o f u l l y developed t u r b u l e n t f l o w i n case o f a f l a t
bed:
(U6,cr)^
/ 6 ,0.115
= 5770 ( )
0) V
d^Q
(2.3.11)
2.3.4
V e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n wave boundary l a y e r
Experimental r e s u l t s
D e t a i l e d knowledge o f the f l o w v e l o c i t i e s i n the boundary l a y e r above r i p p l e d
and
fundamental d i f f e r e n c e i s the
vertical
e f f e c t g i v i n g a more u n i f o r m p r o f i l e i n t u r b u l e n t f l o w . T u r b u l e n t
flow
flow
(sheet
f l o w ) regime.
Sleath
trough
of
a sand r i p p l e ( t u r b u l e n t f l o w ) .
F i g u r e 2.2.3A shows the h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y component above a sand r i p p l e
d u r i n g a h a l f c y c l e . The
a.
e s s e n t i a l f e a t u r e s are, as f o l l o w s :
b.
decelerates,
a
of
-2.lo-
ci,
e.
vortex
s t a r t s t o form,
f.
has
and
A/x
The
0.17.
to
trough o f
170
rms-values are f a i r l y
t o 0.3
constant
. Based on t h i s , i t seems
bed was
t h i c k w i t h c l e a r water immediately
t h i s l a y e r appeared l a m i n a r . The
above. The
clouds
confined
to
f l o w above
v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n , as shown i n F i g . 2.2.40,
and
i s 7% g r e a t e r than U^.
may
-2.11-
o s c i l l a t i n g f l o w . The a r t i f i c i a l
self-generated
sand r i p p l e s .
F i g u r e 2.2.5A shows t h e s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e equiphase mean v e l o c i t y ,
Reynolds s t r e s s e s and mean pressures
i n a h a l f p e r i o d . The f l o w i s seen t o be
diffuses.
t o develop u n t i l
ripples.
structure just
after
-2.12-
<
v o r t i c e s were
convective
a c c e l e r a t i o n s and v e r t i c a l f l u i d v e l o c i t i e s , t h e b a s i c
e q u a t i o n o f motion f o r a f l a t bed,
9t
reads as:
(2.3.12)
p 3x ~ p 3z ~
(
i n which:
U = instantaneous f l u i d v e l o c i t y a t height z
P = i n s t a n t a n e o u s f l u i d pressure a t h e i g h t z
T = i n s t a n t a n e o u s f l u i d shear s t r e s s a t h e i g h t z
V a r i o u s researchers have a p p l i e d Eq. ( 2 . 3 . 1 2 ) t o determine t h e U - v e l o c i t y . The
b a s i c problem i s t o r e l a t e t h e shear s t r e s s t o t h e g r a d i e n t o f t h e v e l o c i t y
( T K dU/dz) v i a some concept. The boundary c o n d i t i o n i s U = U. a t z = 6 .
0
w
The
One o f t h e f i r s t a t t e m p t s t o describe
t h e t u r b u l e n t boundary l a y e r by a mathe-
concept
distance
a rather l a b o r i u s a n a l y t i c a l - n u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n . Brevik
( 1 9 8 1 ) has
s i m p l i f i e d t h e a n a l y s i s by K a j i u r a by a v o i d i n g t h e i n n e r l a y e r , where e was
kept
constant.
K a j i u r a and B r e v i k t e s t e d t h e i r a n a l y t i c a l r e s u l t s a g a i n s t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
work done by Jonsson ( 1 9 6 6 ) , see a l s o Jonsson and Carlsen ( 1 9 7 6 ) , and o b t a i n e d
reasonable agreement. However, t h r e e shortcomings i n K a j i u r a ' s and B r e v i k ' s
-2.13-
be s i n u s o i d a l .
profile
Carlsen,
rest.
variation
2.3.5
friction
Definition
Waves e x e r t f r i c t i o n f o r c e s a t the bed d u r i n g p r o p a g a t i o n . The bed shear
s t r e s s , which i s i m p o r t a n t f o r wave damping and sediment e n t r a i n m e n t , i s
r e l a t e d t o the f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t by:
^b,w=I^^w"?
i n which:
T.
= instantaneous bed-shear s t e s s
b ,w
f
= friction coefficient
w
(2.3.13)
-2.14-
Ug
= i n s t a n t a n e o u s f l u i d v e l o c i t y Just o u t s i d e boundary l a y e r
= fluid
density
^b,w - h ' J l
(2.3.14)
Laminar f l o w
I n t h e l a m i n a r range t h e f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t can be determined a n a l y t i c a l l y
from Eq. (2.3.12) a p p l y i n g T = pv dU/dz. T h i s y i e l d s (Jonsson, 1966):
= 2 (
w
(2.3.15)
Smooth t u r b u l e n t f l o w
I n t h e h y d r a u l i c smooth regime Jonsson (1966, 1980) o b t a i n e d from h i s model:
(2.3.16)
f = 0.09 (
^6
0.2
)
(2.3.17)
(2.3.18)
Rough t u r b u l e n t f l o w
I n t h e rough t u r b u l e n t regime Jonsson (1966) proposed:
0.25 f--5 + l o g [ 0 . 2 5 f--5] = -0.08 + l o g t A ^ / k g )
(2.3.19)
-2.15-
(2.3.20)
Little
2.3.6
B r e a k i n g waves
Limiting
steepness
( H / L ) ^ ^ = 0.142 t a n h ( k h )
(2.3.21)
f u l l reflection
($ = bottom s l o p e an-
gle):
Liiti!2i_y_[}ii!}t_2" ^ h o r i z o n t a l
bottom
t h a t b r e a k i n g occurs when
yielding
s h a l l o w water ( k h << 1 ) :
"br
Y =
= 0.88
(2.3.23)
-2.16-
( 2 . 3 . 2 3 ) represents a s p i l l i n g
b r e a k i n g wave.
For a s o l i t a r y shallow-water wave the t h e o r e t i c a l l i m i t i n g v a l u e i s :
H
Y =
(2.3.24)
= 0.78
1983):
"br
< 0.55
Y =
(2.3.25)
by t h e bottom
parameters:
Waves r e f l e c t r a t h e r than break when t h e bed slope i s r a t h e r l a r g e ( f u l l r e f l e c t i o n a g a i n s t a v e r t i c a l w a l l ) . When t h e bottom slope 6 decreases beneath a
c e r t a i n c r i t i c a l v a l u e , t h e waves become u n s t a b l e and break.
A common b r e a k i n g c r i t e r i o n i s :
"
fcan6_
^
(H/L^)0-5
(2.3.26)
s u r g i n g breaker
p l u n g i n g i n t h e wave t r o u g h ahead
flat
-2.17-
. b l y d i s t u r b e d ( 5 < 0.4).
breaking
New
t h e shore.
surface region
Wave h e i g h t s o f i n d i v i d u a l b r e a k i n g waves i n f i e l d
c o n d i t i o n s (y = Hj^^/h) a r e
g i v e n by Kana (1979):
S p i l l i n g breakers
T r a n s i t i o n a l breakers:
Plunging breakers
y = 0.55 - 0.65
y = 0.65 - 0.75
: -y = 0.75 - 0.90
Spilling
Plunging
breakers:
breakers:
= 0.65
for
slope 1 :20
0.60
for
slope 1 40
= 0.55
for
slope 1 60
0.90
for
slope 1 20
= 0.80
for
slope 1. 40
for
slope 1: 60
0.70
slope.
-2.18-
0.8
for
K < 0.2
0.9
for
1.0
for
1.1
for
0.4
0.6
1 < 5 < 2.
43.8
2Tr [ 1
-19
tanBn
\v
(2.3.27)
L
o
l i m i t i n g wave h e i g h t
wave steepness
Hs,o/Ls,o = 0.002
0.004
tang =
Yg
~-
^
0.6
1
tan$ = 2
tan6 =
y
- 0.8
- 0.6
^s -~
- 0.7
0.006
- 0.6
= 0.7
- 0.8
0.01
- 0.6
- 0.7
- 0.8
0.02
- 0,5
<^ 0.65
- 0.8
0.04
- 0.4
- 0.55
- 0.7
0.06
- 0,35
- 0.5
- 0.7
- 0.8
-2.19-
Yg
hj^j,
= water depth a t b r e a k e r l i n e
tang
= bottom slope
(o""
Y^mc.)
"ins
Yv,,o
rms
(YC
rms
- 0.4
H o t t a and Mizuguchi (1980) d i d d e t a i l e d wave h e i g h t measurements i n t h e s u r f zone w i t h a s l o p i n g bottom ( v a r y i n g from 1:100 t o 1:50). Wave h e i g h t s were measured s i m u l t a n e o u s l y over a d i s t a n c e o f about 100 m w i t h space i n t e r v a l s o f
2 m. The b r e a k e r l i n e (maximum wave h e i g h t ) was about 100 m o f f s h o r e . They found
an a l m o s t c o n s t a n t r a t i o y
- H
/h
2.3.7
Non-viscous
o s c i l l a t o r y flow
Stokes (1847) f i r s t p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e f l u i d p a r t i c l e s do n o t d e s c r i b e
e x a c t l y c l o s e d o r b i t a l t r a j e c t o r i e s i n case o f r e a l s m a l l - a m p l i t u d e s u r f a c e
waves p r o p a g a t i n g i n a p e r f e c t non-viscous ( i r r o t a t i o n a l ) o s c i l l a t o r y
flow.
-2.20-
defi-
point.
i n s t a n t a n e o u s h o r i z o n t a l Stokes d r i f t
3 are the c o o r d i n a t e s
the p a r t i c l e p o s i t i o n on the t r a j e c t o r y . An a p p r i x i m a t i o n o f U i s :
+ " I f + e 1^
(2.3.28)
g(z) ^ I . k H ^
i n which:
0
oosh[2k(z-h)]
(2.3.29)
^ i " h (^h)
and wave
period)
u) = 2/T = wave frequency
k
At the bed
(z=h)
level)
, 2
: 0 =
'^-^
^
8 s i n h (kh)
At the s u r f a c e ( z = 0 ) : 0
= ^ k
^
(2.3.30)
cosh(2kh)
(2.3.31)
8 s i n h (kh)
= / 0 ( z ) dz - "
3inh(2kh) ^ o j h !
h
16 s i n h (kh)
in
which:
__ g _
(2.3.32)
C = (g/T)/(2Tr c o t h ( k h ) ) = wave c e l e r i t y
Equation
(2.3.32) reduces t o M
= oj
f o r deep water
(kh >> 1 ) .
-2.21-
gC^) =
'^^Z
[eosh{2k(.-h)} - ^ ^ ^ f p i ]
^
8 sinh'^(kh)
2kh
Equation ( 2 . 3 . 3 3 )
(2.3.33)
Mg = T
in
^
h
(2.3.34)
"(^'^^
which:
U = instantaneous h o r i z o n t a l v e l o c i t y a t height z
n = water s u r f a c e displacement from t h e mean s u r f a c e l e v e l
yields:
g
"e = 8 C ~
Consequently,
(2.3.35)
(2.3.36)
" = "s = ^e = ^
v i s c o u s and t u r b u l e n t o s c i l l a t o r y
Longuet-Higgens
flow
( 1 9 5 3 ) has shown t h a t f o r r e a l f l u i d s w i t h v i s c o s i t y v t h e r e
layer
-2,22-
t o t h e Stokes d r i f t
m = e - ^ = ^ . f
J U d t . f f
f V d t
(2,3.37)
O s o r i o , 1957) d e r i v e d :
(,) .
- k H^
^ ^ ^ ( ^ / ^ ^ ^ 3^-2z/6j
(2,3.38)
16 sinh'^(kh)
i n which:
6 = (2v/a))0'^ = t h i c k n e s s o f l a m i n a r boundary l a y e r
Om,max = 1-376
(2.3.39)
0) k H^
1^ s i n h 2 ( k h )
5 (Ufi)^
^
in which:
Ug = peak v a l u e o f o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y J u s t o u t s i d e boundary
C
= wave c e l e r i t y
layer
(w/k)
(1953)
derived:
2
(z) = 0 (z) + 0^(z) =
^ g
F(z/h)
^
8 sinh'^(kh)
(2.3.41)
2
F(z/h) = c o s h { 2 k ( z - h ) } + 1 + 1 ^ s i n h { ( 2 k h ) ( 3 ^
" ^ f + D) +
(Eq. ( 2 . 3 . 2 9 ) ) and
-2.23-
Equation
l i t t l e p r a c t i c a l i n t e r e s t . Based on a comparison w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l
(Russel and Osorio,
results
< kh <
1.5.
At t h e bottom
1
(z=h) Equation
) k
1 (Ufij^
" sinh2(kh)
3
k
3 ("5)'
=
;
--l-^
16 s i n h 2 ( k h ) ^
0
)
) k H2
16 s i n h 2 ( k h )
(2.3.44)
5 (Ufi)^
^
mass-transport
v e l o c i t y (due t o v i s c o s i t y e f f e c t s ) can be d e s c r i b e d by ( C r a i c k ,
2
= TZ "
+ ^ 0) k2 H2(h-z) c o t h ( k h )
^6 s i n h 2 ( k h )
2
Equation
1982):
(2.3.46)
The d e p t h - i n t e g r a t e d mass-flux i s :
M = /
h
(0
. 0 )dz = J " ^
^
+
h
cosh(2k(z-h)} ^ f
8 sinh2(kh)
^ ) k
= H " ^ ^6
. k H2
sinh2(kh)
H'^(h-z) c o t h ( k h )
" ^2
+
s i n h (kh)
k2 h2 H2 c o t h ( k h )
(2.3.47)
smooth o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w . T h i s was
-2.24-
molecular v i s c o s i t y .
I n f o r m a t i o n o f the mass-transport v e l o c i t i e s i n t u r b u l e n t
1982).
The
as
smaller
r e s u l t s a l s o show a considerable
that
to
Their
2.3.8
Mass t r a n s p o r t by b r e a k i n g
waves
in offshore direction
H e r e i n , the a t t e n t i o n
(longshore
cur-
(undertow).
measurements o f Nadaoka
of offshore-directed v e l o c i t i e s
measured v e l o c i t i e s o f Nadaoka e t a l
represent
inside
measured mean v e l o c i t i e s
the
o f the v e l o c i t i e s showing a s t r o n g
asymmetric
m o t i o n w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e v e l o c i t i e s o f s h o r t d u r a t i o n i n onshore d i r e c t i o n
and
direction.
-2.25-
M =
(2.3.48)
Applying
".off
= I
\ '
(3.3.50,
Taking h^ ^ 0.8 h, i t f o l l o w s t h a t :
(2.3.5I)
2.4.1
Introduction
r e l a t i v e l y s t r o n g c u r r e n t s which a f f e c t t h e wave c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , t h e c u r r e n t
v e l o c i t i e s and t h e bed-shear s t r e s s e s .
Herein,
c a t i o n o f wave h e i g h t by t h e c u r r e n t e f f e c t i s n o t s t u d i e d ,
2.4.2
Wave c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
Although t h e wave h e i g h t and l e n g t h may change, t h e wave p e r i o d remains u n a l tered r e l a t i v e t o a stationnary coordinate
-2.26-
a p p l i e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o a c o o r d i n a t e system moving w i t h t h e c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y
(Jonsson e t a l , 1970). I n t h a t case the wave l e n g t h remains c o n s t a n t and t h e
wave p e r i o d i s a l t e r e d : l a r g e r f o r a f o l l o w i n g c u r r e n t ( u > 0) and s m a l l e r f o r
an opposing c u r r e n t ( < 0 ) .
A g e n e r a l e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e wave p e r i o d (T^) r e l a t i v e t o t h e moving c o o r d i n a t e
system i s :
= { - ^
)T
1- cos(|)/C
(2.4.1)
i n which:
= depth-averaged c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y
4) = angle between c u r r e n t and wave d i r e c t i o n (ij) = 0 f o r f o l l o w i n g , and
(J) = 180 f o r opposing)
C = wave p r o p a g a t i o n v e l o c i t y
T = a b s o l u t e wave p e r i o d
2.4.3
1.
C u r r e n t v e l o c i t i e s and bed-shear s t r e s s e s
Experimental r e s u l t s
Laboratory experiments show a d i s t i n c t i n f l u e n c e o f t h e waves on t h e c u r rent velocity
profile.
-2.27-
was
cur-
r e n t . The s t i l l water depth was 0.2 m and the wave p e r i o d was 1 sec. The
r e l a t i v e wave h e i g h t s
(H/h)
Figure 2.4.2
reported
qualitatively.
The
following current:
smooth bed
rough bed
increased
l a r g e r e f f e c t f o r higher waves
increased
surface
v e l o c i t i e s a t intermediate
surface
depths
opposing c u r r e n t :
smooth and rough bed
increased
v e l o c i t i e s near the
l a r g e r e f f e c t f o r higher waves
surface
lower l a y e r on a s e m i - l o g a r i t h m i c
s c a l e . The c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear
while
properties
time-
v e l o c i t y meter i n i r r e g u l a r
-2.28-
=0.8
m).
(follo-
(opposing c u r r e n t ) . The c u r r e n t
velocity
following
current:
increased v e l o c i t i e s a t i n t e r m e d i a t e depths
opposing c u r r e n t :
1 s.
m/s.
-2.29-
i n case o f an opposing
t o t h e c u r r e n t . When t h e
waves a r e i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n as t h e c u r r e n t ( f o l l o w i n g ) , t h e v e l o c i t i e s
near t h e s u r f a c e a r e reduced.
Mathematical models
Most t h e o r e t i c a l models have some common f e a t u r e s which can be summarized
as
follows:
t h e wave p o t e n t i a l f l o w does n o t i n t e r a c t w i t h t h e t u r b u l e n c e
o f the
steady f l o w ,
I n s i d e t h e wave boundary l a y e r t u r b u l e n c e
l a y e r a l l t h e o r e t i c a l models p r e d i c t an increase
for
o f the flow
resistance
be d i v i d e d i n two main groups: models based on a combination o f time-cons t a n t eddy v i s c o s i t y p r o f i l e s and models based on h i g h e r - o r d e r
turbulence
closures.
One o f f i r s t models was presented by B i j k e r (1966).
mixing
I t s t a r t s from t h e
i s tangential to the
-2.30-
known and t h e
theory.
the wave boundary l a y e r . The eddy v i s c o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n s i d e t h e boundary l a y e r was e s t i m a t e d from measured values averaged over a wave p e r i o d
(see F i g . 2 . 4 . 5 A ) .
The mean c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i s assumed t o be have t h e normal
loga-
viscothan
i s t h e r e f o r e o n l y v a l i d i n s i t u a t i o n s w i t h a r e l a t i v e l y weak c u r r e n t .
The model f o r combined wave and c u r r e n t motion by Smith (1977) i s based on
a l i n e a r eddy v i s c o s i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i n t h e wave boundary l a y e r
(see F i g .
gradually
the current.
The eddy v i s c o s i t y v a r i e s l i n e a r l y w i t h t h e d i s t a n c e
from t h e bed. I n s i d e
velo-
i s given
as two l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s i n t e r s e c t i n g a t z = 6^.
Some m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e model o f Grant and Madsen (1979) have been
introduced
-2.31-
(1984)
This outer
profile
as a l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e , determined t h r o u g h t h e
from t h e bed-shear s t r e s s
c a l c u l a t e d by t h e model.
(1978)
applies a mixing
length turbu-
flow
from
(1988)
tur-
(1986).
Lundgren ( 1 9 7 2 )
Fredseie
( 1984)
(1978)
(1979)
-2.32-
The r e s u l t s a r e shown i n F i g .
2.4.5B
Figure
2.4.5c
results.
The model o f FredseSe y i e l d s reasonable r e s u l t s . This i s a l s o concluded
by
E n g i n e e r i n g methods
Coffey-Nielsen
(I986):
Coffey and N i e l s e n (1986) proposed an e n g i n e e r i n g model based on a l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e . The wave e f f e c t on the steady c u r r e n t i s r e p r e sented as a c o n s t a n t s h i f t o f the v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e y i e l d i n g an apparent
roughness
o f t h i s model i s t h a t i t r e q u i r e s an i t e r a t i v e
computations.
yan_RiJn_(1988):
The p r e s e n t w r i t e r proposes a s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d method, which i s a l s o based
on t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y
profiles.
l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e a f f e c t e d by bed-form roughness ( k g ) i n s i d e
the
l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e a f f e c t e d by apparent roughness ( k ^ ) o u t s i d e
the
near-bed m i x i n g l a y e r ( 6 ) .
-2.33-
ln(30z/k )
V,z = - ^ \ ln(30h/k )
^ < ^
"ith
(2,4.2)
. ln(30z/k )
= V,z 'ln(306/k )
s
ln(30/k )
= V , 6 = -1 . l n ( 3 0 h / k )
(2.4.3)
(2.^.4)
Si
i n which:
V
v^
r-2
-2i0 5
- magnitude o f depth-averaged v e l o c i t y v e c t o r = [ + v ]
= t h i c k n e s s o f wave-related near-bed m i x i n g l a y e r
= c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y a t h e i g h t z above bed
( = 3 6 )
w
6^
= t h i c k n e s s o f wave boundary l a y e r , Eq. (2.3.8)
V
= current velocity a t z = 6
r,
k
= bed roughness
k
^,c = -1 + l n ( 3 0 h / k )
3,
(2,4,5)
A p p l y i n g Eq. ( 2 . 4 . 4 ) , i t f o l l o w s t h a t
""lir^)
',c " ln(30/k
3.
2
P <
^b,c
Since
C =
or
(2.4.6)
^
ln2(306/k )
3.
(2,4,7)
g'^[-1 + l n ( 3 0 h / k ^ ) ] - 18 l o g ( 1 2 h / k )
3
(2,4,8)
-2.34-
l a y e r (z < 6)
or
ln(306/k )
s
2
2
= a
^'^^
(2.4.9)
ln2(306/k )
.
^''^
(2.4.10)
with
ln2(306/k )
^
ln'^(306/k )
s
vl
= pg ^
C2
and
C = 18 l o g ( ^ )
a
(2.4.11)
high
D y CH
p r o b a b l y i s t h e e f f e c t i v e c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear s t r e s s f o r t h e sediment
e n t r a i n m e n t process a t t h e bed. An i n d i c a t i o n f o r t h i s i s t h e weak i n f l u e n c e
o f t h e c u r r e n t on t h e near-bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e presence o f h i g h waves.
For example, Nap and Van Kampen (1988) measured a near-bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
about 4 kg/m3 i n a water depth o f 0.5 m w i t h waves o f 0.18 m and a c u r r e n t
v e l o c i t y o f 0.1 m/s. The near-bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n remained about t h e same when
the
v e l o c i t y U^/Vj.,
Thus,
= F
kg
Vr
^ , <fr)
kg
(2,4,12)
-2.35-
The
U^/Vf. r a t i o represents
m o t i o n . For Ug/Vj,
1 i t f o l l o w s t h a t k g / k g +^1, The
Ag/kg
ratio
current
repre-
oscillations)
The
o f the A g / k g - r a t i o . T h e r e f o r e ,
t h i s parameter has
been n e g l e c t e d
i n the
present a n a l y s i s .
To determine the k ^ / k ^ - r a t i o , the present w r i t e r used the v e l o c i t y d a t a o f
Nap
and
Van
kampen ( 1 9 8 8 ) .
w i t h ( f o l l o w i n g and
They measured v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s i n c u r r e n t s
measured v e l o -
determined
and
r e s u l t s can be represented
by:
Y Ug/Vt,
ka
(2.4.13)
TT = e
the
waves, as f o l l o w s :
<t> = 0
(2.4.14)
<t> = 180
(2,4.15)
(2,4,2), (2.4.3),
r e n t ( F i g . 2 . 4 . 8 A ) and
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e waves (H
considerable
(2.4.13).
and
computed v e l o c i t y
m)
there i s a
situa-
by the computed v e l o c i t i e s ,
t i e s are s t r o n g l y n o n - l o g a r i t h m i c
I n case o f a s t r o n g c u r r e n t ( ^ 0 . 4
m/s)
and
too l a r g e
(T15,-10),
r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l waves (H^ ^
s
(Fig. 2.4.8B).
veloci-
0.075 m)
but
t o 20^5 too
large
-2.36-
y = 0.75
f o r 4) = 0, 360
y = 0.75
y = 1.1
f o r (}) = 180
y-coeffic'ients:
( f o l l o w i n g waves)
(2.4.16)
(opposing waves)
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f U5 - U^sinut y i e l d s :
(U6,cw)2 = ( v r , 6 ) 2 + (UgsinwtJ^ + 2 Ug v^^^
'
'
s i n w t cos4)
-2.37-
Assuming xb^c
['Vr,&]^
o f the combined
time-averaged bed-shear s t r e s s i s :
(2.11.17)
i n which:
X,
= time-averaged bed-shear s t r e s s f o r combined c u r r e n t s and waves
b,cw
1
-2
T,
= time-averaged bed-shear s t r e s s r e l a t e d t o c u r r e n t = n- p f v
b,c
c r
1
'2
X,
= time-averaged bed-shear s t r e s s r e l a t e d t o waves = ir p f
D, W
The d i r e c t i o n o f the v e c t o r x,
o f Xj^
f CW
The
^b,c,y =
(2.4.18)
(^-^-^^^
i n which:
= depth-averaged
velocity i n x-direction
V = depth-averaged v e l o c i t y i n y - d i r e c t i o n
2
2 0 5
v^ = ( + V ) ' = v e l o c i t y v e c t o r
C = 18 l o g ( 1 2 h / k ^ ) = Chzy-coefficient as m o d i f i e d by t h e wave e f f e c t
-2.38-
2.5
References
BREVIK, I . , 1981
O s c i l l a t o r y Rough T r u b u l e n t Boundary Layers
J o u r n a l o f Waterways, Harbours and Coastal Eng., ASCE, V o l . 107, WW3
Denmark
-2.39-
Ocean E n g i n e e r i n g , V o l . 1 2 , Mo. 5
COLEMAN, N., 1 9 7 0
Flume S t u d i e s o f t h e Sediment T r a n s f e r
Coefficient
CRAIK, A.D.D., 1 9 8 2
The D r i f t V e l o c i t y
o f Water Waves
J o u r n a l o f F l u i d Mechanics, V o l .
116,
pp.
187-205
DALRYMPLE, R.A., 1 9 7 6
Wave-induced Mass T r a n s p o r t i n Water Waves
J o u r n a l o f t h e Waterways, Harbors and Coastal Engineering D i v . , V o l 1 0 2 , No. WW2
DAVIES, A.G., 1 9 8 5
Observations o f t h e S t a b i l i t y o f O s c i l l a t o r y Flow above t h e Seabed and o f Sand
R i p p l e Formation
C o n t i n e n t a l S h e l f Research, V o l . 4, No. 5
DEAN, R.G., 1 9 8 6
I n t e r c o m p a r i s o n o f Near-Bottom Kinematics by Several Wave Theories and F i e l d
and L a b o r a t o r y Data
C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r i n g , 9 , pp. 3 9 9 - 4 3 7
DUTOIT, CG. , 1 9 8 2
Wave-Induced V e l o c i t i e s c l o s e t o a Rippled Bed
Proc. Conf. C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r i n g , p.
FREDS0E,
J.,
312-327,
1984
Motion
J o u r n a l o f H y d r a u l i c E n g i n e e r i n g , V o l . 1 1 0 , No. 8
-2.40-
Ripples
1, pp. 177-185
i n an O s c i l l a t o r y Rough T u r b u l e n t
Boundary Layer
J o u r n a l Hydr. Research, Vol.14, No. 1, p. 45-60
-2.111-
JONSSON, I.G.,
1978
Wavy W a l l
J o u r n a l o f F l u i d Mechanics, V o l . 9 3 , p. 727-736
the
Current
with
J o u r n a l o f F l u i d Mechanics, V o l . 116, p. 2 2 7 - 2 5 0
the
Current
J o u r n a l o f F l u i d Mechanics, V o l . 130, p. 7 3 - 8 9
Taipeh, Taiwan
-2,1|2-
LUMDGREN, H.,
1972
Vancouver, Canada
MILLER, R.L.,
1976
NIKURADSE, J . ,
1933
-2.43-
Channel
Hypothesis
C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r i n g , V o l . 1 2 , p. 301-313
-2.44-
SLEATH, J . F . A . ,
Transition
1988
in Oscillatory
J o u r n a l o f Waterway, P o r t ,
SMITH, J . D . ,
C o a s t a l and Ocean E n g i n e e r i n g ,
ASCE, V o l .
STIVE, M . J . F . ,
17th Conf.
STIVE, M . J . F . ,
Breakers
on C o a s t a l E n g . , S y d n e y ,
Australia
1983
A Model f o r
O f f s h o r e Sediment
D e l f t Hydr.
L a b . , N o t e M1882, D e l f t ,
Transport
The
Netherlands
1976
15th Conf.
STOKES, G . G . ,
Transports
Waves
Trans.
V o l . 8, pp.
Cambridge P h i l .
THORNTON, E . B .
Hawaii
1847
On t h e T h e o r y o f O s c i l l a t o r y
Soc,
and GUZA, R . T . ,
441-455
1982
THORNTON, E . b . ,
B r e a k i n g Wave D e s i g n
Proc.
Beach
9499-9508
1984
Criteria
Current
New Y o r k
1980
V e l o c i t y and P r e s s u r e F i e l d o f S p i l l i n g
SWART, H . ,
1977
M o d e l l i n g o f S e d i m e n t T r a n s p o r t on C o n t i n e n t a l S h e l v e s
I n G o l d b e r g , E . D . e t a l . The S e a , V o l . 6 , W i l e y - I n t e r s c i e n c e ,
Proc.
114, No.
Taiwan
and VISSER, P . J . ,
1985
of the E f f e c t of Perpendicular
Waves on t h e
Longshore
Dutch)
C o a s t a l Eng. D e p . , C i v i l .
E n g . , Techn. U n i v .
of Delft,
Delft,
The
Netherlands
-2.45-
VISSER, P.J.,
1986
Height
J o u r n a l o f Waterways, Harbours and Coastal Eng. Div., ASCE, V o l . 98, No. WW4
w a t e r surface
o u t e r layer
t u r b u l e n t o u t e r layer
t u r b u l e n t l o g a r i t h m i c layer
i n n e r iayer o r
b o t t o m layer
t r a n s i t i o n layer
v i s c o u s s u b . layer
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
bottom
*
B.
U/U5
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG, 2.2.1
10^
810^
8io^
>
8-50^
1.6
<3
O
1.4
1'
ll
1.2
ll
1J
il
crest
1.0
10
15
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.2.3
A.
CYCLE
OF
VARIATION
SAND
QF
rms
FLUCTUATION
(A6/X=0.71,
RIPPLE
A / \ = 0.17,
AND
VELOCITY
ABOVE
CREST
AND
TROUGH
|3\/2TT;=20)
o crest
X trough
-4
B. V A R I A T I O N
ONE
AS
CYCLE
A
OF
THE
OF
FUNCTION
THE
O F
MEAN
rms
VALUE
DURING
FLUCTUATION
HEIGHT
C.
PEAK
FOR
VELOCITY
A QUASI-FLAT
INTENSE
AND
SEDIMENT
PHASE
BED
LAG
WITH
MOTION
AND
461
FIG. 2.2.4
/.
(cm)
0
1 8/tm V
. 9 , ? , I
X{cin)
(a)
A.
mean
(b) Reynolds
velocity
PRESSURE
20
(cm/s)
U'^
T =4 s
Aripple = 0 . 0 1 2 m
X ripple = 0 . 1 2 m
cni2/s2) 0
W'^
mean p r e s s u r e
trough
crest
(o)
{cm/s,
stress
(cni2/s2)o
U ' W 0.5
(cm^/s^)0
r
1
0.5
0
TT
27t
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 2.2.5
10'
^)
10
111
AV + 0
measurements
I N .
10"
t r
l_L_
ri-_L
10'
> Ae/ks
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.2.6
A
A
X
O
o
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FK3. 2.3.1
w a t e r surface
O
0,2
//
0.4
^- 0,6
O)
2 0.8
/
/
//
kh = 1
H/h = 1/3
/
/
/'s.
'
/
1.0-0.8 -0.4
y'
y'
y'
>. .
0.4
>...
0.8
>
1.2_ 1.6
2.0
4Um/)kH2
2.4
2.8
bottom
3.2
VELOCITIES
MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES
IN NON-BREAKING WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 2.3.2
i
5
(O
\)
^- 4
3
0.5
1.0
1.5
C/(5)'
/
/
(
\
J'"
v
las
\
1.0
-2
4
F (z/h)
10
kh = 0.5
p.
kh = 1
kh = 1.5
MASS-TRANSPORT
VELOCITIES
IN NON-BREAKING WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.3.3
8
1
1
11
f
\
i
<
)
/
i
3-'
O
O 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
U/Umax
A.
=()/2V)-^
=1.4S
= Q0754 m
= 0.3 m
\
\
measured
total m o s s - t r a n s p o r t of
L o n g u e t - Higgens
eulerian m o s s - t r a n s p o r t of
Longuet - Higgens
1.4
200
laminar f l o w (5/ks = 8)
turbulent rough f l o w
150
(Ae/ks = 1000)
N
100
50
i.
0
0.4
UC/Ue
Q2
0.6
0.8
Z6
(cm)
4
X(cm)
MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES
IN NON-BREAKING WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.3.4
'CASE
5)
ap (CASE
1)
-SWL
Horizontal component, K.
BORE eSTABirSHMEHT
. THAHSITPH SME
, ^
NOH-EHEJWHO j ^ ^
<-
MASS-TRANSPORT VELOCITIES
IN BREAKING WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.3.5
current alone,
u = 0.112 m/s
H/h = 0.4
H/h = 0.4
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 2.4.1
A.
c u r r e n t alone,
0=0.18 m/s,
c u r r e n t and waves, =0.18 m/s, H/h = 0.10
c u r r e n t and waves, =0.17 m/s, H/h = 0.22
SMOOTH BED (h = 0.2m)
WAVES
c u r r e n t alone
c u r r e n t and waves
(ij and H not given)
B. ROUGH BED (h = a 2 m )
c u r r e n t alone
c u r r e n t and waves
( and H not given)
A. SMOOTH BED (h=0.2m)
B.
current alone,
u=0.10 m/s
c u r r e n t and waves, = 0.11 m/s, H/h=0.14
c u r r e n t and waves, = 0.125m/s, H/h = 0.30
ROUGH BED ( h = 0 . 3 m )
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.4.2
025
0.50
.75
TOO
125
150
0.25
0.50
Uz/
HYDRAULICS
0.75
1.00
1.50
Uz/
1
461
1.25
FIG. 2.4.3
0.25
0.50
0.75
>
1.00
1.25
1.50
Uz/
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.4.4
A. Lundgren (1972)
B. Snnith (1977)
C. G r a n t - M a d s e n (1979)
D. Christoffcrsen (1982)
E. Myrhaug (1982)
i/hs:
>
5/Ux,c
B. COMPARISON OF MODELS
>
235
5/Ux,c
C. COMPARISON OF MODELS
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 2.4.5
10*1
1I
l l l l l l
-II
I l l l l
I I
1 1 1 1 {
A6/ks=
5
10'
5
in
O
11nnr
l l l l l l
l l l l l l l
T T T T ' i rr
::
l l l l l l
1 I T 1 It
^ I
^
10'.
K)' -
0=9Cf
l l l l l l l
l l l l l l l
FOR 0 =0 AND 0 = 90
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FK3. 2.4.6
->
A.
velocity, Uz
1o
Y=1.1/
o /
in
/o
/Y = 0.75
/ ^
&1
1<
/ c
oh/
^\
Ue/Vr
B.
foiiowing
opposing
BED ROUGHNESS
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.4.7
0.001j
O
0.02
0.04
0.06 '0.08
0.10
0.12
current
0.14
0.16
velocity
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
(m/s)
watc ! r s u r f a c e
0.5
y
/
measured
Hs
X >
T75,-40
computed
0.2
0.1
T7.5,40
(m)
Tp
(s)
0.077
0.0723
2.3
2.4
(m/s)
0.156
0.132
(m/s)
0.364
Q388
<J)
C)
180
X O ,
X
0.02
0,01
\/'
/
0.005
r i p p le c r <!St
Ap
= 0.01 3 m
= 0.0^ m
0.002
0.001
O
0.02
004
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
current
0.14
0.16
velocity
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
(m/s)
O F WAVES ( 0 = 0 *
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
180)
H
461
FKB. 2.4.8
T241
0.5
measured
221
0.106
computed
Hs
r
0.2
sur ace
0.1
fi
(m)
(s)
(m/s)
0.25
(m/s)
0.27
()
0.23
90
0.05
)
1
/
/
/
/
/ /
0.02
//
ld
lf
0.01
Te
0.005
//
iM
1/
1/
1/
0.002
grava
k s = 0 .01 m ,
O
Q02
d90 =Qooe
1
0.06
0.001
0.04
1
0.08
0.10
>
0.12
0.14
current
0.16
velocity
0.18
0.20
0.22
Q24
(m/s)
T441
0.5
measured
401
0.068
computed
0.2
wata
0.1
s u r- f a c e
Hs
(m)
(s)
(m/s)
0.21
(m/s)
0.105
0.082
90
t
k
1
0.05
1
0.02
/
h
V
0.01
0.005
i
1
0.002
vel
k s = 0.01 m
1
0.001
O
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
>
0.12
current
0.14
0.16
velocity
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.24
(m/s)
WAVES ( 0 . 9 0 )
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 2.4.9
-3.1-
3.
3.1
Introduction
p a r t i c l e parameter,
p a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y parameter, 0
suspension parameter, Z
3.2
P a r t i c l e parameter
The p a r t i c l e parameter
r e f l e c t s the i n f l u e n c e o f g r a v i t y , d e n s i t y and
(3.1)
V
i n which:
dr-n = medium p a r t i c l e diameter o f bed m a t e r i a l
s
= s p e c i f i c d e n s i t y (= p /p)
s
= kinematic v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
= acceleration o f gravity
3.3
P a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y parameter
(drag
2
t i o n a l t o p d (u^)
2
and the submerged p a r t i c l e weight i s p r o p o r t i o n a l t o
3
(p - p ) d g , y i e l d i n g a r a t i o o f :
3
0 . ,
,
=
^ (s-1)g d^Q
(p^-p)g d^Q
(3.2)
i n which:
= y
e f f i c i e n c y o r r e d u c t i o n parameter
-3.2-
e f f e c t i v e bed-shear v e l o c i t y
specific density
(= p -p)
s
bed-shear
s t r e s s a c t i n g on t h e bed m a t e r i a l p a r t i c l e s . B a s i c a l l y , i t i s assumed t h a t t h e
form drag d i s s i p a t e d i n the eddies generated by the bed forms are n o t f u l l y
e f f e c t i v e i n the e n t r a i n m e n t o f sediment p a r t i c l e s from the bed i n t o the f l u i d .
3.4
b,cr
(3 3^
T .
T,
b,cr
i n which:
^b,cr " ' ^ ' " i t i c a l time-averaged bed-shear s t r e s s a c c o r d i n g t o S h i e l d s .
3.5
Suspension parameter
forces
in which:
Wg
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y i n a clear f l u i d
u^c = o v e r a l l bed-shear v e l o c i t y i n a c u r r e n t
K
= Von Karman c o n s t a n t
= r a t i o o f sediment and f l u i d m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
i|.
4.1
F l u i d Properties
4.1.1
Introduction
Relevant f l u i d p r o p e r t i e s a r e : d e n s i t y and v i s c o s i t y .
4.1.2
Fluid density
p =
999.9
p = 1000
kg/m 3
kg/m 3
Te =
Te =
0C
4C
p =
999.5
kg/m 3
Te
p =
999.0
kg/m 3
p =
998.3
kg/m 3
Te = 16C
Te = 20C
p =
995.7
kg/m 3
p =
992.3
kg/m 3
Te = 30C
Te = 40C
expression:
in
(4.1.1)
which:
CL = C h l o r i n i t y ( i n /oo)
Te = temperature ( i n C)
p
= f l u i d d e n s i t y ( i n kg/m3)
The C h l o r i n i t y f o l l o w s from:
S = 0.03 + 1.805 CL
i n which: S - S a l i n i t y ( i n /oo)
(4.1.2)
-4.2-
4.1.3
Fluid
viscosity
The k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t v i s d e f i n e d as:
(4.1.3)
i n which:
V = k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t (m2/s)
n = dynamic v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t (Ws/m2)
p = f l u i d d e n s i t y (kg/m3)
The k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t i s a f u n c t i o n o f temperature, as f o l l o w s
(see
a l s o F i g . 4.1.IA):
V = 1 .793
10-6 m2/s
V = 1 .567
10-6 m2/s
V = 1,.237
10-6 m2/s
V = 1.,112
10-6 m2/s
Te =
O-'C
= 4C
= 12
Te
To
e
To
e
To
e
Te
Te -- 40C
= 16C
= 20C
= 30C
-6
( 4 . 1.4)
v = v ( 1 + 2.5c)
(4.1.5)
i n which:
= kinematic viscosity c o e f f i c i e n t o f fluid-sediment mixture
V
= k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f c l e a r water
= v o l u m e t r i c sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(1954) found:
= v(1 + X)(1 +
0.5X)
(4.1.6)
i n which:
X
[(0.74/c)
Equation
4.2
-1]-
= dimensionless c o n c e n t r a t i o n parameter
Sediment P r o p e r t i e s
4,2.1
Introduction
chemical
(kaolinite,
under t h e
i n f l u e n c e o f e l e c t r o s t a t i c f o r c e s (cohesive f o r c e s ) . Consequently, t h e r e i s a
fundamental
d i f f e r e n c e i n sedimentary
materials:
4.2,2
D e n s i t y and
porosity
= 2650
s
(^-P)Ps'
(^-^-D
which:
p = porosity factor.
(4.2.2)
The
i n which the
sediment i s d e p o s i t e d . Loose packing occurs when sediments s e t t l e from suspens i o n i n s t i l l water. B a s i c a l l y , four packing arrangements are p o s s i b l e
s p h e r i c a l p a r t i c l e s . The
for
The
yields
a p o r o s i t y o f about 40^. A w e l l s o r t e d
s h e l l fragments) has
smaller
(many s i z e s )
(almost u n i f o r m ) f i n e
p o r o s i t y o f c o r a l sand ( m i x t u r e o f c o r a l
to 0.65
(Van
der
Meulen, 1988).
and
o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l are c a l l e d
80%).
mud
(recent
relationdeposits)
in
2_3)
which:
Lara and
pm).
and
P^.^^ . 420
P^^^^
(4.2.4)
P^,,, . 560
P^^^^
(4.2.5)
in
which:
ym)
ym)
(4.2.6)
i n which:
^sand " ^ " " ^ ^ t i o " ^ sand p a r t i c l e s (20 ym < d < 200 ym)
^silt
" ^'"^'^^io"
(0 to
i n which: a
(4.2.7)
v a l u e o f a = 1,2).
(with
%et
- ' ^
^dry
('^^S)
-4.6-
4.2.3
Shape
d e f i n e d as:
SF =
^-Q-^
(a
(4.2.9)
hf-^
i n which:
a = l e n g t h along l o n g e s t a x i s perpendicular
b = l e n g t h along i n t e r m e d i a t e a x i s p e r e n d i c u l a r
C = l e n g t h along s h o r t a x i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r
The SF-factor
f o r n a t u r a l sand i s approximately
0.7.
into
(4.2.10)
n
i n which:
SF = shape f a c t o r according
t o Eq. (4.2.10)
Shape f a b r i c has a p h y s i c a l
cause and i s t h e r e f o r e an i n d i c a t o r o f h y d r a u l i c c o n d i t i o n s .
4.2.4
Size
Class Name
Millimeters
Micrometers
Phi
Values
Boulders
> 256
.< -8
Cobbles
256 - 64
-8 t o -6
Gravel
64-2
-6 t o -1
2.0 - 1.0
2000 - 1000
Coarse sand
1.0 - .0.50
1000 - 500
0 t o +1
Medium sand
0.50 - 0.25
500 - 250
+1 t o +2
Fine sand
0.25 - 0.125
250 - 125
+2 t o +3
-1
to
Very f i n e sand
0.125 - 0.062
125 - 62
+3 t o +4
Coarse s i l t
0.062 - 0.031
62 - 31
+4 t o +5
Medium s i l t
0.031
31 - 16
+5 t o +6
Fine
0.016 - 0.008
16-8
+6 t o +7
0.008 - 0.004
8-4
+7 t o +8
Coarse c l a y
0.004 - 0.0020
4-2
+8 t o +9
Medium c l a y
0.0020 - 0.0010
2 - 1
+9 t o +10
Fine c l a y
0.0010 - 0.0050
1 - 0.5
Very f i n e c l a y
0.0005 - 0.00024
silt
Very f i n e
Colloids
silt
- 0.016
< 0.0024
0.5 - 0.24
< 0.24
+10 t o +11
+11 t o +12
> +12
hydraulically
velocity
-4.8-
T y p i c a l "diameters" a r e :
will
J u s t pass,
e
d i s t i l l e d water o f 24C.
mean p a r t i c l e s i z e ,
each g r a i n s i z e f r a c t i o n dj^,
- Z p. (d^-d^)^/100 o r
standard deviation,
Often t h e p h i - s c a l e i s used f o r s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n r e p r e s e n t a t i o n :
= -21og d
(4.2.11)
where d i s t h e p a r t i c l e diameter i n m i l l i m e t e r s .
(peakedness):
standard d e v i a t i o n :
= 0.5 ('t'84~*i6^
(4.2.12)
skewness
(4.2.13)
""^ ^0
<!>
: e
(4.2,14)
yielding:
(4.2.15)
d i 6 = s"^"
^50
(4.2.16)
d84 = S
%0
(4.2.17)
^90 = s^"^
<^50
(4.2.18)
w i t h 0^ - 0.5(d5Q/d^g + dg^/d^Q)
4.2.5
Particle f a l l
Sphere f a l l i n g
Basically,
velocity
in a s t i l l
fluid
the f a l l v e l o c i t y i s a b e h a v i o u r a l p r o p e r t y . The t e r m i n a l
fall
velocity
_ -
(1.2.19)
in which:
w
= t e r m i n a l f a l l v e l o c i t y o f a sphere i n a s t i l l
= sphere diameter
= specific gravity
fluid
(= 2.65)
Cp = drag c o e f f i c i e n t
g
= acceleration of gravity
The drag c o e f f i c i e n t C^ i s a f u n c t i o n
O u t s i d e t h e Stokes r e g i o n t h e r e i s no simple e x p r e s s i o n f o r the drag c o e f f i c i e n t . The C-value decreases r a p i d l y o u t s i d e the Stokes r e g i o n (Re < 1) and
0 5
becomes n e a r l y c o n s t a n t f o r 10^ < Re < 10^, y i e l d i n g w d ' .
s
The e f f e c t o f temperature on the f a l l v e l o c i t y i s taken i n t o account by t h e
k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t v. The l a r g e s t
sphere d i a m e t e r s .
e f f e c t occurs f o r t h e s m a l l e s t
-4.10-
Won s p h e r i c a l
particles
The expressions
v a l i d f o r a sphere cannot be a p p l i e d f o r a n a t u r a l
sediment
0.7
30^.
The
terminal
f a l l v e l o c i t y o f n o n - s p h e r i c a l sediment p a r t i c l e s can be d e t e r -
formulae:
2
"s ^ ^^sv^'^
=^li^.
Wg = 1.1[(s-1)gd]-5
in
(4.2.21)
^ ^ ^ ^000 ym
(4.2.22)
d > 1000 ym
(4.2.23)
for
which:
d = sieve
diameter
s - s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y (=
V = kinematic v i s c o s i t y
2.65)
coefficient
F i g u r e 4.2.2
F i g u r e 4.2.3
Inter-Agency
(4.2.21).
