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Characteristics
follow I&D, Chapter 8
primary difference from external flow is the presence of an
opposing, confining surface that constrains the boundary
layer growth
entry (entrance) length exists (B.L. is developing)
fully developed region eventually forms
r0 R
ref. Incropera
& DeWitt,
Chap. 8
umD
2300
onset of turbulence
Turbulent:
10
x fd
60
D
& = u m A c
m
constant for steady
incompressible flow
General Assumptions
We will assume:
steady, incompressible, Newtonian,constant
properties
Kn (= /L) << 1 (continuum)
for air @ STP 0.1 m
continuum breaks down for
very low pressure
very small dimensions
Careful using for microchannels with
gases !
r r-momentum
r
r r r r
x
u(x, R) = 0
v(x, R) = 0
Entrance Region:
B.C.s:
u
=0
r r =0
u(x = 0, r) = uo(r)
Assume axisymmetry
= 0 u(r)
B.C.s
u(R) = 0
u
r
=0
r =0
d du dp
r =
r dr dr dx
Mean velocity
Velocity distribution
Velocity profile
1 dp 2
r
u(r) = R 1
4 dx R
&
m
=
um =
2
R
u(r)
um
u(2r)dr
R 2
r
= 2 1
R
2
R 2 dp
=
8 dx
Notice
dimensionless
velocity
distribution not a
functions of Re
why?
u 2m
pfd = f
L
2D
D = 2R
f=
64
Re D
fully developed
laminar
Note: dP/dx is
constant, but f
is not, due to
funny nondimensionaliza
tion
For turbulent flow the analysis is not as simple as above, and the pressure
drop is very sensitive to roughness (unlike in laminar flow). For smooth
surfaces,
fturb
= 0.316 ReD-0.25 (ReD < 20000)
= 0.184 ReD-0.20 (ReD > 20000)
r0 R
0.05 ReD Pr
Thermal entrance length
D
(unlike in laminar flow, the entrance length is nearly
independent of Pr in turbulent flow, with Lt / D ~ 10)
The shape of the fully developed profile T(r, x) is different
depending on whether Ts or q is a constant
Example:
for engine oil (Pr 6000), say D = 1 cm, um = 1 m/s,
= 550 x 10-6 m2/s:
ReD = (1) (0.01)/(550 x 10-6) = 18 (laminar)
xfd,t = 0.05 Re Pr = 5455 tube diameters!
i.e., a tube length of 54 m!!
(t never reaches the centerline in pipes of reasonable length)
& v Tm =
E& t = mC
uC v TdA c
Ac
Tm
Ac
uC v TdA c
& v
mC
2
Tm =
umR 2
T(r) u(r) r dr
Ts T(x, r)
Ts Tm (x)
Ts T
=0
x Ts Tm
q s = h(Ts Tm ) = k
T/r r =R
Ts T
=
= constant f (x)
Ts Tm
r Ts Tm r =R
T
h = constant
r r = R
k
Energy Balance
Temperature Distribution
- Energy Balance
Energy Balance:
specific volume
1
v=
d(C v Tm + pv)
&
&
&
dq conv + m(C v Tm + pv) m(C v Tm + pv) + m
dx = 0
dx
thermal energy
flow work
Perimeter
& p
qs (x)P = mC
=
= constant
dx
dx
Ts -T(x,r)
Also, recall =
=constant with x
Tm Ts
Since Tm Ts =constant, Ts -T(x,r) is also constant
T dTs dTm
Thus,
=
=
x dx dx
All temperatures rise at the same rate axially!
D
h ( Ts Tm )
& p
mC
( Ts Tm ) = ( Ts Tm )inlet exp(
D
hx)
& p
mC
Careful! h is
constant only in
fully-developed
region!
Ts -T(x,r)
=constant with x
Tm Ts
Ts T dTm
dTm
T
1 T
1
=
=
= constant
x
Ts Tm dx
Ts T x Ts Tm dx
All temperatures tend towards Ts exponentially with x!
qs = constant = h(Ts Tm )
T dTm
=
x
dx
See Sec. 8.4.1 I&D for solution
T T
=
r
x r r r
Constant Surface
dTs
=0
dx
T
Ts T dTm
=
x
Ts Tm dx
T T
=
u
r
x r r r
4
2
2u m R 2 dTm 3 1 r 1 r
T(r) = Ts
+
dx 16 16 R 4 R
Is this known?
Nusselt Number
Steps:
1. Recall
2. Find
T
r
T
r
= h (Ts Tm )
r=R
2
Tm =
umR 2
T(r) u(r) r dr
Known
Nu D = 3.66
Ts = constant
qs = constant
Ts=constant
Px
Ts Tm (x)
= exp
& p
Ts Tm,i
mC
q = h A s Tlm
As = P L
To Ti
Tlm
ln(To / Ti )
qs P
Tm (x) = Tm,i +
x
& p
mC
q = qs P L
T=Ts
Convection Correlations
Refer to the course text to find correlations for NuD for:
NuD at x = 0 = ?
Why the difference between thermal and combined entry lengths?
Notice that curves are independent of Re, Pr if x axis is scaled as
shown
Graetz number = Re Pr/(x/D) (some texts use inverse)
Example:
Water at 280 K enters a 1-inch diameter tube kept at
a constant surface temperature of 360 K. The tube is
2 m long and water velocity = 1 m/s.
Find the heat transfer coefficient & exit temperature.
Solution:
First, estimate the exit temperature to evaluate
properties. Try 350 K T = T + T = 350 + 280 = 315 K
mi
mo
2
3
631 106
1
10
7
2
3
= =
= 6.36 10 m /s Q = =
= 991 kg / m
991
v 1.009
Pr = 4.16 ;
k = 0.634