Committee
results.
(4.2.22) i s a l s o shown.
be c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r as t h a t o f q u a r t z
shows f a l l v e l o c i t i e s f o r both
d i f f e r e n c e s i n shape. Coral sand p a r t i c l e s are more angular and have, t h e r e f o r e , a s m a l l e r f a l l v e l o c i t y . The d e n s i t y o f c o r a l sand may
a l s o be somewhat
s m a l l e r (- 2500 kg/m3).
E f f e c t o f sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
The
f a l l v e l o c i t y o f a s i n g l e p a r t i c l e i s m o d i f i e d by the presence o f o t h e r
p a r t i c l e s . A small cloud o f p a r t i c l e s i n a c l e a r
c i t y which i s l a r g e r
f l u i d w i l l have a f a l l v e l o -
than t h a t o f a s i n g l e p a r t i c l e . Experiments w i t h
uniform
-4.11-
concen-
caused
3^^ = ( 1 - c ) \
(4.2.24)
- p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y i n a clear
fluid
= v o l u m e t r i c sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(-)
= coefficient
(-)
Y - c o e f f i c i e n t i s about Y = 4.
= (1-2,15c)(1-0.75c*33)
s
(4.2.25)
Influence of o s c i l l a t o r y flow
The p a r t i c l e f a l l
v e l o c i t y o f a s i n g l e sediment p a r t i c l e i n f l o w i n g water i s
g e n e r a l l y assumed to be equal to i t s t e r m i n a l f a l l v e l o c i t y (w ) i n s t i l l
s
water. Various r e s e a r c h e r s have i n v e s t i g a t e d the p o s s i b l e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e
t e r m i n a l f a l l v e l o c i t y i n case o f an o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w . A review and
new
-4.12-
^
w
"s^
= F ( ^ ,
v
max
w
(4.2.26)
i n which:
V
= effective f a l l velocity
s
Vf.
= peak value o f f l u i d v e l o c i t y
I y max
Wg
= t e r m i n a l f a l l v e l o c i t y i n s t i l l water
d
= p a r t i c l e diameter
ratio
s
f,max s
Hwang suggest a r a t h e r l a r g e r e d u c t i o n o f the f a l l v e l o c i t y , ( v /w
==0.5 f o r
s s
v _,^/w
l ^ p a x )
^
(4.2.27)
i n which:
) = 2ir/T = angular o s c i l l a t i o n frequency.
i t f o l l o w s t h a t v^/w^ ^ 1.
fall
velocity
can be c o n s i d e r a b l y reduced by i s o t r o p i c t u r b u l e n c e e f f e c t s due t o drag nonl i n e a r i t i e s . Another mechanism may be eddy t r a p p i n g c l o s e t o t h e bed
v e r t i c a l l y upward motions u n t i l
inducing
the eddy d i s s o l v e s a t h i g h e r l e v e l s .
velocity.
Ludwick and Domurat (1982) have s i m u l a t e d the movement o f 100 ym and 200 ym
sediment p a r t i c l e s i n a t u r b u l e n t v e l o c i t y f i e l d and found t h a t the s e t t l i n g
o f f i n e sand i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y reduced when the v e r t i c a l t u r b u l e n t
fluid
-4.13-
lift-
d i r e c t i o n w i t h r e l a t i v e l y h i g h ( s h o r t d u r a t i o n ) upward v e l o c i t i e s , which
may
r e s u l t i n a s l i g h t i n c r e a s e o f the f a l l v e l o c i t y because the downward v e l o c i t i e s are dominating. T h i s i s i n agreement w i t h the f i n d i n g s o f Jobson and
Sayre (1970).
4.2.6
Angle o f repose
b,cr
T,
b,cr,o
sinlize)
sini}>
(4.2.28)
= c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s on a s l o p i n g bottom
T.
= c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s on a h o r i z o n t a l bottom
b,cr,o
(fl
= angle o f repose
6
= angle o f bottom s l o p e .
bottom.
-4.14-
4.3
References
( i n Dutch)
o f a Sphere i n a F i e l d o f O s c i l l a t i n g
Fluid
of Particles
i n Oscillating
Flow
No. 3
-1.15-
LYSWE, D.K., 1 9 6 9
Movement o f Sand i n Tunnels
J o u r n a l o f the H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n , ASCE, No. HY 6
401-411
MURRAY, S.P., 1 9 7 0
S e t t l i n g V e l o c i t i e s and V e r t i c a l D i f f u s i o n o f P a r t i c l e s i n T u r b u l e n t Water
J o u r n a l o f Geophysical Research, V o l .
75,
No.
9,
pp.
1647-1654
Considerable
Drawdown
Diamond J u b i l e e Symp., V o l . I , paper A 6 , Poena, I n d i a
970,
p.
818-845,
Dep. o f A g r i c u l t u r e , USA
NIELSEN, P., 1 9 8 4
On t h e Motion o f Suspended Sand P a r t i c l e s
J o u r n a l o f Geophysical Research, V o l . 8 9 , No. Cl
OLIVER, D.R., 1 9 6 1
The Sedimentation Suspension o f C l o s e l y - s i z e d S p h e r i c a l P a r t i c l e s
Chem.Eng. Science, V o l .
15,
p.
230-242
32,
p.
35-53
US
-4.16-
P e t r o l o g y , V o l . 4 1 , pp. 701-714
= KINEMATIC VISC05ITY(m^/ s )
1 : TEMPERArRE ( C)
"0
15
20
25
30
35
A. KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
TEMP, ( C )
COEFFICIENT
10^
8
>
volume concentration, c
KINEMATIC
FUNCTION
VISCOSITY C O E F F I C I E N T
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 4.1.1
100
92
85
77
70
62
55
47
40
32
25
O)
Ol
OJ
OJ
OJ
I
1^
CO
Pwet
O)
cn
cn
ID
If)
100
00
CO
OJ
80
s a n d (%)
i
j
60
40
20
/
/
0
a--2,4
80
0,2
/
/
/
0,4
0,6
/'
/
/
/
/
0,8
>
VOOR
/
/
/
\
60
' w
/f
40
1
1
silt (%)
1
1
20
1
1
1
i
11
/
/
/
^ - n
1
1
1
/
/
)lid
1 ^'^
fluid
kg/m0
/
/
RELATIES
N
O
O
Ol
ID
h-
MINERALE
WATERLOOPKUNDIG
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
100
2,0
GRONDEN
LABORATORIUM
461
FIG.
4.2.1
PARTICLE
FALL
VELOCITY
DELFT
ACCORDING TO
HYDRAULICS
STOKES
461
FIG.
4.2.2
PARTICLE
F A L L V E L O C I T Y IN C L E A R , S T I L L
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
WATER
461
FIG.
4.2.3
Oliver
INFLUENCE
FALL
CONCENTRATION
VELOCITY
DELFT
(RG
ON
SMALL)
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 4 . 2 . 4
t = 20''C
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0,6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
diameter ( m m )
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 4 . 2 . 5
-5.1-
5.
5.1
SUSPENSION
I n i t i a t i o n of motion
5.1.1
Current
larger
disturbing force
,^
submerged p a r t i c l e weight (F
(p -p)gd ) .
s
s
P a r t i c l e movement i s i n i t i a t e d when the moment o f the f l u i d f o r c e F, w i t h
d
respect
force, giving:
1 ^ b . c r ^ ' ^1 ^ ^^2^^ -
^ ^cr
i n which: x,
= c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s and
b,cr
The
s
1.,1^ = moment arms t o p o i n t
1' 2
^
experiments o f Shields
particle
hydraulic
as a f u n c t i o n o f Re^^.
used,
transport rates
not be
very
r e p o r t s q^ x^^.
Y a l i n (1972) showed t h a t the S h i e l d s ' curve can be expressed i n terms o f
dimensionless m o b i l i t y parameter 6
(3.1)).
P.
(^.l.l)
and
the p a r t i c l e parameter
(Eq.
the
-5.2-
= 0.24 DZ
*
e
cr
for
i <
for
i| <
for
for
20 <
9^^ = 0 . 0 5 5
for
0.64
9 ^ = 0-1^ D
0.1
< ii
Djj < 10
(5. 1.2)
< 150
D,j > 150
i n which:
9
cr
" b , c r / ( ( P . - P ) g d 5 o ) = c r i t i c a l S h i e l d s parameter
: [(S-1)g/v^]^/3^
50
b,cr
particle
parameter
time-averaged c r i t i c a l bed-shear
stress.
Influence of c r i t e r i o n
Experiments performed a t the D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s (1972) show t h a t p a r t i c l e movement can occur a t c o n s i d e r a b l y s m a l l e r c r i t i c a l values (see F i g u r e 5.1.2A).
Seven types o f c o n d i t i o n s f o r p a r t i c l e movement have been d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n
t h a t s t u d y . The S h i e l d s ' curve seems t o r e p r e s e n t permanent g r a i n movement a t
a l l l o c a t i o n s o f t h e sand bed.
L a v a l l e and M o f j e l d (1987) q u e s t i o n t h e e x i s t e n c e o f c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r
initiation
particles.
-5.3-
0 . 0 3 < ^ ^ ^ ^ < 1
^,,^^^1^^'-^
(5.1.3)
o f Shields i s
too
p r e s e n t e d by M i l l e r e t a l i s g i v e n by (see F i g . 5 . 1 . 4 B ) :
e = 0.11 D " - ^ ^
cr
*
for
D < 10
*
(5.1.4)
I n f l u e n c e o f bed slope
In case o f a streamwise s l o p i n g bed ( i n flow d i r e c t i o n ) , t h e e^^-parameter can
be expressed as:
e
cr
in
= k, e
1 cr,o
(5.1.5)
which:
e
cr,o
= c r i t i c a l m o b i l i t y parameter on a h o r i z o n t a l bottom
^
k.j
k.j
4)
= angle o f repose
6.J
e
cr
= k^ 6
2 cr,o
(5.1.6)
i n which:
k^ = [ c o s &^][^-{tan^&^/tan^^)f'^
= s i d e slope angle
that:
6 ^ ^ = k.k^ e^^ ^
cr
1 2 cr,o
(5.1.7)
I n f l u e n c e o f cohesive m a t e r i a l
When the bed c o n s i s t s o f s i l t y and muddy m a t e r i a l s , cohesive f o r c e s between
the sediment p a r t i c l e s become i m p o r t a n t . These f o r c e s cause a d i s t i n c t
of
increase
show
by wave a c t i o n (Van R i j n ,
1985).
out of
the f r e s h s o i l by the weight o f the d e p o s i t i t s e l f . This process o f c o n s o l i d a t i o n i n i t i a l l y goes r e l a t i v e l y f a s t but g r a d u a l l y slows down. With the compact i o n o f the s o i l t h e e r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e r a p i d l y i n c r e a s e s . I t i s w e l l known
t h a t o l d compact c l a y s o i l s a r e h i g h l y r e s i s t a n t a g a i n s t e r o s i o n . Also sand
w i t h a s i l t / c l a y c o n t e n t o f some 10 percent ( s i l t y o r c l a y l y sand) a l r e a d y
shows a d i s t i n c t l y increased r e s i s t a n c e a g a i n s t e r o s i o n . L i t t l e i s known on
the e r o d i b i l i t y o f cohesive s o i l s i n a q u a n t i t a t i v e sense. More d e t a i l e d
i n f o r m a t i o n i s g i v e n i n Chapter 12.
B i o l o g i c a l a c t i v i t y a t the bed may a l s o i n f l u e n c e the c r i t i c a l values f o r
i n i t i a t i o n o f m o t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y i n muddy and s i l t y
5.1.2
environments.
Waves
In o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w t h e r e i s no g e n e r a l l y accepted
relationship for i n i t i a t i o n
\ cr
,2A
( ^ I T t i d T - - 0-21
A
0.5
for
< 500 ,m
(5.1.8)
for
d 5 . 500 u
(5.1.9)
2A
( i r f t i 5 ^ = l."? ( - ^ )
0 25
-5.5-
i n which:
U
.-,
A
6
,cr
stage i n terms o f U
(5.1.9).
orbital
inac-
s t r e s s {i^ ^^):
((p^-p)gd5Q
'^'WH
- P(D*)
(5.1.10)
i n which:
p
= i p f (U,
) = time-averaged wave-related bed-shear
w 6,cr
= wave f r i c t i o n f a c t o r , Eq. (2,3.20)
A
T,_
b,cr
f
stress
(Eq.2.3.l4)
AW
U
6
, cr
velocity
stress i s
proposed f o r
( k ) and the k i n e s
roughness
by:
"s = "qo *
(5.1.11)
- ^'^ " 0 5
itera-
i s a function of
f o r each p a r t i c l e s i z e . The
varia-
curve can a l s o be a p p l i e d as a c r i t e r i o n f o r i n i t i a t i o n o f motion f o r o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w over a plane bed. The curve r e p r e s e n t s a c r i t i c a l stage a t which
o n l y a minor p a r t (say 1 t o 10^) o f the bed s u r f a c e i s moving.
F i n a l l y , i t i s noted t h a t the s c a t t e r i s r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e . T h i s may
n o t be too
-5.7-
5.1.3
) f o r a r i p p l e d bed.
i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d as sandy
silt
(d^Q = 35 ym and 42 ym). The bed m a t e r i a l a t t h e A u s t r a l i a n s i t e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d as f i n e sand (d_.^ = 170 ym). The water depths a t t h e s i t e s a r e i n t h e
50
range o f 75 t o 90 m. I n f o r m a t i o n o f t h e l o c a l bed forms ( r i p p l e s o r plane bed)
i s n o t r e p o r t e d by Larsen e t a l .
The data have been used by the present w r i t e r (van R i j n ) t o determine t h e
i n i t i a t i o n o f motion parameters according t o t h e S h i e l d s method. The b a s i c
data a r e g i v e n i n Table 5.1.2. The r e s u l t i n g time-averaged t o t a l bed-shear
s t r e s s (T,
D y CW
) is
Q^W
^ = z '^^^
The c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear s t r e s s i s
i n which:
k
s t r e s s e s (x,
a l , because t h e wave-current
approach. The dimensionless
o f motion a r e presented
(length
forces
a c t i n g on t h e g r a i n s produced by t h e h o r i z o n t a l a c c e l e r a t i o n o f t h e sediment
bed
Probably,
and
o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w l a r g e r c r i t i c a l c u r r e n t v e l o c i t i e s (u^
achieved
(5.1.11)
) are generally
^-value.
t h i s i s t h e r e s u l t o f a r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e near-bed
motion
F i g u r e 5 . 1 . 4 B shows t h e experimental r e s u l t s i n terms o f t h e S h i e l d s ' parameters. The r e s u l t i n g c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s i s computed from Eq. ( 2 . 4 . 1 7 )
by summation o f t h e wave-related
-5.9-
5.2
I n i t i a t i o n of suspension i n currents
v e l o c i t y , the p a r t i c l e s w i l l be moving
t o t h a t o f the p a r t i c l e f a l l
velocity,
> w^
values o f the v e r t i c a l t u r b u l e n c e i n t e n s i t y , t h e
c r i t e r i o n f o r i n i t i a t i o n o f suspension becomes:
^
w
s
= 1
(5.2,1)
^rs
(u
f
(w )2
*,crs
s
= (s-l)gd^Q - (s-Dgd^Q
i n which:
u
w
- c r i t i c a l bed-shear v e l o c i t y f o r i n i t i a t i o n o f suspension
,crs
s
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y i n c l e a r ( s t i l l ) water
d^Q
= p a r t i c l e diameter
= acceleration of gravity
- d e n s i t y o f sediment
= density o f f l u i d
(5 2 2)
-5.10-
(1965).
a n a l y s i s , he d e r i v e d :
= 0.25
(5.2.3)
s
Equations
and
(5.2.2)
An e x p e r i m e n t a l
(5.2.3)
are shown i n F i g u r e
i n v e s t i g a t i o n was
( D e l f t Hydraulics,
1982)
5.1.1.
r e c e n t l y c a r r i e d out a t the D e l f t
Hydraulics
t o determine the c r i t i c a l f l o w c o n d i t i o n s f o r i n i t i a -
Visual
perform
observation
upward p a r t i c l e
experimental
presented
< D^ <
bed.
can
be
by:
10:
f ^
W3
= ^,
or e
-D,'
V s
- (J3^j2
(s-Dgd^O
(5.2.4)
D^ >
*
10:
crs
^
= 0.4,
'
ore
crs
^^J^
= 0.16 , , f ,
(s-Dgd^Q
d e f i n e an
may
d e f i n e an i n t e r m e d i a t e stage a t which l o c a l l y t u r b u l e n t b u r s t s
i n t o suspension.
-5.11-
5.3
References
form General
Physics
BOSMAN, J . , 1981
Bed Behaviour and Sand C o n c e n t r a t i o n under O s c i l l a t o r y water Motion
D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s L a b o r a t o r y , Report Ml695-1, D e l f t , The Netherlands
i n t h e Laboratory under an O s c i l l a t o r y
Flow
Vol.32, p. 685-704
Scour ( i n
Dutch)
Report M648/M863, D e l f t , The Netherlands
-5.12-
I
DINGLER, J.R., 1 9 7 4
Wave-Formed Ripples i n Nearshore Sands
Ph.D.Thesis, U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a , San Diego, USA
ENGELUWD, F., 1965
A C r i t e r i o n f o r the Occurence o f Suspended Load
La H o u i l l e Blanche, No. 8 , France
Alluvionnaire
J o u r n a l o f H y d r a u l i c Research, V o l . 1 5 , No. 2
2 6 , p. 7 9 5 - 8 1 2
LARSEN L.H.,
P e t r o l . , V o l . 4 5 , p. 3 6 2 - 3 6 7
'
Dynamics o f C o n t i n e n t a l Shelves, E l s e v i e r ,
Amsterdam,
Netherlands
-5.13-
MANTZ, P.A.,
1977
MANOHAR, M.,
1955
1977
V o l . 24, p. 507-527
PAINTAL, A.S.,
1971
Current
1968
Flow
SHIELDS, A.,
1936
Deutschland
1970
1982
E q u i v a l e n t Roughness o f A l l u v i a l Bed
J o u r n a l o f the Hydr, D i v , , ASCE, No. HY 10, 1982
VAN RIJN, L.C.,
1985
Netherlands
YALIN, M.S.,
1972
Investigator
^50
^^90
(pm)
(vim)
(s)
Bagnold 1946
90
(laboratory)
90
0.10
10
0.13
0.11
10
0.15
0.20
10
0.26
0.22
10
0.29
0.46
10
0.63
0.20
14
0.22
0.25
15
0.27
0.32
15
0.33
160
160
360
360
800
3300
3300
240
( l a b o r a t o r y ) I968
240
390
390
820
820
(m/s)
800
"6,or
S i l v e s t e r and
420
0.29
Mogridge 1970
420
12
0.23
(laboratory)
580
0.32
580
15
0.22
D i n g i e r 1974
177
0.10
(field)
177
10
0.22
0.13
10
0.23
0.27
10
0.51
1454
0.33
1454
10
0.65
310
310
910
910
flow
Vor
(ym)
(s)
\ ill/ u /
210
320
0.25
210
320
10
0.32
163
180
0.14
163
180
10
0.23
230
250
0.17
230
250
10
0.25
Manohar 1955
280
400
4.5
0.25
(laboratory)
280
400
8.5
0.30
280
400
11
0.35
790
950
0.31
950
0.33
790
950
10.5
0,35
1010
1150
0.32
1010
1150
0.33
1010
1150
10
0.38
1830
2150
0,38
1830
2150
5.5
0.43
1830
2150
0,47
1980
2200
3.5
0,40
1980
2200
0,44
1980
2200
0.44
750
1350
11
0.36
%0
Investigator
Bosman
I98I
(laboratory)
790
D a v i e s 1985
(field)
T a b l e 5.1.1
(continued)
^90
location
bed m a t e r i a l
size
date
current velocity
a t 1 m above bed
%0
(ym)
"1
(m/s)
peak v a l u e o f
wave-induced
bed-shear s t r e s s
^b,w,max
(N/m2)
wave
period
T
(s)
Washington
Dec.
21
35
0.13
0.075
13.5
continental
Dec.
21
35
0.097
0,086
12.8
shelf,
Dec.
22
35
0.15
0,078
13.1
Dec.
24
35
0.10
0.081
13.6
1978
Australia
Mar.
42
0.158
0.075
10.8
continental
Mar.
42
,0.13
0,078
13.5
shelf,
Mar,
42
0,10
0,069
13.5
Mar.
42
0,089
0.076
13.0
Australia
Dec,
170
0,078
0,24
14.9
continental
Dec,
170
0.098
0.179
12.2
shelf,
Dec,
13
170
0.07
0.186
12,9
1979
1979
T a b l e 5.1,2
bed m a t e r i a l
size
wave
period
peak value
orbital velocity
A
(ym)
(s)
142
363
Table 5.1.3
current velocity
a t 0.02 m above bed
IT
(m/s)
U2
(m/s)
0.156
5.2
0.173
11.8
0.254
0.04
0.183
0.08
0.177
0.12
0,164
0.18
0.081
15
0.0267
0.156
15
0.06
0.14
15
0.10
0.125
15
0.12
0.109
15
0.16
0.096
15
0.20
0.069
0.219
4.8
0.25
11.1
0.27
0.04
0.216
0.08
0.204
0.12
0.18
0.18
0.155
15
0.0267
0.194
15
0.06
0.174
15
0.10
0.159
15
0.12
0.143
15
0.16
0.112
15
0.20
0.092
1.
CD
t.t
JD
E
c
n
O
E
O
u
->
Q05
n-
Q2
0.3
0.5
particle parameter, D
H
>
10
20
30
H 461
FIG. 5.1.1
0.10
Shields' c u r v e
Q08
IT)
"D
O)
Q.
0.05
tn
^Q.'
0.04
L.
U
JD"
-7
Q06
"^-^^
>
O03
>
3 - - "
<
1 % - - "
002
"s.
0.01
11
5 6 7 8 9io'
10^
'10
u d 5 0 /V
A.
measured
occasional
frequent
frequent
p a r t i c l e m o v e m e n t a t m a n y locations
frequent
p a r t i c l e m o v e m e n t a t nearly all
frequent
p a r t i c l e m o v e m e n t a t all l o c a t i o n s
permanent
general t r a n s p o r t
EXPERIMENTAL
particle movement
locations
locations
locations
( i n i t i a t i o n of ripples)
RESULTS
ao7
at all
locations
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
(1972)
N=
Shields' c u r v e
Q06
o
in
"D
CJ)
Q.
0.05
Q04
DOO
Q.
in
'
I.
IH
10
0.03
,1
0.02
Q01
10"
6 8
>
N = n u m b e r of p a r t i c l e s m o v i n g p e r
B.
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS O F
6 8io^
Ud50/V
unit a r e a
G R A F AND PAZIS
(m^)
(1977)
H 461
FIG. 5.1.2
10'
Dso =
n
<3
TJ-
c1
n
i1
>
.tl
u
O
11
pm
1600
jjm
11
-'
1
1^
3200
800
"
c
400
c5
""*^
c1
^^."^
\
,'
\
\
'
5
t;
'(_
u
<
200 jjm
^'
^^^^^ ^
150 jjm
100 p m
^^^^
<
10-^
(
^ w a v e p e r i o d , T
measured:
1 0 0 - 1 5 0 pm
400-
150 - 2 0 0 p m
8 0 0 - 1600 p m
V 2 0 0 - 4 0 0 ^im
(s)
800pm
1600 - 3 2 0 0 p m
B o s m a n (Flume)
Dingier
(Flume)
Bagnold
(Flume)
Silvester and M o g r i d g e ( F l u m e )
Ranee and W a r r e n ( F l u m e )
Manohar
Davies
(Flume)
(Field)
5 6 7 8 10'
5 6 78 lo^
particle parameter,
5 6 7 8 IQ
D^
BED
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 5.1.3
in
0.02
0.02
d s o = 142 [irn
d s o = 3 6 3 \lvn
u
_o
T=5 s
T=15s
T=5 s
T = 15s
0.01
Q01
U)
I
I
I
>
O
Q01
'
Q02
>
A. CRITICAL
c u r r e n t - related
'
0.01
0.02
7 8
p a r t i c l e p a r a n n e t e r , D.
B. SHIELDS'
CURVE
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG 5.1.4
6.
BED FORMS
6.1
6.1.1
Classification
by e r o s i o n a t the upstream f a c e ( s t o s s
f a c e ( l e e s i d e ) , Antidunes t r a v e l
their
internal
1982),
a l s o F i g . 6 . 1 , 1 and
into
6.1.2):
In
conditions.
As
This may a l s o be i n d i c a t e d by the f a c t t h a t the t r a n s i t i o n a l stage w i t h washedout dunes i s generated f o r a Froude number o f about 0.6 i n flume c o n d i t i o n s , a n d
o f about 0,2-0.3 i n f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s . Only i n the upper f l o w regime w i t h a n t i dunes i s the Froude number o f importance, since t h e g e n e r a t i o n o f a n t i - d u n e s i s
m a i n l y governed by f r e e - s u r f a c e phenomena, as i n d i c a t e d by the f a c t t h a t t h e
l e n g t h o f the a n t i - d u n e s i s equal t o the wave l e n g t h o f the f r e e s u r f a c e .
t o occur
stage).
Bed f o r m c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
1 <
< 10
Lower f l o w
0 < T < 3
Mini r i p p l e s
regime
3 < T < 15
Transitional
15 S T < 25
f l o w regime
Upper f l o w
regime
T > 25
Djj > 10
(d
50
> 450
Dunes
ym)
and 6.1.4
F i g u r e s 6.1.3
den
Berg and Van Gelder (1989). These diagrams are based on a l a r g e amount o f
flume and f i e l d d a t a . The b a s i c parameters are the dimensionless p a r t i c l e
parameter D and t h e m o b i l i t y parameter 0' = ( u ; ) 2 / ( ( s - 1 ) g d^^) w i t h
(g'^/C') and C'
6.1.2
Flat
(1957)
effects.
bed
a l s o be covered w i t h r e l i c t
bed
6.1.3
Ribbons and
ridges
secon-
t u r b u l e n c e e f f e c t s (burst-sweep c y c l e ) i n t h e
6.1.4
v/u^.
Ripples
sediments
velocity
profile
-6.il-
strongly
c a l l e d mega-ripples. F i g u r e 6.1.6
r i p p l e s observed
tips).
The
T-value
10 (see
6.1.2).
are
g i v e n by:
= 0.02
XJ, = 0.5
d-e"'^-^'^) (10-T)
(6.1.1)
(6.1.2)
Another
Dunes
bed
l a r g e dunes
will
v e r t i c a l s o r t i n g takes p l a c e , which
jT
0.11 i-f)
(6.1.3)
(l-e"-5^) (25-T)
. 7.3 h
(6.1.4)
(mobile)
( 6 . 1 . 3 ) y i e l d s a maximum dune h e i g h t
i n t h e range o f 0.1 t o 0.2 h f o r T =^ 5. Figure 6 . 1 . 6 A shows measured and computed dune h e i g h t f o r some P a k i s t a n I r r i g a t i o n channels (Mahmood e t a l 1984).
The g e n e r a t i o n o f m i n i or mega-ripples
on the s t o s s s i d e s o f t h e dunes i s a l s o
Tsubaki-Shinohara,
1959
O r i g i n a l l y , they presented
t h e i r r e s u l t s i n g r a p h i c a l form. A best f i t o f
f o r 0.05 <
(6.1.5)
-6.6-
7^ = 0.5 ( 0 ' ) ^ - ^
(6.1.6)
(6.1.7)
= 4-2
in which:
0.
rV~ri
tPg- P) g
= y T|_^
~ particle mobility
parameter
= grain-shear s t r e s s
C_
C'
= TTT
= r i p p l e or e f f i c i e n c y
factor
= o v e r a l l Chzy-coefficient
12 h
C' 18 l o g ( j )
^65
= Chzy-coefficient r e l a t e d
to grains
= water depth
U s u a l l y , the bed-form f a c t o r i s r e l a t e d
t o t h e second power o f t h e C / C - r a t i o ,
relationship.
Yalin_1964, 1972
= ^
(6.,.8,
b
X ,
f
= 5
(6.1.9)
i n which:
= p g h 1 = o v e r a l l bed-shear
stress
- c r i t i c a l bed-shear
stress
(6.1.10)
Ranga_RaJu-Soni, 1976
^ 6.5 10^ ( 0 ' ) ^
So
for
(6.1.11)
-6.7-
(6.1.12)
So
in
h
which:
F. =
r^
(gh)-5
= Froude number
F^ =
= particle mobility
parameter
= particle mobility
parameter
jT"^
( ( 3 - 1 ) g d^o)'-^
^b
(Pg- P)g d^Q
Tjl^ = p g h' i
h' = 0 . 0 0 8 5
s
= grain-shear stress
(i-q)^'^^
= p /p
s
= depth r e l a t e d t o g r a i n s
= s p e c i f i c density
= energy g r a d i e n t
= mean f l o w v e l o c i t y
i s a r a t h e r crude r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e g r a p h i c a l
results.
conditions,
Allei2^_1968
= 0 . 0 8 6 h'^^
(6.1.13)
(6.1.14)
^=hO-^
Freds^e^_1980
Equation ( 6 . 1 . 1 5 )
i s g i v e n i n g r a p h i c a l form by Fredseie
(1980).
i s the p a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y parameter a t t h e c r e s t ( o r t o p )
-6.8-
i)^Qp
" p a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y parameter a t
the top o f the bed forms
u't o p
^
0.5 g
u,
" p C'
ri
^
top
'^top
~ h
~ depth-averaged v e l o c i t y a t the
^
12(h-iA^)
- 18 l o g ( 5 1
)
^"^^ 2 dg^
C'
'top
= Chzy-coefficient r e l a t e d t o the g r a i n s
a t the top o f the bed forms-
= discharge per u n i t w i d t h
Freds^e^_1982
, ^
(6.1.16)
= F(0', S o )
i n which:
' " ( s - 1 ) g d
0.5
= p ,
C'
= grain-shear v e l o c i t y
C' = 18 l o g ( - 2 ^ ]
- Chzy-coefficient r e l a t e d t o g r a i n s
^65
h'
= ( t u r b u l e n t ) boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s
a c c o r d i n g t o Engelund and Hansen, I 9 6 7
i s assumed t o equal t o 0 . 5 h
(by
the p r e s e n t w r i t e r ) .
Comparsion_of methods
The r e l a t i o n s h i p s f o r t h e bed-form h e i g h t were e v a l u a t e d by computing t h e bedform h e i g h t f o r a sand bed w i t h a p a r t i c l e diameter d^^ = 6OO ym ( d g ^ = 750
dgo = 1500 ym), mean f l o w depths h = 1 and 10 m and mean f l o w v e l o c i t i e s =
0.5,
1.0 and
1.5
m/s.
ym,
_2
= pghi, i . ^
h C
with:
, C = 18 l o g ( ^ ) ,
s
calibration.
6.1.6
Washed-out dunes
currents.
be generated p a r a l l e l t o the f l o w
-6.10-
6.1.7
Bars
The l a r g e s t bed forms i n the lower regime are sand bars (such as s i d e b a r s ,
b r a i d bars and t r a n s v e r s e b a r s ) , which u s u a l l y are generated i n areas w i t h
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e t r a n s v e r s e f l o w components ( r i v e r bends).
B r a i d bars a c t u a l l y are a l l u v i a l " i s l a n d s " which separate the anabranches o f
b r a i d e d streams. Numerous bars can be observed d i s t r i b u t e d over the c r o s s s e c t i o n s . These bars have a marked streamwise e l o n g a t i o n . Transverse bars a r e
d i a g o n a l shoals o f t r i a g u l a r - s h a p e d p l a n along the bed. One
s i d e may
be
6.1.8
10
6.2
6.2.1
Non-steady r i v e r flow
(rising
conditions.
s i t u a t i o n but
be a
flow conditions at
-6.11-
Tsujimoto-Nakagawa ( 1 9 8 3 ) ,
by F o u r n i e r ( 1 9 8 4 )
and
by
distance
t h e changes o f dune
r e s u l t s and t h e model r e s u l t s o f
flat
discharge.
After this
= e
(6.2.2)
-6.12-Yt/T
(6.2.3)
i n which:
\ '
^1'
^1
dune h e i g h t , l e n g t h a t time t
e q u i l i b r i u m dune h e i g h t , l e n g t h a t stage 1
e q u i l i b r i u m dune h e i g h t , l e n g t h a t stage 2
% , 1 '
%,2
p o r o s i t y o f bed m a t e r i a l
dune t r a n s i t i o n p e r i o d
coefficients.
a, e, Y
The experimental
s c a l e flume ( l e n g t h
stage 1
f l o w parameters
stage 2
discharge
(mVs)
0.1
0.27
water depth
(m)
0.2
0.4
bed
q^^ ( m 2 / s )
7.3
load t r a n s p o r t
10"^
20
10"^
dune h e i g h t
'A
(m)
0.07
0.11
dune l e n g t h
(m)
1.35
1.55
Time
dune h e i g h t A
dune l e n g t h X
(hours)
(m)
(m)
t = 0
0.07
1.35
t = 0.5
0.09
1.35
t = 1
0.10
1.40
t = 2
0.105
1.45
t = 3
0.105
1.50
t = 4
0.11
1.55
-6.13-
A p p l y i n g these v a l u e s , i t f o l l o w s t h a t a =^ 4, 6 =^ 3 and y ^ ^. k v a l u e o f 6 =^
has a l s o been found by F o u r n i e r (1984).
The above g i v e n expressions can be a p p l i e d t o o b t a i n on order o f magnitude
e s t i m a t e o f t h e dune t r a n s i t i o n parameters
i n unsteady r i v e r f l o w . The e q u i l i -
6.2.2
T i d a l flow
The bed forms most f r e q u e n t l y found i n t i d a l c u r r e n t s i n e s t u a r i e s a r e megar i p p l e s , asymmetrical sand dunes and symmetrical sandwaves. T i d a l c u r r e n t s may
have an asymmetrical v a r i a t i o n depending on t h e channel and shoal
system.
-6.14-
to 1 m w i t h
Voogt e t a l
(1989)
These asymmetrical
the h i g h e s t v e l o c i t y o f 2.5
6.3
m/s.
6.3.1
Two
Classification
shows a c l a s s i f i c a -
based on 648 s e t s o f d a t a .
R i p p l e s are g e n e r a l l y generated when the peak o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
bed i s about 1.2 times the c r i t i c a l
peak v e l o c i t y
(U^) near t h e
f o r i n i t i a t i o n o f motion o f
(U^) / ( ( s - l ) g d g Q )
et al,1982).
A
((Pg-p)g CI^Q) > 0 . 8 . S u r f zone bars may be generated near t h e breaker l i n e and
t y p i c a l l y r e f l e c t t r a n s p o r t processes r e l a t e d t o b r e a k i n g waves.
6.3.2
Ripples
Types
Wave r i p p l e s a r e formed once t h e o s c i l l a t o r y motion i s o f s u f f i c i e n t s t r e n g t h
t o cause g e n e r a l movement o f t h e s u r f a c e p a r t i c l e s . The h e i g h t and l e n g t h o f
the r i p p l e s grow u n t i l a s t a b l e r i p p l e i s o b t a i n e d depending on t h e p r e v a i l i n g
c o n d i t i o n s . Wave-generated r i p p l e s show an almost s y m m e t r i c a l and rounded
p r o f i l e . Wave r i p p l e s occur i n a wide range o f environments: f l o o d e d overbank
areas o f r i v e r s , f l o o d p l a i n s , l a k e bottoms, i n t e r t i d a l f l a t s , deep-sea bottom,
s h e l f bottoms and nearshore sea bottoms. Wave r i p p l e s have been observed i n
depths upto 2 0 0 m. I n deep water wave r i p p l e s a r e probably formed by i n t e r n a l
d e n s i t y c u r r e n t s r a t h e r than by s u r f a c e waves. F i g u r e 6 . 3 . 3 shows a symmetry
parameter
1985).
0.45)
(1946)
grain
1975).
( 6 . 3 . 1 )
-6.16-
i n which:
Ug
trough o f a wave
= wave p e r i o d
= p a r t i c l e diameter
A
The
f u l l y o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w and t o o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w superimposed by a c u r r e n t .
Thus, A U . = U
- U p + u . The main reason f o r wave-induced asymmetry i s t h e
6
on
off
c
J
J
s h o a l i n g process. As a wave begins t o shoal, the c r e s t e l e v a t e s and steepens
A
and
forward
wave t h e o r y t o e s t i m a t e
caused by asymmetric o s c i l l a t o r y m o t i o n
w i t h o r w i t h o u t a superimposed longshore c u r r e n t .
Mobile asymmetric r i p p l e s g e n e r a l l y m i g r a t e
i n the d i r e c t i o n o f t h e i r
leeside
2.
period
w i t h i n c r e a s i n g g r a i n s i z e b u t decreases w i t h
i n c r e a s i n g o r b i t a l diameter.
A
3.
large
are:
r i p p l e s become i n c r e a s i n g l y i r r e g u l a r f o r i n c r e a s i n g energy c o n d i t i o n s
(longshore
shoreface),
-6.17-
i r r e g u l a r r i p p l e s may
grade i n t o c r o s s - r i p p l e s w i t h i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t s
long-crested
the
c r o s s - r i p p l e s may
grade i n t o l u n a t e mega-ripples f o r i n c r e a s i n g
orbital
are
in conditions of
m/s)
generated by l o n g
period
waves.
Shipp (1984) used the c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s o f C l i f t o n (1976) t o d e s c r i b e
the
bed
New
Figure
6.3.4B).
: l i n e a r r i p p l e s , asymmetric r i p p l e s , f l a t
(sheet
longshore
trough
bed
flow)
: l i n e a r r i p p l e s (X^ ^ 0.7
m,
A^ ^ 0.15
: cross r i p p l e s , i r r e g u l a r r i p p l e s and
m)
linear ripples
i r r e g u l a r and
cross r i p p l e s f o r low-energy c o n d i t i o n s
m,
A^
0.15
m)
f o r higher energy c o n d i t i o n s
seaward slope o f bar
c r o s s - r i p p l e s and l i n e a r r i p p l e s
t r a n s i t i o n a l zone
l i n e a r r i p p l e s o f f i n e sand (200
l o c a l l y coarse-grain
deposits
l i n e a r mega-ripples ( x ^ = 0.7
offshore
ym);
(600 ym)
m,
forming
A^ = 0.15
l i n e a r r i p p l e s o f f i n e sand (150-200
ym)
m)
-6.18-
Dimensions
In t h e l i t e r a t u r e many equations are a v a i l a b l e t o determine t h e dimensions o f
wave-generated bed forms ( r i p p l e s ) . I m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s were made by
Inman(1957),
Mogridge and
Kamphuis ( 1 9 7 2 ) ,
Dingier ( 1 9 7 5 )
and
Nielsen
(1981).
that:
parameters
For l a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s N i e l s e n proposes
A
-
"A"
= 0.275
0.022
= 2.2
0.345
iP-^
(6.3.2)
A
6
^
iP-^^
(6.3.3)
For f i e l d c o n d i t i o n s N i e l s e n
proposes:
A
^
= 21
10
(6.3.4)
>. 10
(6.3.5)
f o r ll) >
V = e.p
Ag
in
1000 + 0 . 7 5
1" )
ln'i|)
for
which:
A^ = r i p p l e h e i g h t
= r i p p l e length
^r
A. = peak value o f o r b i t a l e x c u r s i o n
i|)
= peak v a l u e o f o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
= m o b i l i t y parameter = ( U ) / ( ( s - l ) g d
50'
-6.19-
I n t h e p r e s e n t study another a t t e m p t i s made by Van R i j n t o analyze t h e a v a i l a b l e r i p p l e data f o r non-breaking wave c o n d i t i o n s . The data a r e s e l e c t e d from
l a b o r a t o r y and f i e l d experiments w i t h sand beds having mean p a r t i c l e s i z e s i n
t h e range o f 1 0 0 t o 5 0 0 ym. Regular and i r r e g u l a r wave c o n d i t i o n s a r e c o n s i dered.
With r e g a r d t o r e g u l a r waves t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a u t h o r s have been
used: Carstens e t a l ( 1 9 6 9 ) ,
al (1984)
(1957),
Hayakawa e t a l ( 1 9 8 3 ) ,
and Sakakiyama e t a l ( 1 9 8 5 ) .
Dingier
der K a a i j ( 1 9 8 7 ) .
(1975),
Ribberink
Steetzel ( 1 9 8 4 ) ,
DuToit e t
et a l (1987),
Van R i j n ( 1 9 8 7 ) ,
Nieuwjaar-Van
experiments o f Inman ( 1 9 5 7 )
and D i n g i e r ( 1 9 7 5 )
are d e s c r i b e d i n more d e t a i l
below.
Inman_(1957)
strip
activities.
As s t a t e d by Inman, t h e s m a l l r i p p l e h e i g h t s o f a few m i l l i m e t e r s p r e v e n t e d
a c c u r a t e measurements because t h e measuring
instruments f l a t t e n e d the r i p p l e
crests.
Dingler_(1974)
measure-
ments were made t o determine t h e wave parameters. The pressure meter was
a t t a c h e d t o t h e sonar frame, which was lowered t o t h e bed by d i v e r s . Each
experiment l a s t e d a t l e a s t 8 minutes. A f t e r removing t h e frame, a bed m a t e r i a l
sample was c o l l e c t e d .
-6.20-
as f o l l o w s :
A
(6.3.6)
in which:
^ = ( U g ) 2 / ( ( s - 1 ) g d^Q)
6.3.2
to 6 . 3 . 5 )
Comparing t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
latter
(1981).
The r e l a -
t i o n s h i p s o f N i e l s e n f o r i r r e g u l a r waves seem t o g i v e a r i p p p l e h e i g h t t h a t i s
somewhat t o o s m a l l f o r i|j-values i n t h e range o f 2 0 t o 6 0 . F u r t h e r i t i s noted
t h a t t h e f i e l d d a t a o f D i n g i e r ( 1 9 7 5 ) a r e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l compared w i t h t h e
l a b o r a t o r y d a t a f o r i|)-values i n the range o f 4 0 t o 8 0 . The reason f o r t h i s i s
not c l e a r . I t may be caused by t h e l i m i t e d accuracy o f t h e r i p p l e h e i g h t measurements i n f i e l d
c o n d i t i o n s , e s p e c i a l l y when t h e r i p p l e h e i g h t s a r e s m a l l .
'
for
i|) <
10
(6.3.7)
for
i|) >
250
-6.21-
for
^ = 0 . 1 8
= 2.10"'(250
- ll))
2.5
ll) < 10
for
for
i|) > 2 5 0
(6.3.8)
X^ = 1 . 2 2
r
i t can be d e r i v e d
for
A.
6
which i s c l o s e t o t h e value
that:
ll) < 10
= 1.3
(6.3.9)
r e p o r t e d by D i n g i e r and Inman ( 1 9 7 6 ) ,
b r e a k i n g wave c o n d i t i o n s t h e m o b i l i t y parameter
(ili) w i l l , i n g e n e r a l , be
6.3.3
Based on F i g . 6 . 3 . 6 ,
for
t i o n s w i l l be generated f o r 0 =
T^/[{p^-p)g
occur
sheet f l o w c o n d i -
d^^) > 0 . 8 .
however, d i d n o t
with
6.3.4
bars
The b a s i c
"6.22-
(200
6.4
6.4.1
beaches.
Class i f i c a t i o n
close
1976).
r i p p l e s w i t h t h e i r c r e s t l i n e s p a r a l l e l t o t h e shore
m/s.
Shipp ( 1 9 8 4 ) r e p o r t s the g e n e r a t i o n o f c r o s s - r i p p l e s
cross-waves
by
-6.23-
The
current direction,
L o n g i t u d i n a l f u r r o w s may
current.
bottom
al.,
m/s)
Observations
(Henderson e t
these
The
c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l shape o f t h e f u r r o w s
sinuous.
classifi-
6.4.2).
The
r e l a t e d m o b i l i t y parameters d e f i n e d a t :
0'
>^
c " ( s - l ) g d 50
(6.4.1)
01
w
(6.4.2)
in
i'^
( s - l ) g d 50
which:
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d e f f e c t i v e bed-shear v e l o c i t y
wave-related e f f e c t i v e bed-shear v e l o c i t y
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d f r i c t i o n f a c t o r according to
Eq.
f'
w
w i t h k^ = 3 d
wave-related f r i c t i o n f a c t o r a c c o r d i n g t o
Eq.
(2.2.12)
(2.3.20)
depth-averaged
w i t h k^ = 3 d
velocity
relative
^6.24
wave-dominated r i p p l e s
(X,/X < 1 . 3 )
\ c u r r e n t - d o m i n a t e d r i p p l e s (X./X > 1 . 5 )
results:
< 0.25
for
u^
for
JC
JW
u^ /u^
>
/u^
(1978),
wave-dominated r i p p l e s
in which:
= o v e r a l l c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear v e l o c i t y .
6.4.2
Transverse r i p p l e s
r i p p l e s w i t h l e n g t h s between 0 . 1
1968).
0.15-0.2)
and those o f c u r r e n t
0.05-0.15).
(1984),
(1987)
(1969),
Tanaka and
(1988).
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d and wave-related g r a i n - s h e a r v e l o c i t i e s ( u ^
/u^
).
-6.25-
Figre
6.4.IA
superimposed.
r e d u c t i o n o f the near-bed
current v e l o c i t i e s
> 1.5 a 2 the
/u^
,c
,w
6.4.IB
X^^/X^
1.65
was found by N i e u w j a a r
(1987).
r e n t i s superimposed
the
waves. T h i s e f f e c t s t a r t s f o r u i / u i
> 0 . 6 a 0 . 7 . V a r i a t i o n s s m a l l e r than
*,c '*,w
2 0 ^ a r e n o t s i g n i f i c a n t because o f the r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e standard d e v i a t i o n o f
the
Shuto
(1984).
Figure
6.4.10
and by Tanaka-
(1969)
(1982)
asymmetrical
s t a t e s t h a t the
f o r f i n e t o medium sediments
velocities
( i n t e n s i f i e d by wave o r b i t a l v e l o c i t i e s ) . They are found i n areas w i t h a v a i l a b l e sediments. They could have grown up from a f l a t bed w i t h o n l y s m a l l s c a l e bed forms. Sand waves are r e s t r i c t e d t o t i d a l environments o c c u r i n g i n
e s t u a r i e s and i n s h e l f seas.
At h i g h c u r r e n t v e l o c i t i e s the sand waves tend t o disappear, s i m i l a r l y t o t h e
disappearance
be
The
sand
-6.26-
waves may
sand
effects
1975-1985).
The water depths ( t o mean bed l e v e l ) were i n the range o f 20 t o 35 m. The peak
c u r r e n t v e l o c i t i e s o f the s p r i n g t i d e were 0 . 8 m/s
which i m p l i e s an asymmetry o f Au = 0.1 m/s
i n the f l o o d d i r e c t i o n .
(ebb),
The
1.4 m d u r i n g
s
1.0 m d u r i n g t h e summer p e r i o d
w i n t e r p e r i o d (November-February)
and H
s
ym.
following
tables.
MEGARIPPLES
areas
relative
height
relative
length
number o f
r i p p l e s on
stoss-side
number o f
r i p p l e s on
lee-side
A/h
X/h
0.012
0.66
12
0.03
0,95
0.014
0.37
-6.27-
areas
relative
height
A/h
relative
length
X/h
asymmetry
relative crest
w i d t h normal
to current
X2/X.,
X /h
c
water depth
h
(m)
propagation
velocity
c (m/year)
-
0.122
9.4
0.76
82
24
0.260
12.6
0.42
104
20
0.131
9.0
0.49
105
22
0.226
15.9
0.28
278
24
0.103
10
0.76
58
30
0.153
12.4
0.37
65
28
0.148
15.6
0.36
52
24
0.128
5.7
0.71
77
34
0.124
7.9
0.88
30
0.181
9.5
0.64
26
35
10
m to
2.5
m to
NE
m to
the
sand waves.
Computation o f the r a t i o
/
, w i t h U.
= peak o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
6, max
mean'
6, max
r e l a t e d t o the maximum s i g n i f i c a n t wave and
= peak c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y
mean
t r a n s p o r t mechanism d u r i n g the w i n t e r p e r i o d .
A n a l y s i s o f bed m a t e r i a l samples shows the presence o f s m a l l e r s i z e s i n the
t r o u g h s and
smaller
6.4.4
i n the t r o u g h r e g i o n s
bed
features.
(smaller v e l o c i t i e s ) .
banks
S m a l l - s c a l e r i b b o n s and l a r g e - s c a l e r i d g e s and
NE
banks are t y p i c a l l o n g i t u d i n a l
SW
-6.28-
The
i s of
to coarse sand (> 500 pm) and are l a r g e sources o f sediment. Sand banks are
q u i t e s t a b l e f e a t u r e s . Mega-ripples and sand waves may
c r e s t a x i s o f the bank d e v i a t e s
be caused by C o r i o l i s e f f e c t s g i v i n g an a n t i c l o c k w i s e r o t a t i o n on the
hemisphere ( S t r i d e ,
may
Norhtern
1982).
spacing
typi-
km,
km and a h e i g h t o f 5-20
Shelf
by
i n the submerged
sand r i d g e s
km,
m. They mainly c o n s i s t o f w e l l - s o r t e d
l o c a l water depths v a r y
level
the t i d a l
currents
became weaker, the sand r i d g e s g r a d u a l l y ceased growing and became " r e l i c t "
sand bodies.
0.2
m/s)
( b u r i e d sand r i d g e s ) . The
present-day
tidal
-6.29-
6.5
References
ALLEN, J.R.L., 1 9 6 8
Current Ripples
N o r t h - H o l l a n d P u b l i s h i g Company, Amsterdam
ALLEN, J.R.L., 1 9 7 6
Computational Models f o r Dune Time Lag: General Ideas, D i f f i c u l t i e s and E a r l y
Results
Sedimentary Geology, V o l .
16,
255-279
ALLEN, J.R.L., 1 9 8 2
Sedimentary S t r u c t u r e s , T h e i r Character and P h y s i c a l Basis
E l s e v i e r s Science P u b l i s h e r s , Amsterdam, The Netherlands
AMOS, C L . and COLLINS, M.B., 1 9 7 8
The Combined E f f e c t o f Wave Motion and T i d a l C u r r e n t s on the Morphology of
I n t e r t i d a l R i p p l e Marks: The Wash, U.K.
J o u r n a l o f Sedimentary P e t r o l o g y , V o l .
48,
No.
3,
p.
849-856
BAGNOLD, R.A., 1 9 4 6
Motion o f Waves i n Shallow Water
Proc. Royal S o c i e t y , A 1 8 7 , p. 1 - 1 5 , London
BENDERSOW, R.H., WILSON, J.B. and HOLME, N.A., 1 9 8 8
D i r e c t Observation o f L o n g i t u d i n a l Furrows i n Gravel and T h e i r T r a n s i t i o n w i t h
Sand Ribbons o f S t r o n g l y T i d a l Seas
I n : T i d e - I n f l u e n c e d Sedimentary Environments and F a c i e s ,
E d i t e d by P. de Boer, Reidel P u b l i s h i n g Company
BOSMAN J., 1 9 8 1
Bed Behaviour and Sand C o n c e n t r a t i o n under O s c i l l a t o r y Water Motion
Report M 1 6 9 5 I , D e l f t H y d r a u l i c a , D e l f t , The Netherlands
-6.30-
CLIFTON, H.E.,
1976
DINGLER, J.R.,
1975
1976
1981
1967
A Monograph on Sediment T r a n s p o r t
T e k n i s h F o r l a g , Copenhagen, Denmark
FOURNIER, CP.,
1984
Time Development
o f Reforming Dunes
T h e s i s , Queen's U n i v e r s i t y ,
K i n g s t o n , Canada
Flow
-6.31-
FREDS0E, J . , 1 9 7 9
Unsteady Flow i n S t r a i g h t A l l u v i a l Streams: M o d i f i c a t i o n o f I n d i v i d u a l Dunes
J o u r n a l o f F l u i d Mechanics, V o l .
9 1 ,
Part
3,
497-512
FREDS0E, J . , 1 9 8 0
The Formation o f Dunes
I n t . Symp. on River Sedimentation, B e i j i n g , China
FREDS0E, J . , 1 9 8 2
Shape and Dimensions o f S t a t i o n a r y Dunes i n Rivers
J o u r n a l o f t h e H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n , ASCE, Hy. 8
GARDE, R.J. and ALBERTSON, M.L., 1 9 5 9
Sand Waves and Regimes o f Flow i n A l l u v i a l Channels
lAHR-Congres, Paper 2 8 , Montreal Canada
HARMS, J . C , 1 9 6 9
H y d r a u l i c S i g n i f i c a n c e o f Some Sand Ripples
G e o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y o f America B u l l e t i n , V o l .
80,
p.
363-396,
USA
Ripples
C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r i n g i n Japan, V o l . 2 6 , 1 9 8 3
p.
1335-1352,
Cape Town, S . A f r i c a
INMAM, D.L., 1 9 5 7
Wave-generated R i p p l e s i n Nearshore Sands
Tech. Memo 100, Beach Erosion Board, USA
KROON, A. and VAN RIJN, L.C, 1 9 8 9
Space Averaging Aspects o f Sediment C o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e S u r f Zone near
Groote Keeten, 1 9 8 7 , 1 9 8 8 , The Netherlands
Geopro
89-03,
-6.32-
MAHMOOD, K., MEHRDAD, M.H., HAQUE, M.I. and MASUD CHOUDRI, A., 1984
Bed Form Data i n Acop Canals, 1977-1980
Civ.
Ripples
NIELSEN, P.,
1983
-6.33-
Waves
with a Current
D e l f t Tech. Univ., Civ. Eng. Dep., D e l f t , The Netherlands
SAKAKIYAMA, T., SHIMIZU, T. KAJIMA, R., SAITO, S. and MARUYAMA, K., 1985
Sand Ripples Generated
C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r i n g i n Japan, V o l . 28
Nearshore
-6.34-
TERMES, P.P. , 1 9 8 6
Dimensions o f Bed Forms under Steady Flow a t High Sediment T r a n s p o r t Rates
( i n Dutch)
Report
M2130,
D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s , D e l f t , The Netherlands
TOBIAS, C.J., 1 9 8 9
Morphology o f Sand Waves i n R e l a t i o n t o C u r r e n t , Sediment and Wave Data a l o n g
the Eurogeul, Worth Sea
Dep. o f P h y s i c a l Geography, Univ. o f U t r e c h t , The Netherlands
83-95
, The Netherlands
1695-04,
, The Netherlands
1959
-6.35-
t o J o u r n a l o f H y d r a u l i c Engineering, ASCE
WILSON, K.C., 1 9 8 9
F r i c t i o n o f Wave-Induced Sheet Flow
C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r i n g , 12
{
YALIM, M.S., 1 9 7 2
Mechanics o f Sedimnts T r a n s p o r t
Pergamon Press
YALIN, M.S., 1 9 8 5
On t h e D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f Ripple Geometry
Journal o f Hydraulic Engineering, Vol. I l l ,
No. 8
source
^50
X
r
(m)
source
'^50
im)
(s)
(pm)
(s>
(m/s)
r
(m)
Steetzel,
220
0.325
0.03
0.2
Sakakiyama
270
1984
220
0.2
0.028
0.19
e t a l , 1985
270
(wave
270
flume)
r
(m)
(m/s)
(m)
1.14
1.18
1.21
(wave
220
0.25
0.033
0.24
tunnel)
220
0.29
0.035
0.22
270
1.02
220
0.35
0.025
0.175
270
1.12
220
0.35
0.032
0.22
270
0.7
0.055
0.903
0.035
0.26
270
0.84
0.065
0.701
270
1.5
0
0.471
220
0.35
Sakakiyama
270
3.5
0.2
0.026
0.143
270
.6
0,61
0.049
e t a l , 1985
270
3.5
0.3
0.025
0,152
270
0,83
0.0482
1.05
(wave
flume)
Table 6.1
270
3.5
0.42
0.019
0.154
270
1.64
270
3.5
0.53
0.032
0.191
270
12
0.77
0.117
1.10
270
3.5
0.79
0.046
0.325
270
12
1.39
270
4.5
0.62
0.036
0.247
270
12
1.68
270
4.5
0.71
0.059
0.374
270
3.1
0.45
0.038
0.247
270
5.8
1.97
270
3.1
0.60
0.041
0.637
270
5.8
0.31
0.032
0.175
270
3.1
0.81
0.033
0.246
270
5.8
0.51
0.036
0.221
270
3.1
1.36
270
5.8
0.6
0.046
0.345
270
3.1
0.82
0.024
0.304
270
5.8
0.67
0.055
0.407
270
0.85
0.104
0.83
270
5.8
0.83
0.048
0.398
470
1.02
0.089
0.769
270
5.8
0.9
0.056
0.427
470
0.37
0.022
0.154
270
1.19
470
0.63
0.063
0.41
270
0.57
0.053
0.458
470
4.5
0.4
0.043
0.239
270
0.67
0.033
0.30
470
4,5
0.49
0.037
0.215
270
0.75
0.06
0.725
470
4.5
0.25
0.043
0.248
270
0.85
0.117
1.48
470
4.5
0.43
0.029
0.183
270
0.94
0.095
0.95
470
4.5
0.36
0.043
0.265
270
0.99
0.036
1.47
R i p p l e d a t a f o r r e g u l a r wave m o t i o n
source
^50
(m/s)
source
X
r
(m)
(s)
(m/s)
470
1.14
0.094
0.749
et a l , 1 9 8 5 470
0.93
0.04
0.302
470
1.01
0.04
0.475
470
1.2
0.64
0.47
0.218
470
1.78
0.87
0.056
0.431
0.8
0.058
0.531
(pm)
(s)
Sakakiyama
470
4.5
0.51
0.037
0.217
Sakakiyama
et a l , 1985
470
4.5
0.44
0.052
0.298
470
4.5
0.17
0.029
0.171
470
4.5
0.31
0.027
0.155
0.5
0.035
T a b l e 6.1
r
(m)
(pm)
(m)
^50
(m)
470
4.5
470
0.65
0.051
0.359
470
470
0.72
0.067
0.42
470
470
0.98
0.074
0.724
470
0.87
0.052
0.53
470
0.54
0.078
0.464
470
0.69
0.074
0.484
470
0.85
0.073
0.538
470
0.97
0.069
0.691
470
0.69
0.087
0.601
470
4.5
0.25
0.04
0.221
470
4.5
0.37
0.049
0.274
470
4.5
0.65
0.06
0.465
470
4.5
0.69
0.031
0.203
470
4.5
0.19
0.042
0.24
470
4.5
0.29
0.028
0.181
470
4.5
0.4
0.031
0.187
470
4.5
0.51
0.042
0.238
0.342
470
4.5
0.63
0.048
470
0.39
0.042
0.27
470
0.59
0.058
0.356
470
0.84
0.044
0.317
470
0.58
0.055
0.375
470
1.19
0.048
0.406
R i p p l e d a t a f o r r e g u l a r wave m o t i o n
source
So
Carstens
et
al,
1969
(wave
tunnel)
A
r
(m)
source
^^50
(pm)
P
(s)
(m/s)
r
(m)
r
(m)
(pm)
(s)
(m/s)
190
3.6
0.16
0.021
0.12
DuTolT
410
0.094
0.010
0.076
190
3.6
0.21
0.025
0.15
et
410
3.9
0.105
0.0118
0.065
190
3.5
0.32
0.015
0.11
(wave
410
4.7
0.113
0.0216
0.120
190
3.5
0.42
0.0133
0 . 11
410
0.138
0.0279
0.164
410
5.4
0.142
0.0292
0.172
(m)
a l , 1981
flume)
190
3.5
0.55
0.005
0.10
190
3.5
0.15
0.021
0.11
410
4.2
0.144
0.0327
0.116
297
3.6
0.16
0.0184
0.11
410
3.2
0.198
0.0272
0.136
297
3.6
0.24
0.026
0.15
410
4.9
0.250
0.0430
0.253
297
3.6
0.37
0.033
0.20
410
3.2
0.277
0.0336
0.210
297
3.5
0.46
0.033
0.25
410
5.8
0.088
0.0205
0,108
297
3.5
0.63
0.022
0.20
410
4.6
0.116
0.0189
0.099
297
3.5
0.79
0.005
0.19
410
4.7
0.221
0.0439
0,244
410
3.8
0.178
0.030
0.150
297
3.5
0.69
0.015
0.22
297
3.6
0.5
0.032
0.25
297
3.7
0.17
0.021
0.12
Steetzel,
220
0.25
0.02
0.135
297
3.8
0.14
0.018
0.11
1984
220
0.3
0.025
0.14
(wave
220
0.34
0.03
0,16
Hayakawa
210
4.05
0.372
0.0352
0.257
tunnel)
220
0,40
0.03
0.25
et
240
4.05
0.468
0.0381
0.275
220
0.44
0.035
0.205
4.05 0.547
0.0381
0.260
220
0,5
0.035
0.28
0.0377
0,287
220
0,2
0.025
0.155
0.0265
0.341
220
0,25
0.033
0.15
220
0.45
0.045
0.3
220
0.48
0.033
0.315
a l , 1983
(wave
210
tunnel
240
5.0
0.379
data)
240
6.02
0.315
Table
6.1
Ripple
data
f o r
regular
wave
motion
220
0.225
0.025
0.13
220
0.25
0.03
0.16
220
0.275
0.035
0.195
220
0.3
0.045
0.28
source
source
0.10
O.OI6
0.36
10.3
0.21
0.067
0.16
110
10.0
0.21
0.113
0.71
0,09
110
12
0.27
0.125
0.81
0.011
0.13
100
11
0.26
0.133
0.78
0.501
0.0175
0.10
160
12
0.21
0.137
0.78
0.301
0.011
0.105
310
0.30
0.091
0.62
0.011
0.135
310
11
0.21
0.121
0.79
0.017
0.125
150
9.7
0.27
0.116
0.91
160
10.3
0.18
0.116
0.91
Ribberink
210
et
210
(wave
210
tunnel)
210
^50
(pm)
r
(m)
r
(m)
0.287
0.015
0.08
I n m a n , 1957
260
9.7
0.381
0.01
0.09
(Field
300
0.177
0.015
0.107
0.272
0.0175
210
0.101
210
210
210
210
0.391
5
(s)
"6
(m/s)
a l , 1987
r
(m)
^50
(pm)
0.309
data)
(s)
(m/s)
(m)
Nieuwjaar
200
2.5
0.15
0.015
0.090
130
12
0.21
0.133
0.83
et
200
2.1)
0.176
0.011
0.093
160
10
0.36
0.076
0.53
310
0.10
0.115
0.70
0.15
0.0036
0.088
a l , 1987
(wave
Van
1987
flume)
Rijn,
200
2.5
0.205
0.015
0.091
210
2.1)
0.239
0.018
0.085
205
2.5
0.301
0.018
0.090
6.3
1.26
0.001
190
5.9
1.22
0.001
190
5.5
0.98
0.003
190
1.8
0.89
0.001
190
Dingier,
177
1975
158
(Field
data)
3.5
10
6.9
0.19
0.0038
O.O8I
176
10,9
0.18
0.OOI7
0.079
151
8.1
0.56
0.0011
0.080
132
8.2
0.12
0.0019
0.077
128
10.9
0.51
0.0056
0.079
0.072
190
1.8
0.70
0.005
0.2
131
12
0.38
0.0052
190
1.6
0.11
0.02
0.2
131
10.9
0.55
0.0050
0.082
170
11
0.52
0.0018
0.079
170
11
0.11
0.0063
0.08
155
12.1
0.17
O.OOI8
0.075
0.071
155
12.1
0.12
0.0016
176
9.7
0.33
0.0062
0.076
206
9.3
0.18
0.0060
0.085
0.19
0.0018
0.081
0.69
0,0025
0.083
159
159
13
12.7
water surface
water surface
A Typical ripple p a t t e r n
^weak boH
F
B Dunes and superposed ripples
boil
boil
C Dunes
Antidune
breaking waves
iiifcpliiii
D Washed-out dunes or t r a n s i t i o n
RICHARDSON
1966
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 6.1.1
Q
O
a
(fl
c
o
'0.05
0.1
0.2
->
102
3.0 4.0
miniripplcs
plane bed
dunes
B E D - F O R M CLASSIFICATION DIAGRAM
FOR
UNIDIRECTIONAL
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
461
FK3. 6.1.2
461
FIC. 6.1.3
10
r-
4^
0)
3^
7B
15^6
sts
6Z5
25
25
500
TOOO
2000
4000
461
FIG. 6.1.4
flow
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120 130
140
150
160
170 180
150
50
B. RIPPLES AND DUNES ( w a t e r depth = 11 feet)
180
160
x:
4 2
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170 180
50
60
70
80
90
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
D. WASHED-OUT DUNES (transition) (water depth = 8 feet
170
180
BED
CHANNELS
MAHMOOD E T A L . 1984
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 6.1.5
0.25,
020
1O
d
0.15
0.10
0.05 K
4
7
10"
bed-shear
mega
ripples
mega
ripples
dunes
4
stress
s.
5 6 7 8 9 io'
parameter,
(X<h)
and
dunes
(h<X<3h)
( X >3h)
dso
= 100 - 3 5 0
= 1 . 5 - 4
p m
m
O = 0.5-1
m/s
A. P A K I S T A N IRRIGATION CHANNELS
1.0
bed m a t e r i a l
:C^=450pm
0.9 + 18
oa + 1 6
^- I
0.7 -j-14
c
O)
c
w
O)
CT)
0.6 -1-12
0.5 -1-10
c
O
0.4-1-8
03 - 6
'
1 1k
A/h
02 4
0.1 - 2
L
10
12
14
bed-shear
16
18
stress
20
22
parameter
24
26
28
30
, T
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
FIG, 6.1.6
FLOW,
PRESSURE AND
HYDRAULICS
461
1 FIG
6.1.7
>
1
/
DO
<
11
\,6
"
IS
/'
--
Ih.4?
"n"
<
If
ll
"--^
-t
"^50
h
= 0.1
-0.5
5-TD
-e
\
,\
r i r
\\
10
10
15
transport
paramatar,
25
20
Ml
--
i
i
4,"o
r - --
i ^ ^
Tr- = ^
n^
$
- [
t
1/
- - J
+/
\
\
v. \
c
10
8
\ h /
\
-\
\\
mK M _ , - o . s
;a"
^,
6
4
10
10
15
transport
flow v e l o c i t y
C(m/s)
soufce
f l o w depth
h(m)
parameter,
particle i e temperature
r o
dgodrni)
0 G u y et a 1
Q34-1.17
0.16-0.22
190
8-34
X Ouy et al
OA 1 - 0 . 6 5
0.14-0.34
270
8-34
A G u y et al
a47-1.1S
0.16-0.32
280
8-34
0.77-0.98
o.ie
330
8-34
048-1.00
ato-oj3
490
8-34
0.83-1.1S
0.54-1j08
0.12-0.34
0.15-0.22
630
1350
^ O e l f t Hydr. L a b .
0;4S-Q87
028-046
790
8-34
2 5 ^
12-18
QS2-a^
aS3-0jBO
0.24-0.31
0.11-0.21
400
BOO
b G u y et al
f l u n w G u y e t al
dato
9 G u y et al
e Williams
Stln
Znamentliaya
25
20
souroe
(m/)
(m)
0.B5-1.B5 4 . 4 - 6 . 5
e Dutch Rivers
field ^ R l o P a r a n a
12.7
1.0
data
f J t ^ n s s e Channels 0.53-0.89 a 2 5 - 0 8
1.35-145
6-16
dso
Uim)
temp.
CO
480-3600 5-20
40O
1100-2300
350-
550
20-26
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 6.1.8
van
Rijn
Tsubaki - Shinohara
Yalin
Rangu Roju - Soni
o
o
Allen
Freds0c, 1980
Freds0e, 1982
COMPARISON OF COMPUTED
BED-FORM HEIGHTS
DELFT HYDRAULICS
H 461
1 FIG.
6.1.9
5.0
dgo 150 - 2 5 0
H / h = 0.7,
h
20
period T ( s )
\lm
maximum
= water
10
depth
in
wave
height
breaking
at
breaking
waves
H 461
FIG. 6.3.1
12
Author
Manohar, 1955
inman, 1957
Inmon a Bowen, 1963
Hom-mo et ol., 1965
Kennedy 8 Foloon, 1965
Carstens 'et ol., 1969
Lofquist, 1978
Sleattl a Ellis, 1978
Omtan, ^50X10'' m
2-8,101
0-81-9-28
2-2
178, 1-85
0 95, 3 2
1-9, 5-85
1-8, 21,5-5
0-5
0-2 h
NO BED-MATERIAL
00004
MOVEMENT
00006
00008
00010
00012
08
06
05
E
D
02
NO BED-MATERIAL
J
MOVEMENT
\
0 0001 0O002 0 0003 0 0004 0 0005 0 0006 0OO07 0 0008 00009 0 001 OOOli 0 0012
Sediment partiele diameter (ml
1982
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 6 . 3 . 2
1,6
270 |lm
(Sakakiyama c t
al,
1985)
4 7 0 |i m
(Sakakiyama ct
al, 1 9 8 5 )
1.4
CM
-i->
E
o
L.
O
1.2
1.0
a
>. 0 . 8
L.
-t-'
C
E
E
0.6
@
0.4
0.2
10"
5 6 78
^
>
offshore
wave
2
mobility
parameter
5 6 7 8
6 7 8 10-=
5^/((s-1) g d s o )
direction
onshore
461
FIG. 6.3.3
->
X no current
o following current
opposing current
2,0
ripples (G = 0 . 4 5 m/s, e = 0 )
1.5
1.0
oo
05
1.5
1.0
3.0
2.5
2.0
u',c/u'.w
2.0
B
13
1.5
o
o
O
<
1.0
0% ^
0
= r ip p l e
length
fc)r
waves
o n e!
pple
length
fc) r
waves
olori e
^=o=
Q5
0 5
1.5
1.0
current
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
13
()
1.0
O
0# 9
O
A
1
0.5
= r i pple h e i g h t
AG=O = r i Dpie h e i g h t
f or
waves
fo
waves
and current
alone
1
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
U'
HYDRAULICS
H 461
F(G. 6.4.1
10'
8
6
5
4
7 ^
7
current
flat
bed
o
in
^
cn
flat
bed
10
current
d u n e s a n d w a v e s (3D)
;4
53
current
ripples
(3D)
3D
,5
3P
10'
-current
ripples
(2D)
a!
3D
2D
no
9^
3D,
P2D
IM
7?
motion
s
2D
2D
tl
10"^
8
IE
6
5
4
0
7'
7 ^
wave
no
motion
10
4 56
8 10'
wave
r i p p l e s (3D)|
_J
i_
10'
ripples (2D)
4 56
8 10"
wave-related
w a v e flat bed
(sheet flow)
LJ
l_
4 56
8 10"
4 56
8 10'
m o b i l i t y , (u'*^,w) / ( s - 1 ) g d s o
u
asymmetry
p a r a m e t e r , X1/X2
2D
= 2 dimensional
bed
following
opposing
current
current
current
wave
0.9 -
dominated
1.1
transition
1.3 -
1.5
current
1.5 -
1.7
>
1.7
1,1
- 1,3
forms
3D = 3 dimensional
bed
no
forms
dominated
B E D FORM C L A S S I F I C A T I O N D I A G R A M FOR
COMBINED UNIDIRECTIONAL AND OSCILLATORY
FLOW ACCORDING TO VAN RIJN
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 6.4.2
land
asymmetric
symmetric
lunate
inactive
linear
bed
ripples
irregular ripples
/
I
A.
SEQUENCE
OF
BED FORMS
c r o s s - ripples
4
megaripples
flat
beds
7
'/
( I ( ( / / / / .
IN C O A S T A L
ZONE
(Clifton, 1976)
= 300 m
INNER
SHOREFACE
SHELF
longshore
offshore
longshore
upper
shoreface
transition
1600 [J.m;
SAND
BED
'
10 a
e
D
1 5 0 ^ 2 0 0 M-m
1 5 0 - 2 0 0 M - m . - i I . :
J-15
B.
TYPE
(Shipp,
OF
BED
FORMS
IN C O A S T A L
ZONES
DURING
FAIR W E A T H E R
CONDITIONS
1984)
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 6.3.4
n = ripple height
X = ripple length
dp = o r b i t a l d i a m e t e r
Hp = wave h e i g h t deep w a t e r ( r e g u l a r waves)
dgQ = 270 ^m
B.P.= b r e a k e r p o i n t
RIPPLE CHARACTERISTICS
ALONG BEACH
A F T E R SAKAKIYAMA ET AL,
DELFT
PROFILE
1985
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 6.3.5
DATA
REGULAR
WAVES
0.8
I.
0.7
S a k a k i y a m a (zt a l , 1985
(270
[im)
Sakakiyama
(470
p.m)
c t a l , 1985
C a r s t e n s c t al,
Dutoit
U)
Hayakawa
r:
S t e e t z e l , 1984
<
06
et al,
e t a l , 1983
(220
(410
flm)
(240
|im)
\im)
Q5
Q.
Q.
(fl
(fl
Q4
s
2
(fl 03
c
E
O2
0.1
0
10^
5 6 78
>
DATA
10
IRREGULAR
2
mobility
5 6 7 8 lo^
parameter
Ue^/((s-1 ) g d 5 o )
WAVES
5 6 7 8 10'
>
nnobility
.mi
parameter
I I
5 6 78 10^
5 6 7 8 lo^
52 / ( ( s - D g d s o )
461
FIG. 6.3.6
DATA
REGULAR
WAVES
0.40
<
0.30
in
c
a
0.25
e
0.20
;;
XX
X
X<
>
L,
D
0.15
A
iNie sen
X
0.10
So
do
s
0
C
fid
O 05
(]
ol
10^
10"
>
DATA
10"
IRREGULAR
nnobility paranneter
Ue^/CCs-l ) g d 5 o )
WAVES
5 6 7 8 10'
->
5 6 7 8 10^
nnobility p a r a m e t e r
5 67
a 10^
Ug^/((s-Dgdso)
TO VAN RIJN
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 6.3.7
'^
100
recording
200
July 1975
300
F e b r u a r y 1976
400
500
600 m
April 1976
SEA
1989)
461
FIG. 6 . 4 . 3
-7.1-
7.
7.1
Introduction
ele-
7.2
C u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed roughness
7.2.1
f r i c t i o n r e l a t e d t o g r a i n roughness (xjl^),
into:
-7.2-
Based on F i g . 7 . 2 . I B r e p r e s e n t i n g
the f o r c e s on a bed f o r m , i t f o l l o w s t h a t :
V, +
p
G r a i n - r e l a t e d f r i c t i o n : T' = 7^ =
b
X
^
F
Form-related f r i c t i o n
in
= 3^ = ^
" ^ 1 T = i pf'^
X
' s
o
A
| P
0
^'^'^
(7.2.2)
(7.2.3)
= g pf"'"^
which:
F = s k i n - f r i c t i o n
force
F|. = p r e s s u r e f o r c e
X
= bed form l e n g t h
A
T
= bed form h e i g h t
= g r a i n - r e l a t e d shear
= c o e f f i c i e n t {'^ 5)
Cq = drag
u
coefficient
= l o c a l flow v e l o c i t y
From Eqs.
stress
= f
(.7.2.1),
( 7 . 2 . 2 ) and
(7.2.3)
i t follows that:
(7.2.11)
+ f"
k^ ^
= k'
(7.2.5)
k''
OfC
OyC
i n which: k'
= form roughness h e i g h t .
S Jc
S JC
f ^ = 8g C " ^ = 0.24
factor i s :
(7.2.6)
[log(P^)]"^
s, c
= 18 l o g ( P ^ )
s ,c
(7.2.7)
G r a i n roughness
G r a i n roughness i s the roughness o f i n d i v i d u a l sediment
p a r t i c l e s as p r e s e n t
-7.3-
values were
K,c
= 3
(7.2.8)
: kg
= 2.5 d^Q
(7.2.9)
G l a d k i (1975)
(7.2.10)
Hey (1979)
(7.2.11)
Mahmood (1971)
(7.2.12)
c ^ ^'^ ^^84
Form roughness
The e f f e c t i v e form roughness i s r e l a t e d t o t h e bed-form h e i g h t A, t h e bed-form
steepness (A/x) and t h e bed-form shape ( y ) . The f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n a l
relation-
s h i p i s assumed t o be v a l i d :
''sic =
(7.2.13)
Ripples
R i p p l e s a r e h e r e i n d e f i n e d as bed forms w i t h a l e n g t h s m a l l e r than t h e water
depth. Assuming h y d r a u l i c a l l y rough f l o w and a dominant form roughnes, t h e
k^'^-value can be determined from t h e Chzy-coefficient
C = 18 l o g (12 h/
representing
r e p r e s e n t e d by:
(7.2.14)
k-^ = 2 0 A ^ ( ^ )
in
which:
A^ = r i p p l e h e i g h t
X^ = r i p p l e l e n g t h
Dunes
Based on t h e a n a l y s i s o f dune d a t a , t h e p r e s e n t w r i t e r (1984) has proposed
(see F i g .
k"
7.2.2B):
(7.2.15)
= 1.1 A. (l-e'^^^d^'^d]
S yC
E q u a t i o n ( 7 . 2 . 1 5 ) i s v a l i d f o r t y p i c a l t r i a n g u l a r - s h a p e d dunes w i t h a l e e s i d e
s l o p e equal t o the angle o f repose. Ogink (1988) analysed f i e l d data o f dunes
and found t h a t r i v e r dunes o f t e n have r e l a t i v e l y m i l d l e e s i d e s l o p e s . Based on
t h i s , Ogink (1988) i n v e s t i g a t e d the i n f l u e n c e o f t h e l e e s i d e slope i n a
l a b o r a t o r y f l u m e . He found a c o n s i d e r a b l e r e d u c t i o n o f t h e form roughness f o r
s m a l l e r l e e s i d e slopes (no f l o w s e p a r a t i o n ) . T h i s e f f e c t can s i m p l y be r e p r e sented by a p p l y i n g a form f a c t o r y^,
in
as f o l l o w s :
which:
A^ = dune h e i g h t
X j = dune l e n g h t
= form f a c t o r
(X.j/A), as shown i n F i g . 7 . 2 . 3 r e l a t i -
i n case o f a m i l d
-7.5-
R i p p l e s and dunes
I n case o f dunes superimposed by r i p p l e s i t i s proposed t o combine Eq,
and Eq. (7.2.15) i n t r o d u c i n g a r i p p l e - p r e s e n c e parameter
(7.2.14)
t o account f o r t h e
o i-TX
(7.2.17)
A
K',c
20
+ 1.1 Yd ^d (1-e"^^'d/^d)
(7.2,18)
i n which:
A^, A^ = r i p p l e and dune h e i g h t
^ r ' ^d " '"^PP-'- ^""^ ^^^^ l e n g h t
= form f a c t o r
= "
n
= number o f r i p p l e s on a dune
Eq.
) is
S yc
table.
p r e d i c t e d k_ .
measured k .
(m)
(m)
0,018
0.027
0,025
0.029
0,022
0.025
0,024
0.019
0,018
0.014
The l a r g e s t d e v i a t i o n i s about 60^ f o r t e s t A, which seems r a t h e r l a r g e . However, t h e p r e d i c t e d and measured Chzy-coefficient do n o t d i f f e r more than ]0%.
7.2.2
reported
by White e t a l (1979) f o r r i v e r f l o w c o n d i t i o n s .
Engelund-Hansen, 1967
T h i s method, which i s based on flume data o n l y , i s as f o l l o w s :
1.
Compute h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s , R
2.
for
0' = 0
fof,
s =
(7.2.21)
Compute average f l o w v e l o c i t y ,
(7.2.22)
Compute bed-shear v e l o c i t y , u
6.
Qt > ^
gradient
(7.2.20)
Compute h y d r a u l i c r a d i u s r e l a t e d t o g r a i n s , R'
R' =
4.
Pg/P
i = energy
3.
(7.2.19)
= [ g R i]-5
Compute Chzy-coefficient, C
,
0.5
_ K
u
(7.2.23)
c
(7.2.24)
-7.7-
1.
(7.2.25)
n = 1 - 0.56 log(D)
^cr =
for1 <
< 60
n = 0
for
< 60
Ycr = 0-17
for
'^o 5 + 0.14
D,, < 60
P = [log(D)]^-7
2.
(7.2.27)
Compute bed-shear v e l o c i t y , u^
",c =
(7.2.28)
3.
4.
- Y
(7.2.30)
^"^c^"
V(s-1)g d3.]0-5^
6.
(7.2.26)
0
5.66
l o g ( ^ ) ^
Compute Chzy-coefficient, C^
^
=
(7.2.32)
,c
7.2,3
Comparison o f methods
( 7 . 2 . 8 )
( y ^ = ' ^ ) -
( 6 , 1 , 3 )
and
and
( 7 . 2 . 1 6 )
( 6 , 1 , 4 ) ,
neglec-
Ripples were a l s o n e g l e c t e d
=0).
Flume data ( 7 5 8 )
10^
error
table.
20^
error
30^
error
1.
Engelund-Hansen
37^
65^
75%
2.
Van R i j n
345J
56%
3.
White e t a l
335^
5H
66%
F i e l d data ( 7 8 6 )
1.
Van R i j n
43^
n%
89%
2,
White e t a l
33^
5S%
79%
3,
Engelund-Hansen
25^
47^
62%
-7.9-
7.3
Wave-related bed
roughness
= k'
S,W
(7.3.1)
+ k' '
S,W
S,W
I ' 3 '
IJ
f = e x p [ - 6 .
Grain
5.2(Vk^^J-0-19]^
,ith
f^^^^^= 0 . 3
(7.3.2)
roughness
2200,
12200
In n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s
proposed:
arranged f l a t bed w i l l n o t be p r e s e n t .
r"
Grant and Madsen (1982) re-analyzed the movable bed data o f Carstens e t a l
(1969) and concluded t h a t the g r a i n roughness f o r a mobile bed s h o u l d be
r e l a t e d t o the t h i c k n e s s o f the moving bed-load l a y e r . Based on data a n a l y s i s .
Grant and Madsen have proposed a f u n c t i o n t h a t y i e l d s :
s,w
50
K ,, " 3 5 0 d^^
s,w
50
for
cr
0' - 2 0 0
cr
in which:
0'
0^^ = c r i t i c a l m o b i l i t y
parameter
-7.10-
- v a l u e s , which
may
lead t o r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e e r r o r s i n
roughness.
an
e x p r e s s i o n which y i e l d s k'
= 0.16 m f o r U = 1 m/s.
s Jw
0
According t o the p r e s e n t w r i t e r , the e f f e c t i v e g r a i n roughness o f a sheet f l o w
bed i s o f the order o f the boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s ( k '
6 ) . T h i s i s based
= 1.27 m/s,
ym,
( 1976):
=^ 0.015
m which i s somewhat
S,W
O S
0.02
m.
t o 8 ( g i v i n g k^/d^^ ^ 5 0 ) .
k^ M= 3 dgQ
i n the r i p p l e regime
(U ) ^
f o r ip = (g_,,g^
< 250
(7.3.4)
(U )'^
f o r 4) = ^g_.j^g^
> 250
(7.3.5)
Form roughness
R i p p l e s are the dominant bed forms generated by o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w . R i p p l e s may
be p r e s e n t on a h o r i z o n t a l bed o r on the back o f l a r g e sand waves. I n the
-7.11-
the
near-bed
o r b i t a l e x c u r s i o n i s l a r g e r than the r i p p l e l e n g t h , t h e r i p p l e s
(1969)
(1982)
analyzed t h e
and L o f q u i s t
(1980)
and
(1982):
Equation
k'
t>,w
= 3
for
2 <
< 5
(7.3.6)
i s a l s o assumed t o be v a l i d f o r A./X
(7.3.6)
>
because eddy
o r
1985).
= 20
Equation
1 9 8 0 and
(7.2.14)):
( ^ )
(7.3.7)
r i p p l e steepness
(7.3.7)
(1982)
for a
i n t h e range o f 0 . 1 t o 0 . 2 .
Other e x p r e s s i o n s a v a i l a b l e i n t h e L i t e r a t u r e a r e :
A^
Swart
(1976)
: k'- , =
25
A^
(-^)
: k"
=
s,w
28
()
: k"
=
i.,w
16
(7.3.8)
A
Grant-Madsen
Raudkivi
7.4
(1984)
(1988)
(7
3 9)
V ( . 3 . :>/
A
A^ (-^)
r
(7.3.10)
-7.12-
Grain roughness
G r a i n roughness i s dominant f o r both the wave-related and
current-related
the^peak
o r b i t a l e x c u r s i o n a t the bed i s smaller than the bed form l e n g t h (A^ < X^),
the
and
(7.3.5)
are assumed t o be
valid.
Form roughness
Ripples:
The r i p p l e roughness i s dominant f o r the c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d f r i c t i o n .
Ripple
(1988)
and waves over a sediment bed o f 100 ym. R i p p l e type bed forms ( 0 . 1 < A^/X^
< 0 . 2 ) were generated d u r i n g the experiments. The e f f e c t i v e roughness o f t h e
r i p p l e s was s t u d i e d by g e n e r a t i n g a c u r r e n t ( w i t h o u t waves) over the r i p p l e s
and measuring the v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the v e l o c i t i e s and the water s u r f a c e
s l o p e s . The f o l l o w i n g r e s u l t s were o b t a i n e d :
k''
s yc
k''
s,c
= 3
7 A
r*
(7.4.1)
from measured v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s
^
(7.4.2)
times the r i p p l e
-7.13-
Equation ( 7 . 4 . 1 ) or Eq.
r i p p l e s generated by a c u r r e n t (superimposed
be c o n s i d e r a b l y
2.4.3.
This
apparent
current
"6-0).
Sand waves w i t h or w i t h o u t r i p p l e s :
Sand waves have a l e n g t h (X) much l a r g e r than the o r b i t a l e x c u r s i o n a t the
bed
roughness.
s i m i l a r t o Eq.
(7.2.18)
An
-7.14-
7.5
References
ACKERS, P. 1964
Experiments on Small Streams i n A l l u v i u m
J o u r n a l o f t h e H y d r a u l i c s D i v i s i o n , ASCE, V o l . 90, NO. HY4
-7.15-
KAMPHUIS, J.W., 1 9 7 5
F r i c t i o n Factor under O s c i l l a t o r y Waves
J o u r n a l o f t h e Waterway, P o r t , Coastal and Ocean D i v . ,
ASCE, V o l . 101, No. WW2, p. 135-144
p. 3 0 8 7 - 3 1 0 6 ,
Sydney, A u s t r a l i a
Waves w i t h a C u r r e n t
OGINK, H., 1 9 8 8
H y d r a u l i c Roughness o f Bed Forms
D e l f t H y d r a u l i c s , Report M2017, D e l f t , The Netherlands
-7.16-
SWART, D.H., 1 9 7 6
P r e d i c t i v e Equations r e g a r d i n g Coastal T r a n s p o r t s
Coastal Engineering Congress, Honolulu, Hawaii
Streams
A l l u v i a l Roughness
Streams
WILSON, K.C., 1 9 8 9
Friction
C o a s t a l E n g i n e e r i n g , 12
Characteristics o f
10
USA - rivers
O d5o= 150-210 urn, h=
5-10
h= 10-15 m
X d5o= 2 1 0 - 3 0 0 um,
h=
1- 2 m
a dso- 2 1 0 - 3 0 0 um, h=
5-10 m
10'
W 3 \
O O
ia
10'
3=S
tv
10^
8
6
4
10
Q25
050
0.75
>
1.00
1,25
A. k s - V A L U E S O F MISSISSIPPI
1.50
1.75
2.00
2,25
2.50
RIVER
1J
?'
1i
A
T
f
11
dgo
A
"
1
e
(1
AA
a
a
e9
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
2.4
2.8
*. e-Gcr
B. GRAIN
EFFECTIVE
DELFT
ROUGHNESS
BED ROUGHNESS
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 7.1.1
A. RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN
Tb AND D
aA
>i
B. FORCES ON BED
CURRENT -
FORMS
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 7.2.1
6 7 8 910"'
A.
FORM
5 6 7 8 9io
ripple steepness,-Ap/Xr
ROUGHNESS OF RIPPLES
1.6
\< 1.4
u
tn
1.2
X
c
x: 1.0
O)
0.8
O
i_
I
0.6
k'i
/
-25 ^ \
^ = 1 . 1 (l-e
0.4
\,
\
3 -
0.2
CP a
8 10"
10"
bed-form steepness,
FORM
B.
>
8 10-1
^rA.
ROUGHNESS OF DUNES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 7.2.2
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 7.2.3
-8.1-
8.
8.1
The
Introduction
transport,
i t i s necessasry t o d e f i n e a l a y e r w i t h bed-load t r a n s p o r t f o r m a t h e m a t i c a l
representation.
Usually,
value f o r
i n i t i a t i o n o f m o t i o n , the p a r t i c l e s w i l l be r o l l i n g and s l i d i n g or b o t h , i n
c o n t i n u o u s c o n t a c t w i t h the bed.
regular
t r a n s p o r t parameter:
fluid
v e l o c i t y , q, ( -
U
CP
bed shear s t r e s s , q. ( T - x
p r o b a b i l i s t i c p a r t i c l e movement
bed form c e l e r i t y
energetics
The
(stream
power), q^ T
3 t o 5.
8.2
Bed
8.2.1
load
transport
Introduction
Usually,
the t r a n s p o r t o f p a r t i c l e s by r o l l i n g , s l i d i n g and
saltating is
the
bed-
o f the p a r t i c l e s w i t h
by
p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r s . The
due
t o the t u r b u l e n c e
c l e s , and
by
bed
sliding,
of a
few
t r a v e l l e d by
any
o f 100 p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r s , Indepen-
the bed
c o m p o s i t i o n . I n the
considerably
e a r l i e s t f o r m u l a i s t h a t o f Du Boys i n 1879,
who
assumed t h a t
progressively
decreasing v e l o c i t i e s i n v e r t i c a l downward d i r e c t i o n .
The
f i r s t e m p i r i c a l f o r m u l a was
Based on data f i t t i n g ,
Mller ( 1 9 4 8 ) .
p a r t i c l e s and w i t h p a r t i c l e
a r e l a t i v e l y simple f o r m u l a has-been
obtained,
which i s s t i l l f r e q u e n t l y used.
K a l i n s k e (1947) and
E i n s t e i n (1950) introduced
s t a t i s t i c a l methods t o
repre-
roughness
diameter.
F r i j l i n k (1952) had a very p r a c t i c a l approach and made a s i m p l e f i t o f t h e
f o r m u l a o f Meyer-Peter-Miiller and t h a t o f E i n s t e i n .
Bagnold (1966) i n t r o d u c e d an energy concept and r e l a t e d t h e sediment t r a n s p o r t
r a t e t o t h e work done by t h e f l u i d .
Van R i j n (1984) solved t h e e q u a t i o n s o f motions o f an i n d i v i d u a l bed l o a d
p a r t i c l e and computed t h e s a l t a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and t h e p a r t i c l e
velocity
as a f u n c t i o n o f t h e f l o w c o n d i t i o n s and p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r .
H e r e i n , t h e approaches o f Meyer-Peter and Mller ( 1 9 4 8 ) , F r i j l i n k
(1952),
8.2.2
q j ^ ^ ^ = 8 [(s-1)g]'^
(8.2.1)
i n which:
%,o
0 =
^b,c
(P3-P)gd50
y = (C/C)^-^
^b, c
h
= P g h i
( i n m2/s)
bed load t r a n s p o r t by c u r r e n t
e f f e c t i v e p a r t i c l e m o b i l i t y parameter
(-)
bed form f a c t o r
(-)
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear
water depth
energy g r a d i e n t
(M/m2)
stress
>
i
C
= 18 log(12h/kg ^) - o v e r a l l Chzy-coefficient
g r a i n - r e l a t e d Chzy-coefficient
C' = 18 log(12h/dgQ)
^3,0
- e f f e c t i v e c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed roughness
"^50' ^^90
s =
(m)
(-)
0.5
(m
/s)
0 .5
(m
/s)
(m)
p a r t i c l e diameters
(m)
specific density
(-)
t o 28.6
8.2.3
P r e d i c t i o n method o f F r i j l i n k
(1952)
The f o r m u l a o f F r i j l i n k e s s e n t i a l l y i s an a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f the f o r m u l a e o f
Meyer-Peter and Mller (1948) and t h a t o f E i n s t e i n (1950), as shown i n F i g .
8.2.1.
The f o r m u l a , which i s given here because o f i t s s i m p l i c i t y , reads as:
= 5 y
0,5
g-O.27/(y0)
u,
(8.2.2)
8.2.4
i n c o r p o r a t e d the l o c a l bed s l o p e i n
(8.2.3)
in which:
= c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e
= e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r (=* 0.1)
= bed-shear
u
stress
= depth-averaged
velocity
(m2/s)
(-)
(N/m2)
(m/s)
(-)
= l o c a l bed s l o p e
(-)
-8.5-
8.2.5
1.
Introduction
Van
i s d e f i n e d as t h e product o f t h e p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y ( u j ^ ) , t h e s a l t a -
tion height
and bed-load c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(cj^) r e s u l t i n g i n qj^ ^ =
"b ^b %
The method o f Van R i j n i s described
i n d e t a i l because i t r e p r e s e n t s
many
Saltation characteristics
From d e t a i l e d experiments o f F r a n c i s
(1977),
t o a l a y e r w i t h a maximum
dominated by g r a v i a t i o n a l f o r c e s , although
v i s c o u s s k i n f r i c t i o n . On t h e r i s i n g p a r t o f t h e t r a j e c t o r y , both t h e
v e r t i c a l component o f the f l u i d drag f o r c e and t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o r c e a r e
d i r e c t e d downwards. During t h e f a l l i n g
creep.
the r o l l i n g
Equations o f motion
The f o r c e s a c t i n g on a s a l t a t i n g p a r t i c l e a r e a downward f o r c e due t o i t s
submerged weight ( F q ) and hydrodynamic f l u i d f o r c e s , which can be r e s o l v e d
into a l i f t
d i r e c t i o n o f t h e drag f o r c e i s o p p o s i t e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e p a r t i c l e
velocity
(v^,) r e l a t i v e t o t h e f l o w , w h i l e t h e l i f t
component i s i n t h e
sented by:
(8.2.4)
r
in
which:
v^= [ ( u - x ) ^ + ()^]*^'^ = p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y r e l a t i v e t o t h e f l o w
u
= local flow
velocity
= longitudinal
and v e r t i c a l p a r t i c l e
velocities
= longitudinal
and v e r t i c a l p a r t i c l e
velocities
X and z
= longitudinal
and v e r t i c a l p a r t i c l e
accelerations
m = ^ (pg+ a^p) 77 d^
(8.2.5)
/
in
which:
= added mass c o e f f i c i e n t
m
d
= p a r t i c l e diameter
by t h e sphere. When t h e f l o w
friction
(8.2.6)
in
which:
Cq
= drag
coefficient
2
A = 1/4
IT d
and
(1965)
d e r i v e d the f o l o w i n g e x p r e s s i o n :
in
ct^
(8.2.7)
which:
= lift
c o e f f i c i e n t (= 1.6 f o r v i s c o u s f l o w )
3u/3z = v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t
Eq. 8.2.7
f o r c e due t o
Keller
(1961):
Fj^(spin) = Oj^p d^ v^w
in
(8.2.8)
which:
= lift
c o e f f i c i e n t (= 0.4
f o r viscous f l o w )
) = a n g u l a r v e l o c i t y o f the p a r t i c l e
that
t h e r e f o r e be n e g l e c t e d . Although t h e p r e -
v i o u s c o n s i d e r a t i o n s are o n l y v a l i d f o r v i s c o u s f l o w , i t i s assumed
also i n t u r b u l e n t flow conditions the l i f t
f o r c e i s mainly caused by t h e
that
u s i n g the l i f t
coefficient
t u r b u l e n t f l o w c o n d i t i o n s i s not a v a i l a b l e .
force i n
-8.8-
by:
(8.2.9)
The
v e r t i c a l f l o w v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n i s described
by:
u
u(z) =
in
(8.2.10)
which:
= bed-shear v e l o c i t y
= constant o f Von Karman.(=
Zo = 0.11(v/u^^) + 0.03
1<3^^ == z e r o - v e l o c i t y
0.4)
l e v e l above t h e bed
= e q u i v a l e n t roughness h e i g h t o f
4.
Nikuradse
identical parti-
s a l t a t i o n s . However, the m a j o r i t y
resul-
o f the p a r t i c l e s
particles.
Abbott
simultaneous
equation
Calibration
As experiments on s a l t a t i n g bed-load p a r t i c l e s are very scarce, the mathem a t i c a l model (Eq,
8,2.4) has
not been c a l i b r a t e d
Van
Van
extensively; only
Beek c a r r i e d oud
Van
has
the
Beek used f o u r d i f f e -
walnut g r a i n s . The
transport
ym)
and
experi-
stages
a bed-shear v e l o c i t y (u ) o f
For
only be t r a n s p o r t e d as bed
Van
the
these c o n d i l o a d . There-
Beek are
dered to be t r a j e c t o r i e s o f s a l t a t i n g p a r t i c l e s , a l t h o u g h the
Two
of
w i t h g r a v e l p a r t i c l e s (d = 1800
m/s
time ( i n w a t e r ) as a f u n c t i o n
about 0.04
bed-
w i t h o u t bed
calibration
flume experiments on
r e n t bed
the
consi-
trajectories
( F i g . 8.2.2C).
coefficient
(uj^)
and
V = k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t = 1.10
d i n a l and
0.08
initial
longitu-
m/s.
F i g . 8.2.2
l i f t c o e f f i c i e n t s and
As can
m2/s. The
computed p a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r i e s f o r v a r i o u s
e q u i v a l e n t roughness h e i g h t s .
on
the s a l t a t i o n l e n g t h c o n s i d e r a b l y , due
t o i t s d i r e c t i n f l u e n c e on
f l o w v e l o c i t y and
thus on
the l i f t and
the
average
computed
values i s o b t a i n e d f o r
realistic
= 20 and
k^/d = 2 to 3, which i s a
c o n d i t i o n s w i t h a c t i v e sediment t r a n s p o r t
(see
local
follo-
-8.10-
Particle
characteristics
Computed ( a ^ = 20)
Measured
kg/d = 1
Particle
kg/d = 2
Ks/d = 3
velocity
5.4
V",c
Saltation
8.1
4.9
14.8
10.2
2.5
1.9
length
21-24
Saltation
6.1
23
height
6./d
b
2-3.5
3.5
motions r e s u l t i n g i n a
l a r g e s a l t a t i o n l e n g t h . P a r t i c u l a r l y , t h e wavy p a t t e r n o f t h e measured
t r a j e c t o r i e s i n d i c a t e s the i n f l u e n c e o f the upward f l u i d f o r c e s by t u r b u lent
action.
coefficient
trajec-
coefficient
motions, a d d i t i o n a l
p r o x i m i t y o f t h e w a l l and a d d i t i o n a l
f o r c e s due t o l o c a l f l u i d
accelara-
Saltation
height
The f o l l o w i n g
kg = 2d,
*o =
=^0
= 2 u^^,
ZQ
= 0.6 d,
-8.11-
= 1 .6 f or
= 20
R,} < 5,
f o r R^ > 70,
- 0.3
(8.2.11)
m/s,
saltation
7.
Saltation length
The computed s a l t a t i o n l e n g t h s are shown i n F i g . 8.2.3B. At the same Tparameter a s m a l l p a r t i c l e performs a s h o r t e r s a l t a t i o n than a l a r g e p a r t i c l e , because the bed-shear v e l o c i t y i n the s m a l l p a r t i c l e case i s much
smaller.
The curves can be approximated ( i n a c c u r a c y ^ 50%)
>
= 3 D.- T-'
by:
(8.2.12,
-8.12-
samplers
Particle velocity
The p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y on a (downward) s l o p i n g bottom can be d e r i v e d from a
f o r c e balance c o n s i s t i n g o f the drag f o r c e F^^, t h e g r a v i t y f o r c e Fg and
the
f r i c t i o n f o r c e F^ exerted by t h e bottom on t h e p a r t i c l e d u r i n g c o n t a c t .
Thus,
- Fw
i n which:
FD
Cj^ A ( u ^ - u^^)
= ij- IT d
1
= g 17 d
= p a r t i c l e area
3
= p a r t i c l e volume
U|^ = p a r t i c l e
velocity
Up = f l u i d v e l o c i t y
The f o r c e balance y i e l d s :
._ _ a J ^ ^
1
2^ 0
^0
sinJi-6l,0.5
sin*
'
= a G
, i t follows that
2 cr,o
,q
'^^
-8.IS-
i n which:
u
= bed-shear
velocity
= c r i t i c a l m o b i l i t y parameter o f S h i e l d s on a h o r i z o n t a l bottom
= mobility
Oj,
= coefficients
parameter
= 9 + 2.6 l o g
Ujf c
.
Fig.
- 8 l-^f-^
0
(8.2.14)
experiments o f Fernandez Luque, only the sand (d = 900 ym) and the g r a v e l
(d = 1800 ym) experiments f o r a f l a t bed-surface slope ( 3 = 0 ) were used.
From the experiments o f F r a n c i s only the g r a v e l data were used. As can be
observed, the ( s c a r c e ) data do not c o n f i r m the i n f l u e n c e o f the D^parameter as expressed by the mathematical model. More e x p e r i m e n t a l
research i s necessary t o i n v e s t i g a t e the D-influence. The c o m p u t a t i o n a l
r e s u l t s can a l s o be approximated (20^ i n a c c u r a c y ) by the f o l l o w i n g s i m p l e
expression:
1.5 T-^
(8.2.15)
[ ( s - 1 ) g d]-5
Equations (8.2.14) and (8.2.15) y i e l d values i n the range o f 3 t o 11 u
A reasonable average value i s about 7 u*
and
Fredseie (1976) d e r i v e d :
^ = 1 0 - 7 [ V l - '
(8.2.16)
,c
Equation (8.2.16) i s shown i n F i g . 8.2.4A.
The i n f l u e n c e o f p a r t i c l e shape was i n v e s t i g a t e d by F r a n c i s ( 1 9 7 3 ) . His
experiments show t h a t angular p a r t i c l e s t r a v e l slower than s p h e r i c a l
-8.14-
Bed-load c o n c e n t r a t i o n
The bed-load t r a n s p o r t r a t e i s d e f i n e d as:
^ = u^^ &^
p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t y a c c o r d i n g t o Eq.(8.2.15),
d i n g t o Eq.(8.2.11) and
i n which Uj^ =
= s a l t a t i o n h e i g h t accor-
= bed-load c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h i s l a t t e r paramter
expressed t h e g r a i n - s t r e s s as:
^b,c = ' \o
(8.2.17)
i n which:
2
y
= (C/C)
= bed form or e f f i c i e n c y
factor
= o v e r a l l Chzy c o e f f i c i e n t
200 t o 2000 ym, water depths l a r g e r than 0.1 m and a Froude number s m a l l e r
than 0 . 9 have been s e l e c t e d from t h e L i t e r a t u r e . The i n f l u e n c e o f s i d e w a l l roughness was e l i m i n a t e d by u s i n g t h e method o f Vanoni and Brooks
(1957).
A n a l y s i s o f t h e r e s u l t s showed t h a t the bed-load c o n c e n t r a t i o n can be
represented by:
7^ = 0.18 |o
(8.2.18)
Equation ( 8 . 2 . 1 8 ) ,
as w e l l as t h e computed v a l u e s , a r e presented i n F i g .
which i s r a t h e r good
-8.15-
Eq.(8.2.l8).
F i n a l l y , i t must be s t r e s s e d t h a t Eq.(8.2.l8) o n l y g i v e s an e s t i m a t e o f
t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e bed-load p a r t i c l e s i n t h e s a l t a t i o n l a y e r a t t h e
u p s l o p i n g p a r t o f t h e bed form.
10. Bed-load t r a n s p o r t f o r m u l a
A p p l y i n g Eqs.(8.2.11), (8.2,15) and (8.2.18) t h e bed l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e
( i n m2/s) f o r p a r t i c l e s i n t h e range o f 200-2000 ym can be computed as
(Van R i j n ,
%,c =
1984):
(8.2,19)
i n which:
%
Q
2 1/3
[(s-1)g/v ]
0 =
= bed l o a d t r a n s p o r t
(m2/s)
= p a r t i c l e parameter
(-)
T = ( T ' - T.
)/T,
= bed-shear s t r e s s parameter
b,c
b,cr
b,cr
_
2
T'
= y T,
= pg[u/C'] = e f f e c t i v e bed-shear s t r e s s
Q,C
(-)
(N/m^)
D,O
0 , 5
C' = 18 l o g ( 1 2 h / 3 dg^)
= g r a i n - r e l a t e d Chzy-coefficient
= water depth
(m)
s = p /p
= s p e c i f i c density
(-)
= depth-averaged v e l o c i t y
% 0 ' ^^90
= kinematic v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
T,
= ( p - p ) g d(- 0
= c r i t i c a l bed-shear
(ra
/s)
(m/s)
(m)
(m^/s)
stress according
t o S h i e l d s (Eq. 5.1.2)
A p p l y i n g Eqs,(8,2. 11), (8,2.18) and u.
(-)
which i s an average v a l u e
r e p r e s e n t i n g Eq.(8.2.15), i t f o l l o w s t h a t :
(8.2.20)
i n which:
0 5u^ ^ = g ' u/C = g r a i n - r e l a t e d bed-shear v e l o c i t y (m/s)
C'
= l 8 l o g ( 1 2 h / 3 d ^ J = g r a i n - r e l a t e d Chzy-coefficient (m"^/s).
-8.16-
2.4
q, ^ = 0.005 a h (
dp^ 1.2
(_|0^
(8.2.21)
i n which:
= depth-averaged f l o w v e l o c i t y
(m/s)
= c r i t i c a l depth-averaged f l o w v e l o c i t y based on S h i e l d s
(m/s)
= water depth
(m)
for
for
8.2.6
T r a n s p o r t a t low shear s t r e s s
Paintal
proposed:
q,=a(s-1)-5 gO-5,1^5 ,3
(8,2,23)
a = 6.56 10^8
(
6 = 16
2
0 = U j j / ( s - 1 ) g ^Q] = bed-shear s t r e s s parameter
8.2.7
T r a n s p o r t o f non-uniform bed m a t e r i a l
Approach
B a s i c a l l y , t h e bed m a t e r i a l i n n a t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s c o n s i s t s o f n o n - u n i f o r m
sediment p a r t i c l e s , R i b b e r i n k (1987) has shown t h a t t h e n o n - u n i f o r m i t y
effects
-8.17-
G e n e r a l l y , t h e approach
i s t o d i v i d e t h e bed m a t e r i a l i n a number o f s i z e
fraction
w i t h a c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r ( 5 ^ ) t o account f o r t h e n o n - u n i f o r m i t y e f f e c t s .
The c o r r e c t i o n i s necessary because t h e coarser p a r t i c l e s a r e more exposed t o
the f l o w than t h e f i n e r p a r t i c l e s which a r e somewhat s h e l t e r e d by t h e coarse
p a r t i c l e s . T h i s c o r r e c t i o n can be e f f e c t u a t e d by i n c r e a s i n g t h e c r i t i c a l
s h e a r s - s t r e s s o f the f i n e r p a r t i c l e s and decreasing t h e v a l u e o f t h e c o a r s e r
particles.
Taking t h e f o r m u l a o f Meyer-Peter and Mller ( 1 9 4 8 ) , t h e bed l o a d
transport
%,c =J^
in
'i^
^b - h
(8-2.24)
\,or^''^
which:
= bed l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e i n t e g r a t e d over N f r a c t i o n s
= percentage o f s i z e f r a c t i o n i o f t h e bed m a t e r i a l
= constant
= s p e c i f i c d e n s i t y (= 2 . 6 5 )
= acceleration of gravity
li
= bed form f a c t o r
= bed-shear s t r e s s
= correction factor
Tjj^j,^
"^m " ^ ^ i
N
G e n e r a l l y , t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r 5^ i s assumed t o be equal t o u n i t y f o r d^ =
d^. Thus 5 i = 1 f o r d i = d.
Egiazaroff (1965)
^i
'
proposed:
- l l o g ( 1 9 d./djjj)J
Equation ( 8 . 2 . 2 5 ) y i e l d s
(8.2.25)
5 f o r d^/d^ = 0 . 2 and
" 0 . 4 f o r dj^/d^ = 5 .
-8.18-
-I,
(8.2.26)
Ribberink
(1987) has
the
=2.5.
the
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p a r t i c l e diameter (d^^) o f
about 30% s m a l l e r
material
forms. The
is
p a r t i c l e s t h a t are ( o c c a s i o n a l l y ) t a k i n g p a r t i n
form h e i g h t .
f i e l d observations
show a v e r t i c a l s o r t i n g e f f e c t w i t h f i n e r
parti-
forms. T h i s s o r t i n g e f f e c t can
be
form.
The
occurs when
finer
the immobile p a r t i c l e s w i l l
partieventu-
a l l y form an armor l a y e r .
8.2.8
A l a r g e amount
1500 ym)
500)
field
(see Van
R i j n , 1986). The
the
load
t r a n s p o r t r a t e . The
0.75
0.5
0.33
i n the f o l l o w i n g t a b l e :
(
-8.19-
Formula
Van
Rijn
0.5
< r < 2
0.33
< r < 3
3455
63%
85^
Meyer-Peter-Miiller
3155
60%
8155
Frijlink
3155
62%
8955
The
formulas
workers
r a t i o , t h e a p p l i e d adjustment p e r i o d
t o e s t a b l i s h u n i f o r m f l o w c o n d i t i o n s and t h e a p p l i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l
method
(sand
feed o r r e c i r c u l a t i n g f l u m e ) .
C o n c l u d i n g , i t may be s t a t e d t h a t i t i s h a r d l y p o s s i b l e t o p r e d i c t t h e t r a n s p o r t r a t e w i t h an inaccuracy
8.3
8.3.1
The
l e s s than f a c t o r 2 .
Suspended l o a d t r a n s p o r t
Introduction
d e p t h - i n t e g r a t e d suspended l o a d t r a n s p o r t i s d e f i n e d as t h e d e p t h - i n t e g r a -
t i o n o f t h e p r o d u c t o f v e l o c i t y ( u ) and c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( c ) , as f o l l o w s (see
Fig.
8.3.1):
h
=
'
u c dz
(8.3.1)
A p p l i c a t i o n o f Eq. ( 8 . 3 . 1 ) r e q u i r e s i n f o r m a t i o n o f t h e v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e , t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e and a r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n (c.,). This l a t t e r v a r i a b l e
a
g e n e r a l l y i s s p e c i f i e d a t a r e f e r e n c e l e v e l (z=a) c l o s e t o t h e bed. Three p r e d i c t i o n method based on t h i s approach a r e d e s c r i b e d : E i n s t e i n ( 1 9 5 0 ) , B i j k e r
( 1 9 7 1 ) and Van R i j n ( 1 9 8 4 ) , w h i l e a l s o t h e formula o f Bagnold ( 1 9 6 6 ) i s g i v e n .
-8.20-
8.3.2
Mass-balance e q u a t i o n f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n
I n a steady u n i f o r m f l o w the v e r t i c a l e q u i l i b r i u m
related
and t h e downward g r a v i t y - r e l a t e d
c w
+ e
s,m
s,c
o f the upward
turbulence-
(8.3.2)
P- = 0
dz
in which:
c
Wg
= p a r t i c l e f a l l velocity i n a fluid-sediment
= sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t r e l a t e d
mixture
to current
S y0
8.3.3
Sediment m i x i n g
coefficient
d i s t r i b u t i o n s are given
(see F i g . 8 . 3 . 2 A ) :
: e
= K u h
f,c
,c
constant
1
: e^^^ = -
linear
(8.3.3)
z
(8.3.4)
k: u.^^h ^
(8.3.5)
parabolic
: e^^^ = K u^^h f ( 1 - | )
p a r a b o l i c - c o n s t a n t : e
=
h ^ ( 1 - ^)
for
^ < 0.5
(8.3.6)
^ f , c = 0-25 K u
for
^ > 0.5
i n which
"*,c
h
= current-related
waterdepth
bed-shear v e l o c i t y
= vertical
coordinate
constant
The p a r a b o l i c d i s t r i b u t i o n i s most s a t i s f a c t o r y
i n a p h y s i c a l sense because i t
-8.21-
^s,c = ' * ^ f , c
(8.3.7)
6-factor
The 3 - f a c t o r d e s c r i b e s t h e d i f f e r e n c e i n the d i f f u s i o n o f a f l u i d
"particle"
(or
Herein,
the
the
3 - f a c t o r , d e f i n e d as 3 = e
/e
. The e
-value was computed from
s,max f,max
f,max
^
be represented by t h e f o l l o w i n g f u n c t i o n :
w
2
w
3 = 1 + 2
(-^)
"*,c
f o r 0.1 <
< 1
(8.3.8)
",c
(t)-factor
The 4i-factor expresses t h e i n f l u e n c e o f t h e sediment p a r t i c l e s on t h e t u r b u l e n c e s t r u c t u r e o f t h e f l u i d (damping e f f e c t s ) . U s u a l l y t h e damping e f f e c t i s
taken i n t o account by reducing t h e constant o f Von Karman ( K ) .
S e v e r a l i n v e s t i g a t o r s have observed
sediment-laden
-8.22-
veloci-
particles.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n , the p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y
and
t h e bed-shear v e l o c i t y .
A l t h o u g h Ippen [1971] supposed t h a t the c o n s t a n t o f Von Karman i s p r i m a r i l y a
f u n c t i o n o f some c o n c e n t r a t i o n near the bed, an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f E i n s t e i n
Abdel-Aal [1972] showed o n l y a weak c o r r e l a t i o n between the near-bed
and
concen-
t h e c o n s t a n t o f Von Karman.
I n view o f these c o n t r a d i c t i o n s i t may
flow.
= W
[2-J-3 -2[-,'t
O
(8.3.9)
in which:
c
= l o c a l concentration
(volume)
c^ = maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n
0.65
and
(8.3.9)
1984).
-8.23-
8.3.4
Concentration
Expressions
profiles
f o r t h e sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s can be o b t a i n e d by
i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation (Eq. 8 . 3 . 2 ) u s i n g r e l e v a n t
expressions
I n t e g r a t i o n o f Eq, ( 8 . 3 . 2 )
yields:
-a,(Z/h)(z-a)
c o n s t a n t e
I
: = e
c
a
(8,3.10)
linear
: ^ = ()
a
(8.3.11)
parabolic
parabolic-constant
(8.3.12)
--
^ =
a
c
Yi~a}
h ^
(8.3.13)
(a ^Zr^^-4Z(z/h-0.5)
^_^^.^^^-HM./n-u..,
f , , z , 0 . 5
0.
in
which:
c^ = r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t h e i g h t z = a above bed
h
= water
depth
/(BKU^
) = suspension number
s
,c
Wg = f a l l v e l o c i t y i n c l e a r water
Z
= w
= 0,2,
Equation
1 9 4 6 ) . Equation
(8.3.13) yields a
-8.24-
Chien
a p p l i e d Eq.
(1954)
(8.3.12)
t o determine
/K\X^
),
as shown i n F i g .
) were p l o t t e d
8.3.5A.
The r e s u l t s
larger
than 1 ( 6 > 1 ) .
High c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( c >
0.001)
should
o f n u m e r i c a l s o l u t i o n methods t o s o l v e Eq. ( 8 . 3 . 2 ) .
The h i n d e r e d
velocity
t o Winterwerp e t a l
(1989),
o f l a r g e v e r t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( d e n s i t y ) g r a d i e n t s occurs f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
upto c = 0 . 2 . For i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (c > 0 . 2 ) t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o file
t u r b u l e n c e damping disappears
(Fig,
8.3.5B),
Equation
because t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t s
i n combination w i t h
(8.3.12)
Eq.(4.2.24)
disappear
representing
agreement w i t h measured
values
0.35).
t o d e s c r i b e the c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e i n com-
(8.3.13)
= Z +
in
which:
.
(8.3.14)
as f o l l o w s . F i r s t , t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e i s
computed n u m e r i c a l l y s o l v i n g Eq.
the f a l l v e l o c i t y
and Eqs.
(8.3.2)
(8.3.6),
and a p p l y i n g Eq.
(4.2.24)
(8.3.7),
t o represent the
(8.3.9)
t o represent
-8.25-
Eqs.
( 8 . 3 . 1 3 ) and (8.3.14), a p p l y i n g a i l j - f a c t o r t h a t y i e l d s a c o n c e n t r a t i o n
p r o f i l e s i m i l a r as t h a t obtained i n the f i r s t
( n u m e r i c a l ) method. This p r o c e -
^ = 2.5
relationship:
hf-f-^
ih''-'^
O
*,C
f o r 0.01 <y-<
* ,c
(8.3.15)
i n which:
c^ = maximum volume c o n c e n t r a t i o n = 0.65
8.3.5
Velocity profile
(8.3.16)
u = ^ l n ( 2 - )
i n which:
Ujj
= c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear v e l o c i t y
z^
= 0.033 kg = z e r o - v e l o c i t y l e v e l
(1989).
Einstein-Wing
was
r e p r e s e n t e d as a reduced K - v a l u e .
Coleman a l s o observed reduced v e l o c i t i e s near t h e bed. He i n t r o d u c e d an a d d i t i o n a l t u r b u l e n c e - r e l a t e d parameter t o r e p r e s e n t the e f f e c t o f t h e sediment
c o n c e n t r a t i o n on t h e v e l o c i t i e s , the K-parameter was kept
constant.
-8.26-
K = 0.4
to K
0.25
f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n c r e a s i n g from c = 0 t o c = 0.1,
f o r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n the range o f
for
0.4
to
For i n c r e a s i n g
to d o m i n a t i n g hindered s e t t l i n g e f f e c t s and
t u r b u l e n c e damping
due
disappears
( K approaches t o 0 . 4 ,
Fig.
8.3.5B,C).
8.3.6
Reference c o n c e n t r a t i o n and r e f e r e n c e l e v e l
Reference l e v e l i n case o f a f l a t
bed
bed
the turbulence
of
easily
r e s u l t i n l a r g e e r r o r s o f the p r e d i c t e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n s as w i l l be shown by a
computation
( F i g . 8.3.6A). The
concentration
( 8 . 3 . 2 ) and
w i t h a p a r a b o l i c - c o n s t a n t m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t . The
(4.2.24) i n
suspension
0.175
h (mid d e p t h ) and
an
e r r o r o f a f a c t o r 2 a t a l e v e l o f z = 0.1 h.
Based on these r e s u l t s , i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t the a p p l i c a t i o n o f a r e f e r e n c e
at
level
accuracy.
-8.27-
forms
decelera-
8.3.6B).
The
and
s a l t a t i n g a t the u p s l o p i n g
by r o l l i n g ,
sliding
the dune, the m a j o r i t y o f the bed-load p a r t i c l e s Jumps over the edge and r o l l s
down the l e e s i d e slope o f the dune towards the dune t r o u g h where they
b u r i e d w a i t i n g f o r a new
The
(transport) cycle.
a t the u p s l o p i n g
are
s e c t i o n . The
entrainment
developing
( l a r g e v e l o c i t i e s ) . Above the dune t r o u g h the suspended p a r t i c l e s are t r a n s p o r t e d f u r t h e r upwards by t u r b u l e n c e m i x i n g produced i n the shear l a y e r s o f
the v o r t e x generated i n the dune t r o u g h .
A d e t a i l e d mathematical r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f the afore-mentioned processes r e q u i r e s the a p p l i c a t i o n o f a s o p h i s t i c a t e d model such as the K-E
model
(Rodi,
l e v e l should
the
be a p p l i e d a t t h e upper
o f t h e pheno-
(Van
R i j n , 1985)
was
The
h o r i z o n t a l g r i d s i z e was
Ax = 0 . 2
m; The
concentration
8.3.6B).
r e f e r e n c e l e v e l was
applied at a
1985).
Rijn,
a t the
t r a t i o n v a r i a t i o n i s confined
concentrations
I n v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n t h e concen-
t o a near-bed r e g i o n o f about 0 . 3 h .
The
concen-
problems r e q u i r e s a s c h e m a t i z a t i o n
coastal
on a macro-scale ( l i m i t e d computer
facili-
also
-8.28(
f i e l d , u s u a l l y , i s represented by i n t r o d u c i n g an e f f e c t i v e roughness parameters
(k ) as shown i n F i g . 8.3.6B.
s
,
To r e p r e s e n t the e f f e c t o f the dunes on the c o n c e n t r a t i o n f i e l d , i t i s proposed:
. t o r e p r e s e n t the c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s by a schematized c o n c e n t r a t i o n
p r o f i l e being an e s t i m a t e o f the s p a t i a l l y - a v e r a g e d (over the dune l e n g t h )
concentration p r o f i l e s ,
t o s p e c i f y an e f f e c t i v e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( c ) a t a l e v e l through the t o p o f t h e
Si
dunes (a = |A o r a = k^ when the dune dimensions are unknown, a^inimum "
0.01
h f o r reasons o f a c c u r a c y ) .
t r a n s p o r t u s i n g a simple
Reference c o n c e n t r a t i o n
formula.
the present
writer
d
\
(8.3.17)
V s
i n which:
c = r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n (volume)
d
a
Djf = dimensionless
p a r t i c l e parameter (Eq.
The
= dimensionless
c o n s t a n t i n Eq.
3.3)
3.1)
t o 1.6 m/s,
The
field
Rijn,
form
h f o r reasons o f
r e f e r e n c e l e v e l should n o t be chosen s m a l l e r
bed
than
accuracy.
-8.29-
8.3.7
I n f l u e n c e o f non-uniform bed m a t e r i a l
sediment m a t e r i a l have d i f f e r e n t p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s . U s u a l l y , t h e
suspended sediment p a r t i c l e s a r e c o n s i d e r a b l y
p a r t i c l e s . B a s i c a l l y , i t i s possible
smaller
than t h e bed m a t e r i a l
(see s e c t i o n 8 . 2 . 6 ) .
conditions,
(suspended) p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r
d^O f the bed m a t e r i a l was equal t o 250 ym. The mean f l o w v e l o c i t i e s were
concentration
concentration
less shear-stress
parameter T (Eq. 3 . 3 ) , as f o l l o w s :
d
So
= 1 + 0.011 (o - 1) (T - 25)
^
(8.3.18)
-8.30-
8.3.8
The
P r e d i c t i o n method o f E i n s t e i n
(1950)
method o f E i n s t e i n i s based on a p a r a b o l i c
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the f l u i d
mixing
c o e f f i c i e n t and a l o g a r i t h m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e v e l o c i t y .
The
11.6
a [ I ^ + I,ln(30.2 e h/d^^)]
U'
*s,c
,Z-1
0.216
1
J
(8.3.19)
( ; )
dz'
(8.3.20)
(^ ) ^
I n ( z ' ) dz'
(8.3.21)
(1-A)^
1
J
A
I2 = 0.216
(1-A)^
in which:
%,0
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d suspended load
transport
(m2/s)
(volume) = qjj/(11.6 u^
a)
(m/s)
(-)
a
a
= r e f e r e n c e l e v e l (= 2 d)
(m)
= water depth
(m)
= p a r t i c l e diameter
(m)
= a/h
= dimensionless r e f e r e n c e l e v e l
(-)
z'
= z/h
= dimensionless v e r t i c a l c o o r d i n a t e
(-)
= Wg/(K:
= correction factor
) = suspension number
(-)
(-)
The
reference concentration
numerically.
The
o t h e r (more s i m p l e ) methods.
than
-8.31-
8.3-9
P r e d i c t i o n method o f Bagnold
(1966)
Bagnold (1966)
i n t r o d u c e d an e n e r g y b a l a n c e c o n c e p t and r e l a t e d t h e
load transport
t o t h e w o r k done by t h e
The s u s p e n d e d l o a d t r a n s p o r t
e
q
fluid.
i s expressed a s :
(1-e.)
2
(P - P) g ( w v a - t a n g )
suspended
(8.3.22)
i n which:
= c u r r e n t r e l a t e d suspended
= e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r ( 0.02)
(-)
= e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r (= 0.1)
(-)
= bed-shear
load
transport
(m2/s)
^s
(N/m2)
stress
= depth averaged v e l o c i t y
(ra/s)
"s
e
= particle f a i l velocity
(m/s)
(-)
s t r e s s and t h e
p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r . B a s i c a l l y , these r e s u l t s show t h a t t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h e
Bagnold concept i s q u e s t i o n a b l e .
8.3.10
P r e d i c t i o n method o f B i j k e r (1971)
%,c-
^83qb,c ^ ^ 2 - ^ 1
(8.3.23)
l"(33h/kg)]
i n which:
qg g = suspended
q|2 g = bed l o a d
sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e
transport rate
(m2/s)
(m2/s)
= i n t e g r a l a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. ( 8 . 3 . 2 0 )
(-)
- i n t e g r a l a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. ( 8 , 3 . 2 1 )
(-)
(m)
" i^sference l e v e l
(8,3.24)
-8.32-
in which:
Ujf^Q
= o v e r a l l bed shear v e l o c i t y
= mobility
parameter
= o v e r a l l Chzy c o e f f c i e n t
C'
= grain-related
= coefficient
(8.2,1))
(8,2,1))
5)
(a=kg),
as shown i n F i g , 8 , 3 . 8 B .
8.3.11
P r e d i c t i o n method o f Van R i j n
A p p l y i n g Eq. ( 8 . 3 . 1 3 ) ,
sediment t r a n s p o r t
Z' 0.5h
fc^
and ( 8 . 3 . 1 6 ) ,
the depth-integrated
suspended
u ^ c^
^S,C
(8.3.14)
(1984)
t ^
a
Z'
^
0
(8.3.25)
j'e-^^'(^/^-<^-5)in(Hdz]
0,5h
^0
%,o
(8.3.26)
= F h c^
F = (a/h)^'-
(a/h)^-^
(8.3.27)
(l-(a/h))^'(1.2-Z')
i n which:
= current-related
suspended
sediment
velocity
transport
(mVs)
= depth-averaged f l o w
= water depth
(m)
= d i m e n s i o n l e s s shape f a c t o r
(-)
c^
= reference concentration
(m/s)
(volume)
-8.33-
%,c
= F " h c^
(8.3.28)
i n which:
1/3
Djj = d^Q [^^~2^ ^]
= p a r t i c l e parameter
(-)
= bed-shear s t r e s s parameter
(-)
= reference
(-)
DC
= '
D cr*
'
^b,cr
= 0.015
d o ^1.5
pjj
a j.u.:5
concentration
shape f a c t o r
(-)
= suspension number
(-)
suspension number
(-)
w
B
su^
W
= 2.5
(j-)
*,c
lOv
[fl
w^ - ,
s o
S
'
( O g - I ) (T-25)]dcQ
w
p
(]
"*,c
don
T,
(-)
(m/s)
6 = 1+2
= i
0.01(s-1)gd^ 0.5
^5
-]
- l] = particle f a l l velocity
dg = [ l + 0.011
[-^f
o
= representative p a r t i c l e
s i z e o f suspended sediment,
dg = dgo f o r T > 25
(m)
= r a t i o o f sediment and f l u i d
m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t (6
=2)
(-)
= gradation c o e f f c i e n t o f
bed m a t e r i a l
(-)
den
{-^ + -f^]
50
^16
= (p - p)g dj-^ 0
^
= c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s
according to Shields
(N/m2)
-8.34-
e^^ = 0.24
cr
D;
*
-0.64
er = 0-1^
if
if
0.04 D~^''^
i f 10 < D < 20
0.013 D 2 ' ^ ^
i f 20 <
0.055
if
S h i e l d s curve
(-)
cr
cr
cr
b,c
pg
IctJ
< 150
= c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d e f f e c t i v e bed-shear s t r e s s
(M/m^)
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d o v e r a l l bed-shear v e l o c i t y
(m/s)
-0.5
0. 5
18 l o g ( f ^ )
18
g r a i n - r e l a t e d Chzy c o e f f i c i e n t
l o g [ ^ ) = o v e r a l l Chzy c o e f f i c i e n t
current-related
suspended l o a d t r a n s p o r t
velocity
(m
/s)
(m'Vs)
(m2/s)
depth-averaged
^50
(m)
diameters o f bed m a t e r i a l
(m)
^^50' ^84' S o
h
water depth
^s
o v e r a l l bed roughness h e i g h t
acceleration
reference l e v e l
(m)
(m)
of gravity
(m)
(m/s2)
(m)
(a=iA, or a=k , a . .
=0.01h)
'
s' minimum
A
bed form h e i g h t
(m)
maximum c o n c e n t r a t i o n
= 0.65
s p e c i f i c density
kinematic v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t
<
c o n s t a n t o f Von Karman = 0 . 4
= 2.65
(-)
(-)
(m2/s)
(-)
-8.35-
The
t o t a l l o a d t r a n s p o r t can be expressed
%--
^^a
as:
as:
(8.3.30)
"a
i n which:
Cg = r e f e r e n c e
concentration
= e f f e c t i v e t r a n s p o r t v e l o c i t y o f bed-load p a r t i c l e s
= reference
Substitution
l e v e l (= bed-load l a y e r
( 8 . 3 . 2 8 ) and
o f Eq.
thickness)
(8.3.30)
i n Eq.
(8.3.29)
yields:
(8.3.31)
[(F''')(0 / a ) ( a / h ) ] + 1
3.
The
r a t i o / may
c i t y o f the bed
l o a d and
f o r l a r g e , steep bed
for f l a t
0.4
bed
the
p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y f o r d i f f e r e n t values o f / w i t h K =
3
0.4,
and
8.4.1
The
t o t a l t r a n s p o r t o f bed m a t e r i a l p a r t i c l e s a c c o r d i n g
E i n s t e i n ( 1 9 5 0 ) , Bagnold ( 1 9 6 6 ) , B i j k e r ( 1 9 7 1 ) and
obtained
^t
= '^b +
by a d d i t i o n o f the bed
load and
Van
Rijn
t o the methods o f
R i j n ( 1 9 8 4 ) can
be
suspended l o a d t r a n s p o r t , as f o l l o w s :
(8.4.1)
-8.36-
Two t y p i c a l t o t a l load formulae a r e those o f Engelund-Hansen (196?) and AckersWhite (1973). Both methods have a good p r e d i c t i n g a b i l i t y compared w i t h measured
d a t a , as shown by a v e r i f i c a t i o n study o f White e t a l (1973).
8.4.2
Prediction
- =
.
(.4.2)
in which:
%
= t o t a l bed m a t e r i a l
(m2/s)
transport
= depth-averaged v e l o c i t y
(m/s)
0 .5
= o v e r a l l Chzy-coefficient
dgO
= median p a r t i c l e d i a m e t e r o f bed m a t e r i a l
s = Pg/^^= s p e c i f i c d e n s i t y (=2.65)
g
Prediction
/s)
(m)
(-)
(m/s2)
= acceleration of gravity
8.4.3
(m
in which:
'^t,c
0
transport
= t o t a l bed m a t e r i a l
= depth-averaged v e l o c i t y
",c
Y
= current-related
bed-shear
particle mobility
parameter
^cr
= c r i t i c a l particle mobility
n,m,K = c o e f f i c i e n t s
kinematic v i s c o s i t y
= specific density
velocity
(m/s)
(m/s)
(-)
parameter
coefficient
(=2.65)
(m2/s)
(-)
(-)
(m2/s)
(-)
empirical
-8.37-
for
< 60
= 1 - 0.56 l o g ( D j j )
for
< 60
ra
for
= % 3 ^ 0 - 1 ^
+1.34
D < 60
^ =
05)
( ( s - 1 ) g d^g)
- ^35 l
8.4.4
^2
for
i
5.66
D^^ > 60
)^-"
logdOh/d^^)
Comparison o f p r e d i c t i o n methods
Van R i j n (1984) used 486 s e t s o f r i v e r data t o v e r i f y t h e methods o f EngelundHansen ( I 9 6 7 ) , Ackers-White (1973) and Van r i j n (1984).
Bed m a t e r i a l
sizes
were i n t h e range o f 100 t o 400 ym. Flow v e l o c i t i e s were i n the range o f 0.4
t o 2.4 m/s. The r e s u l t s have been expressed i n terms o f a discrepancy r a t i o
( r ) d e f i n e d as t h e r a t i o o f p r e d i c t e d and measured t r a n s p o r t r a t e . The t a b l e
below shows the percentage o f r-values o f a l l data f a l l i n g i n t h e range o f
0.5 < r < 2. The method o f Van R i j n y i e l d s the best r e s u l t s w i t h 76% o f t h e
p r e d i c t e d t r a n s p o r t r a t e s w i t h i n a f a c t o r 2 o f the measured
values.
data. Bed m a t e r i a l
o v e r p r e d i c t i o n , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e method
-8.38-
River data ( 4 8 6 )
Method
Estuary data ( 1 2 0 )
Engelund-Hansen
(1967)
64^
33%
Ackers-White
(1973)
63^
26%
Van R i j n
(1984)
76%
89%
data.
(1967), Einstein
( 1 9 5 0 ) and Bagnold
Formula
Ackers-White
(.1973)
6855
Engelund-Hansen
(1967)
6355
Einstein
(1950)
46^
Bagnold
(1966)
2255
-8.39-
8.5
References
-8.40-
(
EINSTEIN, H.A., 1950
The Bed-Load F u n c t i o n f o r Sediment T r a n s p o r t a t i o n i n Open Channel Flow
T e c h n i c a l B u l l e t i n No. 1 0 2 6 , U.S. Dep. o f A g r i c u l t u r e , Washington, D.C,
1971
-8.41-
KALINSKE, A . A . ,
1947
A m e r i c a n G e o p h y s i c a l , V o l . 2 8 , No. 4
LAURSEN, E . M , .
1958
The T o t a l S e d i m e n t Load o f
Journal of
the Hydraulics
Streams
Division,
Rivers
Int.
Bed-Load
1948
Transport
lAHR c o n g r e s s , S t o c k h o l m , Sweden
MORSI, S . A .
and ALEXANDER, A . J . ,
An I n v e s t i g a t i o n
1972
of Particle Trajectories
PAINTAL, A . S . ,
1971
Concept o f C r i t i c a l
J o u r n a l o f Hydr.
PEREH, M . , SAGIV,
Shear S t r e s s
R e s e a r c h , V o l . 9 , No. 1
A. and SEGINER, J . ,
Sediment Sampling E f f i c i e n c y o f
Journal of
the Hydr.
RIBBERINK, J . S . ,
i n Loose B o u n d a r y Open C h a n n e l s
Div.
1970
Slots
ASCE, HY 10
1987
Mathematical M o d e l l i n g o f One-Dimensional M o r p h o l i g i c a l
Non-Uniform
Changes i n R i v e r s
Sediment
Thesis, Univ.
o f Technology D e l f t ,
RUBINOW, S . I .
and KELLER, J . B . ,
Delft,
The
Netherlands
1961
The T r a n s v e r s e F o r c e on a S p i n n i n g S p h e r e M o v i n g i n a V i s c o u s
J o u r n a l o f F l u i d Mechanics, V o l .
SAFFMAN, P . O . ,
The L i f t
11
1968
J o u r n a l o f F l u i d Mechanics, V o l . 22,
Flow
1965, V o l .
31
Fluid
with
-8.i}2-
Streams
L a b o r a t o r y , C a l i f o r n i a I n s t i t u t e o f Technology, Pasadena,
Report E-68
-8.43-
t o Journal o f Hydraulic
Engineering
FORMULAE O F M E Y E R - P E T E R
EINSTEIN
AND
DELFT
MULLER.
FRIJLINK
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.
8.2.1
F|_= l i f t f o r c e
Vr
relative velocity
Fp,= d r a g f o r c e
^o
initial
velocities
A.
B.
Fq= w e i g h t
I ^/
DEFINITION
INITIAL
6b
SKETCH
POSITION
O F
O F
PARTICLE
SALTATION
PARTICLE
4
e-'
0" -
/
J
^.^^
15
10
10
20
30
>
C.
M E A S U R E D
FOR
A N D
E X P E R I M E N T
CHARACTERISTICS
DELFT
d i s t a n c e , x K 10
C O M P U T E D
O F
20
1
HYDRAULICS
30
50
(m)
PARTICLE
F E R N A N D E Z
O F PARTICLE
V_25
40
TRAJECTORIES
L U Q U E
SALTATION
461
FIG. 8.2.2
SALTATION
COMPUTED
FOR
LENGTH
SALTATION
VARIOUS
HEIGHT
AND
LENGTH
CONDITIONS
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.
8.2.3
m e a s u r e d (sand)
a Fernandez Luque 0^= 19,5
e Fernandez Luque Dk=39
a Francis
D=49
computed
\,nn Rijn
EngelundFreds0e
Dx =
5C
37 .6
-25 3
2.6.
2.5
S
q u a t on
(15))><
s
\ \\l
^ \\\
\ \\i
Ql
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
*
A.
B.
PARTICLE
B E D
PARTICLE
L O A D
mobility
parameter,
VELOCITY
C O N C E N T R A T I O N
V E L O C I T Y AND B E D L O A D
CONCENTRATION
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 8.2.4
reference
concentration
SCHEMATIZATION
VELOCITY
CONCENTRATION
PROFILE
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
AND
H 461
1
1
FIG. 8.3.1
1.0
1
1
D
0.8
K=0.4
w
1
0.6
A
0.4
1
O
J
yy
02
1
1
O
A.
0.02
0.04
constant
linear
FLUID
MIXING
0.06
0.08
0.12
0.14
e, (a^r)
0.16
parabolic
(2=3)
0.18
020
Ef
parabolic-constant e
COEFFICIENTS
>
B.
0.10
SEDIMENT
MIXING
C O L E M A N
(1970)
DELFT
height,
COEFFICIENT
DISTRIBUTION
ACCORDING
TO
MIXING C O E F F I C I E N T S
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 8.3.2
1.0
Co=
0.8
0.65
O Yalin - F i n l o y s o n
O
n
C0
0.6
r 0
S
>
0.4
0.2
|)-fac tor
k
1
\
>
10^
10--
10-
10-'
dimensionless
10
concentration,
Co
A.
0 -
FACTOR
6.10'^
nneasurcd
computed
\
@
N\JZ
>
nunnerically
c o m p u t e d using Eq.
(8.3.13) a n d ( 8 . 3 . 1 4 )
c o m p u t e d using Eq.
( 8 3 . 1 3 ) w i t h 4) =1
\
\
-V
I io^
x:
Ca= 6 2 5 0 0 0 p p m
id^i
104
io5
>
B.
io6
c o n c e n t r a t i o n , c (ppm)
C O N C E N T R A T I O N
E I N S T E I N - N I N G
C.
PROFILE
CHIEN,
RUN
FOR
EXPERIMENT
S-15,
O F
1955
using
constante,
(a, = 6)
using
parabolic
using
linear
(0.2 - 3 )
using
parabolic - c o n s t a n t
CONCENTRATION
PROFILES
FOR
UNIFORM
0 - F A C T O R AND CONCENTRATION
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
Ef
F L O W
PROFILES
461
FIG.
8.3.3
CONCENTRATION
PROFILES
(VANONI, 1 9 4 6 )
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 8.3.4
A. MEASURED
AND COMPUTED Z - V A L U E S
1 k/ko
ACCORDING TO CHIEN
0 (MU)
120
0,3-^
22S
(1954)
(ra2/s)
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,05
0,10
0,15
A
G
Q
tp
<?
5
5B
10
20
40
30
CONCENTRATION
so
()
experiments
computed, including hindered setting
B. MEASURED
PROFILES,
CONCENTRATION
WINTERWERP
ET A L , 1 9 8 9
INFLUENCE
OF SEDIMENT
DELFT
ON
CONCENTRATION
HYDRAULICS
PROFILE
461
FIG.
8.3.5
10^
5 6 76910^
5 5 7 8910"'
5 6
78910^
> conc(2ntration ( m g / 1 )
B.
CONCENTRATION
SCHEMATIZATION
DELFT
PROFILES
FOR
OF REFERENCE
HYDRAULICS
THE
F L O W
OVER
DUNES
LEVEL
461
FIG. 8.3.6
1.0,
0.8
-zr
0.6k
0.2
*n
(3 3
O
10
transport
12
14
parameter, T
computed
16
18
20
22
24
26
data
,= 1 9 0 ^ r
1.4
od5o = 2 7 0 | j m
o's= 1.8
Ad5o:2BOJm
i = 2 . 0
a dso^ 3 2 0 ^ m
cTs = 1-8
:2.5
A.
REPRESENTATIVE
D I A M E T E R
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
DELFT
O F
SUSPENDED
SEDIMENT
TRANSPORT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 8.3.7
A.
RATIO
O F SUSPENDED
AND TOTAL
>
B. R A T I O
ratio
of
LOAD
rougfiness
O F SUSPENDED A N D
tiejgfit and d e p t h , k ^ / h
BED
RATIOS O F B E D LOAD. S U S P E N D E D
AND
TRANSPORT
LOAD TRANSPORT
(Bijker, 1 9 7 8 )
LOAD
TOTAL L O A D T R A N S P O R T
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG.
8.3.8
-9.1-
9.
9.1
Introduction
Wave motion over a movable f i n e sand bed (50 t o 500 ym) can generate a sediment
suspension w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n the near-bed
region
the g e n e r a t i o n o f n e t mean ( E u l e r i a n ) o n s h o r e - d i r e c t e d v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e
near-bed r e g i o n ( F i g . 9 . L I B ) which may r e s u l t i n a n e t o n s h o r e - d i r e c t e d
transport,
Time-averaged
mechanisms:
-9.2-
the generation
o f l a r g e - s c a l e h o r i z o n t a l c i r c u l a t i o n c e l l s w i t h longshore
c u r r e n t s and w i t h o f f s h o r e - d i r e c t e d r i p c u r r e n t s ( F i g . 9.1.1D).
as f o l l o w s :
h+n
= UC dz
o
(9.1.1)
i n which:
U = l o c a l instantaneous f l u i d v e l o c i t y a t h e i g h t z above bed
C = l o c a l instantaneous sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t h e i g h t z above bed
h = water depth t o mean s u r f a c e
Tl = water surface
level
elevation
(9.1.2)
D e f i n i n g : U = u + u' and C = c + c
i n which:
u = time and space-averaged f l u i d v e l o c i t y a t h e i g h t z
c = time and space-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
a t height z
u = o s c i l l a t i n g f l u i d component ( i n c l u d i n g t u r b u l e n t component)
0 = o s c i l l a t i n g concentration
component ( i n c l u d i n g t u r b u l e n t component)
h
uc dz +
o
uc dz
(9.1.3)
i n which:
h
=
o
h
- ^
0
uc dz
= c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e
uc dz = wave-related sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e
C u r r e n t - r e l a t e d sediment t r a n s p o r t i s d e f i n e d as t h e t r a n s p o r t o f sediment
p a r t i c l e s by t h e time-averaged (mean) c u r r e n t v e l o c i t i e s ( l o n g s h o r e
currents,
action.
a l s o be a f f e c t e d by t h e c u r r e n t
velocities,
on the wave-related
sediment
computation
o f time-averaged
computation
of transport rates.
9.2
9.2.1
concentration p r o f i l e s ,
A n a l y s i s o f measured c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s and t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
Instantaneous
I n S e c t i o n 9.1
concentrations
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s generated
by non-breaking
t r a n s p o r t processes.
waves i n the r i p p l e
r i p p l e regime
F i g u r e 9.2.1
= 0.3
m/s
was
covered
generated
w i t h almost
m).
An
t h e (random) s c a t t e r i s q u i t e l a r g e ( r o u g h l y 50%),
probably
generated by l e e s i d e e d d y - v e l o c i t i e s ,
probably
velocities,
a s y m m e t r i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n (water motion i s s y m m e t r i c a l ) .
generated
by l e e s i d e e d d y - v e l o c i t i e s ( t i m e l a g i s l a r g e r compared w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n
measurements a t the c r e s t ) ,
generated
velocities,
asymmetrical concentration d i s t r i b u t i o n ,
the peaks above the trough a r e smaller than those above the c r e s t due t o
d i s p e r s i o n and s e t t l i n g o f sediment p a r t i c l e s .
ripple
sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n t o a l o c a l instantaneous
fluid
velocity.
sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n
Sheet f l o w regime
Instantaneous
-9.5-
The
m. At t h i s l a t t e r
9.2.2
60,
particles
sand t r a n s p o r t
level
level
90).
Time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
Time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n s (averaged
concentrations.
r e s u l t s are analyzed
1.
2.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s by breaking waves,
3.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n the sheet f l o w l a y e r .
1.
bed,
bed
sediment
instruments
200 pm.
I r r e g u l a r waves were
The
(H
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s increase f o r i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t Hg
n e g l i g i b l e small c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r z/h
>
0.3
covered w i t h
c o n s t a n t c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t a t each wave h e i g h t H
s
steeper c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t s
r i p p l e h e i g h t increases s l i g h t l y f o r i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t
depth
generated.
a f t e r the t e s t w i t h H
not applied.
concentrations f o r
= 1.1 m i n t h e near-bed l a y e r ,
decrease o f r i p p l e h e i g h t from
i n c r e a s i n g from H
= 0.69 m t o H
s
= 1.1 m.
s
The e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e a simultaneous
decrease o f t h e near-bed
from
0.1
concentra-
o f p a r t i c l e s from t h e bed, a r e g r a d u a l l y
-9.7-
i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s f o r i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t s ,
s l i g h t l y f l a t t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s f o r i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t s ,
decreasing
These r e s u l t s show s l i g h t l y f l a t t e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s f o r a d e c r e a s i n g
r i p p l e h e i g h t s , which i s r e l a t e d t o a somewhat l e s s i n t e n s i v e m i x i n g i n t h e
near-bed l a y e r . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n the r e g i o n z/h > 0.15 a r e r e l a t i v e l y
l a r g e f o r wave h e i g h t s o f H = 0.2 and 0.23 m i n t h e experiments o f Bosman.
s
This may be caused by t h e e f f e c t o f o c c a s i o n a l b r e a k i n g o f t h e waves.
2.
According
t o Bosman
(1982),
t h e near-bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n s a r e approximately
c o n s t a n t (== 10
kg/m3) f
or
i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t s ,
= 0.12 m (non-breaking
waves) t o H
= 0.19 m
s
reported.
brea-
-9.9-
breakers
spilling
near-bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
0.5
- 1.5 kg/m3
1 - 5 kg/m3
near s u r f a c e
0.05
- 0.2 kg/m3
0 . 5 - 1 . 5 kg/m3
concentrations
breakers
plunging
sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
type i s a dominating
f a c t o r i n wave-
than
small
extend
3.
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n sheet f l o w l a y e r
Observations
by Ribberink. C o n c e n t r a t i o n
p r o f i l e s and
-9.10-
Height
above
the
bed
Sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
Horikawa
e t a l , 1982
200 ym
Ribberink,
1989
Staub e t a l , 1984
190 ym
190 ym
380 ym-
u=1.08 m/s
u=1.3 m/s
u=1.68 m/s
u=1.9 m/s
(m)
T = 4 s
T = 9.1 s
T = 6.8 s
T = 6.8 s
0.01
3 kg/m3
10-25 kg/m3
50 kg/m3
10-30
kg/m3
0.02
1 kg/m3
20 kg/m3
3-15
kg/m3
3-10
kg/m3
220 ym
u,3=1.13m/s
Tp = 8 s
15-20
4-
kg/m3
8 kg/m3
Summary
Summarizing a l l a v a i l a b l e c o n c e n t r a t i o n data f o r non-breaking
and b r e a k i n g
waves i n water depths o f 0.5 t o 2 m and bed m a t e r i a l s i z e s from 100 t o 300 ym,
t h e f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s can be observed:
3 r i p p l e h e i g h t s ) and s m a l l e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a -
waves over a r i p p l e d
bed,
e
motions,
breaking
waves).
9.2.3
Sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
Sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e s under wave a c t i o n have been i n v e s t i g a t e d by AbouSeida (1965), K a l k a n i s (1964), Vincent (1957), Manohar (1955), S l e a t h (1978)
Sato-Horikawa (1986) and Sawamoto-Yamashita (1987). Most o f t h e experiments o f
Abou-Seida, K a l k a n i s , Vincent and S l e a t h were c a r r i e d o u t w i t h f l a t
t i n g ) beds. T r a n s p o r t r a t e s were g e n e r a l l y s m a l l .
(oscilla-
-9.11-
Manohar and
sand p a r t i c l e s
Manohar measured t r a n s p o r t
The
ym and
1000
rates
ym.
An asym-
over the
grains,
crest
Sato and
of
irregular oscillatory
profile
out
bed.
cloud
is
and
the sand i s t r a n s p o r t e d
rate
was
o f f s h o r e . I n n e a r l y a l l t e s t s the net t r a n s p o r t
and
Van
i n the
Kampen (1988)
w i t h sediment o f 100 ym i n a wave flume i n which i r r e g u l a r waves were gener a t e d . I n a l l cases the wave-related net t r a n s p o r t was
t i o n . Suspended load t r a n s p o r t was
against
the wave d i r e c -
ym. The
U. = 1.27 m/s
3.6
U. = 1.08 m/s
2.6
- = 1.08 m/s
3.4
Ug = 0,87
m/s
5.4 s
U. = 0.76 m/s
o
6.0
%,half
%, h a l f
% ,half
% ,half
%,half
0.000416
mVs
0.000261
mVs
0.000208
mVs
0.000182
mVs
0.000104
mVs
following
reported:
by
-9.12-
(U) .
1.
: n e t t r a n s p o r t r a t e i s always
i n the d i r e c t i o n o f t h e l a r g e s t
peak v e l o c i t y
2.
3.
9.3
9.3.1
Computation o f time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
profiles
Introduction
I n t h e L i t e r a t u r e v a r i o u s models are proposed t o compute t h e sediment conc e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s . Most models are based on the time-averaged
convection-
(9.3.1)
i n which:
c
= sediment
concentration
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y i n fluid-sediment mixture
w.
s ,m
= sediment d i f f u s i o n or mixing c o e f f i c i e n t r e l a t d t o t h e wave motion
e
s,w
= v e r t i c a l coordinate
z
-9.13-
as
follows:
Ig _
3t
s,m
IC
3z
9z
|Cj
s,w
^ Q
(9.3.2)
3z'
Numerical s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e s s p e c i f i c a t i o n of the f a l l v e l o c i t y
sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t (e
the
(Wg^^),
para-
the s e d i -
related
i n f l u e n c e o f the sediment p a r t i c l e s on t h e
fall
1986).
t o the i n s t a n t a n e o u s
bed
concen-
of
i n f l u e n c e o f t h e sediment p a r t i c l e s on the f a l l v e l o -
account,
two-equation
t o v e r i f i c a t i o n o f the c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n the
sheet f l o w l a y e r . A n a l y t i c a l s o l u t i o n s o f the c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n
equation
time.
-9.14-
settling,
tur-
m) h i g h - c o n c e n t r a t i o n sheet f l o w
m).
model f o r time-averaged
The
f o l l o w i n g s u b j e c t s are
described:
c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation
p a r t i c l e s i z e and
sediment mixing
reference
computation o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n
9.3.2
fall
velocity
coefficient
concentration
profile
profiles
Time-averaged c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation
U s u a l l y , the t r a d i t i o n a l c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation
i s a p p l i e d t o compute
(9.3.3)
Ky.j.Dj
w s,m c + es -7dz = 0
in
reads as:
which:
= sediment mixing
coefficient
(in c)
= - ^
bed
( 9 . 3 . 3 ) i s a l s o v a l i d f o r wave-related
mixing.
( 9 . 3 . 3 ) i s expressed as:
(9.3.4)
-9.15-
The
files
pro-
investigate this,
p r o f i l e s o f d i f f e r e n t s i z e f r a c t i o n s above a r i g i d
bot-
tom
c o n s i s t i n g o f a r t i f i c i a l r i p p l e s , A l i m i t e d amount o f sediment p a r t i c l e s
was
f e d t o the ( o s c i l l a t o r y ) f l o w . Figure 9 . 3 . 1
shows measured
concentration
the l o c a l mixing
c o e f f i c i e n t w i l l be
approximately
p r o f i l e s t o be i n v e r s e l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o the p a r t i c l e
fall
A s i m i l a r conclusion
i s given by Van
der G r a a f f ( 1 9 8 8 ) .
wave-induced m i x i n g .
diffusion
i t d i s s o l v e s and
i n an
t h e i r time-averaged
irrespective
of s e t t l i n g velocity.
9.3.3
p a r t i c l e s i z e o f suspended sediment
O b s e r v a t i o n s i n flume and
field
bed m a t e r i a l c o m p o s i t i o n . The
p r o f i l e s were d e t e r m i n e d by
Rijn (1987) in a
suspended sediment
to get a s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e sample
tube w i t h a l e n g t h o f 2 m. The
a p p l y i n g F i g . 4 . 2 . 3 . The
f a l l v e l o c i t i e s were converted t o p a r t i c l e
size
as a f u n c t i o n o f a
-9.16-
dimensionless
Figure
9.3.2
Netherlands
1988).
in
represented
by
equation:
d
= 1 + 0.011
(a - 1)
50,bed
in
(T - 25)
(9.3.5)
which:
dg
= r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p a r t i c l e s i z e o f suspended sediment
9.3.7
Equation
to
(Fig. 9 . 3 . 2 ) ,
t h i s equation i s a l s o
Particle f a l l
bed.
velocity
particles.
in
( 1 9 5 4 ) type o f e q u a t i o n :
(9.3.6)
"s
which:
"s,m ' e f f e c t i v e f a l l
Wg
can
= fall
velocity
be r a t h e r l a r g e i n the n e a r -
A p p l y i n g Eqs.
(9.3.3),
(9.3.6)
and
-9.17-
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s due
to
t h e h i n d e r e d s e t t l i n g e f f e c t . Considering a l l u n c e r t a i n t i e s i n v o l v e d , the
h i n d e r e d s e t t l i n g e f f e c t seems t o be o f minor importance f o r concntrations
s m a l l e r than 10000 mg/1.
Measurements show t h a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f t h i s o r d e r
9.3.4
9.3.4.1
Existing relationships
particles
from the bed u p t o the water depth (Bosman, 1984, Van R i j n , 1987). The
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s are found c l o s e t o the bed where the d i f f u s i v i t y
largest
is rather
sediment
introducing
coefficients.
^ ^ A s ^ i k z )
T
in
(1962)
sinh-^(kh)
which:
H = wave h e i g h t
T = wave p e r i o d
L = wave l e n g t h
h = water
depth
z = v e r t i c a l c o o r d i n a t e r e l a t i v e t o the bed
2
01 = c o n s t a n t (^^ 10 )
k = wave number (2IT/L)
(g_3_^)
-9.18-
2iJ^_il967,_1971)
^s,w = ^
w^
(9.3.8)
-V
i n which:
K
= Von Karman c o n s t a n t
Lundgren (1972)
0.4 u^
^s,w =
1 + 1.34
in
~25
z
'
(9.3.9)
(0.5f^^)"-^''(z/6^^) exp(z/6^)
which:
(9.3.10)
which:
= peak-value
o f o r b i t a l e x c u r s i o n a t bed
(1971)
^s,w = ^a
^8 ^
(9.3.11)
' h^
-9.19-
i n which:
e
Swart ( 1 9 7 6 )
(9.3.12)
s,w
b.j
0.96
bi-1.05Z
0.013Z
[g]
w
Z =
i n which:
Wg = p a r t i c l e f a l l
K
velocity
Nielsen
(1979)
e
s,w
A. (Jl) -0.32
= 0.00146 (A + 0.4 6)g T f -(5 ^ l 1
r
"s
e
s,w
A (D 0.68
= 0.00035 (A + 0.4 6)g T [ - ^ ]
r
"s
A. )
o...
for o
> 25
s
(9.3.13a)
A (
for
< 25
(9.3.13b)
i n which:
A^ = r i p p l e h e i g h t
6
= maximum boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s
= wave p e r i o d
(ij
= 2TI/T
Equation ( 9 . 3 . 1 3 )
Dally
s,w
i s v a l i d f o r non-breaking waves.
(1980)
= TTT h Uo
15
*,w
(9.3.14)
-9.20-
Skafel-Krishnappan
(1984)
^s,w = ^ ^6 ",w
(9.3.15)
g = 8-7 [
(9.3.16)
Kos'yan (1985)
(9.3.17)
IT
^s,o-- 272-T
(9.3.18)
slnh^(k2)
7277:
sinh (kh)
b (Gg- W3) ( Z / 6 J
b = 116 [ ^ ]
in
(9.3.19)
2 1/3
[^]
which:
^s o " '"t)ital-related m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
Eg ^ = turbulence-related mixing c o e f f i c i e n t
6^
Ug
The b a s i c data a r e :
Hg
= s i g n i f i c a n t wave h e i g h t
= 0.12 m
Tp
= 1.9 s
= water depth
= 0.3 m
= wave l e n g t h
= 3.08 m
d^Q
= median p a r t i c l e s i z e o f bed m a t e r i a l
= 0.000105 m
dgo
= p a r t i c l e s i z e l a r g e r than 90%
= 0.000130 m
dg
= r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p a r t i c l e s i z e o f suspended sediment
= 0.00008 m
Wg
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y o f suspended sediment
= 0.005 m/s
-9.21-
= r i p p l e height
^ = wave-related
Te
bed roughness h e i g h t
= water temperature
= 0.02
= 0.06
= 20 C
L i n e a r wave theory has been used t o compute the wave parameters rsulting i n :
= peak value o f o r b i t a l e x c u r s i o n Just o u t s i d e boundary l a y e r = 0.092 m
Ug
= 0.305
f
w
= f r i c t i o n factor
j,
= time-averaged
= 0.078
ua=
The
bed-shear v e l o c i t y ( h a l f c y c l e )
m/s
0.3
= 0.11
m/s
m/s
The
the
Outside
decreases r a p i d l y .
F i g u r e 9.3.4B shows measured and computed c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s f o r t h e same
experiment.
t h e lowest sampling
9500 mg/1
a t z = 0.02
o f the c o n c e n t r a t i o n
h ) . Outside
results.
The
and
-9.22-
9.3.4.2
New r e l a t i o n s h i p f o r wave-related m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
T h i s approach i s as f o l l o w s :
o
compute sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t (e
) from measured c o n c e n t r a t i o n
S yw
profiles,
r e p r e s e n t t h e v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e computed sediment m i x i n g
c o e f f i c i e n t by a simple r e l a t i o n s h i p ,
r e l a t e t h e e m p i r i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t s o f t h i s l a t t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p t o b a s i c wave
parameters
by c a l i b r a t i o n w i t h experimental data.
dc/dz
(9.3.20)
'
which i s r e p r e s e n t e d n u m e r i c a l l y a s :
( 1 - c . ) ^ c. w
i
2
in
(9.3.21)
i_sj^
^ V
^1-1
which:
Cj^
= sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n p o i n t i
z^
= h e i g h t o f p o i n t i above bed
Wg
= f a l l velocity i n point i
100 ym)
time-averaged
-9.23-
Before a p p l y i n g Eq.
"smoothed". The
v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the f a l l v e l o c i t y (Wg ^) o f t h e
sus-
F i g u r e 9.3.5
c i e n t s f o r non-breaking
The
o
following
characteristics
can be
= 0,4
and
0,5.
observed:
a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o n s t a n t m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t ( e ^ ^ ^^^) i n a l a y e r ( 6 ^ ) near
the
waves w i t h Hg/h
coeffi-
bed,
a p p r o x i m a t e l y c o n s t a n t m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t (e
) i n the upper h a l f
S y W y luaX
(z > 0.5
h) o f the water
depth.
h.
z < 6
s
^s <
I, ,
s,w,bed
(9.3.22a)
e
= e_.
s, w
s,w,max
(9.3.22b)
z > 0.5
<
Equation
i s proposed:
s,w
= e
z-6
^s,w = ^s,w,bed ^ ^s,w,maK-^s,w,bedHT5h?^l
d e f i n e d when t h e f o l l o w i n g
(9.3.22c)
(9.3.22) i s f u l l y
1.
t h i c k n e s s o f near-bed sediment m i x i n g l a y e r
2.
3.
The
wave
parameters.
(6),
s
.
-9.24-
= 3 A
6g = 3 6^
(9.3.23)
( r i p p l e regime)
(sheet f l o w regime)
i n which:
= r i p p l e height
6^ = wave boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s (Equation
(2.3.8))
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
, ,)
SJWJDGQ
B a s i c a l l y , the m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i s d e f i n e d as the p r o d u c t o f a l e n g t h
s c a l e and a v e l o c i t y s c a l e , as f o l l o w s :
eg^ L U
(9.3.24)
(9.3.25)
5 6s
i n which:
= empirical coefficient
Ug = peak value o f near-bed o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y (Eq. ( 2 . 3 . 2 ) )
6 = t h i c k n e s s o f near-bed sediment mixing l a y e r (Eq. ( 9 . 3 . 2 3 ) )
s
Sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n measurements i n waves alone o f Nieuwjaar
Van R i j n ( 1 9 8 7 ) ,
(1987),
determine t h e a , - c o e f f i c i e n t .
b
The data s e t s o f Nieuwjaar ( 1 9 8 7 ) ,
been d e s c r i b e d i n S e c t i o n 9 . 2 . 2 .
(I986)
-9.25-
sured e
, .-values have been d e r i v e d from t h e measured c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
s,w,bed
i n t h e near-bed r e g i o n a p p l y i n g an e x p o n e n t i a l f i t ,
which i m p l i e s a con-
stant mixing c o e f f i c i e n t .
The
t o be dependent on t h e D p a r t i c l e parameter
The OO jj ^^ -- cc oo ee ff ff ii cc ii ee nn tt was
was ffound
(
(Eq. ( 3 . 1 ) ) , as f o l l o w s :
= 0.004 Djj
(9.3.26)
centrifugal
i s dominated by r i p p l e - r e l a t e d
out"
particle sizes.
effect
revolution.
M i x i n g2 c o e f f i c i e n t i n upper l ai _y _e r (e
s,w,max )
For t h e upper l a y e r i t i s assumed t h a t :
(9.3.27)
i n which:
Wo.5h = peak v a l u e o f v e r t i c a l o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y a t mid-depth l e v e l
h
= water depth
From l i n e a r wave t h e o r y i t f o l l o w s
that:
W
"0.5h T
(9.3.28)
vf.o.i"/
u ,v = m
s,w,max
> 0.5
that:
(9.3.29)
-9.26-
i n which:
= empirical coefficient
The
the a ^ - c o e f f i c i e n t . Equations
(198?)
Rijn
(9.3.3),
(9.3.6),
bed
v a r i e d u n t i l good agreement
found
= 0.035
are
that:
(9.3.30)
S e n s i t i v i t y analysis
The b a s i c parameters o f the v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the sediment m i x i n g
c o e f f i c i e n t are the a , - c o e f f i c i e n t , the a - c o e f f i c i e n t and
b
m
the near-bed
sediment m i x i n g l a y e r t h i c k n e s s , 6 . To get a b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g
o f the
keeping
has
the
As
can
w i t h 5 0 ^ has a l a r g e
5!
coefficient
6 - v a l u e has
s
r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e f f e c t on the c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e ( F i g , 9 , 3 , 8 B ) ,
Based on these r e s u l t s , i t i s e v i d e n t t h a t f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h should
be
Sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i n b r e a k i n g waves
Figure 9 . 3 . 9
coeffiplunging
waves.
-9.27-
which i s not s u r p r i s i n g
t i o n o f the m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r b r e a k i n g waves i s q u i t e s i m i l a r t o t h a t
f o r non-breaking
feature.
a breaking
non-breaking
follows:
^s,w,br = V
in
coefficient
S,w
(9.3.31;
which:
The
waves
coefficient
dependent on t h e breaker t y p e . I n S e c t i o n 2 . 3 . 6
breaker
the
(H^/h), as
s p i l l i n g b r e a k e r s : H /h <
s
p l u n g i n g b r e a k e r s : H /h >
s
follows:
0.6
0.6
and
i t i s assumed
0.6).
(9.3.3),
centration
suspending
t o be
(9.3.6),
(9.3.22),
(9.3.25),
( 9 . 3 . 2 9 ) and
l a t t e r a r e based
( 9 . 3 . 3 1 ) . The
con-
concentration. Application
and a|^^ = 2 f o r Hg/h = 0 . 9 5
o f a,
=1
br
f o r H/h = 0 . 6 ,
s
'
= 1.2
br
f o r H/h
s
=0.7
computed c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .
As a f i r s t approach, the f o l l o w i n g
r"s,
"s
relationship
i s proposed:
(9.3.32)
-9.28-
Equation
= 1 t o 2 . 2 f o r Hg/h = 0 . 6
to 1.
D e t a i l e d e x p e r i m e n t a l research i n a wave flume i s necessary t o study t h e e f f e c t
o f b r e a k i n g waves on t h e sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s and t o v e r i f y t h e
v a l i d i t y o f t h e proposed approach (oj^^-coeff i c i e n t ) .
9.3.6
Sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t f o r non-breaking
and b r e a k i n g waves
expressions f o r
z < 6
->-0.5h
e^^^^^^^
(9.3.33b)
6^ < z < 0 . 5 h
(9.3.33c)
s,w
= e ^ ^
s,w,bed
(9-3.34)
^s,w,max = 0 . 0 3 5 a^^^
(9.3.35)
P
H
% r
in
6g
h
H
s
Tp
= 3 [{^]
H
- 0.8
for
> 0.6
(9.3.36)
which:
= t h i c k n e s s o f near-bed sediment m i x i n g l a y e r (= 3
= water depth
= s i g n i f i c a n t wave h e i g h t
or = 3 6^)
= peak p e r i o d
Ug
D^
= p a r t i c l e parameter
a^^ = b r e a k i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
The
6 - v a l u e i s p r 9 p o s e d t o be:
5g = 3 A^
f o r a r i p p l e d bed (A^ = r i p p l e h e i g h t )
(9.3.37a)
g = 3 6^
(9.3.37b)
-9.29-
9.3.7
Reference c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n near-bed r e g i o n
Approach
For u n i d i r e c t i o n a l steady f l o w the w r i t e r has proposed a simple d e t e r m i n i s t i c
e x p r e s s i o n (Eq. 8 . 3 . 1 7 ) t o compute the r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n , which reads
as:
d^ 1 . 5
"a
in
which:
Djj
= [(s-1)g/v J
= fx'
^ b,c
b,c
b,cr
d^Q
= dimensionless p a r t i c l e diameter
(-)
l/x,
= dimensionless bed-shear parameter
h,cv' b,cr
= u
= c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d e f f e c t i v e bed-shear s t e s s
^c
b,c
= c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s according t o S h i e l d s
= reference concentration
(-)
(N/m2)
(N/m2)
(kg/m3)
a
Equation ( 9 . 3 . 3 8 )
i s assumed t o be v a l i d f o r o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w as w e l l , a p p l y i n g
an e f f e c t i v e w a v e - r e l a t e d bed shear s t r e s s , as f o l l o w s :
T'
= U
in
which:
b,w
(9.3.39)
b,w
T'
= w a v e - r e l a t e d e f f e c t i v e bed-shear s t r e s s (N/m^)
b ,w
y
= w a v e - r e l a t e d e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r (-)
w
= w a v e - r e l a t e d bed-shear s t r e s s (N/m^) a c c o r d i n g t o Eq.
b ,w
(2.3.14)
(see
A .
-9.30-
(9.3.40a)
sheet f l o w :
(9.3.40b)
in
a = 6^
which:
= r i p p l e height
" ("
1-0 25
6^ = 0.072 AU/SdgoJ
"
= t h i c k n e s s o f wave boundary l a y e r , see Eq. ( 2 . 3 . 8 )
The sediment p a r t i c l e s below t h e r e f e r e n c e l e v e l a r e assumed t o be t r a n s p o r t e d
as bed l o a d both i n t h e bed form and t h e sheet f l o w regime. Bed l o a d
a r e presented
formulae
i n Section 9.6.
C a l i b r a t i o n o f wave-related
e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r y
forces
I n t h a t case t h e e n t r a i n m e n t
process
interaction.
(1988),
-9.si-
line
or
2.
compute wave-related
f r i c t i o n f a c t o r , f^^ by Eq. ( 2 . 3 . 2 0 )
4.
compute wave-related
bed-shear s t r e s s , x.
5.
compute c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s , x.
6.
compute t h e wave-related
by Eq. ( 2 . 3 . 1 4 )
by Eq. ( 5 . 1 . 2 )
by Eq. ( 9 . 3 . 3 8 ) u s i n g t h e
efficiency factor y
W
bed-shear s t r e s s x, .
b ,w
-9.32-
9.3.8
Computation methods
The f o l l o w i n g methods a r e d e s c r i b e d :
1.
Van R i j n
(1988)
2.
Bijker
3.
S k a f e l - K r i s h n a p p a n (1984)
4.
Nielsen
5.
Fredseie e t a l (1985)
(1967, 1971)
(1984)
!;?!t}2_2Ly2_5iJ" (1988)
A p p l y i n g Eqs. (9.3.33) and n e g l e c t i n g t h e h i n d e r e d s e t t l i n g e f f e c t , t h e
c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e can be o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i o n o f t h e time-averaged
c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n (Eq. (9.3.3) y i e l d i n g :
a < z < 6g
^
a
w (a-z)/e
, ,
= [e] ^
^'"''^^^
(9.3.42a)
6s ^ z < 0.5 h
o_ _ r , i " s ( ^ - ^ s ) / ^ s , w , b e d r _ _ J ^ _ ^ ^ / ^ ^ ^s,w,bed)
c. "
Ih- + YY(z
(Z )^
- 663)
,
^
(9.3.4^bJ
c_ _ r ^ i
c^
a
s^"
,, y,^^^
V,
,w^h/(Y
s^' s.w.bedr
h
"s"'^'
ih+Y(0.5h-6 )
s
., J .
s,w,bed'r
,wj0.5h-z)/
"s^"*-^"
s,w,ma
(9.3.42c)
in which:
r
h
1 f s,w,max" ^s.w.bedi
. . ,
Y = irTE
T'
= coefficient
u. on - 0
e
, ,
'
s
s,w,bed
c
= r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. (9.3.38)
= r e f e r e n c e l e v e l a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. (9.3.40)
6^
= t h i c k n e s s o f near-bed m i x i n g l a y e r a c c o r d i n g t o Eq, (9.3.37)
s
E g w bed ' '^^^i^"^ m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i n near-bed r e g i o n , Eq. (9.3.34)
> mov = sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i n upper l a y e r , Eq. (9.3.35)
w
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y i n c l e a r water
s
z
= v e r t i c a l c o o r d i n a t e above bed
-9.33-
1.
2.
compute p a r t i c l e parameter
3.
compute r i p p l e h e i g h t and l e n g t h ,
Eq.
(3.1)
qs. ( 6 . 3 . 7 )
and
and
(6.3.8)
4.
Eq,
(7.3.1)
5.
compute w a v e - f r i c t i o n f a c t o r , f ^ .
Eq.
(2.3.20)
6.
compute e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r , y^.
Eq.
(9.3.41)
7.
Eq.
(2.3.14)
8.
Eq.
(9.3.39)
9.
compute c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s ,
Eq.
(5.1.2)
10.
Eq.
(9.3.38)
11.
compute r e f e r e n c e l e v e l , a
Eq.
(9.3.40)
12.
compute r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n , c^
Eq.
(9.3.38)
13.
compute sediment m i x i n g
Eqs. ( 9 . 3 . 3 4 )
14.
15.
e
, , and e
,
s,w,bed
s,w,max'
compute near-bed m i x i n g l a y e r , 6 ,
s
compute p a r t i c l e .size suspended sediment, dg
16.
17.
^,
coefficients.
^,
and
(9.3.35)
Eq.
(9.3.37)
Eq.
(9.3.5)
compute p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y , Wg
Eq.
(4.2.22)
compute c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e , c.
Eqs. ( 9 . 3 . 4 2 )
The f o l l o w i n g i n p u t data a r e r e q u i r e d :
= s i g n i f i c a n t wave h e i g h t (m)
Tp
= peak wave p e r i o d ( s )
= f l u i d d e n s i t y (kg/m^)
= sediment d e n s i t y
(kg/m3)
= k i n e m a t i c v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t (m^/s)
B i j k e r (1967,
1971)
O r i g i n a l l y , t h i s method has been developed by B i j k e r t o compute t h e conc e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e i n case o f combined c u r r e n t s and waves. I n case o f
waves alone t h e method can be s i m p l i f i e d t o :
-9.347
c_
r a
c = Ih-a
a
h-zi
(9.3
~ J
c =
"a " 6 . 3 4 a
...
"-S
exp[-
-^50
(9.3
^ ]
i n which:
c^
= reference concentration
(kg/m3)
(m)
k^
= e f f e c t i v e roughness o f bed
(m)
= water depth
(,)
= empirical coefficient
w
s
=
= suspension parameter
^
w
s
K
(m/s)
= c o n s t a n t o f Von Karman ( 0 . 4 )
velocity
= (C/C)^'^
= 1 8 log(12h/kg)
C'
= 18 log(12h/dgQ) = Chzy-coefficient r e l a t e d t o
grains
= efficiency factor
= O v e r a l l Chzy-coefficient
t55?5i_:_!^i5h!2PPan ( 1984)
T h i s method reads, as f o l l o w s :
r
'^a
(m)
(~ 5)
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y o f suspended sediment
ei
(N/m2)
Wo
z-ai
a Ug
(m/s)
(_)
(mo.Vs)
(m0.5/s)
-9.35-
0.5
= a . p [ - 6 . 5 . M ^ r - " l
i n which:
q,
= time-averaged bed-load t r a n s p o r t r a t e d u r i n g
h a l f period
maximum value o f bed-shear s t r e s s r e l a t e d t o
skin-friction
b,w
f'
w
8^
(1984)
c - = exp r-z/L
/T 1
c = 0.005 p 0^
a
^s r
0.075 Av.u L
L
=
S
Wg
< 15
Wg
= 1.4 A
s
0) L
for
for
r
> 15
Wg
0'
(l-TT A /X
)^
0.15 f ^ () Ag)2
( s - 1 ) g d5o
f ^ = exp [ 5 . 2 (2.5 d5Q/Aj0.19 _ 6 ]
-9.36-
i n which:
c = reference concentration a t z = 0
a
= m o b i l i t y parameter
(kg/m3)
A
r i p p l e height
r
X
r i p p l e length
r
L = l e n g t h scale
s
(m)
(m)
(m)
U)
w = particle f a l l velocity
s
= peak value o f near-bed o r b i t a l excursion
f
w = grain-related f r i c t i o n
z = v e r t i c a l coordinate
y^[}2_LEE:5^!_?L5i
An instantaneous
(-)
coefficient
(-)
(m/s)
(m)
(-)
(m)
(1985)
Flow
P o t e n t i a l f l o w o u t s i d e the wave^ boundary l a y e r :
U = Ug s i n ( w t )
The o r b i t a l v e l o c i t i e s i n s i d e the wave boundary l a y e r are d e r i v e d from t h e
instantaneous
momentum e q u a t i o n a p p l y i n g a l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u -
t i o n f o r a rough bed:
3U
ap
1 3T
i t % i l F - p ^
ap .
ax "
" P
= 0
(9.3.47)
at
^*
U = ln(30z/k
K
)
S
J" I t
(9.3.48)
-9.37-
'
^ ^t
e. = a k^'^
in
= wave-breaking induced m i x i n g c o e f f i c e n t
which:
S, = m i x i n g l e n g t h s c a l e (Deigaard e t a l , 1986)
k
(
= t u r b u l e n t k i n e t i c energy d e r i v e d from t r a n s p o r t e q u a t i o n f o r t h e
k i n e t i c energy ( k - e q u a t i o n )
= instantaneous
velocity
= instantaneous f l u i d
pressure
= instantaneous f l u i d shear s t r e s s
= f l u i d density
= v e r t i c a l coordinate
Sediment
The sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( C ) are d e r i v e d from t h e i n s t a n t a n e o u s
convec-
t i o n - d i f f u s i o n e q u a t i o n a p p l y i n g a p r e s c r i b e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t t h e bed:
9C _
3t
3C _ a_ c
s 3z
3z
3CN
(9.3.49)
s 3Z-'
boundary c o n d i t i o n s : C, = f[-,
T:1 a t z = 2 d
^
b
^(pg-p)gd^Q^
50
: w C + H e
= 0 at z = h
s
3Z*- s 3Z''
in
which:
= instantaneous sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
Wg = p a r t i c l e f a l l
e
velocity
= sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t (e
Pg = sediment d e n s i t y
= e)
S
-9.38-
Hindered
account.
9.3.9
Nieuwjaar
i n a small-scale
wave flume w i t h water depths i n t h e range o f 0.1 t o 0.6 m. The bed was
with ripples (height
performed
method
covered
i s estimated as (see S e c t i o n
7.3):
^s,w = 3 dgo + 3
(9.3.50)
i n Figures 9.3.13 t o 9 . 3 . 1 7 ,
o f the e f f e c t i v e wave-related
-9.39-
9.4
Computation o f sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
9.4.1
Introduction
9.2.3.
1.
2.
sediment t r a n s p o r t models r e p r e s e n t i n g
v e l o c i t y and c o n c e n t r a t i o n
9.4.2
profiles.
Sediment t r a n s p o r t formulae
transport
The
water).
t h e boun-
t h e v e l o c i t y o u t s i d e t h e boundary l a y e r .
-9.40-
(onshore).
When r i p p l e s are p r e s e n t ,
c i t i e s and c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
ted.
( 1 9 8 2 ) , Sato-HorIkawa
1.
(9.4.1)
Wg d 5 Q ( 0 - ) 3
in
which:
cycle
(m^/s)
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y o f bed m a t e r i a l
d^Q
- median p a r t i c l e s i z e o f bed m a t e r i a l
0.5 fw(6)2
= 7T-\
~, = m o b i l i t y parameter
(s-1) g d5o
^
(m)
, ^
(-)
f^
(-)
Ug
(m/s)
(m)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(m/s)
Ag
p
p
s
g
= acceleration of gravity
(m/s^)
The e m p i r i c a l c o e f f i c i e n t i s based on t h e c a l i b r a t i o n o f about 110 e x p e r i ments ( F i g . 9 . 4 . I A ) w i t h d^Q i n the range o f 300 t o 2800 ym; wave
periods
Horikawa e t a l ( 1 9 8 2 ) , Eq. ( 9 . 4 . 1 )
i s a l s o v a l i d f o r sheet f l o w
conditions
-9.41-
Bagnold-Bailard^_198l
The i n s t a n t a n e o u s bed load and suspended l o a d t r a n s p o r t r a t e s are
expressed
as:
p f
e
w b
fyS _ ^ | u | 3 i
( p - p ) g tany
~ tany
%,
q
=
^s,w
(Pg-p)g
(9.4.2)
(9.4.3)
[|U^|U - tan6|U|5]
^I
"
Wg
J
i n which:
i n s t a n t a n e o u s wave-induced bed load
%,w
q
^s,w
U
(mVs)
transport
(m2/s)
transport
(m/s)
i n s t a n t a n e o u s near-bed o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
(= 0.11 -
e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r f o r bed load t r a n s p o r t
%
%
e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r f o r suspended load t r a n s p o r t
overall f r i c t i o n
^w
6
0.15)
(= 0. 016 - 0.024)
factor
(-)
C)
bottom s l o p e
dynamic f r i c t i o n
angle
f a l l v e l o c i t y o f bed m a t e r i a l
()
(m/s)
Nielsen^_1988
^ = w c ( a ^ - a)A,
^w,net
s 0^ b
(9.4.4)
i n which:
q
L
^w,net
T
c = 0.005 e
o
r
0'
0 =
^
( 1 - TTA/X)
(m2/s)
(-)
= m o b i l i t y parameter a c c o u n t i n g f o r
r i p p l e shape
(-)
= r i p p l e height
(m)
= r i p p l e length
(m)
-9.42,
0.5 f ^ ( U 5 ) 2
(s-1)g
" m o b i l i t y parameter
- grain-related
(-)
f r i c t i o n factor
( k ^ = 2.5 d^^)
(-)
(-)
Ug^on
= shoreward
extreme v e l o c i t y
(m/s)
Ug^off
= seaward extreme v e l o c i t y
(m/s)
Ug
velocity
(m/s)
Ag
Equation (9.4.4) p r e d i c t s
a net transport
(m/s)
regime.
Hallermeier,_1982
^w,half = ^ 4
^^-^
(9.4.5)
i n which:
= (s-i)g d
) - 2IT/T
" mobility
parameter
= angular frequency
rates
a net transport
l a r g e s t peak v e l o c i t y .
55t2_:_t!2E:il5?!^5i_196
%
.nPh =
_^ d
. ^ ( 0 ' - 0 )0-5
^w,net
= 7
7 w
Wg
dg^O'-G^.
(9.4.6)
-9.43-
i n which:
q
= n e t t r a n s p o r t r a t e over a wave c y c l e
0' = ,1
( s - 1 ) g d^Q
0
= m o b i l i t y parameter
(-)
= c r i t i c a l m o b i l i t y parameters a c c o r d i n g t o
Shields
(-)
= f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. (2.3.20)
w i t h kg = d^Q as g r a i n roughness
(-)
"
w
(m^/s)
= particle f a l l velocity
(m/s)
(m/s)
aS
Sawamoto-Yamashita, 1987
Based on experiments performed i n a wave t u n n e l w i t h sand ( d ^ ^ = 200, 700
and
for
s
i n which:
^
r
0 5^
Uj, = [0.5 f ' J
U = peak bed-shear v e l o c i t y
(m/s)
w
oA
n 1Q
= e x p [ - 6 + 5.2[Ag/dgQ)' ^ ] = g r a i n - r e l a t e d f r i c t i o n f a c t o r
(-)
dgQ = median p a r t i c l e diameter o f bed m a t e r i a l
w
U
A
(m)
= median f a l l v e l o c i t y o f bed m a t e r i a l
(m/s)
(m/s)
Ag
(m)
yan_Rijn^_1988
Van R i j n proposes: t o determine the time-averaged t r a n s p o r t r a t e ( i n m 2 / s )
_
over h a l f t h e wave p e r i o d as q
coefficient.
u
= i^ c U. w i t h a. - c a l i b r a t i o n
w,half
1
a 6
1
-9.44-
A p p l y i n g Eq.
(9.3.38),
\,half
in
T
(9.4.8)
which:
= dimensionless bed-shear s t r e s s parameter, see Eq.
= dimensionless
Ug
(9-3.38)
(9.3.38)
velocity
= c a l i b r a t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t (- 0 . 3 )
9.4.3
(1982),
as given i n s e c t i o n
9.2,3.
Sediment t r a n s p o r t models
= u
= c
+ u
+ c
(9.4.9)
(9.4.10)
the n e t t o t a l time-averaged
h
\
"
h
'^z'^z
dz
(9.4.11)
part
-9.45-
h
=
(9.4.12)
u^c^ dz
o
q^ =
5^ dz
(9.4.13)
'
o
To compute the sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s w i t h i n the wave p e r i o d , the u s u a l
approach i s t o s o l v e the ( s i m p l i f i e d ) c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n e q u a t i o n . Neglect i n g the h o r i z o n t a l convection, the h o r i z o n t a l d i f f u s i o n and the v e r t i c a l
c o n v e c t i o n , t h e s i m p l i f i e d equation reads as:
3t
and
s,m
3C _ 3_ .
9z
9z
s,w
9Ci
3z^
(9.4.14)
vy.t.it;
s o l u t i o n r e q u i r e s s p e c i f i c a t i o n o f the f a l l v e l o c i t y ( W g ) , the sediment d i f f u s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t (e ) and boundary c o n d i t i o n s a t the bed and a t the water
sur
time.
A p p l y i n g Equation
ted.
the sediment
Kesteren,
velo-
1986).
bed
concen-
velo-
(9.3.8).
-9.46-
regime.
-9.47-
9.5
References
F l u i d under Shear
Proc. Royal S o c , V o l . 225A, England
BAILARD, J.A. and INMAN, D.L., 1981
An E n e r g e t i c s Bed Load Model f o r Plane S l o p i n g Beach
J o u r n a l o f Geophysical Research, V o l . 8 6 , No. C 3 , p. 2035-2043
Flow
-9.48-
Velocity
Currents ( i n Dutch)
DELFT HYDRAULICS, Report M1875, D e l f t , The Netherlands
Conference,
Taiwan
V o l . 9 9 , WW4
1985
Flow
No. 6
-9.49-
HALLERMEIER, R.J.,
1982
1962
1982
1335-1352
1964
KALKANIS, G.,
KANA, T.W.,
USA
1979
1972
KOS'YAN, R.D.,
1985
1989
1972
-9.50-
NAKATO, T., LOCHER, F.A., GLOVER, J.R. and KENNEDY, J.F., 1977
Wave Entrainment o f Sediment From Ripples
J o u r n a l o f Waterways, P o r t , Coastal and Ocean D i v . , ASCE, No. WW1
NIELSEN, P.,
1984
On t h e M o t i o n o f Suspended Sand P a r t i c l e s
J o u r n a l o f Geophysical Research, V o l . 8 9 , No. Cl
NIELSEN, P.,
1985
NIELSEN, P.,
1988
-9.51-
-9.52-
Flow
V o l . 104, Wo.
Coastal Transports
1988
-9.53-
VINCENT, G.E.,
1957
p.
326-355
Source
^50
(m)
^^90
(m)
^a ,meas
(kg/m3)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(s)
r
(m)
.077
2.5
.015
21
A
(C)
Nieuwjaar
.0002
.00028
.08
.0075
.51
(Flume)
.0002
.00027
.3
.0075
.5
. 101 2.5
.015
21
.00021
.00032
.6
.009
.5
. 122 2.4
.018
23
.000205
.00031
1 .6
.009
.5
.153
2.4
.018
24
Van R i j n
.00019
.00024
.0164
2.15
1.27
5.5
.001
(Flume)
.00019
.00024
.8
.016
1 .85
.83
.001
.00019
.00024
1.5
.0171
1.17
6.3
.001
.00019
.00024
2.5
.0161
1.1
5.9
.001
.00022
.00028
0.01
2. 1
.5
5.1
.02
.00022
.00028
0.01
2. 1
.4
5.1
.02
.00022
.00028
.8
.015
2. 1
.3
5.1
.03
.00022
.00028
.2
.015
2. 1
.21
5.1
.03
Steetzel
.000208
.000265
1.1
.0122
1.41
1.1
5.4
.01
(Flume)
.000208
.000265
.0139
1.13
1.1
5.4
.01
.000208
.000265
1.3
.01066
1.4
.86
5.4
.01
.000208
.000265
.0113
.78
.65
5.4
.01
.000208
.000265
5.5
.0122
.82
.76
5.4
.01
Roelvink
.000215
.00027
1.7
.01
2.72
.67
5.1
.02
(Flume)
.00022
.000285
.0137
.93
.65
5.1
.01
Van R i j n
.00024
.0004
.65
.025
1.89
.7
.02
17
(Surfzone)
.00024
.0004
.5
.025
1.72
.65
.02
17
.00024
.0004
.3
.025
1.09
.4
.02
17
.00021
.00035
.7
.025
1.98
.75
.02
17
.00021
.00035
1.3
.025
1.7
.75
.02
17
.00021
.00035
.025
1.12
.5
.02
17
.00023
.0004
1.4
.025
1.28
.5
.02
17
.00025
.0004
.6
.025
1.55
.6
.02
17
.00023
.0004
2.5
.025
.5
.02
17
.00023
.0004
1.5
.025
.9
.35
.02
17
.00023
.0004
. 15
.025
1.2
.3
.02
17
Table 9.1.1
Measured r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
Source
^^50
(m)
^^90
(m)
a,maes
(kg/m3)
(m)
(m)
"s
(m)
A
(s)
r
(m)
Te
(C)
Bosman
.000105
.00015
20
.0075
.4
.27
2.2
.015
20
(Flume)
.000105
.00015
12
.0075
.6
.234
.015
20
.000105
.00015
.0075
.6
. 154 1.8
.015
20
.000105
.00015
20
.0075
.5
.241
.015
20
.000105
.00015
.0075
.4
.114
1.8
.015
20
.000105
.00015
10
.0075
.4
.135
.015
20
.000105
.00015
17
.0075
.4
. 191
.015
20
.000105
.00015
35
.0075
.5
.223
.015
20
.000105
.00015
.0075
.5
.136
1.8
.015
20
.000105
.00015
22
.0075
.6
.256
.015
20
.000105
.00015
.0075
.6
.153
1.9
.015
20
.000105
.00015
25
.0075
.5
.248
2.1
.015
20
.000105
.00015
14
.0075
.4
.15
1.9
.015
20
Source
^50
(m)
^90
(m)
a,maes
(kg/m3)
a
(m)
b,w
(m/s)
T
P
(s)
A
r
(m)
Te
(C)
Van der
.00036
.000725
.01
0.3
,02
16
Velden
.00036
.000725
.014
0.4
,028
16
(wave
.00036
.000725
11
.0175
0.5
.035
16
tunnel)
.00036
.000725
.025
0.3
.05
16
.00036
.000725
1.5
.03
0.4
.06
16
.00036
.000725
2.6
.03
0.45
,06
16
.00036
.000725
.2
.04
0.3
,08
16
.00022
.00024
.0075
0.3
,015
16
,00022
.00024
10
.008
0.4
,016
16
.00022
.00024
15
.0115
0.5
,023
16
,00022
,00024
1.3
.0115
0.2
,023
16
.00022
.00024
1.5
.014
0.3
,028
16
.00022
,00024
4,5
.015
0,4
.03
16
.00022
,00024
1,1
.0175
0,3
.035
16
Table 9.1.1
Measured r e f e r e n c e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
wave propagation
<-
wove propagation
<-
wove propagation
individual
waves
wove packet
envelope
.^COASTAL
L C N r r H OC R R O O I N O I O t T C S N E U T I V I
MUNITUOl (FTHC
CUMIINT
CURRENT
i flip HEAD-*;
<
i 'S
Uw
fc
p , . , ^ ^ y . j . i u i . i . i . L . . .
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 9.1.1
-0.3
0.05
x(t)
(m)
y^^'^'^^^^^
0.055 m
0.00
0.05
60
crest
0.01 m J
trough
*
standard
deviation
(crest)
C(0)
(kg.m-3)
0.
0.0
0.1
02
03
0.4
0.5
06
0.7
OB
09
L.
1D = T
0(s)
ENSEMBLE
OF
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.
9.2.1
CONCENTRATION
VELOCITY
SAND TRANSPORT
INSTANTANEOUS CONCENTRATIONS, V E L O C I T I E S
AND SAND T R A N S P O R T R A T E S IN S H E E T
F L O W R E G I M E (HORIKAWA E T A L . 1 9 8 2 )
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 9.2 2
Hs (m)
Ar (m)
0.075
0.015
0.1
0.015
0.12
0.018
0.15
0.018
h
= 0.5 m
Tp
2.2 s
10-
6 810"^
4
>
6 810"^ 2
4 6 8io
concentration (kg/m^)
SiQi
10
3 4 5 6 78 1 0 '
>
3 4 5 678io
3 4 5 67810'
TIME-AVERAGED
SEDIMENT
CONCENTRATIONS
IN N O N - B R E A K I N G WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9.2.3
E
+->
iZ
CT)
sz
0.05
h
2 m
Tp
5 s
0.04
0,03
dso = 210 j l m
0.02
Q.
L 0.01
0
O
JL
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
450
500
10
cn
c
O
-t-J
O
t_
c
u
c
O
+-'
10^
TJ
O
cn
O
CS
>
O
t_
10'
10"'
50
100
150
>
200
250
300
350
400
T I M E - A V E R A G E D SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS
IN
N O N - B R E A K I N G AND
DELFT
BREAKING W A V E S
HYDRAULICS
H 461
1 FIG.
9.2.4
1.0
Hs (m) Ar (m)
0.075 0.0104 1
O
0.10
0.009
/ h
V
0.15
0.0075 / (
m
0.18
0.007 3
o
0.20
Bosnnon
0.23
(1982)
w a t e r depth, h = 0.5 m
bed material, dso =100 |lm
peak period, Tp =2.0s
@
0.9
D.8
N
rf
n 0.7
O
JD
O
( o c c .
s p i l l i n g )
( o c c .
s p i l l i n g )
0.6
x:
I/)
(/)
c
O
'(/)
c
2
5
10-^ 2
5
10 2
5
10' 2
5
IQ^
A. CONCENTRATIONS IN NON-BREAKING WAVES IN A FLUME WITH A RIPPLED BED
1.0
10-2
= 0.3 m
Tp
=2 s
0.8
Hs=C).152 nn
(
!)\
.Q
5 p i l l i n c
>
O 0.6
n
0.4
H s = 0.173 m
(plun(3ing)
h Is =0.12 m V
(non - break ng)
\ V''
unginc
(Bosman,
1982)
0.2
0
10-
l l l l
l l l l
l l l l
1 I I
10-
10^
10^
10'
-> concentration (kg/m^)
IB. CONCENTRATIONS IN NON-BREAKING AND BREAKING WAVES IN A FLUME WITH A RIPPLED BED
T I M E - A V E R A G E D SEDIMENT
CONCENTRATIONS
IN NON - B R E A K I N G AND B R E A K I N G
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
WAVES
H
461
FIG. 9.2.5
1.0
<H
r-
-O
H
\
\ p l i jnginc 1 w a v e j
spillir ig w c ves /
JD
C9
JD
05
1
l
0,2
IQ
-<)
10-'
1
1
[Lm
O\
1
0,4
= 0.6-1.8 m
dso = 2 0 0
\
\
\
\
\
2
>
l l l l
5
10 2
concentration
l l l l
5
10'
(kg/m^)
l l l l
10=
(KANA, 1979)
1.0
x:
= 0.9 m
TJ 0.8 Tp
= 5.2 s
JD
Q65 m
V P ungin
-ls = 0,7^3 nn
plungin g)
0.6
D
5
H 5
d s o = 2 1 0 [lm
Hs = OE)6 m \
(spilling/plun ging)
0.4
r 175 nn
Tp
z6 s
d s o = 2 6 0 |lnn
X h s =0.-7 m
(spilli ng)
(spilli n g ) \
Hs = Q 6
02
l l l l
10
-2
10-'
l l l l
2
5
10"
concentration (kg/m^)
FLUME
l l l l
loMO-'
l l l l
5
10
10concentration (kg/m^)
C. CONCENTRATIONS IN SPILLING
BREAKING WAVES IN SURF
(STEETZEL, 1987)
TIME - AVERAGED
IN
BREAKING
SEDIMENT
CONCENTRATIONS
WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.
9.2.6
=190|J,m
=1.08 m/s
(mm)
25
f)
<J
<,T
= 2.6s
7 T
= 2.0s
0.167
c
a
c
7 0 "
'
'
10
- >
WITH
OSCILLATORY
BED
'I
'
100
IN
J_LJ_
->
WAVE
B.
OVER
(HORIKAWA
ET
CONCENTRATIONS
SINUSOIDAL
FLAT
BED
26
15^
' M l
SINUSOIDAL
FLOW
C(kg/m3)
26.5
2.65
(-)
CN
CONCENTRATIONS
TUNNEL
->
i . C(kg/m3)
16.7
1.67
'
=1.68 m/s
T=6.8s
= I.J m/s
T=9.1 s
d5o= 2 0 0 \im
FLAT
= 3.4 s
70
A.
= 4.2s
o T
O
9
7
- H
C (m^/m^)
IN
WAVE
OSCILLATORY
(STAUB
ET
TUNNEL
FLOW
AL.
WITH
OVER
1984)
AL,
1982)
0.10
D
CS
n
%
o
n
a08
0.06
^'0.04
JZ
0,02
-10-2
10-'
2
>
C.
CONCENTRATIONS
(JONSWAP
IN
SPECTRUM
WAVE
5
10
2
concentration
TUNNEL
OVER
FLAT
WITH
BED,
5
10'
(kg/m^)
IRREGULAR
RIBBERINK,
OSCILLATORY
l o ^
FLOW
1989)
T I M E - A V E R A G E D SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS
IN T H E S H E E T F L O W R E G I M E
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9.2.7
1.0
h =0.3
0.9
T =2.5
10'
4 5 6
7 8
10-^
10
5 6 7 8
10"'
VERTICAL
H = 0.136 m
4 5
6 7 8
sand
6 7 8
10"
c/ca
6 7 8 i o - i
concentration,
4 5
io"'
sand c o n c e n t r a t i o n ,
A 5 6 7 8 10
c Ica
DISTRIBUTION O F CONCENTRATION
461
FIG. 9.3.1
1.0
0.9
X
<
>g<
'
/dso.bed
1+0.011(^3-1)(T-25)
0.8
XJ 0.7
O)
Xl
0.6
(0
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
O
0
10
bed-shear
computed
measured
surfzone
measured
Deltoflume
SIZE
OF
20
T
Groote
Keeten
dso
( V a n R i j n , 1 9 8 7 ) d^o^
SUSPENDED
2 5 0 / . i m , CTg
2 1 0 yum,
HYDRAULICS
c 1.6
SEDIMENT
DELFT
25
1.8
PARTICLE
15
stress parameter,
461
FIG.
9,3.2
1.0
N
Ca = 2 5 0 0 5 0 0 0
u
\\
\\
\\
\\
\V
\\
\i
\\
\\
\\
\\
\ V
V
\\
\\
\\
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
\\
\\
\\
v\\
\\
\\
0.2
.\
\ \
\ ^
1
t i l t
->
INFLUENCE
=1.0
=0.7
T
=5
dso, bod =100
prn
Ws
= 0.01
m/s
5s
= 0.06
m
s
0,4
l
\
\
\
\
O 0.6
n
O
t
10.000 mg/-?
\ \
\ \
\ \
\ \
l i l t
- - l ~ T - -
concentration
computed
using
Ws,m=Ws
computed
using
Ws,m=(1-c)^Ws
O F HINDERED S E T T L I N G
1 1
l l l l
Ub,W
1,02
m/s
v5
(mg/'i)
EFFECT
ON C O N C E N T R A T I O N P R O F I L E
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9.3.3
measured
= 0.3
H o m m a and H o r i k a w a , 1962
Hs
= 0.12
Bijker,
Tp
= 1,9
1967
Lundgren,
1972
d s o = 105
|im
Swart,
1976
Ws
= 0.005
m/s
Nielsen,
1979
Ca
= 9500
mg/1
Dally,
1980
Skafel
Kos'yan,
and Krishnoppon,
1984
1985
V E R T I C A L DISTRIBUTION O F S E D I M E N T MIXING
COEFFICIENT
AND
DELFT
CONCENTRATION
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9.3.4
1.0
smoothed
Hs/h
Hs
h
Tz
profile
\\
>
o
n
o
\
\
= 0.12
E q u o t ion. (9.3.
= 0.30
= 1.6
22)|
measured
computed
E s, w
0 6
1
^
0.4
m
0 2
^
1
0
10'
->
IO'' O
10'
c o n c e n t r a t i o n (mg/-)
1\^
10'
0 8
21
= 0.4
>^
>
5s
>
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
t-s.W
(mm^/s)
1.0
1.0
smoothed
profile Hs/h = Q 5
Hs
h
Tz
=0.21
=1.65
0 8
Eq u o t i o n (9 ,3.22)
= 0.106 m
n
0,8
computed
measured
E s, w
0.6
0 6
O 0.4
0 4
x:
i
O2
Q2
0
10'
10"
-> concentration (mg/f)
10
WAVE - R E L A T E D
FOR
SEDIMENT
1
1
5s
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.(
> Es.w (mm^/s)
2O
MIXING
NON-BREAKING WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9.3.5
4
>
computed,
es,w,bed
5 6
8 10-2
(m^/s)
M E A S U R E D AND C O M P U T E D MIXING C O E F F I C I E N T S
OF
THE N E A R - B E D
DELFT
MIXING
LAYER
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9.3.6
0.27
4 5
measured
5 6 7 8 9 1 0 ^
p- c o n c e n t r a t i o n
2
(mg/1)
- > concentration
(mg/i)
678
MEASURED
AND
CALIBRATION
OF
COMPUTED
CONCENTRATIONS,
m-COEFFICIENT
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
(Bosman,1 982)
4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 ^ ^
c*
>
o
JD
a
Ts = 2
CQ = 1 5 0 0 0 m g / 1
Ws = 0 . 0 0 5
m/s
\
\
\
'\
= 05
Hs = 0 . 2 2 5
\
\
CD
c o m p u t e d 1/2 ttb
c o m p u t e d ttb
computed 2 a t
\
\
\
\
\
r>
\
\
\
^^^^
A.
10'
I ' l l
'
10'
I l l l l
'
'
10^
1.0
0 8
d"
'
io"
computed
computed
computed
\\ 1
\\ \
\\ \
\
\\ \
l l l l
'
INFLUENCE
OF
ab
I I 1
10"
s = 0.03 m
s = 0.06 m
s = 0 . 0 9 m
06
JD
cn
Sa 0 4
JZ
\'
V ^\
02
=
'
l l l l
10'
'
l l l l
10'
'
computed
computed
computed
\
\
\
\
OF
l l l l
INFLUENCE
5s
10am= 0 . 0 5 0
am=0.035
am=0.020
1
1
\
\
\
\
JD
l l l l
10^
\
\
\
\
1 1
B.
10'
1,0
O
n
o
0.6
\
\
0.4
\
\
\
v\
02
I t l l
10'
10'
2
>
l l l l
5
10^ 2
concentration
C.
1
l l l l
5
10"
(kg/m^)
INFLUENCE
OF
l l l l
am
10=
I N F L U E N C E O F S E D I M E N T MIXING AND
F A L L V E L O C I T Y ON C O N C E N T R A T I O N
P R O F I L E (NON-BREAKING WAVES)
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9.3.8
BREAKING WAVES
1.0
1.0
N
08
smoothed
profile
@ \
\
= 0.30
Tz
= 1.7
>
o
O
OB
measured C
computed
i
E s,w
tt
06
\@
0.4
0.4
@
i\
0.2
0 2
f
0 1
10^ 0
0
10"^
->
10^
BREAKING
10'
c o n c e n t r a t i o n (mg/-*)
OB
n
4
3
Hs/h = 0 . 6 3
Hs
= Ol 9
= 0.30
Tz
= 1.8
>
O
n 0.6
o
08
computed
E s.w
0.6
04
0.2
\
0
0
10^
1.6
1
E quation (9.3.22)
measured
02
OB
1.2
Es.w ( m m ^ / s )
0.4
>
1.0
IT
N
0.4
WAVES
1.0
<-'
x:
gi
1
1
E q j o t i o n (55.3.22)
Hs/h = 0 . 5 7 m
Hs
= 0.171 m
10"
10'
concentration (mg/f)
W A V E - R E L A T E D S E D I M E N T MIXING
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
10 8
A
5s
V
1.6
2.4
3.2
> Es,w (mm^/s)
4.0
COEFFICIENT
461
FIG. 9.3.9
MEASURED
BREAKING
AND
COMPUTED
WAVES,
CONCENTRATIONS
IN
CALIBRATION abr-COEFFICIENT
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.9.3.10
10
9
8
7
6
-O
<u
A Nieuwjaar
(1987)
dso
200 / i m ,
wave
flume
(1988)
dso
100 / i m , wave
flume
(1982)
dso
105
flume
dso
190-220
/ i m , l a r g e wave
dso
210-250
Nap
Bosman
O Van Rijn
A Kroon-Van
(1987)
Rijn ( 1 9 8 8 )
/ i m , wave
V Steetzel
(1987)
dso
210 / i m , l a r g e wave
(1986)
dso
2 2 0 - 3 6 0 / i m , wave
flume
Keeten
0)
L.
D
in
Q.
0)
O
O
d o"
O O
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
2.5
7.5
5.0
bed-shear
MEASURED
AND
COMPUTED
stress,
15.0
12.5
10.0
r^^^
17.5
(N/m'
REFERENCE
CONCENTRATIONS
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9 . 3 . 1 1
0.8
0.7
Hg = 0.075 m
Hg = 0.090 m
Tp = 2.3
= 0.5
Z.5
1p =
= 0.5
m
s
0,6
.0.5
0,4
0.3
0.2
0,1
O '
,-3
10
,,-1
,-2
10'
10
^
,-2
10
10^0 ^
10
(kg/m^)
10"'
->
10^
10'
C (kg/m^)
0.8
0.7
Hg
= 0.120 m
Hg
= 0.150
= 0.5
= 0.5
Tp = 2.4
Tp = 2,4
m
m
s
0.6
0.5
N
A 0.4
0.3
0.2
#
0.1
O
10
10
10 '
C
m e a s u r e d N i e u w j a a r V a n der K a a i j
MEASURED
AND
DELFT
10"'
10"
>
461
10'
(kg/m^)
(1987)
(1985)
COMPUTED
METHOD
10"^
(kg/m^)
c o m p u t e d Nielsen
PROFILES,
10^10-^
10"
CONCENTRATION
OF NIELSEN
HYDRAULICS
(1985)
FIG. 9 . 3 . 1 2
0.40
0.32
.0.24
0.16
0.08
>
concentration
(mg/1)
0.40
measured, (Bosman,
1982)
computed
1988)
(Van Rijn,
0.32
Hg
=0.192 m
Wg =0.007 m / s
ks.w=0.03 m
-0.24
CT)
0.16
0.08
>
MEASURED
PROFILES,
AND
COMPUTED
METHOD
DELFT
VAN
concentration
(mg/l)
CONCENTRATION
RIJN,
1988
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9 . 3 . 1 3
0.50(
measured (Bosman, 1982)
computed
( V o n Rijn, 1 9 8 8 )
0.40
.0.30
Hg
= 0.278m
Tp
=2.1
Wg
ks^^=0.03
g' = 0 . 0 3
=0.01
Ar
=0.007m/s
0.20
0.10
2
3
- > concentration
8-]o2
4
5
(mg/l)
7 8 8 1 o'^
6 7 8 8io"
0.75
6 7 8 8-10^
2
> c o n c e n t r a t i o n
MEASURED
PROFILES,
AND
COMPUTED
METHOD
DELFT
VAN
3
(mg/l)
CONCENTRATION
RIJN,
1988
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.
9.3.14
0.75
4 5 6 78io'
4 5 6
78
concentration
(mg/l)
0.40
measured
(Bosman,
computed
(Van
Rijn,
1982)
1988)
0.32
0.235m
.0.24
s:
Wg
k3^^=0.03
_CT1
'm
JZ
A
0.16
0.08
10
MEASURED
PROFILES,
=0.007 m/s
AND
7 8 9IQ3
2
p- c o n c e n t r a t i o n
3
(mg/l)
COMPUTED CONCENTRATION
METHOD VAN
RIJN,
1988
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
2.00
1.60
,1.20
Ol
SI
0.80
0.40
0
2
3
4 5 6 7 8
concentration ( m g / l )
2.00
1.60
.1.20
0.80
0.40
10"
MEASURED
PROFILES,
4 5 678io^
AND
COMPUTED
METHOD
DELFT
VAN
j2
2
3 4 5 678-] Q3
4 5 678-10^ concentration ( m g / l )
4 5 67
CONCENTRATION
RIJN,
1988
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9 , 3 . 1 6
2.00
1.60
.1.20
sz
0.80
0.40
7-10-2 2 3 45 7 i o - i 2 3 45 7 i o
2 3 45 710^ 2 3 45 7^0^
> concentration ( m g / l )
2 3 45 7^0^
2 3 45 7^0^
2.75
2.20
.1.65
'(I)
x:
1.10
0.55
> concentration
MEASURED
PROFILES,
AND
COMPUTED
METHOD
DELFT
VAN
(mg/l)
CONCENTRATION
RIJN,
1988
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 9 . 3 . 1 7
10'
/o
/O
10
*
4 4
/' ,
(PjB^ O
LEGEND
Kalkanis
(1964)
d = L 6 8 mm
Sand
' d =2.18 mm
3 = 2.6 3
. d = 2 . 8 2 mm
<M in
A b o u - S e i d o (19651
d =2.61 m m '
. d ' 1.21 mm
Sand
i> d = 0 . 3 0 m m
S=265
d-O.I45mmJ
^ d =0. 7 0 m m
Gloss
I
8 = 2.23
I I I Iniil
I I
III,
/
/ +
xX
0
+ /
10-^
8
6
9'
A. M A D S E N - G R A N T
x
xX
I- '
10' )
:
^
(1976)
X
0
10"' 8:
6
10"
10
I I I f I
"
SI
a a
S2
C2
S3
C3
+
0
-
6 8io^
4 6 8io^
71
I'
B. H A L L E R M E I E R (1982)
Asynmetrlc o s c i l l a t i o n s
O
in
10^
TD
K P | = 7 ( i f / - f / c ) i f /
+1
u
c
icr
10"
10-2
I I I
I/I I
10-1
10
I I I
^ ,
,0
C. S A T O - H O R I K A W A ( 1 9 8 6 )
SEDIMENT
FOR
TRANSPORT F O R M U L A E
WAVES A L O N E
D E L F T HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 9.4.1
-10.1-
10.
BED
10.1
CURRENTS
Introduction
I n Chapter 9 i t has been shown t h a t wave motion can generate sediment suspensions w i t h large concentrations
the v e r t i c a l m i x i n g
w i l l be i n t e n s i f i e d y i e l d i n g l a r g e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
l a y e r s . The
to
i n the upper
wave a c t i o n and
due
stirring
The
section
9.1).
B i j k e r (1967, 1971)
was
presented a d e t a i l e d method
Another formula-type
approach was
proposed by Grant
and
Madsen (1976). L a t e r more complicated mathematical models based on i n s t a n t a neous v a r i a b l e s have been developed by Freds5e e t a l ( 1985)
waves and
by Deigaard et a l (1986) f o r b r e a k i n g
f o r non-breaking
The
a n a l y s i s o f measured c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
computation o f
computation o f t r a n s p o r t r a t e s i n b r e a k i n g
10.2
10.2.1
and
transport rates,
concentrations,
A n a l y s i s o f measured c o n c e n t r a t i o n
Time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
Time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
waves.
p r o f i l e s and
transport rates
profiles
c u r r e n t - d o m i n a t e d t r a n s p o r t processes (see s e c t i o n
9.1).
the
-10.2-
Experimental
by v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s
Field
1.
(1987).
Concentrations
i n non-breaking
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s measured by
Nieuwjaar-Van der K a a i j , 1987 f o r a water depth o f 0.5 m and 200 ymsediment and by Map-Van Kampen, 1988 f o r a s i m i l a r water depth and 100
ym-sediment.
I r r e g u l a r waves were generated.
with
ripples.
The f o l l o w i n g phenomena can be observed:
e
i n f l u e n c e o f c u r r e n t d i r e c t i o n ( f o l l o w i n g o r opposing) on c o n c e n t r a t i o n
p r o f i l e i s r e l a t i v e l y small,
waves.
F i g u r e 10.2.5 shows c o n c e n t r a t i o n s measured by Van Vessem (see Van R i j n ,
1987) a t an i n t e r t i d a l f l a t i n the Eastern Scheldt e s t u a r y . The Netherl a n d s . The bed m a t e r i a l had a median p a r t i c l e s i z e o f about 150 ym. The
bed was covered
small,
values
for
i n i t i a t i o n o f suspension.
mixing
-10.3-
C o n c e n t r a t i o n s _ i n _ s u r f _ z o n e _ w i t h b r e a k i n g waves and l o n g s h o r e _ c u r r e n t s
Time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e s u r f zone (USA) w i t h b r e a k i n g
waves
b r e a k i n g occurs (H /h ^ 0 . 7 ) . The v e r t i c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t s a r e
s
l a r g e s t i n s t a t i o n 7 J u s t seaward o f t h e longshore
k i n g i s l e s s i n t e n s i v e . The c o n c e n t r a t i o n g r a d i e n t s a r e s m a l l e s t
(which
s t a t i o n 3 where s t r o n g wave-related
m i x i n g i s i m p o r t a n t ( l o n g s h o r e bar
The measure-
c u r r e n t v e l o c i t i e s were r e l a t i v e l y
i n a l a b o r a t o r y s e t t l i n g tube
yielding
(see a l s o s e c t i o n 9 . 3 . 3 ) .
d i r e c t i o n w i t h o n d u l a t i o n s o f 0.01 t o
-10.4-
m (see s e c t i o n
7.3).
near-bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e v e r t i c a l mixing due
mixing
to
0.7,
to wave-related and
current-related
t o 2 kg/m3 f o r r e l a t i v e wave
area,
w i t h a h e i g h t i n the o r d e r of
to
0.01
waves
0.4).
(0.1 t o 2
bed
r i p p l e s and
stirring
the associated
mechanisms y i e l d i n g l a r g e near-bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
(1 t o 10 kg/m3) a t r e l a -
10.2.2
Sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
I n Section
waves and
9.1
i t has
c u r r e n t s can be d i v i d e d i n t o
a:
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d sediment t r a n s p o r t r a t e (q^. ^ ) ,
The
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d sediment t r a n s p o r t i s d e f i n e d as the t r a n s p o r t o f p a r t i c l e s
by the wave
t i c l e s by the o s c i l l a t i n g f l u i d motions ( o r b i t a l
velocities).
Q u a n t i t a t i v e i n f o r m a t i o n o f measured c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d and
wave-related t r a n s p o r t
by Nap-Van Kampen
Current-related
Figure
opposing c u r r e n t s .
transport rates
200
the depth-averaged
-10.5-
information o f the
no s i g n i f i c a n t i n f l u e n c e o f the c u r r e n t d i r e c t i o n ( f o l l o w i n g or opposing)
on t h e t r a n s p o r t r a t e ,
r e l a t i v e l y large
c
(q,
K H ) at a
u
c
s
r e l a t i v e l y small
2
(q,
H ) at a
increase
o f the t r a n s p o r t r a t e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t
weak c u r r e n t ( u
0.1 m/s),
increase
s t r o n g c u r r e n t ( = 0.4 m/s),
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e increase
o f the t r a n s p o r t r a t e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g
-4 5
u
) a t low waves (H /h ^ 0.15),
averaged v e l o c i t y (q
u
o f the t r a n s p o r t r a t e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g wave h e i g h t
r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l increase
averaged v e l o c i t y (q
o f the t r a n s p o r t r a t e w i t h i n c r e a s i n g
increase
depth-
depth-
o f the t r a n s p o r t r a t e s i n case o f
l a y e r ( c > 5 kg/m3) i s
Wave-related t r a n s p o r t r a t e
V a r i o u s r e s e a r c h e r s have observed t h a t the wave-related t r a n s p o r t can be
directed against
time.
-10.6-
profiles
current-
results
are:
t h e t o t a l t r a n s p o r t (q^.) i s smaller
(qj.
transport
t r a n s p o r t (q^. ^ ) i s d i r e c t e d a g a i n s t
than the c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d
, C
0.4 f o r U ^ ^ 2.5
t h e w a v e - r e l a t e d t r a n s p o r t seems t o be n e g l i g i b l e small
i n case o f an
opposing c u r r e n t .
The
underlying
mechanism o f wave-related t r a n s p o r t a g a i n s t
t h e wave d i r e c t i o n
10.2.8).
sand
passes
t h e wave p r o p a g a t i o n d i r e c -
t h i s process. S i m u l t a n e -
trough
passes. During t h i s phase o f t h e wave c y c l e the near-bed v e l o c i t i e s a r e r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l and thus t h e eddy v e l o c i t i e s and t h e corresponding sand concent r a t i o n i n t h e eddy a r e a l s o r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l . Thus, near t h e bed t h e r e i s a
process o f r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
v e l o c i t i e s against
centrations
transported
by r e l a t i v e l y
transported
1988).
con-
i n t h e wave d i r e c t i o n by r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e v e l o c i t i e s .
Q u a n t i t a t i v e e s t i m a t e s o f both processes i n d i c a t e a n e t w a v e - r e l a t e d
against
small
transport
-10.7-
Assuming t h a t a systematic
e r r o r o f t h e order o f 30% i s h a r d l y s i g n i f i c a n t i n
sediment t r a n s p o r t p r e d i c t i o n s , i t i s h e r e i n proposed t o n e g l e c t
r e l a t e d t r a n s p o r t r a t e (which
t h e wave-
i s d i f f i c u l t t o p r e d i c t because r e l i a b l e f o r m u l a e
t o the cur-
Computation o f time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
10.3.1
profiles
Introduction
p r o f i l e s are a v a i -
1971) i s based on t h e t i m e -
profiles for
1.
c o e f f i c i e n t s given
10.3.2
convection-diffusion
Computation methods
M e t h o d _ o f _ B i j k e r ( 1 9 6 7 , 1971)
The c o n c e n t r a t i o n
p r o f i l e i s described as:
breaking
-10.8-
^ 'b,cw
i n which:
c
= time-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(kg/m^)
c^
= time-averaged reference
= k g = reference
kg
= e f f e c t i v e bed roughness h e i g h t
(m)
= water depth
(m)
concentration
a t z=a
(kg/m^)
l e v e l o r t h i c k n e s s o f bed load l a y e r
(m)
T,
= T,
+ T,
= bed-shear s t r e s s
b,cw
b,cw
b,c
1
"^2
(M/m^)
"^b w
~ 1^ ^ "^w^^-^
- 1
T,
b, c
- 2
= P f V = c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear s t r e s s
o
c r
= 18 l o g ( 1 2 h / k g ) = O v e r a l l Chzy-coefficient
(uP'^/s)
C'
= 18 log(12h/dgQ) = Chzy-coefficient r e l a t e d t o g r a i n s
(m*^"^/s)
fg
= (8g)/C^ = c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d f r i c t i o n f a c t o r
(-)
f^^
(-)
= w / ( k u
S
Wg
K
(N/m2)
(N/m^)
(-)
) - suspension parameter
* , C W
(-)
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y o f suspended sediment
= Von Karman constant (= 0.4)
rlO '5
- ['^^ cw^*^' ' ~ t i ^ ' ^ " ^ ^ ^ ^ ' " v e l o c i t y
Ujj
p
p
's
= f l u i d density
= sediment d e n s i t y
= empirical c o e f f i c i e n t
d^Q
- median p a r t i c l e s i z e o f bed m a t e r i a l
= peak o r b i t a l excursion
(m/s)
(m/s)
(kg/m^)
(kg/m3)
5)
(m)
Hj^^^g)
(m)
U.
(m/s)
Vpj
= depth-averaged value o f c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y v e c t o r
(m/s)
Method_of_Freds(Zie e t a l (1985)
The
computation o f the c o n c e n t r a t i o n
given
i n Section
(under an angle if)) the instantaneous v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i s assumed t o cons i s t o f two p a r t s : 1. a steady component U due t o t h e mean c u r r e n t and 2.
an unsteady component U^^ due t o the wave motion. The unsteady component i s
r e p r e s e n t e d by p o t e n t i a l f l o w theory o u t s i d e the wave boundary l a y e r and
by a l o g a r i t h m i c v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e i n s i d e the wave boundary l a y e r . The
-10.9-
i s taken
c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e i s computed by numerical
integration
applying
the c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n equation.
Method_of Van
The
Rijn
integration
of
concentration:
(10.3.3)
e
s,cw
d
a - 0-0^5 P 3 ^
in
1.5
V 3
(10.3.4)
which:
"s m
(kg/m3)
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y o f suspended sediment
in fluid-sediment mixture
(m/s)
= p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y o f suspended sediment i n c l e a r water (m/s)
2
2
lO 5
E
= e
+ e
* = sediment mixing c o e f f i c i e n t i n combined
s,cw^s,c
s,w^
c u r r e n t s and waves
(m^/s)
p
sediment d e n s i t y
(== 2650 kg/m3)
s
w
= reference
dgQ
(m)
- bed-shear s t r e s s parameter
(-)
D^f
= p a r t i c l e parameter
(-)
The
level
energy and
= e
+ e
.
s, C W
s, c
s, w
The r e f e r e n c e l e v e l i s assumed t o be equal t o a = 0.5
i n case o f a r i p p l e d bed (A = r i p p l e h e i g h t ) or a = 6 i n case o f a plane sheet f l o w bed
V
w
( 6 ^ = wave boundary l a y e r t h i c k n e s s , see Eq. ( 2 . 3 . 8 ) ) .
The
v a r i a b l e s are s p e c i f i e d i n d e t a i l i n S e c t i o n
10.4.2.
-10.10-
10.3.3
Non-breaking waves
NieuwJaar-Van der K a a i j (1987) and Nap-Van Kampen (1988) have compared comput e d c o n c e n t r a t i o n p r o f i l e s according
t o the B i j k e r model w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n
The
( f o l l o w i n g and opposing
i n case o f a
coeffi-
w i t h r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e waves
concentration
c o n d i t i o n s , which c o n s i s t e d o f
distance
i s n o t l a r g e enough t o generate
fully
i n the
-10.11-
Figure
l o c a t i o n on an i n t e r t i d a l f l a t (Oosterschelde, The N e t h e r l a n d s ) .
concentrations
The sand
can be observed.
Break:ing_waves
Figure
concentrations.
by an o p t i c a l
instrument
based on an assumed . f a l l v e l o c i t y o f 0 . 0 1 1
m/s
f a c t o r 2 to 3 too large.
10.4
10.4.1
Introduction
i n this section.
large
against
10.4.2
1.
Computation methods
Method_of_Bijker (1967,
1971)
into
t o the c u r r e n t d i r e c -
-10.12-
Based on t h e concept o f E i n s t e i n
(1950), Bijker
proposed:
- 1-83 q b , c t l 2 ^ ^1 ^ " ( 3 3 h / k ^ ) ]
%,c
(10.4.1)
- 0 . 2 7 ( p -p)g d
. = b u ^ d^^ exp[
22]
5b,c = b ",c % 0
b,cw
(10.4.2)
i n which:
q
(m^/s)
q,
= time-averaged bed-load t r a n s p o r t
(m^/s)
= i n t e g r a l of Einstein
a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. ( 8 . 3 . 2 0 )
I2
= i n t e g r a l of Einstein
a c c o r d i n g t o Eq. ( 8 . 3 . 2 1 )
= coefficient
(= 5 )
The o t h e r v a r i a b l e s are s p e c i f i e d
10.3.2).
(1976)
Grant and Madsen consider t h a t t h e wave and c u r r e n t motions near t h e bed
cannot be t r e a t e d
separately.
The i n s t a n t a n e o u s t o t a l t r a n s p o r t
= ^ 0 "s % 0
% , t
# [
(^'^^3)
i n which:
Wg
= particle f a l l
velocity
s i n ( a ) t ) = near-bed o r b i t a l
velocity
= near-bed c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y
0
f,,
w
()>
0.5
= ^g
f u2
^
= friction
= particle mobility
parameter
factor
-10.13-
direc-
the wave-
related contributions.
Bagnold-Bailard (1981)
The
instantaneous bed
load and
as:
q, . /
^b
[U^ -
(p^-p)g bany ^
q
.
^s
(P3-p)g
(10.4.11)
[|u3|u - ^
^
Wg
tang
(10.4.5)
|U|5]
I J
i n which:
%
^s
% 6 Y "s fw
i n s t a n t a n e o u s bed-load t r a n s p o r t r a t e
(m2/s)
i n s t a n t a n e o u s suspended-load t r a n s p o r t r a t e
(m2/s)
f r i c t i o n factor
e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r f o r bed
l o a d t r a n s p o r t (= 0 . 1 1 - 0 . 1 5 )
e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r f o r suspended load
t r a n s p o r t (= 0 . 0 1 6 - 0 . 0 2 4 )
l o c a l bottom "slope
()
dynamic f r i c t i o n
()
angle
particle f a l l velocity
f u + u + 2U u cos<J)l
= instantaneous near-bed v e l o c i t y v e c t o r
i w
c
w c
sin()t) = near-bed o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
"w = 0
near-bed c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y
^c
angle between c u r r e n t d i r e c t i o n and wave propajg a t i o n d i r e c t i o n .
4U
O r i g i n a l l y , the formulae o f Bagnold were developed f o r steady u n i d i r e c t i onal f l o w . B a l l a r d a p p l i e d these formulae t o o s c i l l a t o r y f l o w i n combinat i o n w i t h a steady c u r r e n t over a plane s l o p i n g bottom.
Averaging over the wave p e r i o d , the t o t a l t r a n s p o r t r a t e and
obtained
d i r e c t i o n are
the c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d c o n t r i b u t i o n s ) .
and
and
questionable.
the
-10.14-
The i n s t a n t a n e o u s t r a n s p o r t r a t e i s computed as the sum o f t h e i n s t a n t a n e ous bed load t r a n s p o r t (qj^) and the instantaneous suspended load
transport
(Qg), as f o l l o w s :
h
a
i n which:
= i n s t a n t a n e o u s bed load t r a n s p o r t by a formula
qg = i n s t a n t a n e o u s suspended load
transport
= instantaneous concentration
= reference
= water depth
a t h e i g h t z above bed
l e v e l (= 2 d^,,)
Method o f Van R i j n
The c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-load t r a n s p o r t (q,
) and the c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d
b, c
suspended-load t r a n s p o r t ( q
) are described. The t o t a l t r a n s p o r t i s
Sfc
d e f i n e d as the sum o f the c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d and the wave-related t r a n s p o r t .
The l a t t e r i s d e s c r i b e d i n Section 9.4.2.
C u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-load t r a n s p o r t :
Equation (8.2.20) i s a p p l i e d t o compute the c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-load
t r a n s p o r t r a t e (see a l s o next s e c t i o n ) :
Thus,
%,c
";,c S o T^-^/D'^
(10.4.7)
i n which:
q,
=
'
,c=
d^Q =
T
time-averaged bed-load t r a n s p o r t
ri0 5
I'^ypJ
' = c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d g r a i n bed-shear v e l o c i t y
c
median p a r t i c l e diameter o f bed m a t e r i a l
= dimensionless p a r t i c l e parameter
(m^/s)
(m/s)
(m)
-10.15-
The T - p a r a m e t e r
bed m a t e r i a l
is
a stirring
particles
parameter.
Equation
100 t o
ym, y i e l d s
500
parameter
whereas
(10.4.7)
the
governing
-parameter
which
is
valid
a zero-transport
rate
for
the
entrainment
acts
as
particles
when
the
of
the
transport
in
current
the
range
velocity
of
is
zero.
Current-related
suspended
The
time-averaged
the
depth
h
=
the
vc
s,c
in
of
transport:
suspended-load
product
of
transport
velocity
and
is
computed
concentration,
by
integration
as
follows:
dz
over
(10.4.8)
which:
= time-averaged
S
load
Vpj
= resultant
(in
the
= sediment
= reference
= water
Total
load
transport
'
(m^/s)
imposed
in
which:
c
q.
at
height
velocity
at
height
z above
the
bed
vector),
z above
(m/s)
bed
(-)
level
(m)
(m)
transport:
by waves
-- \Cqf
the
concentration
time-averaged
velocity
of
depth
sediment
total
current
direction
The
suspended
sediment
can be o b t a i n e d
(q^)^
+ 2
| q j
transport
rate
(q^.)
in
a current
by
addition,
as
follows:
|q^|
vector
oos^f
super-
(10.4.9)
= q,
+ q
- total current-related transport
c
s J c
= current-related bed-load transport
rate
rate
ID J
O ^c
= current-related
suspended
load
transport
rate
S c
q
"
= J u c d z = q
-q
o
"'"^^
. =
q
^w,max
q
.
^w,min
= a
^6,max
= a
.
6,min
w,max
6
.
w,min
- c 1
a,max
a-"
fc
- c
.1
a
a,mm-'
fc
-10.16-
t o Eq.
(9.3.38)
a.
applying
= T;
c
= maximum bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n according t o Eq. (9.3.38) a p p l y i n g
a,max
r
o
^ o
^
,n K
^<;w,max = [ ( ^ ; ) ^ ( ^ w ) ^ 2 | x ; | | x ' | c o s ^ ] 0 - 5
o m-ir, = minimum bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n according t o Eq. (9.3.38) a p p l y i n g
a,mm
,
o
^ o
"
,a c
^cw,min = [ ( ^ ; ) ^
I x J cos^]-5
A
6, max'
'
'^w max'
'
U.
6
,min
'
a = c o e f f i c i e n t (
0.3)
combined c u r r e n t and
A
direction
t r a n s p o r t r a t e i n case o f
( s y m m e t r i c a l , U.
= U.
= U.) due
0,max
0,min
o
t o wave-current i n t e r a c t i o n .
The
1.
S p e c i f y the i n p u t data
R i j n i s as f o l l o w s :
water depth
(m)
"s
s i g n i f i c a n t wave h e i g h t
(m)
peak wave p e r i o d
(s)
%0
(m)
^90
(m)
"s
f a l l v e l o c i t y o f suspended sediment
'^s,c
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed
'^s,w
a
wave-related
reference
t h i c k n e s s o f near-bed wave-related
acceleration of g r a v i t y
fluid
"^s
sediment d e n s i t y
kinematic
^R
t-
bed
vector
current d i r e c t i o n
material
()
(m/s)
roughness
(m)
roughness
l e v e l bed
(m/s)
(m)
concentration
(m)
mixing
layer
(m)
s
density
viscosity coefficient
(m/s2)
(kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
(m2/s)
-10.17-
1)
Fall velocity, Wg
The r e p r e s e n t a t i v e p a r t i c l e s i z e o f the suspended sediment can be
o b t a i n e d from Eq. ( 9 . 3 . 5 ) . A reasonable
Bed roughness, k g j , ,
e s t i m a t e i s d^
0.8 d^^
The bed roughness can be o b t a i n e d from Eqs. (7.2.14) and (7.3.7) which
r e l a t e t h e k g - v a l u e t o t h e r i p p l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . A reasonable
mate f o r c u r r e n t s and non-breaking
waves i s k ^ = k ,,
esti-
3 A , with
w i t h values i n t h e range
of 0.01 t o 0.02 m.
Reference l e v e l , a
The r e f e r e n c e l e v e l i s proposed t o be equal t o h a l f t h e r i p p l e h e i g h t
(a = 2 Aj.) i n case o f non-breaking
3 A in
expres-
r e l a t i v e density
: s
p a r t i c l e parameter
= p /p
s r
2i1/3
= d^^ [ ( s - 1 ) g / v J
50
-1
1
= 0.24
0.64
= 0 . 1 4 D^'
0 1
= 0.04 D^^"
*
= 0,013 0'^^
S h i e l d s parameter
20
: 6
: 0
: 0
cr
: 0
Cl?
D > 150
critical
bed-shear s t r e s s
: 0
: T
cr
= 0,055
= (p - p ) g d^^ 0
o
Ov-* c r
-10.18-
A^, U^, 6
H
near-bed o r b i t a l e x c u r s i o n
: A,
'6 "
near-bed o r b i t a l v e l o c i t y
^
2 sinh(2Trh/L')
TT H
=
0
sinh(2TTh/L')
A
in
which:
= r e l a t i v e wave p e r i o d ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o peak o f spectrum)
: k^ = k^ ^ exp
a,max
[y U^/Vj^]
= 10 k
s,c
Y = 0.75
f o r <t) =
Y = 0.75
f o r ()) =
90
Y = 1.1
f o r ((> = 180
( l i n e a r i n t e r p o l a t i o n f o r intermediate values)
= 18 l o g ( 1 2 h / k 3 ^ j , )
waves
exp[-6,5.2(A^/k^_r''5|
f w, max = 0.3
10.19-
7.
e f f i c i e n c y factor current
: y
c
e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r waves
: y^
=f ' / f
c c
= O.S/U^
l n ^ ( 9 0 6 /k )
wave-current i n t e r a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t : a
"
^"'(90 6^/kg^^)
("cw = 1
< '^s,c/30)
bed-shear s t r e s s c u r r e n t
- 1
- 2
: x ' = Qpo(
y f(v)
c
o
cw c a K
bed-shear s t r e s s waves
: x'
w
bed-shear s t r e s s
1
= 77 p y
4
' 2
(U.)
current-waves
c
CW
8.
if
'cr
^cr
(T = 0
9.
i f T < 0)
o u t s i d e wave-boundary
Vp l n ( 3 0 z / k ^ )
l a y e r , z > 3 6^: v^^^ = -1 . l n ( 3 0 h / k )
cL
v^ l n ( 3 0 z / k ^ ^)
i n s i d e wave-boundary
layer,
ln(90S^/k/5
\
ln(906yk^)
" -1 + l n ( 3 0 h / k )
10.20-
current
: e
S
z > 0.5 h
= K 6 u^, ^ z ( 1 - z / h )
4
- (8-'
".,0
waves
= 0.25 k 6 u,,
h
*,c
s,c
z < 6^
s
: e ,, = e . . = 0.004 D a, 6
s,w
s,bed
* br s
z > 0.5 h
: e ,
s,w
6 < z < 0 . 5 h : e
s
s,w
c u r r e n t and waves
= e
= 0.0,35 a, h H /T'
s,max
br
s p
=
^ ^ +
-e ^ ^ ^ ^, ,
s,bed
^ s,max s,bedJ^0.5h-6^
= 3(Hg/h) - 0.8
a.
br
= 1 f o r H /h < 0.6
s
:e
(e
s,cw
11. Compute c o n c e n t r a t i o n
l + f e
s,c^
) ^-^
SjW-*
'
d i s t r i b u t i o n over t h e depth by n u m e r i c a l i n t e -
gration
.
concentration
g r a d i e n t ( z > a)
(1-0)^0 w
= s, cw
bed c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(z < a)
: c = 0.015
a
d 0
a
1.5
0.3
"a
12. Compute c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d t r a n s p o r t r a t e s
suspended load t r a n s p o r t (numerical
integration)
: q
'
bed load t r a n s p o r t
:q
h
=
a
u c dz
= 0.25 u^
D,C
d
,C
0.5
t o t a l load t r a n s p o r t
: q.
CjC
+ q
DjC
SjC
T,1.5
^
t)U qU . J
-10.21-
A reasonable e s t i m a t e o f the suspended load t r a n s p o r t can a l s o be obt a i n e d by the f o l l o w i n g formula which i s an approximate s o l u t i o n
h
an inaccuracy o f a f a c t o r 3) o f the d e p t h - i n t e g r a t i o n
The
:q
S
wave-related c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r
= (P
J C
+ F )vp h c
C
[a/hf^
:F
"
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d suspension number : ZC
3.
- [a/h]1-^
[1.2-ZC] [ 1 - ( a / h ) ] ^ 0
[ a / h ] ^ " - [a/h]''-^
[1.2-ZW] [ 1 - ( a / h ) ] ^ "
w
s
e K u^
w
V T'
; ZW = a [ ] 0 ' 9 [ ^ pj 1.05
Vr
= 7
f o r h > 100 6
s
= 0.7(h/6 )"5
s
f o r h < 100 6
s
uc dz.
suspended load t r a n s p o r t
The
(with
h.
( i n Fortran)
trans-
A floppy disc i s
10.4.3
Nieuwjaar-Van der K a a i j
rates
-10.22-
The
ripples in
a l l tests.
Figure
(factor 3
deviations
t h e second
Figure
from
trans-
-10.23-
concentration
R i j n . The
rates
and
from
200
ym
roughness was
t o be
computed r e s u l t s o f
= k
s, c
found
s ,w
10.5
The
Computation o f sediment t r a n s p o r t i n b r e a k i n g
10.5.1
the
waves
(surfzone)
Introduction
waves and
properties of
t r a n s p o r t process
10.5.2
to the c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y d i r e c t i o n .
Computation methods
attempts t o represent
1.
f i r s t method
i s t h e r e f o r e more u n i v e r s a l ,
Local_method
The
" i ^ ^
(10.5.1)
-10.24(
D e t a i l e d p r e d i c t i o n o f the wave h e i g h t d i s t r i b u t i o n and the c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n across t h e s u r f z o n e i s r e q u i r e d . T i d a l c u r r e n t s can a l s o
be taken i n t o account.
The methods o f B i j k e r (1967, 1971), Fredseie and Deigaard e t a l ( 1 9 8 5 ,
1986)
10.4.2).
2.
I n t e g r a l methods
The i n t e g r a l method r e l a t e s t h e t o t a l longshore sediment t r a n s p o r t t o t h e
longshore component o f the wave energy f l u x a t t h e breaker l i n e , as f o l lows :
V'
Two i n t e g r a l methods a r e d e s c r i b e d h e r e i n :
CERC
(10,5.3)
i n which:
= longshore sediment t r a n s p o r t by volume ( m 3 / s , i n c l u d i n g p o r e s ) ; t h e
sediment t r a n s p o r t by w e i g h t i s Q^^^^^^^^
= i^-p)p^
^t,volume
( 2 k h ) / s i n h ( 2 k h ) ] = c o e f f i c i e n t a t breaker l i n e =^ 1
= p o r o s i t y f a c t o r (= 0.4)
= sediment d e n s i t y {- 2650 k g / m 3 )
A p p l y i n g n^^ - 1, c^^ -
= V ^ V '
^^"^^^0"
(10.5.3)
can be rearranged t o ;
-10.25-
= 0.078
H 2 ; 5 3in(20^^)
(10.5.4)
c i t i e s are s i g n i f i c a n t .
Kamphuis e t a l (1986)
proposed:
Q. z 1.28
fc
So
in
tanB sin(20,
(10.5.5)
which:
= longshore sediment t r a n s p o r t by weight
(kg/s)
= s i g n i f i c a n t wave h e i g h t a t breaker l i n e
(m)
0j^^
()
d^Q
= median p a r t i c l e s i z e i n surfzone
(m)
line
see F i g . 10.5.1.
The value 1.28 i s a dimensional c o e f f i c i e n t
r e l a t e d t o the S I system.
data
-10.26-
10.5.3
rates
the g e n e r a l t r e n d i s f a i r l y good
-10,27-
10,6
References
BOSMAN, J . , 1982
The I n f l u e n c e o f Bottom Slope, Water Depth, Breaking Waves, O r b i t a l V e l o c i t y
and C u r r e n t V e l o c i t y on t h e C o n c e n t r a t i o n D i s t r i b u t i o n under Waves and
C u r r e n t s ( i n Dutch)
DELFT HYDRAULICS, Report M1875, D e l f t , The Netherlands
-10.28-
NAP,
NIELSEN, P., 1 9 8 5
A S h o r t Manual o f Coastal Bottom Boundary Layers and Sediment T r a n s p o r t
P u b l i c Works Dep.,
Australia
Vicksbury, M i s s i s s i p p i ,
USA
RIJN, L.C, 1 9 8 7
M1695-04-1,
10'3
10"2
IO"""
C [kg/m3]
10
10"3
10-2
1Q-1
C [kg/m3]
10
+ Hg - .100 (m) ( f o l l o w i n g )
bed material,
^ H , - .120 (m) ( f o l l o w i n g )
w a t e r depth,
peak period,
0.5 m
Tp = 2.5 s
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 10.2.1
- 0.10 (m)
10-3
10'2
10-1
C [kg/m3]
10
10-2
IO-''
C [kg/m3] -H
10"
C [kg/m3)
- .
- -I-
- . 1 (m/s)
-X
-AO
- .2 (m/s)
-.1
[kg/m3)
= 0
(m/s)
10
= .4 (m/s)
^ -.4 ( m / s )
+ following c u r r e n t
_ opposing
current
~-.2 (m/s)
= 0.5
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 10.2.2
Hs =
.075
(ra) f o l l o w i n g ^
opposing 0
Hs =
.10
(ra) f o l l o w i n g H
opposing
Hs -
.15
(ra) f o l l o w i n g ^
Hs -
.18
(ra) f o l l o w i n g e
bed
opposingA
opposing
w a t e r depth,
0.5 m
peak period,
Tp
= 2.5 s
( N a p - Van Kannpen, 1 9 8 8 )
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 10.2.3
bed
material,
water
depth,
peak period,
d s o 1 0 0 \lm
h
a 0.5
Tp
= 2.5 s
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 10.2.4
3 4 5 67810-^
>
A.
NON-BREAKING
h=1m,
WAVES,
u= 0.1m/s,
3 4 5 678 io
concentration
INTERTIDAL
d5o=150/xm,
3 4 5 678 io^
(kg/m-^)
FLAT,
OOSTERSCHELDE
Tp~5s
DUCK 82
OCT. 13
O.5
7a
I
1
1.0
1.5
TIME-AVERAGED SUSPENDED-SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION (gm/kg)
h = 2.3 m
h = 2.3 m
-B-
h = 2.5
h = 2.2
h = 3.5
h = 3.5
h = 4-.0 m
B.
BREAKING
TIME-AVERAGED
WAVES
H rms =
H rms =
0.75m
0.4 m / s
station
0.75m
m/s
m/s
m/s
m/s
station
station
H rms = 1 . 4 0
H rms = 1 . 0 0
H rms = 1 . 2 0
H rms = 1.10
H rms = 1 . 4 0
IN
SURF
2.0
u =
0.4
u =
0.3
station
station
0.2 m / s
station
u =
0.1 m / s
station
USA
(JAFFE
0.2
0.2
ZONE,
ET
AL,
1984)
CONCENTRATIONS IN COMBINED
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.10.2.5
=1.8
H3 =0.6
Tp = 1 0
u
=0.2
=210
Wg =0.019
kg =0.01
Sl
N
'<
m
m
s
m/s
pm
m/s
m
Groote Keeten
The Netherlands
10-2
3 4 5 6 7 8 10-1
5 4 5 678 io
=
Hs =
=
u
=
=
Ws =
=
h
3 4 5 678 iol
2.3
m
0.9
m
6
s
0.15 m/'.
260 yum
0.023 m / i
0.01 m
10-2
4 5 6 7 8 10-1
3 4 5 678 io
3 4 5 678 ioi
10-2
3 4 5 67810-1
3 4 5 678 10
3 4 5 678iol
N
x:
JZ
>
TIME-AVERAGED
concentration
(kg/m-^)
CONCENTRATIONS IN
461
FIG.10.2.6
qt,c
IKG/HS)
0.10
0.15
0.20
025
H3
CURRENT-RELATED
AND
Cm)
r
040
aso
(m/s)
pm
pm
200
100
A.
1
0.30
0.30
VELOCITY,
TRANSPORT
h~0.5m,
(NIEUWJAAR-VAN
PER
Tp ~
KAAIJ,
RATE
AS
FUNCTION
OF W A V E
HEIGHT
2.5s
1987;
NAP-VAN
KAMPEN,
1988)
1.50-
'1.25H
1.00-
ri5,-10
0.75
T15,20
T 15,10
0.50
0.25
0-
B.
RATIO
OF
T15,1Q
(NAP-VAN
TOTAL
TEST
AND
WITH
KAMPEN,
CURRENT-RELATED
Hs=0.15m
AND
TRANSPORT
RATE
D= 0.1m/5
1988)
CURRENT
461
FIG.10.2.7
w a v e s <#
c u r r e n t <
velocity
>
WAVE C R E S T
time
PASSES ( u > 0 )
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 10.2.8
concentration
(kg/m^)
>
concentration
(kg/m^)
measured
computed
MEASURED
Bijker
AND COMPUTED
CONCENTRATIONS
METHOD OF BIJKER
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 10.3.1
0.50
measured
Van
der
(Nieuwjaar
Kaaij,
computed
Van
1987)
Rijn,
(flume)
1988
T 7.5,10
= 0.51
= 0.076 m
IP
= 2.6
= 0.11
s
m/s
= 0.022
= 200
"50
'<s.c = k 3 , ^ = 0 . 0 5
10^
678
4 5 678io2
-> concentration
m/s
yum
m
= 0.05
= 0.016
678^0^
(mg/l)
0.471
measured
Van
der
(NieuwjaarKaaij,
computed
Van
1987)
Rijn,
(flume)
1988
0.38
T 7.5,40
Ws
= 0.5
m
= 0.076m
= 2.4
s
= 0.45
m/s
= 0,022m/s
^50
h
N
Hs
.0.28
IP
u
Sl
0.18
' ^ s , c ~ '^s.
200
fj,m
0.05
= 0.05 m
= 0.014 m
^s
\
0.10
678
5 678
2
3 4 5 678
> c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( m g / l )
678
CONCENTRATION
461
FIG.10.3.2
0.45,
measured
Van
der
computed
(NieuwjaarKaaij,
Van
1987)
(flume)
Rijn
0.36
T 15,10
h
N
Hs
,0.27
JZ
CTl
0.5
0.15
2.4
= 0.11
m/s
= 0.022
= 220
0.18
=k
s,w
m/s
yu.m
= 0.05
= 0.05
= 0.018
0.09
10
4 5 67810^
10^
concentration
4 5 67
4 5
(mg/l)
0.45
0.36
.0.27
CTl
'o)
0.18
0.09
4 5 6 7 8 10^
2
P- c o n c e n t r a t i o n (r
67
CONCENTRATION
461
FIG.10.3.3
0.50
measured
Van
(Nieuwjaar-
computed
Van
Rijn
0.40
T 15,-40
.0.30
s:
0.51
Hs
0.15
2.1
Tp
'm
= -0.44m/s
0.022 m / s
Ws
Sl
200
0.20
=k
/xm
= 0.05
0.05
0.024m
^
0.10
4 5 6 7 8 10
in2
2
3 4 5 6 78
concentration (mg/l)
measured
Van
4 5 6 7 8 10
(Nieuwjaar-
der Kaaij, 1 9 8 7 ) ( f l u m e )
c o m p u t e d Van
Rijn
0.60
T 18.5,- 4 0
,0.45
s:
Dl
= 0.52
Hs
= 0.185 m
Tp
U
= -0.43m/s
dso
= 210
/zm
= 0.05
= 2.4
<u
m
s
= 0.022 m / s
JC
0.30
= 0.029m
Ar
0.15
8io^
4567810^
2
>
45678to^
4567810^*
concentration (mg/l)
CONCENTRATION
461
FIG.10.3.4
0.75
measured
(NapVan
Kampen,
1988)
computed
Van
(flume)
Rijn,
1988
0.60
T 10,10
-0.45
JZ
j r
= 0.5
Hs
= 0.10
Tp
u
= 2.3
= 0.1
m/s
= 0.01
m/s
= 110
pm
Ws
0.30
0.045m
0.045m
= 0.01
0.15
10^
4 5
6 7 8
2
4 5 6 7 8 ^ 02
concentration ( m g / l )
4 5
6 7 8 10^
0.47
measured
Kampen,
computed
(NapVan
1988)
(flume)
Von
Rijn,
1988
0.38
T 1 0 , -- 2 0
.0.28
JC
'a)
0.18
= 0.49
Hs
= 0.11
Tn
_P
u
= 2.3
= -0.2
m/s
Ws
= 0.01
m/s
dso
= 110
/xm
kg_^=
0.045m
= 0.045 m
= 0.01
4 5
6 78
0.10
4 5
6 7 8 10'
2
3
4 5 6 7 8 10^
concentration
(mg/l)
CONCENTRATION
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.10.5.5
0.45
measured
Kampen,
(NapVan
1988)
computed
(flume)
Van
Rijn
0.36
T 10,40
.0.27
JZ
'(U
JZ
0.18
= 0.5
Hs
= 0.1
Tp
u
= 2.3
= 0.35
Ws
= 0.01
m/s
^50
= 110
/xm
<5s
m/s
^=
0.045m
0.045m
= 0.015
0.09
concentration
10'
(mg/)
0.47
0.38
.0.28
JI
gi
j;
A
0.18
0.10
10
3 4 5 678ioi
3 4 5 67810^
> c o n c e n t r a t i o n
3 4 5 678io'
4 5
67
(mg/l)
CONCENTRATION
461
FIG.10.5.6
0.50
0.40
.0.30
sz
0.20
0.10
7 8 9-10^
> c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(mg/l)
0.50
0.40
.0.30
'a>
0.20
0.10
CONCENTRATION
461
FIG.10.3.7
1.75
1.40
s:
at
sz
0.70
0.35
6 7 8
io""
6 7 8
2
3
^ concentration
(mg/l)
6 7 8
0.75.
measured
Eastern
Galgeplaat,
Scheldt
computed
estuary
Van
Rijn
0,60
= 0.65
h
N
.0.45
CT)
'o)
= 0.15
= 3
= 0.13
m/s
= 0,012
m/s
= 170
0.30
/xm
,= 0.045 m
=
0.045m
0.15
4 5 6 7 8 TQ2
5 6 7 8 10'
->
concentration
4 5 6 78
(mg/l)
CONCENTRATION
461
1 FIG.10.3.8
1.0
1
h
=2.3
H3 = 1 . 0 5
Tp = 1 2
050 = 1 5 0
W3
= 0.011
kg = 0 . 0 1
O
^
O,
^- O,
m
m
s
yUm
m/s
m
0.8
<
0.7
Wg
^~ 0.6
JZ
kg
=2.5
=1.9
=12
= 150
= 0.011
=0.01
m
m
s
Aim
m/s
m
0.
x:
0)
JZ
0.
0.4
A 0.
0.3
0.
0.2
0.1
O
10-2 2
3 4 5 7 1 0 - 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 0 2 3 4 5 7 10'
c o n c e n t r a t i o n (kg/m-')
10-2
3 45 7
2 3 4 5 7 10 2 3 4 5 7 iQl
concentration ( k g / m > ' )
10-1
1.0
1.0
h
H3
Tp
d5o
Wg
kg
. 0.8
^
0.7
0.6
O'S
tl
Hg
Tp
d5o
0.9
=3.5
=1.55
=12
= 150
= 0.011
=0.01
m
m
s
0.9
0.8
fj,m
0.7
m/s
m
0.6
h
Hg
Tp
dso
Wg
= 4
=2
=12
= 150
=0.011
kg
=u,ui
m
m
s
fJ.m
m/s
m
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
>
0.1
0.1
O
10-2 2 3 4 5 7 1 0 - 1 2 3 4 5 7 1 0 2 3 4 5 7
>
concentration ( k g / m ^ )
measured
in
surf
computed
Van
zone,
O
10-2
1 0 '
Jaffe
et
al
2 3 45 7 1 0 - 1 2 3 45 7 1 0 2 3 45 7
concentration
(kg/m^)
1 0 '
(1984)
Rijn
CONCENTRATIONS
461
FIG.10.5.9
The NIELSEN m o d e l
c o m p a r i s o n of m e a s u r e d a n d c o m p u e t e d
r e s u l t s , n = H r m s , K s = 3*r, D 5 0 - 1 0 0 m u
.)
lOfn^
-4
-3
- 2 - 1 0
Qs ( N i e l s e n ) i n k g / m . s
IO'T^S
-4
-3
-2
-1
Qs ( B i j k e r ) i n k g / m . s
Y
0
T h e BAILARD m o d e l
c o m p a r i s o n of m e a s u r e d a n d c o m p u t e d
r e s u l t s , H = H r m s , K s = 3r, D 5 0 = 1 0 0 m u
F O L L O W I N G
P R O S I N G
non-breaking w a v e s
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 10.4.1
(
The NIELSEN model
c o m p a r i s o n of m e a s u r e d a n d c o m p u t e d
r e s u l t s , H=Hprob, Ks(Nielsen), D 5 0 ^ 2 0 0 m u
qs
(Nielsen) in k g / m . s
qg ( B i j k e r ) i n
kg/m.s
The BAILARD m o d e l
c o m p a i i s o n of m e a s u r e d a n d c o m p u t e d
r e s u l t s , H - f l r m s , Ks = 3 r
, n50-200mu
qs ( B a i l a r d ) i n
f l u m e d a t a : 2 0 0 [Lm
kg/m.s
HYDRAULICS
H 461
1 FIG. 10.4.2
E
to
\
cn
X)
(U
V-
(O
D
(U
10
cr
4 5 6 7 8 i n - ^
2
->
200
100
fxm,
fxm,
^s-0-05ml^^^^^^
kg=0.04m)
950
luim
Waal
690
fxm
IJssel
400
jLm
Dommel
qs,
4 5 6 7 8 i n - 2
computed
alone
4 5 6 7 8 ^ Q - I
(kg/sm)
non-breakinq
current
waves
(flume)
(field)
TRANSPORT
4-61
FIG.10.4.3
2
qs,
200 /xm,
Ws=0.022m/s,
ks = 0 . 0 5 m
100 /xm,
Ws=0.01
ks=0.04m
computed
current
h
~ 0.5
Tp^2.5
~ 0.1-0.4
QO
(kg/sm)
and
non breaking
waves
(flume)
Hg ~ 0 . 0 7 5 - 0 . 1 8
m/s,
3 4 5 678-1
m/s
LOAD
461
FIG.10.4.4
103
D
O
A
A
X
0
7
LEGEND
E L MORENO BEACH
SILVER STRAND BEACH
LEADBETTER BEACH
TORREV PINES BEACH
DUCK
AJIGUARA
SOUTH LAKE WORTH INLET
CHANNEL ISLANDS HARBOUR
PRICE INLET
0> Meatured k g / t
A.
LONGSHORE
(KAMPHUIS
SEDIMENT
ET AL,
TRANSPORT
ACCORDING
TO
CERC-FORMULA
1986)
10^
o
O
,
A
K
0
LEGEND
E L MORENO BEACH
SILVER STRAND BEACH
LEADBETTER BEACH
TORREY PINES BEACH
DUCK
AJIGUARA
a
a,
^
10"
-J
1II
10
V V
L-
B.
BEACH
_l
10"
SLOPE
LONGSHORE SEDIMENT
VERSUS
I I
10"
^^r/'^so
GRAINSIZE
(KAMPHUIS
ET
AL,
1986)
TRANSPORT
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 10.5.1
APPENDIX 1 0 . 1
PROGRAM TRANSP
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
")')
\JRITE(2
READ (*
WRITE(2
WRITE(*
WRITE(2
READ (*
WRITE(2
WRITE(*
WRITE(2
READ (*
WRITE(2
WRITE(*
WRITE(2
READ (*
WRITE(2
WRITE(*
WRITE(2
READ (*
WRITE(2
' ( "
=
*)A
*)A
' ( " RNU
' ( " RNU
*)RNU
*)RNU
' ( " RHOW
' ( ' ' RHOW
*)RHOW
*)RHOW
' ( " RHOS
' ( " RHOS
*)RHOS
*)RHOS
' ( " BETA
' ( " BETA
*)BETA
*)BETA
REFERENCE L E V E L [ M ] =
")')
KINEMATIC V I S C O S I T Y C O E F F I C I E N T [ M ]
KINEMATIC V I S C O S I T Y C O E F F I C I E N T [ M ]
[ -]
[ -]
SHIELDS
IF(DSTER.LE.4.)THETCR=.24/DSTER
I F ( 4 . .LT.DSTER.AND.DSTER.LE.10.)THETCR=.14*DSTER**(-.64)
3
IF(10..LT.DSTER.AND.DSTER.LE.20.)THETCR=.04*DSTER**(-.1 )
IF(20..LT.DSTER.AND.DSTER.LE.150.)THETCR=.013*DSTER**(.29 )
IF(DSTER.GT.150.)THETCR=.055
TAUCR=(RHOS-RHOW)*G*D50*THETCR
C
C
C
COMPUTATION OF REFERENCE
CONCENTRATION CA
CC=18.*ALOG10(12.*HD/RC)
FC=0.24*ALOG10(12.*HD/RC)**(-2)
FC1=0.24*ALOG10(12.*HD/3./D90)**(-2)
RMUC=FC1/FC
RMUW=0.6/DSTER
UST=G**0.5*ABS(UG)/CC
DELS=0.
IF(ABW.GT.0.)THEN
DELS=0.216*ABW*(ABW/RW)**(-0.2 5)
ENDIF
HULP10=UBW/UG
GAMMA=0.
IF(HULP10.GE.2.5)HULP10=2.5
IF(0.LE.PHI.AND.PHI.LE.180.)THEN
GAMMA=.75
IF(PHI.GT.90.)GAMMA=GAMMA+(PHI-90.)/90.*.35
ENDIF
RA=EXP(GAMMA*HULP10)*RC
FCA=0.24*ALOG10(12.*HD/RA)**(- 2)
IF(DELS.LE.RC/10.)THEN
ALFAW=1.
ELSE
ALFAW= (ALOG(30.*DELS/RA)/ALOG(30.*DELS/RC))**2
ENDIF
TAUC=0.125*RHOW*FCA*UG*UG
TAUW=0.25*RHOW*FW*UBW*UBW
TAUCEF=RMUC*ALFAW*TAUG
TAUWEF=RMUW*TAUW
TAUCWE=TAUCEF+TAUWEF
THET1=TAUCWE/(RHOS-RHOW)/G/D5 0
T=(THET1-THETCR)/THETCR
T=MAX(.0001,T)
CA=0.015*D50/A*DSTER**(-.3)*T**1.5
C
C NUMERICAL INTEGRATION OF U*C OVER VERTICAL, TO STARTING POINT X=A
C
JTAL= 8
NN = JTAL*NN
DYM = CA/NN
DXM = HD/NN
DYX = DYM/DXM
BO = .FALSE.
HULP30=-1.+ALOG(30.*HD/RA)
IF(DELS.GT.O.)THEN
UDEL=UG*ALOG(30.*DELS/RA)/HULP30
ENDIF
C
C COMPUTATION OF DERIVATIVE DC/DY OR DC/DX
C
ABR=MAX(3.*(HS/HD)-.8,1.)
EBW=.004*DSTER*ABR*DS*UBW
I F ( T P . G T . l . E - 4 ) THEN
EMAXW=0.035*ABR*HD*HS/TP
4
ELSE
EMAXW=0.
ENDIF
IF(EMAXW.LE.EBW)EMAXW=EBW
EMAXC=0.25*RKAP*UST*HD*BETA
C=CA
Z=A
IF(Z.LE.DS)ESW=EBW
IF(Z.GT.DS.AND.Z.LE.0.5*HD)ESW=EBW+(EMAXW-EBW)*((Z-DS)/
*(0.5*HD-DS))
IF(Z.GE.0.5*HD)ESW=EMAXW
IF(Z.GE.0.5*HD)ESC=EMAXC
I F ( Z . L T . 0 . 5 * H D ) E S C=EMAXC-EMAXC*(1.-2.*Z/HD)**2
ES=(ESW**2.+ESC**2.)**0.5
fcc=0.
I F ( C . G T . l . E - 8 ) THEN
IF(Z.GE.A)fcc=-WS/ES*C*(l.-G)**5.
ENDIF
YPRIME=fcc
F F = 1./CA*YPRIME
IF(DELS.GT.O.)THEN
UC=UDEL*ALOG(30.*A/RC)/ALOG(30.*DELS/RC)
ENDIF
IF(A.GE.DELS)UC=UG*ALOG(30.*A/RA)/HULP30
C
C
C
C
C
C
FURTHER INTEGRATION
Y = CA ^
TERM1=UC*Y
XEND=A
SS=0.
NTEL = 0
IT
=2
C
100
CONTINUE
NTEL = NTEL+1
XOLD = XEND
YOLD = Y
I F (-YPRIME .GT. DYX) THEN
Y = YOLD-DYM
I F ( Y .LT. 2./3.*YOLD) Y = 2./3.*YOLD
XEND = XOLD+ALOG(Y/YOLD)/FF
ELSE
XEND = XOLD+DXM
I F (XEND .GE. HD) THEN
XEND = HD
BO = .TRUE.
ENDIF
Y = EXP(ALOG(YOLD)+(XEND-XOLD)*FF)
ENDIF
C=Y
Z=XEND
IF(Z.LE.DS)ESW=EBW
5
IF(Z.GT.DS.AND.Z.LE.O.5*HD)ESW=EBW+(EMAXW-EBW)*((Z-DS)/
*(0.5*HD-DS))
IF(Z.GE.O.5*HD)ESW=EMAXW
IF(Z.GE.0.5*HD)ESC=EMAXC
IF(Z.LT.O.5*HD)ESC=EMAXC-EMAXC*(1.- 2.*Z/HD)**2
ES=(ESW**2.+ESC**2.)**0.5
fcc=0.
I F ( C . G T . l . E - 8 ) THEN
I F ( Z . G E . A ) f c c = - W S / E S * C * ( l . -C)-**5.
ENDIF
YPRIME=fcc
F F = 1./Y*YPRIME
IF(DELS.GT.O.)THEN
UC=UDEL*ALOG(30.*XEND/RC)/ALOG(30.*DELS/RC)
ENDIF
I F (XEND.GE.DELS)UC=UG*ALOG(30.*XEND/RA)/HULP30
TERM2=UC*Y
SS=SS+(XEND-XOLD)*(TERMl+TERM2)/2 .
TERM1=TERM2
C
C
C
C
C
C
] ",
6
*E10.4)')DSTER
M
]
WAVE LENGTH
WRITE(2,'(" L
*E10.4)')RLS
M/S ]
PEAK ORBITAL VELOCITY
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " UBW
*E10.4)')UBW
M
]
PEAK ORBITAL EXCURSION AT BED
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " ABW
*E10.4)')ABW
N/M2 ]
WAVE-RELATED BED-SHEAR STRESS
WRITE(2, ' ( " TAUW
*E10.4)')TAUW
CURRENT-RELATED BED-SHEAR STRESS
N/M2 ]
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " TAUC
*E10.4)')TAUC
WAVE-RELATED FRICTION C O E F F I C I E N T
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " FW
]
*E10.4)')FW
CURR-RELATED FRICTION C O E F F I C I E N T
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " FC
]
*E10.4)')FC
M0.5/S]
GHEZY COEFFICIENT
WRITE(2,'(" C
*E10,4)')CC
APPARENT ROUGHNESS
M
1
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " RA
*E10.4)')RA
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " ALFAW = WAVE-CURRENT COEFFICIENT
*E10.4)')ALFAW
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " TAUCR = C R I T I C A L BED-SHEAR STRESS
[ N/M2 ]
*E10.4)')TAUCR
CURR-RELATED E F F I C I E N C Y FACTOR
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " UC
= CURR-RELATED
[ ]
*E10.4)')RMUC
WAVE-RELATED E F F I C I E N C Y FACTOR
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " UW
*E10.4)')RMUW
BED-SHEAR STRESS PARAMETER
WRITE(2, ' ( " T
]
*E10.4)')T
WRITE(2,'(///)')
KG/SM]'
SS=SUSPENDED LOAD TRANSPORT
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " NUMERICAL
*E10.4)')SSR
SS=SUSPENDED LOAD TRANSPORT
KG/SM]'
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " FORMULA
*E10.4)')SSF
SB=BED LOAD TRANSPORT
KG/SM]'
WRITE(2,'( "
*E10.4)')SBF
WRITE(2,'(A)')CHAR(12)
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " PROFILES
:",//)')
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( " HEIGHT Z
CONCENTRATION
VELOCITY
TRAN
*SPORT'')')
WRITE(2,'("
[M ]
[KG/M3]
[M/S]
[K
*G/SM2] " ) ')
DO 200 I = 1 , I T - 1
W R I T E ( 2 , ' ( 4 ( 1 X , E 1 0 . 4 , 5 X ) ) ' ) R M A T ( I ,1),RMAT(I ,2),RMAT(I , 3 ) ,
* RMAT(I ,4)
200 CONTINUE
C
C
[
[
]
]
[ M/S
[ N/M2 ]
7
*E10.4)')TAUW
CURRENT-RELATED BED-SHEAR STRESS [ N/M2 ]
W R I T E ( * , ' ( ' ' TAUC
*E10.4)')TAUC
WAVE-RELATED FRICTION C O E F F I C I E N T [
]
W R I T E ( * , ' ( ' ' FW
*E10.4)')FW
CURR-RELATED FRICTION C O E F F I C I E N T [
]
WRITE(*, ' (' 'FC
*E10.4)')FC
CHEZY COEFFICIENT
[M0.5/S]
WRITE(*,'(' ' C
*E10.4)')CC
APPARENT ROUGHNESS
[ M
]
W R I T E ( * , ' ( ' ' RA
*E10.4)')RA
WAVE-CURRENT COEFFICIENT
[ ]
W R I T E ( * , ' ( ' ' ALFAW
*E10.4)' )ALFAW
C R I T I C A L BED-SHEAR STRESS
[ N/M2 ]
WRITE(*, ' ( " TAUCR
*E10.4)')TAUCR
CURR-RELATED E F F I C I E N C Y FACTOR
[ ]
W R I T E ( * , ' ( ' ' UG
*E10.4)')RMUC
WAVE-RELATED E F F I C I E N C Y FACTOR
[ ]
WRITE(*, ' ( " UW
*E10.4)')RMUW
BED-SHEAR STRESS PARAMETER
[ ]
WRITE(*,'('' T '
*E10.4)')T
WRITE(*,'(///)')
SS=SUSPENDED LOAD TRANSPORT [ KG/SM]'
W R I T E ( * , ' ( " NUMERICAL
*E10.4)')SSR
SS=SUSPENDED LOAD TRANSPORT [ KG/SM]'
W R I T E ' ( ' ' FORMULA
*E10.4)')SSF
SB=BED LOAD TRANSPORT
[ KG/SM]'
WRITE(*, ' ( "
*E10.4)')SBF
W R I T E ( * , ' ( A ) ' ) ' TYPE C TO CONTINUE :'
READ(*,'(A)')KAR
WRITE(*,'(////////////)')
W R I T E ( * , ' ( " PROFILES
:",//)')
TRAN
VELOCITY
W R I T E ( * , ' ( " HEIGHT Z
CONCENTRATION
* S P O R T " ) ')
[M/S]
WRITE(*, ' ( "
[ M ]
[KG/M3]
[K
*G/SM2]")')
DO 300 1 = 1 , I T - 1
W R I T E ( * , ' ( 4 ( 1 X , E 1 0 . 4 , 5 X ) ) ' ) R M A T ( I ,1),RMAT(I ,2),RMAT(I , 3 ) ,
*
RMATCI ,4)
300 CONTINUE
STOP 'NORMAL END TRANSPOR'
END
INPUT :
HD
= WfiTER DEPTH C M 3 =
1.000000
UB
= MEAN CURRENT VELOCITY C M/B 3 =
1.000000
HS
= S I G N I F I C A N T WAVE HEIGHT C M 3 =
1.000000
TP
= PEAK WAVE PERIOD
C S 3 =
5.000000
PHI
= ANGLE CURRENT AND WAVES 0-180 [ DES 3
90.000000
D50
= MEDIAN PARTICLE S I Z E OF BED C M 3 =
3.000000E-04
D90 = 90 0/0 PARTICLE S I Z E C M 3 =
5.000000E-04
WS
= FALL VELOCITY SUSP. SEDIMENT C M/S 3
e.OOOOOOE-OS
RC
= CURRENT-RELATED ROUGHNESS C M 3 =
5.O0O0O0E-0
RW
= WAVE-RELATED ROUSHNESS C M 3 =
5.OO00O0E-02
DS
= MIXING LAYER THICKNESS NEAR BED C M 3
5.OO0000E-02
A
= REFERENCE L E V E L [ M 3 =
1.OOOOOOE-Oe
RNU
= KINEMATIC V I S C O S I T Y C O E F F I C I E N T E M 3
1.O0O000E-06
RHOW = FLUID DENSITY C K6/M3 3 =
1000.000000
RHOS = SEDIMENT DENSITY C KG/M3 3 =
2650.000000
BETA = RATIO SEDIMENT AND FLUID MIXING C - 3
1.000000
PHYBICAL PARAMETERS ;
i:
PARTICLE PARAMETER
- 1
DSTER
1
C M
L
WflV LENGTH
[ M/S 1
PEAK ORBITAL VELOCITY
UBW
1
C M
PEAK ORBITAL EXCURSION AT BED
ABW
C N/M 1
WAVE-RELATED BED-SHEAR STRESS
TAUW
CURRENT-RELATED BED-SHEAR STRESS C N/M 1
TAUC
:i
WAVE-RELATED FRICTION COEFFICIENTC FW
CURR-RELATED FRICTION COEFFICIENT i; FC
CMO. 5/s:i
CHEZY COEFFICIENT
C
= APPARENT ROUGHNESS
1
c M
RA
c WAVE-CURRENT COEFFICIENT
ALFAW
i: N/M
TAUCR = CRITICAL BED-SHEAR STRESS
[ CURR-RELATED EFFICIENCY FACTOR
UC
i; WAVE-RELATED EFFICIENCY FACTOR
UW
1
c ...
T
= BED-SHEAR STRESS PARAMETER
NUMERICAL
FORMULA
. 759E+01
, .t5'5E+0
.148E+01
. naOE+01
. e359E+0
. 8333E+0.t
.4e94E-01
. 436E-0.l
. 484E+0
. .l50E+00
.5443E+00
.185aE+00
.3719E+00
.7g06E-01
. i81E+0e
PROFILES
HEIGHT Z
C M 3
. lOOOE-01
. 4663E-01
. 9383E-0i
. 1661E+00
. 2799E+00
. 4049E+00
. 5299E+00
. 6549E+00
. 7799E+00
. 9049E+00
, lOOOE+01
CONCENTRATION
CKG/M33
.5006E+0
.43aOE+02
.3755E+02
.3ie9E+oe
.e55E+0
.10aE+0
.iai6E+0
.1576E+0
.1366E+0
.1184E+0
. 106E+0
VELOCITY
CM/S3
3085E+00
5736E+00
6939E+00
8144E+00
936E+00
I0E+01
1085E+01
1135E+01
1175E+01
1210E+01
133E+01
TRANSPORT
CKG/SM3
.1544E+0
.51E+0
. 605E+0
.54aE+0
.364E+0
.155E+0
. 1971E+0
. 178aE+0
.1606E+02
.1433E+02
.1309E+02
-11.1-
11 ,
11.1
Bed
Introduction
11.2
11.2.1
River flow
scale
transport
t o t h i s may be t h e
11 .2.2
tide-
river.
Tidal flow
T i d a l flow i s characterized
scale
t o the f l o w v e l o c i -
-11.2-
The
In
t o t u r b u l e n c e - r e l a t e d d i f f u s i v e processes, which c o n t i n u e s as
The
and
and
t r a n s p o r t r a t e s . I n case o f
continue
the s t a r t o f a new
during
the
erosion
cycle.
l e r a t i n g f l o w i s always l a r g e r than d u r i n g a c c e l e r a t i n g
11.3
very
flow.
Figure
11.3,1
R i j n , 1985,
0.01
h^ = 0.39
m. The
current velocity
r a t e a t the i n l e t was
t r a n s p o r t was
m/s.
o f about 0.2
1986). The
q^ = 0.03
a length
sand
feed
kg/sm.
t o about 20 mg/1
t r a t i o n gradients
was
4)
concentrations
bed.
I n the middle o f the t r e n c h ( p r o f i l e 6) a f u r t h e r decrease o f the c o n c e n t r a t i o n s can be observed. Thus, the s e t t l i n g process i s dominant i n b o t h
d e c e l e r a t i o n and
the
-11.3-
section.
S i m i l a r r e s u l t s f o r a c u r r e n t superimposed
sented by Van R i j n , 1985,
1986.
superimposed
100 ym).
by
The
11.4
11,4.1
Mass-balance e q u a t i o n
g i v e n by:
Fluid
: 1
^ ( p ( 1 - C ) ) + 1^ (p(1-C) U^^.) = 0
i
(11.4,1)
(11,4,2)
i n which:
C
= l o c a l volume c o n c e n t r a t i o n
Uj. = l o c a l f l u i d
velocity
Ug = l o c a l sediment
p
= fluid
velocity
density
Pg = sediment d e n s i t y
(-)
(m/s)
(m/s)
{kg/m3)
(kg/m3)
= coordinate
(m)
= time
(s)
-11.4-
U = u + u'
(11.4.3)
(11.4.4)
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f Eqs. (11.4.3) and (11.4.4) i n Eqs. (11.4.1) and ( 1 1 . 4 , 2 ) , aver a g i n g over time and assuming t h e f l u i d and sediment d e n s i t y t o be c o n s t a n t ,
results i n :
It
^ ^ ^ i ^ '
3
it
.
9
^ ^
= 0
(11.^.5)
( " s , i * '"'s,i^ =
(11.4.6)
velocity
(= m i x t u r e v e l o c i t y ) w i t h exception o f t h e v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n where a c o n s t a n t
s l i p v e l o c i t y equal t o p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y (w^) i s assumed. Thus:
"s,i = " f , i
- "s * i
The eddy v i s c o s i t y
induced
(X = ^
= 0, 6^ = 1)
(11,4,7)
( d i f f u s i o n ) concept i s a p p l i e d t o r e p r e s e n t t h e t u r b u l e n c e -
A p p l y i n g t h e e d d y - v i s c o s i t y concept, t h e t u r b u l e n c e - r e l a t e d components a r e :
f,i
= -"f
(11.4.8)
^,i = - ^ s l f :
(11.4.9)
i n which:
= f l u i d mixing c o e f f i c i e n t
(mVs)
Eg = sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
(mVs)
-11.5-
^MiSient:
( O ^ | ^ ( c ( u ^ ^ . - w^S.) -
^ 0
(11.4.11)
iMid
It
(1-c) ^
sediment: |t ( O - |^ (c u -
in
If) . 1^
(d-c) u .
|f)
(d-c) w .
. |^ ( c (w-w^) -
e,-|f)
|f) = 0
0 (11.4.12)
(11.4.13)
which:
X = l o n g i t u d i n a l coordinate
(m)
z = v e r t i c a l coordinate
(m)
u = f l u i d velocity i n x-direction
(m/s)
w = f l u i d velocity i n z-direction
(m/s)
fluid
: (1-c) w +
sediment:
(11.4.14)
c (w-w ) - e ^ = 0
s
s dz
Elimination
(1-c)
gf = 0
(11.4.15)
of the v e r t i c a l f l u i d v e l o c i t y
c Wg + ( e ^ + c ( e ^ - e^))
(w) y i e l d s :
= 0
(11.4.16)
conditions.
By t h e
d-c)
c w^ +
e ) , i t follows
= 0
that:
(11.4.17)
-11.6-
Equation
dc
c ws,in
+ e : s3 dz
- = 0
\ M. 1
. .4H 1
.
8)
i n which:
"s,m - (''-c)Wg = p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y i n f l u id-sed iment m i x t u r e .
Experimental
v e l o c i t y i s not o n l y a f f e c t e d
but a l s o by a d d i t i o n a l
by the r e t u r n f l o w due
t o the d i s p l a c e d
fall
fluid
e f f e c t s such as: p a r t i c l e c o l l i s i o n s , p a r t i c l e - i n d u c e d
by:
(11.4.19)
i n which:
Wg = p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y i n a c l e a r , s t i l l f l u i d
a
- coefficient ( 4
The
and
ym).
characteristics
effec-
following
expression:
"s ^ ^s i
11.4.2
(11.4.20)
Ffomentum balance f o r f l u i d - s e d i m e n t m i x t u r e
solved.
d i r e c t i o n s , while there i s a
-11.7-
It
* fT
(oA.i-'^j' = - kl
* I t <".,ij)
^V
i n which:
p
= p(1-C) + p C = d e n s i t y o f f l u i d - s e d i m e n t m i x t u r e
(kg/m3)
171
U .
m,i
Pjjj
.- w 6. = l o c a l v e l o c i t y o f f l u i d - s e d i m e n t m i x t u r e
f,i
s 1
= l o c a l pressure
.. = l o c a l v i s c o u s shear s t r e s s
m,ij
g
= acceleration o f gravity
The
(m/s)
(N/m2)
(N/m2)
(m/s2)
,
^
'^m 3x
J
m, 1
m,ij
in
(11.4.22)
which:
"2
= y^ (1+a.jC)
= dynamic v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e f l u i d
as m o d i f i e d by t h e presence o f t h e p a r t i c l e s
(kg/sm)
y^
= dynamic viscc
v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e f l u i d phase
(kg/sm)
a^a^
= coefficients
The
as
viscosity.
e f f e c t s o f t u r b u l e n c e a r e i n t r o d u c e d by a p p l y i n g t h e Reynolds'-procedure,
follows:
. + u'
.
m, 1
m, 1
(11.4.23)
P
m
= p + p'
*^m "^m
(11.4.24)
p
^m
= p + p'
^m ^m
(11.4.25)
-11.8-
S u b s t i t u t i o n o f Eqs.
(11.4.25) i n Eq.
it
^Pm \ , i ^
^ IT
(Pm % , i
"m,J^ = " IT
J
in
^^m^ ^ i T ? (^m,ij ^ ^ m , i j
(11.4.26)
which
-V
^ .. =
m,ij
= p (1-c) + p
m,j
^ "
m,J
4 p ' ^' . = t u r b u l e t t c c - I n d u c e d
m m,i
shear s t r e s s ( i . J)
c = mean d e n s i t y o f m i x t u r e
= y^ ( 1 + a.jC) 2 = dynamic v i s c o s i t y o f m i x t u r e
p'
m
= ( p ^ - p) c'
s
= density f l u c t u a t i o n of mixture
3u
.
- (P3-P)
u^^. I f -
(11.4.27)
It
<v>
in
which:
X - =
* k
< v
V - =
,zx = -
Equations
") * k
< v
> = -
* k
'':,.x * '^,.K> ^ V
^ l*
* V X ' f X S
<"-''-2
<"-*-3>
* I f ' - (P^-.'XS"" M
* " |f)<".t.31)
-11.9-
condi-
can be represented
11.4.3
coefficients
i n a s t r a i g h t - f o r w a r d way.
General
M i x i n g processes i n f l u i d s a r e r e l a t e d t o molecular d i f f u s i o n , t u r b u l e n t d i f f u s i o n o f s m a l l - s c a l e random f l u i d motions ( e d d i e s ) and t o l a r g e - s c a l e c i r c u l a t i o n c e l l s (near o b s t a c l e s and s t r u c t u r e s ) .
mixing
coefficient.
B a s i c a l l y , the f l u i d m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i s d e f i n e d as:
^ f = "T^
(11.4.32)
i n which:
u | = f l u i d v e l o c i t y f l u c t u a t i o n and
a. - m i x i n g l e n g t h .
H e r e i n , two types o f shear f l o w s are d i s t i n g u i s h e d : wall-bounded shear f l o w s
and f r e e shear f l o w s .
t h a t the
that
= K Ujj z
in
(11.4.33)
which:
K = p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y constant
order o f
0.1
h.
For f r e e - s h e a r f l o w s t h e eddy v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t u s u a l l y i s r e l a t e d
t o the
this
layer, yielding:
= a b Au
in
(11.4.34)
which:
Au = v e l o c i t y
difference
= m i x i n g l a y e r t h i c k n e s s and
= p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y constant
0.01).
Assuming u^j/Au
mixing
c o e f f i c i e n t ( e ^ ) as f o l l o w s :
Eg = 6 <(>
in
(11.4.35)
which:
6 = factor related
(see s e c t i o n 8.3)
4 = t u r b u l e n c e damping f a c t o r ( s e c t i o n 8.3).
Horizontal mixing
H o r i z o n t a l m i x i n g g e n e r a l l y i s most i m p o r t a n t near c i r c u l a t i o n c e l l s because
i t governs t h e t r a n s f e r o f f l u i d momentum and sediment mass from t h e main f l o w
-11.11-
from a
model a p p l i e d t o s i m u l a t e a dye-release e x p e r i -
lf> =
(11.4.36) i n a steady f l o w ( 9 u / a t = 0,
in longitudinal
and v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n by the mean f l o w (u,w), w h i l e s i m u l t a n e o u s l y the s e d i ment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s are mixed i n both d i r e c t i o n s by the t u r b u l e n t motions
(e
, e
S J X
of a line
i n j e c t i o n o f dye (Wg = 0) a f t e r r e l e a s e a t t = 0.
Equation
yielding
1
^ (h5) . 1
^ (h5) - 1
^ [h(K . i ^ ^ P | | ] . S = 0
in
(11.4.37)
which:
h
he
Jc
dz
o
h
= water
depth
= depth-averaged
sediment mixing c o e f f i c i e n t
depth-averag
S } X
= d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , S = source term.
t o the d e p t h - a v e r a g i n g
G e n e r a l l y , the d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t K i s much l a r g e r
mixing c o e f f i c i e n t
than
the
(11.4.36), i s the
introduction
-11.12(
o f a d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t which i s mainly r e l a t e d
t o the f l o w system c o n s i -
s i m u l a t i o n o f dye-release experiments
from
i n t h e f i e l d . An order o f
t o the h o r i z o n t a l spreading o f i n s t a n t a -
m i x i n g because o f t h e
K = 10"^ mVs
a = 10^ m
K = 10 mVs
d = 10^ m
K = 10^
mVs
il = 10^ m
K = 10^
mVs
I n f o r m a t i o n o f the l o n g i t u d i n a l
d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i s a l s o given by T a y l o r
boundary l a y e r f l o w i n a s t r a i g h t
channel they d e r i v e d t h e o r e t i c a l l y :
^x = %
with a
10
(11.4.38)
=^ 0.1 Uj^h.
I n f o r m a t i o n o f the t r a n s v e r s e d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i n f u l l y developed
boun-
K =
y
uh
that:
(11.4.39)
-11.13-
with a
0.1 t o 0.2 f o r s m a l l - s c a l e
s t r a i g h t channels and
^ 0.2 t o 2 f o r
l a r g e - s c a l e meandering r i v e r s . D e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r e s u l t s
i n s t r a i g h t channels shows some ( u n c l e a r ) i n f l u e n c e o f t h e channel w i d t h o r
b e t t e r t h e w i d t h - d e p t h r a t i o because t h i s parameter a f f e c t s t h e s i z e o f v e r t i cal
r e l a t i o n s h i p s representing
mixing.
Generally-accepted
the w i d t h - e f f e c t a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e . N a t u r a l r i v e r s
have the f o l l o w i n g t y p i c a l f e a t u r e s i n t e n s i f y i n g t h e t r a n s v e r s e m i x i n g
process:
1. i r r e g u l a r depth,
2. meandering p l a n f o r m and
3. presence o f s t r u c t u r e s and obstacles
Transverse m i x i n g
(groins, spurdikes,
i s i n t e n s i f i e d by generation
bridge p i e r s e t c . ) .
o f free-shar l a y e r s and by
side-wall
0.2 t o 1. I n
i n free-shear
1 t o 2.
l a y e r s can be estimated
giving:
y = 0.01 b AU
(11.4.40)
i n and near r e c i r c u l a t i n g f l o w s
influence
Eq.
(11.4.40) w i t h b = 100 m and Au = 1 m/s, which a r e t y p i c a l values f o r t h e geometry considered by F l o k s t r a e t a l , the K-value i s found t o be about 1 m2/s.
The
-11.14-
important f o r the
Vertical
mixing
by a p a r a b o l i c d i s t r i b u t i o n , as f o l l o w s :
coefficient
" R^J^
(11.4.4la)
6 K u^ h
(11.4.4lb)
in which:
^s,z " c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d v e r t i c a l sediment mixing
Ujj
= bed-shear v e l o c i t y
= water depth
The maximum e
The
-value
(=: 0.4)
1)
depth-averaged value i s
A parabolic-constant
coefficient
^ = 0.067 Uj^h.
s e c t i o n 8.3), as f o l l o w s :
t2 1
s ,max
^s,z = ^s,max =
lBCiy?!25?_f
c.
1 - h~J
6 < u^ h
v e r t i c a l density
(11.4.42a)
(11.4.42b)
gradients
-11.15-
k i n e t i c energy r e s u l t i n g i n s m a l l e r
v e l o c i t y f l u c t u a t i o n s and e d d y - v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s . T h i s
g e n e r a l l y i s modeled by i n t r o d u c t i o n
effect
follows:
c_ = e ^ (1 + a R i ) ^
f
f, o
in
(11.4.43)
which:
e
= f l u i d m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t i n the absence o f v e r t i c a l d e n s i t y g r a d i e n t
f ,0
2
Ri
= g ( 3 p / 3 z ) / ( p ( a u / a z ) ) = Richardson number
a,3
= coefficients
S i l t and mud
suspensions have a s m a l l v e r t i c a l d e n s i t y g r a d i e n t ( e x c e p t c l o s e
t o the bottom,
f l u i d mud)
t o have
11.4.4
Scale a n a l y s i s
two-dimensional
If
* h (-) -h^'sk*k
<"-'-^"
(11.4.44) can be
simplified
oZ
to:
ic^^^lc
3t
9x
3 c _ l c _ 3_ ( aC) _ 3_
^) = 0
9z
s 9z
9X ^ s 3x'^
3z ^ s 3z'^
(11.4.45)
term i s then i n d i c a t e d
Applying t = T t ' ,
E e', Equation
s
importance
by the r e l a t i v e magnitude o f i t s s c a l e
o f each
factor.
and
and
- 1 1 . 1 6 -
C r l c ^ l ^ y_C r
T Ut'^
L
I"
3c_|_i ^ W_C
9x'J ^ H
r . 9c'
"sC r9c'
" 9i^J - I T
9i^J ^
J L ll + O
"sT 9 t '
"s
9z'
9Z'
s.
The s c a l e f a c t o r s o f Eq.
( 1 1 . 4 . 4 7 )
become:
'
0(10,
S
0(10)
W
S
^ "
WsL2
WgH
0 ( 1 0 - 2 )
0 ( 1 0 0 )
-11.17-
11.4.5
The
R e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f neap-spring c y c l e i n sediment t r a n s p o r t
computations
springtide
factor ( 5 ) .
In t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s the c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r ( 5 ) i s d e r i v e d , assuming:
a power-law r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e sediment t r a n s p o r t
averaged v e l o c i t y (),
The
(q^.) and t h e d e p t h -
q^ = a *^ (zero time l a g ) .
sinusoidally
i n time:
= sin(w t )
(11.4.48)
i n which:
= c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y a t time t o f a d a i l y t i d a l c y c l e ( f l o o d or ebb)
= maximum c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y o f a d a i l y t i d a l c y c l e ( f l o o d or ebb)
0) =
~
T = duration
m
frequency
o f t i d a l cycle
the tide-integrated
transport
sediment
cycle.
The
be
sinusoidal.
The
H = a H
m
(11.4.49)
-11.18-
in which:
H
= t i d a l range a t time T
= 1 + a sin(u)T) = t i d a l
coefficient
) = 2t\/T = a n g u l a r frequency
T
= d u r a t i o n o f a neap-spring c y c l e
= t i d a l rage o f s p r i n g t i d e
(11.4.50)
For t h e mean t i d e i t f o l l o w s
that:
I n most e s t u a r i n e channels t h e r e i s a n e a r l y l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p
maximum f l o w v e l o c i t y
between t h e
each s p e c i f i c
location.
The a s t r o n o m i c a l c o r r e c t i o n
f a c t o r c, , which i s a m u l t i p l i c a t i o n f a c t o r f o r
Si
(11.4.52)
Substitution
(11.4.52) y i e l d s :
/
n>b
r / n n>b ,
(11.4.53)
or
f,-
\^
r "b ,
( 1 + a sintoT)"^ d
(11.4.54)
11.19-
Equation (11.4.54) y i e l d s :
nb = 2
= f'
nb = 3
= [1 + I ( a ) ^ ] ^ ^ ^
^ (a)2]^^2
nb = 4
^3 = [ l + 3 ( a ) 2 + I
nb = 5
?a =
nb = 6
5^")^
[ 1 . If
(11,4.55)
(a)^]^/^
()^]^^^
( ; ) 2 . ] i | ( i ) ^ , 5 ^ ( ^ ) 6 ] 1/6
F i g u r e 11.4.2 shows t h e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r ^
as a f u n c t i o n o f a and nb.
3.
Climatological_effects
The maximum c u r r e n t o f ^ t h e mean t i d e i s assumed t o have a normal d i s t r i b u t i o n
w i t h an average value
and standard d e v i a t i o n a .
Thus:
A
n)
--
e-^^-%)^/2a2
(11.4.56)
(2TT)0-5au
or,
2
f(x)
e"^
(11.4.57)
(2tt)-5 G^a
i n which:
A
X = f - ^)/^
m-^ m
a = a /u
u m
The p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t
F() = J
f() d =
J
XI
f ( x ) dx =
(2TT)0-bo x i
e"^ ^
dx
(11.4.58)
-11.20-
The c o r r e c t i o n
f a c t o r t.
due t o c l i m a t o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s f o l l o w s
from:
c
A
" h
^'^c ^m^ -
" .
(lI)
"
"
dO
(11.4.59)
Gl
resulting i n :
- (^)-^ f ' i i j ^
( H x ) ^ f ( x ) dx =
13-
The 5 - c o r r e c t i o n
( U x ) ^ e-^^=^dx
""1
(11.4.60)
Characteristic
t i d e f o r sediment
transport
f a c t o r ( ^ ) . The c o r r e c t i o n
factor (5) i s
d e f i n e d as:
^ =
^c
(11.4.61)
i n time superimposed
by a normal p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n t o
11.5
11.5.1
climatological).
Mathematical models
Introduction
was
pre-
sented by O'Connor (1971). Smith and O'Connor (1977) presented a two-dimensio n a l v e r t i c a l model based on the l a t e r a l l y - i n t e g r a t e d momentum and
continuity
f l o w s n e g l e c t i n g v e r t i c a l c o n v e c t i o n and l o n g i t u d i n a l d i f f u s i o n .
-11.21-
field.
c o n s t a n t d i s t r i b u t i o n . A c o n c e n t r a t i o n - t y p e boundary c o n d i t i o n was
the bed, assuming instantaneous adjustment
bed. Van R i j n (1980,
1985,
1986,
t o e q u i l i b r i u m c o n d i t i o n s near the
a n a l y t i c a l method t o r e p r e s e n t non-uniform
f i c i e n t s . The f l o w w i d t h was
applied at
v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s and m i x i n g
coef-
model t o g r a d u a l l y v a r i e d f l o w i n t r a n s v e r s e d i r e c t i o n .
C e l i k and Rodi (1984) presented a model s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Smith and O'Connor
(1977). However, the former a p p l i e d a "two-equation"
( k - e p s i l o n model).
t u r b u l e n c e c l o s u r e model
(1986,
Three-
R i j n and
Meijer
1988).
11.5.2
are described
Van
briefly.
as:
1
^ (buc) . 1
^ [b(w-W3)c] -
(be^ If) - 0
in
which:
= l o c a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t h e i g h t z above bed
= l o c a l h o r i z o n t a l f l u i d v e l o c i t y a t h e i g h t z above bed
= l o c a l v e r t i c a l f l u i d v e l o c i t y a t h e i g h t z above bed
(11.5.1)
w = p a r t i c l e f a l l v e l o c i t y
e = sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t
s
X
= h o r i z o n t a l coordinate
= v e r t i c a l coordinate
= width of flow
The
-11.22-
f l o w s w i t h s e p a r a t i o n and r e v e r s a l
3(bu)
equation:
9w
i i =
(11.5.2)
^s,c =
- ( 1 - 2 z / h ) 2 ] 0.25 K
p h
(11.5.3a)
^^"^
(11.5.3b)
> 0.5
which:
u ^ ^ j , = c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-shear v e l o c i t y
h
= water
depth
^s,w
= ^s,w,bed
^s,w = ^s,w,max
< 6^
(11.5.4a)
> 0.5 h
(11.5.4b)
(11.5.4c)
for z
r
's,w = ^s,w,bed ^
1 r ^-^s
1
^s,w,max- ^s,w,bedJ l o T s h l i - J
s
in
which:
^s,w,bed
Ufi, H and T.
-11.23-
e
= [(e
)2 + (e
s,cw
s,c
s,w
The
(11.5.5)
(z=a=reference
reference
( c ^ ) may
by Eq.
(8.3.17).
l e v e l i s a p p l i e d a t h a l f t h e bed form h e i g h t .
At t h e water s u r f a c e
z e r o : w^c +
i t i s assumed t h a t t h e n e t v e r t i c a l sediment t r a n s p o r t i s
9c/9z = 0.
At t h e i n l e t boundary t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
computation o f t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
p r o f i l e i s prescribed.
After
and v e l o c i t y f i e l d t h e d e p t h - i n t e g r a t e d
The
J
a
buc dz
(11.5.6)
load t r a n s p o r t t o t h e l o c a l bed-shear s t r e s s .
The
9(bZ|^)
9t
9(bqj.)
p (1-p)
s
9x
Computed c o n c e n t r a t i o n
= 0
(11.5.7)
model a r e shown i n F i g s .
concentration
t h e v e r t i c a l c o n v e c t i o n - d i f f u s i o n process should
-11.2l^-
11.5.3
i i ' - ) * i7
- h
" " - " 3 ' = ' - I J < s , X l f > -17 <s,y I7'
The f l o w v e l o c i t i e s i n v e r t i c a l d i r e c t i o n are d e s c r i b e d by l o g a r i t h m i c
p r o f i l e s , as f o l l o w s :
" = -1 . l n ( h / z ^ )
^ = -1
1 " ^^/^o)
. In(h/z^)
(11.5.9a)
1"
(11.5.9b)
9v
9w
i i ^ 9 ^ - i i = 0
(11.5.10)
The v e r t i c a l sediment m i x i n g c o e f f i c i e n t (e
) i s s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Eqs.
S Jz
(11.5.11)
h
'' (vc - e^^y 9c/9y)dz
(11.5.12)
-11.25-
11, 6
REFERENCES
on Sedimentation
Union, Vol. 21
-11.26-
Distribution
Sediment T r a n s p o r t
Diagrams
PRYCH, E.A.,
Effects
1970
SAYRE, W.M.,
1975
N a t u r a l M i x i n g Processes i n Rivers
I n : Environmental Impacts on Rivers e d i t e d
by H.W, Shen,
F o r t C e i l i n g s , Colorado, USA
-11.27-
India
VAN RUM,
L.C. , 1987
USA
0.150
(mg,
300
c
O
ncenl
O
[_
200
iment
0
u
100
9,00
11.00
13.00
15.00
> t i m e (hours)
17.00
19.00
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 11.2.1
c
c
transport
capacity
K EROSION
- > time
SEDIMENTATION
t r a n s p o r t capacity
>
local transport
t r a n s p o r t capacity
<
local transport
FLOW
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 11.2.2
PROFILE
8
1.0
0.39
Qo=0S1 m/s
0.5
\4
0 5
2.0
1.5
Q5
1^
1.0
maasuras
in m.
>
.175
flow
0.4
Q2
1
0.60
0.6
vslocity
0.8
-^tlow
(m/s)
02
1.0
1
E
N
N
0.5O
020
0.50
040
CJ
020
0.10
lO'^
10-^
concantration
-^floW
02
1
0 6 0
0 4 0
f r . flow
0,2
1.0
6
i
020
XI
O
t
\x
'\
(m/s)
0.8
1.0
1
DD/-iirii tr
0 4 0
O30
O 20
\
0.10
<l
>
0
2
-fr. c o n c e n t r a t i o n
flow
velocity
10'
(ppm)
8,_2 2
10^
(m/s)
4 6 8
,
10^
concentration
4 6
8 .
10^
(ppm)
Flow velocity
M
0 5 0
=RC) F I L .E
B
XI
CS
040
\N
O
-t-
10"
O)
>
o
velocity
0.6
O50
<
TD"
0.4
0,60
=ROFIL- E
0.60
10^
10^ ,
^ . c o n c e n t r a t i o n (ppm)
(m/s)
-Q-
0.3O
OIO
^
10^
o>
0.8
\\
0 5 0
0.6
1
<
(ppm)
"8
0.4
vatocity
/<
PRC FIL E
4
030
10'
0.10
(m/s)
1.0
-C
OB
>
O
0.30
XI
CS
velocity
0.6
xf
PR DPI - E
0 4 0
0.6O
04
O30
Sediment concentration
computed
Ul
computed
measured
020
measured
0.10
/It
a.
0
2
10'
6 8 , 2
4
6 8
IO-'
10-=
-> concentration
10"
(ppm)
HYDRAULICS
H 461
1 FIG 11.3.1
outflow w a t o r *
ssdimont <pump)
(moasuros in m)
A. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP
1,2
IV)
\
a
>!*
hi
0.4
=Q 24
18
20
measured
ff/
02
0
computed
. = 0 011 k g / s m ( c o m j u t c d )
0.6
10
12
>
14
16
distance,
22
24
26
28
30
^
h
PRC>FIL
N|
.J_..LIU J.
.05
.1
r m
111'
PR
T"
PROFILE 4 , " f
n
4.2
8.3-
computed
measured
o'
B
IC
rni.
' h
4 6
IL c
5 E
10^
D,
6 8
IC
6 B
sediment
C.
o'
concentration
(ppm)
CONCENTRATIONS
CONCENTRATIONS GENERATED BY AN
INITIALY CLEAR FLOW WITH WAVES
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 11.3.2
surface
A.
I08|
RHENO
A 1964
1962 n
O 1962 n
o 1961 I
I
" *Z
A #3
CM
E
u
c
I *4
#5
#6
10' h- O NEW
NORTH
SEA
OFF
CAPE
KENNEDY
YORK BIGHT
'u
1*0
@
O
u
c
,o
I05
t_
cs
*b
@ # c OFF
9 *<i CALIFORNIA
e e
a> * f
<: BANANA RIVER
Q.
0)
O
H
C
O
I04
L.
x:
lO^i
10^
10"*
B.
lo5
dlspersion
|o6
length scale
]Q7
(cnn)
DISPERSION COEFFICIENTS
DISPERSION OF CONCENTRATIONS
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 11.4.1
1.15
nb = 6
nb = 5
nb
1.10
=4
astronomical
nb = 3
effect
1.05
nb=2
1.00
0.1
02
0.3
0.4
05
06
1" a
1.15
B
'
1.10
b=E
V-O
^b=4
climatological
effect
b=;
1.05
1.00
0.06 0.10
014
018
022
026 Q30
> a- =u
H
CL r maxinlum tidal
max
CT,= relative
ar =
b
coefficient
NEAP-
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 11.4.2
= 0.05
= 0.05<^
10,-1
101
^
,0.5
C
=18 log
4 5 6 789 ,
4 5 6789^,
.
8
-h-
c u r r e n t - related
^
-"8
bed-shear
velocity
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d Chzy - coefficient
depth-averaged c u r r e n t v e l o c i t y
p a r t i c l e fall velocity
c u r r e n t - r e l a t e d bed-roughness height
w a v e - r e l a t e d bed-roughness height
w a t e r depth
s i g n i f i c a n t wove height
e q u i l i b r i u m sediment t r a n s p o r t
= a d j u s t m e n t length f r o m
= to
's,w
H.
(m/s)
(mO-5/s)
(m/s)
(m/s)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(m)
(kg/sm)
= 1
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 11.5.1
H 461
FIG. 11.5.2
-12.1-
12.
12.1
Introduction
than t h e g r a v i t y f o r c e s a r e a c t i n g
deposition,
c o n s o l i d a t i o n , e r o s i o n and so on.
Because o f t h e c o m p l e x i t y
d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e v a r i o u s processes i s l a r g e l y e m p i r i c a l . T h i s chapter
summarizes t h e most i m p o r t a n t
processes i n t h e f o l l o w i n g o r d e r :
cohesion, p l a s t i c i t y , v i s c o s i t y and y i e l d
stress
flocculation
settling
deposition
consolidation
erosion
transport
12.2
i s submitted
t o shear
T =
+ o t a n (t)
(12.2.1)
i n which:
T
= yield
stress
= angle o f i n t e r n a l
friction
-12,2-
The
y i e l d stress i s generally
i n t e r p r e t e d as t h e "cohesion" o f t h e sample.
0 = 0 . The angle o f i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n
a f i n i t e shear
r e p r e s e n t s t h e machanical
stress
resistance
t o d e f o r m a t i o n by f r i c t i o n and i n t e r l o c k i n g o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s .
P l a s t i c i t y i s the property
o f cohesive m a t e r i a l t o undergo s u b s t a n t i a l
permanent d e f o r m a t i o n w i t h o u t
breaking.
Suspensions o f w a t e r , f i n e sand, s i l t ,
c l a y (and o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l ) have a
i n t e r c e p t w i t h t h e shear s t r e s s a x i s i s c a l l e d t h e y i e l d s t r e s s
(x ) and
c o n s i s t s o f two c o n c e n t r i c
p l a c e d . Once c y l i n d e r i s r o t a t e d a t a c o n s t a n t r a t e g i v i n g a c o n s t a n t s h e a r i n g
r a t e , w h i l e t h e f o r c e i s measured on t h e o t h e r
c y l i n d e r g i v i n g t h e shear
stress.
Based on e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a , t h e y i e l d s t r e s s i s found t o be p r o p o r t i o n a l t o
the sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
f o l l o w i n g t a b l e (Allersma,
1984):
-12.3-
Sediment C o n c e n t r a t i o n (kg/m3)
Material
Kaolinite
= 0.05
- 0.1 N/m2
0.1
250
150
100
50
0.3
0,5 -
1.0
1 -
y
Natural
mud
i n f r e s h water
Natural
=0.5-1.0
N/m2
>
N/m2
1 -
10
mud
= 0.1
0.3
>
10
in saline
water
Viscosity
values f o r n a t u r a l mud
as a f u n c t i o n o f the sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n
v i s c o s i t y o f the
fluid-
t o 100
i n s a l i n e water.
Sediment C o n c e n t r a t i o n {kg/m3)
Material
50
0
natural
200
100
350
500
5-10
20-50
mud
s a l i n e water
natural
kg/m3. Then, i t i n c r e a s e s r a p i d l y ,
n=0.001 kg/sm
0.002-0.004 0.01
Ti=0.001 kg/sm
0.001
-0.03
0.3
-0.7
mud
fresh
water
12.3
Flocculation
3-9
the
e l e c t r o k i n e t i c p o t e n t i a l a s s o c i a t e d w i t h the p a r t i c l e s .
I n f r e s h water the e l e c t r o k i n e t i c p o t e n t i a l g e n e r a l l y
and
is sufficiently
the e l e c t r i c a l
large
the
layer
the p a r t i c l e s f l o c c u l a t e
(stick
-12.Al-
t o g e t h e r ) due
molecular
a t t r a c t i v e f o r c e s , known
electro-statical
cementation).
F l o c c u l a t i o n r e q u i r e s p a r t i c l e c o l l i s i o n s . T h e t h r e e most i m p o r t a n t
collision
due
t o the
(3)
particles.
Other f a c t o r s enhancing f l o c c u l a t i o n a r e : s i z e , c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s ,
salinity,
temperature and o r g a n i c m a t e r i a l .
A s m a l l p a r t i c l e s i z e i n combination
research
(Krone,
1962)
this
organic
b i n d i n g f o r c e s become l a r g e r
up.
Break up o f the f l o e s i s caused by l a r g e s h e a r i n g f o r c e s i n the f l u i d . When
these f o r c e s are l a r g e r than the s t r e n g t h o f the f l o e s , the f l o e s are broken
i n t o s m a l l e r f l o e s o r p a r t i c l e s . Large shearing f o r c e s e x i s t close t o the
bottom where the v e l o c i t y g r a d i e n t s are l a r g e s t . Large shearing f o r c e s are
a l s o generated i n s m a l l - s c a l e eddies everywhere i n the f l u i d . Under the
i n f l u e n c e o f t u r b u l e n t f o r c e s t h e r e i s a continuous
process o f f l o c c u l a t i o n
100 ym and
with
s i n g l e m i n e r a l p a r t i c l e s s m a l l e r than about 10
10
ym.
-12.5-
12.4
Settling
related
t o the
sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( c ) .
In case o f f l o c c u l a t i n g suspensions ( s a l i n i t y > 5 p r o m i l l e )
with
the s e t t l i n g
velocity
effect.
w i t h no n e t v e r t i c a l movement o f t h e f l o e s .
g e n e r a l l y i s c a l l e d f l u i d mud. I n t h e
sediment-fluid
for
k c
(12.4.1)
s ,m
= w
(1-c)
in hindered-settling
(12.4.2)
i n which:
w
= s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y o f floes i n fluid-sediment mixture
s ,m
w
= s e t t l i n g velocity o f individual floes
s
c
= volume c o n c e n t r a t i o n
= coefficient
= coefficient
= c o e f f i c i e n t (== 3 t o 5)
1 t o 2)
Some r e s u l t s f o r cohesive m a t e r i a l
The
i n s a l i n e water a r e shown i n F i g .
12.3.IB.
flow.
-12.6-
smaller
larger floes.
forces
to the presence o f d i s r u p t i v e
floes.
(
best approach i s t o
in t h i s period.
sample c o n t a i n e r i s r o t a t e d i n t o a v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n and
be
0,3
^
m)
to
h o r i z o n t a l d i f f u s i v e t r a n s p o r t (e
3^c/8x^
0) and
vertical
s
convective
t r a n s p o r t (w
from
yielding:
(12,4,3)
i n w h i c h : w^^^ = f a l l v e l o c i t y a t h e i g h t z, c = c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t h e i g h t z,
t i m e , u = v e l o c i t y a t h e i g h t z,
= mixing c o e f f i c i e n t a t h e i g h t
t=
z,
-12.7-
larger
= 1-3 mm/s
( a p p l y i n g Eq.
s
Scheldt
Estuary i n The
N e t h e r l a n d s . Analysis o f i n - s i t u s e t t l i n g
t o 0.3
mm/s.
tube
These d e v i a t i o n s
instrument.
accurate
12.5
Deposition
12.5.1
Introduction
Deposition
v a l u e f o r d e p o s i t i o n (i^ ^ ) ,
the
at
Francisco
Bay)
various
(mud
had a p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h 60^ s m a l l e r
material
critical
than
1 ym.
m/s.
mud
Three d i s t i n c t
p e r i o d s can be observed:
e
hindered
t o the
kg/m3,
a f i n a l p e r i o d o f l o n g d u r a t i o n w i t h a very slow d e p o s i t i o n o f
concentrations
< 0.3
kg/m3. D e p o s i t i o n
i n t h i s stage c o u l d be
s i g n i f i c a n t l y by p l a c i n g a g r i d i n the f l o w ( t o i n t e n s i f y
12.5.2
increased
flocculation).
A f l u i d mud
o f sediment p a r t i c l e s was
found t o e x i s t a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
above
(known
s e t t l i n g e f f e c t ) and p a r t i a l l y by i n t e r f l o c c o n t a c t s ( F i g .
- 1 2 . 8 -
increasing concentrations
The
s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y reduces f o r
r e l a t i v e l y l a r g e a t the upper l a y e r s
l a y e r ( e s p e c i a l l y i n neap-
t i d e c o n d i t i o n s ) w i t h i n c r e a s i n g sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
300
kg/m3. The
t h i c k n e s s o f the f l u i d mud
velocity
i n the range o f 1 0 t o
l a y e r w i l l i n c r e a s e as l o n g as
the
the
f l u i d mud
l a y e r can be t r a n s p o r t e d h o r i z o n t a l l y as a
turbidity
to:
g r a v i t y f o r c e s on a s l o p i n g bottom,
p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t f o r c e s due
t o h o r i z o n t a l d i f f e r e n c e s i n sediment
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s and f l u i d d e n s i t i e s ,
e
layer
Parker
concentrations
( 1 9 8 0 ,
1 9 8 3 )
t o be moved a g a i n s t
and
of
gravity.
layers with
i n the
1 2 . 5 . 3
The
Concentrations o f 0.3
to 10 kg/m3
(see F i g .
12.5.IA).
log(c/CQ)
in
1 9 6 2
r - K log(t)
( 1 2 . 5 . 1 )
which:
C Q = i n i t i a l concentration
t
= time
= coefficient
as f o l l o w s :
(at t = 0 )
-12.9-
Mehta and
(initial
covered by an annular
o f 1 t o 10 kg/m3) i n an annular
flume, which
was
uniform
Figure
d e p o s i t i o n an e q u i l i b r i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n
(Cg) i s o b t a i n e d . Floes w i t h a
low
h i g h shear r e s i s t a n c e can be d e p o s i t e d .
The
equilibrium concentration
a l s o found a constant
concentrations
( c ^ ) . The
Partheniades
( c ^ ) . Mehta and
of
sediment m a t e r i a l and
various i n i t i a l
concentration
was
^ = cw
net
s,m
for"
< X, , ^.
b,d,min
(12.5.2)
f o r X, > X, ,
b
b,d,max
(12.5.3)
depending on the v a l u e
of
^ n e t ^ "s,m
^^^'^'^^
w i t h a = fC-r^j).
Mehta and
for
K a o l i n i t e i n d i s t i l l e d water.
The
experimental
T^^^^^^J^X
"
groups o f f l o e s . The
f i r s t have s u f f i c i e n t l y s t r o n g bonds t o r e s i s t
the
^^^^
two
-12.10-
stress
to
s t r e s s f o r e r o s i o n (T, ) .
b,e'
sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n t h e r e p l a c e d water. T h i s i n d i c a t e d
that
(equilibrium).
pure s c o u r i n g
x > x
b
b,e
no s c o u r i n g o r d e p o s i t i o n
T,_
< x < x
b,d,max
b ~ b,e
hindered deposition
f u l l deposition
x, < x
b
b,d,min
12.5.4
Concentration
t o be
c_
c
(12.5.5)
-12.11-
i n which;
= c o n c e n t r a t i o n a t time t
= i n i t i a l concentration a t t = 0
s ,m
= s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y o f p a r t i c l e s or f l o e s a t T, = 0 (zero f l o w )
D
= time
= coefficient
dt
. ,ow^
s,m
(12.5.6)
no n e t d e p o s i t i o n occurs a t
maximum d e p o s i t i o n r a t e a t x, = 0 corresponding t o a s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y
c
b
6,6
10"
m/s
which
i
s
e q u i v a l e n t t o a Stokes diameter o f about
w
s,m
2.5 ym.
- V^b,d)
"^^^ V x
= '
^b = ^b,d
^^'-^-^^
i n which:
= a p p l i e d bed-shear s t r e s s
X,. ^ = c r i t i c a l bed-shear s t r e s s f o r d e p o s i t i o n ( n e t d e p o s i t i o n r a t e = 0
b,d
a t T, = X. ,, see F i g . 12,5.1C).
b
b,d'
-12.12(
zero d e p o s i t i o n
hindered d e p o s i t i o n D
f u l l deposition
, = 0
nec
. r ( 1 - T K / T , ,) cw
b b,d
s,m
D^^^^ = cw^^^
f o r T, =
5
^
b,d
f o r x, <
b
^
b,d
f o r x^^ = 0
shear l a y e r . The a c t u a l
there i s
Partheniades
c^ < 0.3
kg/m3 are
(1975) w i t h c^
M/m2,
= 0 N/m2. Mehta-Partheniades
found
can be e x p l a i n e d
by
the f l o c c u l a t i o n e f f e c t . A l a r g e r i n i t i a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n y i e l d s l a r g e r f l o e
s i z e s (due t o increased f l o c c u l a t i o n ) w i t h l a r g e r s e t t l i n g
Consequently,
in
12.6
The
velocities.
t o keep the f l o e s
suspension.
(kinsolidation
the bed). C o n s o l i d a t i o n
'
-12.13-
The process c o n s i s t s o f h i n d e r e d s e t t l i n g
i n i t i a l stage (days)
and
c o n s o l i d a t i o n . The f l o e s i n a f r e s h l y d e p o s i t e d
l a y e r are grouped i n an open s t r u c t u r e w i t h a
l a r g e pore volume. The weakest bonds are broken
down f i r s t and the network g r a d u a l l y
collapses.
f i n a l stage
(years)
The c o n s o l i d a t i o n process i s s t r o n g l y a f f e c t e d by t h e :
content o f organic m a t e r i a l ,
salinity,
water temperature.
causes b i o c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s r e s u l t i n g i n gas p r o d u c t i o n
the f l u i d
temperature).
(dependent on
initial
( d r y ) sediment c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
25, 50 ,100, 175, 250 and 500 kg/m3 (Van R i j n , 1985). The t e s t s c o n s i s t e d
measuring the h e i g h t
were
of
consolidates
f a s t e r than a
t o the mud
surface.
surface
(from Bangkok
suspension
were t e s t e d . D u r i n g the i n i t i a l
s i n k s l i n e a r l y w i t h time t .
heights
phase
-12.14-
0. 5
s i n k s w i t h l o g ( t ) . The
w i t h low i n i t i a l
surface
density
experiment the c o n s o l i d a t e d
r e g u l a r i n t e r v a l s t o s i m u l a t e wave-induced and
p r e s e n t i n n a t u r e . The
m a t e r i a l was
current-induced
higher
stirred
at
motions as
r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e a r e t a r d a t i o n o f the c o n s o l i d a t i o n
12.6.2C shows v e r t i c a l d i s t r i b u t i o n s o f
to larger
mud
mud
to
Lane and
r e s e r v o i r d e p o s i t s and
Pd = Pd,o
proposed the f o l l o w i n g
expression:
(12.6.1
i n which:
= dry sediment weight
(kg/m3)
p.
(kg/m3)
= time
= coefficient
silt:
Ph
c l a y : P^ =
( i n years)
(kg/m3)
1050
kg/m3 and
e ^ 100
500
kg/m3 and
6 ^ 250 kg/m3
kg/m
dry sediment d e n s i t i e s (p
. = p + p.
(p -p)/p
s u c c e s s i v e c o n s o l i d a t i o n stages i n e s t u a r i n e c o n d i t i o n s are g i v e n
i n the
kg/m3 i s s t i l l s a i l a b l e f o r s h i p s . The
with a
nautical
) in
kg/m3.
kg/m3
-12.15-
Consolidation
rheological
wet sediment
dry sediment
stage
behaviour
d e n s i t y (kg/m^)
d e n s i t y (kg/m3)
freshly
(1
consolidated
1000-1050
0-100
1050-1150
100-250
1150-1250
250-400
1250-1350
400-550
solid
1350-1400
550-650
solid
>1400
>650
dilute fluid
mud
day)
weakly c o n s o l i d a t e d
fluid
(1 week)
(Bingham)
medium c o n s o l i d a t e d
mud
dense f l u i d
(1 month)
(Bingham)
highly
fluid-solid
(1
consolidated
mud
year)
s t i f f mud
hard mud
12.7
(10 years)
(100
years)
Erosion
12.7.1
Introduction
value
e r o s i o n (x,
) , which depends on the bed m a t e r i a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ( m i n e r a l
b, e
composition,
results
are
d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n the l i t e r a t u r e : 1. s u r f a c e or f l o e e r o s i o n which i s t h e
by one
one
t o f a i l u r e w i t h i n the
bed.
-12.16-
12.7.2
All
channels.
Lane (1955) proposed the f o l l o w i n g t h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t i e s f o r e r o s i o n :
Material
moderate
loose
compact
compacted
sandy c l a y
0.45
m/s
0.9
m/s
1.3 m/
clay
0.35
m/s
0.8
m/s
1.2
m/s
0.3
m/s
0.7
m/s
1.0
m/s
lean clayey
Hughes
(I98O)
soil
l o c a t i o n s ) i n the southwestern
USA
by measuring and s t a t i s t i c a l l y
v e l o c i t i e s associated w i t h i n i t i a t i o n
150
anlyzing
12.7.1. The
The
^% t h r e s h o l d v e l o c i t y i s the maximum
used.
c o n t a i n i n g sand p a r t i c l e s w i l l cause
12.7.3
Consolidated s o f t deposits
Migniot
(1968),
Cormault
(1971),
Terwindt-Breusers
( 1 9 7 2 ) , Thorn
(I98I)
m/s.
and
a r e g i v e n i n the f o l l o w i n g
The
table.
t h a t the x^^ ^- value increases w i t h depth i n the bed l a y e r , because the dry
sediment d e n s i t y increases w i t h depth. For a given c o n s t a n t
current-induced
-12.17-
Material
100
150
400
N a t u r a l mud
s a l i n e water
300
200
= 0.01-0.08 N/m2
0,03-0,2
0,05-0.4
0.1-0,9
= 0.05 N/m2
0,1
0.2
0,6
= 0,2-1 N/m2
0,4 -0,6
0.8 -1.0
1,3-2,5
>1,7
= 0.2 N/m2
0.2
0.5
0.15
0,25
0.1
0,25-2,5
( M i g n i o t , 1968)
N a t u r a l mud
s a l i n e water
(TerwindtBreusers, 1972)
N a t u r a l mud
s a l i n e water
^b. e
(Thorn, 1981)
N a t u r a l mud
s a l i n e water
^b, e
(PurchureMehta, 1985)
Kaolinite
s a l i n e water
(ParchureMehta, 1985)
Kaolinite
t a p water
(ParchureMehta, 1985)
^b. e
= 0,1 N/m2
-12.18-
s l o w l y replaced
by c l e a r water showing no f u r t h e r e r o s i o n
t e s t s were performed i n an a n n u l a r
( a f t e r f r e e z i n g ) . The
samples were d i v i d e d i n
thickness
o f the eroded
l a y e r s a t each stage ( w i t h c o n s t a n t e q u i l i b r i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n )
from the increase o f the suspension c o n c e n t r a t i o n .
was
current-
= x,_ when
b
determined
Since, the a p p l i e d
bed
t o an eroded l a y e r t h i c k n e s s ) . Figure
increase
a c l e a r e f f e c t o f the s a l i n i t y on the x,
surface
- values. The
Mehta showed
e f f e c t s were l a r g e s t
for
had
a m a r g i n a l e f f e c t . A l a r g e r c o n s o l i d a t i o n time r e s u l t e d i n a l a r g e r
g- value. No f u r t h e r increase
10 days. The
consolidation
Otsubo and
stresses
was
increase
o f the
salinity
observed a f t e r a c o n s o l i d a t i o n p e r i o d
(z=0) was
of
not dependent on
time,
shear s t r e s s f o r f l o e e r o s i o n
(T,
and mass e r o s i o n
D,e,i
(x,
) was
shear
critical
related
Q5gb,e,2
t o the y i e l d s t r e s s (x,,), as f o l l o w s : x,
, = 0,27 x
and x,.
0.94
y
b,e,1
y
b,e,2
0.79 ,y
.
A r o t a r y viscometer was used t o determine the x - v a l u e . The x,.
values
y
b,e,1
were i n the range o f 0.05-0.5 N/m2, and x,
i n the range o f 0.1-1
N/m2.
b, e, :
F i n a l l y , i t i t noted t h a t the e r o s i o n a l s t r e n g t h o f a mud
bed
is largely
critical
w i t h decreasing SAR,
An increase
Ratio (SAR), I n g e n e r a l , x,
b, e,
i n pH and i n temperature w i l l
-12.19-
Erosion rates
E r o s i o n r a t e s a r e , g e n e r a l l y , expressed
E .
, [liL-Ib^l
b,e
as ( P a r t h e n i a d e s , 1963)
f o r , , > ,
(,2.7.,)
E = E
exp[a(x. - x. ^)*^]
f o r x > x. ^
(12.7.2)
surface
by e x t r a p o l a t i o n from a p l o t o f E a g a i n s t
motions.
i n t h e bed s u r f a c e p r o b a b l y
by t h e h i g h e s t v e l o c i t i e s o f t u r b u l e n t eddies,
The m i c r o topography
- 0.2 N/m^).
c o n t r o l l e d by b i o l o g i c a l
activity.
-12.20-
the f l o w over a
12.8
to 1
The
mm.
12.8.1
Steady flow
(no
G e n e r a l l y , the wash
drainage
l a r g e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s ( h y p e r c o n c e n t r a t i o n s upto
f l o o d s i n s e m i - a r i d environments.
The
tend
G e n e r a l l y , t h i s may
occur
during flash
i n small r i v e r s .
o f 500
ym).
The
al,
1988). Hyperconcentrations
may
(Wing e t
and
bed.
A n a l y s i s o f measured v e l o c i t y p r o f i l e s shows a l o g a r i t h m i c d i s t r i b u t i o n
K - values decreasing
approaches 0.4
12.8.2
with
f o r i n c r e a s i n g c o n c e n t r a t i o n s , but the K- v a l u e
Non-steady ( t i d a l ) flow
consolidation.
G e n e r a l l y , a t h r e e - l a y e r system can be d i s t i n g u i s h e d i n v e r t i c a l
c o n s o l i d a t e d mud
kg/m3. The
direction:
by the i n t e r n a l f l o e frame-
work.
The mud
300
i n t e r f a c e i s d e t e c t a b l e by echosounding i n s t r u m e n t s (30
kHz).
-12,21-
f l u i d mud suspension l a y e r w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
kg/m3. The l a y e r thickness
by t h e escaping
fluid
s e t t l i n g e f f e c t ) , A c l e a r i n t e r f a c e ( l u t o c l i n e ) can be observed
density
recordings.
d i l u t e mud suspension w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
which a r e d e t e c t a b l e
mud i n t e r f a c e or a t t h e f l u i d mud i n t e r f a c e w i l l
(T, > T
) , see F i g . 12.8.IA, S i m i l a r l y ,
(T^^ <
bed-shear
j).
Deposition
( d e p o s i t i o n ) and increase
concentrations
g e n e r a l l y occur a t a c e r t a i n ( l a g ) p e r i o d a f t e r maximum f l o w
surface
i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s prevent s e t t l i n g o f a l l p a r t i c l e s d u r i n g s l a c k water.
Thus, t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n
concentration).
The
-12.22-
s p r i n g t i d e : n e a r l y u n i f o r m ( w e l l - m i x e d ) c o n c e n t r a t i o n d i s t r i b u t i o n a t maximum
f l o o d and ebb v e l o c i t i e s , f o r m a t i o n o f f l u i d mud i n t e r f a c e s
( l u t o c l i n e s ) near the bottom d u r i n g s l a c k water, l u t o c l i n e i s
moving downward, re-entrainment
neaptide
: t i d a l v e l o c i t i e s a r e g e n e r a l l y too s m a l l t o cause e r o s i o n a t t h e
near-bed f l u i d mud l a y e r , the f l u i d mud l a y e r may s u r v i v e over
s e v e r a l t i d a l c y c l e s as a s t a t i o n a r y l a y e r .
Mathematically,
t h e t r a n s p o r t o f cohesive sediments i s d e s c r i b e d
by t h e
yielding:
i n which:
c
= depth-averaged c o n c e n t r a t i o n
u,v
= depth-averaged c u r r e n t v e l o c i t i e s i n x,y d i r e c t i o n s
Kjj,Ky
= d i s p e r s i o n c o e f f i c i e n t i n x,y d i r e c t i o n s
= water depth
= source-sink
boundary c o n d i t i o n s , e r o s i o n and d e p o s i t i o n f u n c t i o n s , a r e g i v e n i n
bed l a y e r should
own
d e p o s i t i o n occurs,
occurs,
be represented
12.9
as a number o f s u b l a y e r s , each w i t h i t s
continuous
thickness.
F i e l d observations
-12.23-
1987;
Kendrick
and C l i f f o r d ,
I98I).
1 0 0 kg/m3
1987;
concentrations
1986).
F l u i d i z a t i o n o f t h e t o p mud l a y e r i s i n i t i a t e d by wave-induced p r e s s u r e
v a r i a t i o n s a t t h e bed, which l e a d t o an increase o f the water pressure i n t h e
pores and hence t o a r e d u c t i o n o f the i n t e r n a l s o i l shear s t r e n g t h . Various
types o f sediment m i x t u r e s
(1985,
1987).
I n four
e x p e r i m e n t s t h e bed c o n s i s t e d
o f pure
(100^)
kaolinite
12.9.1.
wave h e i g h t =
0.022
suspension l a y e r (== 0 . 0 1 m) w i t h c o n c e n t r a t i o n s o f
about 0 . 1 kg/m3.
wave h e i g h t = 0 . 0 3 m :
suspension l a y e r w i t h a t h i c k n e s s o f 0 . 0 5 m and
c o n c e n t r a t i o n s upto
0 . 5 kg/m3
(Fig.
12.9.1A),
a vague
i n t e r f a c e was v i s i b l e .
wave h e i g h t =
0.047
m:
levels,
a f t e r 3 0 minutes t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s
increased
r a p i d l y . Equilibrium concentrations
ranging
t o s e t t l e and
c o n s o l i d a t e f o r 4 3 hours r e s u l t i n g i n a c l e a r f l u i d
w i t h l o c a l l y s m a l l scour holes
the bed.
(depth ^ 0 . 0 2 m) on
-12.24-
wave h e i g h t = 0.07
m :
g e n e r a t i o n o f a f l u i d mud
l a y e r ( = 0.025 m) w i t h
Dye
l a y e r was
slowly
(== 0,02
m/s)
induced
v e l o c i t i e s ( d r i f t ) . The g e n e r a t i o n o f a
mud
bed
l a y e r has a s t a b i l i z i n g e f f e c t on the e r o s i o n
bed-
Experiments w i t h m i x t u r e s o f f i n e sand
A bed c o n s i s t i n g o f 25^ k a o l i n i t e
F l u i d i z a t i o n o f the
k a o l i n i t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were n o t l a r g e r than
washed o u t .
The
t o a s t r o n g suppression
o f sand r i p p l e s ( h e i g h t
0,002 m).
-12.25-
12.10
References
Rijkswaterstaat,
M i d d e l b u r g , The Netherlands
CORMAULT, P., 1971
D e t e r m i n a t i o n Experimentale du D e b i t S o l i d e d'rosion de Sediments F i n s
Cohesifs
Proc.
I4th
Congress, lAHR, P a r i s
Univ. o f F l o r i d a , USA
1981
Singapore
-12.26-
MIGNIOT, C , 1968
Etude des Proprits Physiques de Diffrents Sdiments t r e s f i n s e t de l e u r
Comportement sous des Actions
Hydrodynamiques
MEDECO, 1965
S i l t a t i o n Bangkok P o r t Channel
The Hague, The Netherlands
-12.27-
No. 10
THORN, M.F.C., I 9 8 I
P h y s i c a l Processes o f S i l t a t i o n i n T i d a l Channels
Hydr, M o d e l l i n g a p p l i e d t o Maritime Eng,, Paper No. 6, London
Alternating
S A L I N I T Y , ppl
A.
SALINITY
EFFECT
ON
FLOCCULATION
10'
8
6
s
E
E
t'
7^
10"
8
6
/ r
\\
'
B
3
3LINITE
o
i:
\
e
10'
8 IO'
8 10^
\;
\
8 10=
c o n c e n t r a t i o n (mg/-E)
B. S E T T L I N G V E L O C I T Y A S
A FUNCTION
OF
CONCENTRATION
surface
still water
i o o 1
1 1
! A 1
5
"
"
1 ^ ^ !
1
1
floe sizes
bed
\ " V
flowing water
t
setting
velocity
SZ
1 ^ f <-.!
T
setting
velocity
C.
SETTLING A N D
FLOCCULATION
concentration
* velocity
IN S T I L L
AND
concentration
FLOWING
WATER
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 12.3.1
HOURS
A.
OF
DEPOSITION
DEPOSITION EXPERIMENT,
..I
Co = 15 k g / m ^
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
461
FIG. 12.5.1
n
SERIES
RUNS
T"
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT
IV
l-e
CONCENTRATION v s . TIME
DEPTH M S C M .
F O R V A R I O U S INITIAL
VLX)OITy'BI.O O M / S E C .
CONCENTRATIONS
-1
1
T
\
BUN B j
RW
-^0
"
0 , ^ 0 0 . 0 , 8 1 0
Ca / C o
= 0.668
0,
/ C o
C.
/ C ^ .
0.498
0 / C q /
O S 40
^ 'i^
\
\
\
RUNS
IZ
16
18
21
0.540_
24
27
30
33
TIME A F T E R S T A R T IN HOURS
A.
CONCENTRATION AS A FUNCTION
O F TIME,
Co = 1 - 1 0 k g / m ^ , Xb= c o n s t a n t
Symbol
O
O
A
min
B.
RATIO Ce/Co
Dpth(W
e
9
12
13
Wppr n) Rongi
1078- 2 5 0 0 0
r058- 2 4 2 0 0
1135 .- 2 5 9 3 0
7 6 6 0 - . 15900
Tfc (dynes/cm^)
AS A FUNCTION OF Tb
DEPOSITION EXPERIMENTS OF
HYDRAULICS
H 461
1 FIG. 12.5.2
* time in days
0.1
X)
4 6 8 10^
02
, 0.5
4 6 8 10^ 2
4 6 8 10^
tinnc in nninutes
3 4 567
4 6 8 IO"*
6 810^
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 12.6.1
TIME
lo
IN
20
HOURS
50
(OO
1
1
5O0 rooo
200
006
sooo
2000
H60
2
oso
I 00
J J 1 so
HSO AHD
>
\
p..
i1
\-
1
1
V
a
A.
TIME
5
10
20
1
1
INTERRUPTED
1 hour
1 day
CONSOLIDATION
TESTS,
1 week
1 month
l""""
NEDECO 1 9 6 5
IN HOURS
50
100
200
1
]
1
CONSOLIDATION ^ . . o i o y .
500
,
1000
,
DENSITY
2000
,
moriLC
5000
1
1.0
\ ^
h. o,s
V \
0.8
I 2-40
)370
\\
\\\
0,6
X
7
V \
V% \^ \
0)0.4
0.0 6
1140
O.JO
(UO
0 29
(1 SO AND 4<OS
OSO
1.00
l.SO
<I5D Am
200
1150
0.2
1095
IF
72 yar
I day
0.5
1.0
relative
bed
2.0
1,5
concentration,
bed
B.
W E T SEDIMENT
DENSITY, NEDECO 1 9 6 5
C. VERTICAL
SEDIMENT
DISTRIBUTION O F DRY
DENSITY
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FK5. 12.6.2
1I
111
1II
I I I
- stable
- scoured
SANDY SILT S O I L S
.2
A.
.3 .4 .5
1
2
3 4 5
DEPTH OF FLOW f t
10
1IIII
I 11
1III
I I I
S I L T Y CLAY SOILS
- stable
a - scoured
probability of channel
erosion
-J
1I
.2
B.
l l l l
-J
' ' I
.3 .4 .5
1
2
3 4 5
DEPTH OF FLOW ft
SILTY CLAY
1
10
SOIL
1
1 1 1 1
1 I
1 1 1 11
CLAY SOILS
20
u
*^
^ 10 :
>t
:
.
/
a"^^^
.99
50"
.01-
probability of c h a n n e l
erosion
3 a - D
, /
-cr
-|a
li-
^
'
* *
stable
D-scoured
1
C.
CLAY
.2 .3 .4
.5
1 1
1
2
3 4 5
DEPTH OF FLOW ft
1 1
10
20
SOIL
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG.
12.7.1
TIME, t ( hours)
T I M E . t (hours)
A.
DENSITY,/? {q/)
B.
SHEAR STRENGTH.TslNAr?)
1,0'
C.
CRITICAL
STRESS
EROSION SHEAR
IN BED
LAYER
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 12.7.2
deposition
erosion
j^eros]on_^
HH
u
O
CURRENT
VELOCITY
1
1.0
w
^1
t
c
o
'+J
V ^ n e a r bed
I-
u
c
0.5
lag period
~ V^near surface
MUD
CONCENTRATION
12
0
->
A. MUD CONCENTRATION
water
10
1\ \
>
o
t i m e (hours)
IN T I M E
surface
il\
OT
-C
0.1
0,01
0.1
B.
VERTICAL
cons olidoted mu d
V
10
100
1000
mud concentration (kg/m^)
CONCENTRATION
10000
DISTRIBUTION
DELFT
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 12.8.1
STAGE ( H )
AND
VELOCITY
'' E B B
E
Z
0.5
\V
'
A,
CV)
\ /
0.5
0.5
0.5 i>
F L D ^
SILT
CONCENTRATION
IN
p.p.m.
/
70
79
56
_i4
j
/
5"
ID
7? 1
1 '78 / /
18a
ua/
ISO
in
->io
-joy
"'^^
li-^
U30 /
U50
SILT C O N C E N T R A T I O N
IN
" ' - 6
' " - 4
p.p.m.
4 0 0
300
200
IOO
O
i s o o r V E R T I C A L SILT
TRANSPORT
AT B O T T O M IN 9 / h m ^
45O0
4 0 0 0 0.
SOO
O
500
Hooo g
1500
HORIZONTAL
IN kg/sac m
SILT
TRANSPORT
EBB
FLD
FLD
^
8
\0
TIME
IN
12
hourj
14
5
16
APRIL
18
1952
HYDRAULICS
H 461
FIG. 12.8.2
^'
0
1
4
1
12
16
O
A
+
20
TIME
1
24
1
28
1
32
1
36
1
40
1
44
r
48
(HOURS)
BOTTOH (K=ll
MID
(K=4)
SURFACE {K=6)
A. CONCENTRATIONS
AT BOTTOM ( o ) , M I D - D E P T H
TIME
B. DEPTH-INTEGRATED
(HOURS)
TRANSPORT
RATES
DELFT HYDRAULICS
461
FIG.12.8.3
+
X
O
TIME
riHE
riME
riME
TIME
=
=
5
10
20
30
45
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
'>4
consolidated
kaolinite bed
Kls.'l---1'-
ToT
0^
10<
OONCENIRATION
105
(MG/L)
MEAN-VALUE OPCON.
riME
TIME
TIME
TIME
TIME
-+1X4r
15
60
105
I 70
240
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
MEAN-VALUE SIPHON
1 *
consolidated
kaolinite bed
10'
10=
44;
10'
CONCENTRATION
10=
(MG/L)
O
+
X
TIME
TIME
TIME
TIME
TIME
TIME
TIME
12
25
45
60
90
120
150
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
MIN
^0.20
Xf
fluid ized
layer
consolidated
bed t = O m i n
10<
CONCENTRATION
C.
lb'
(MG/L)
H 461
FIG. 12.9.1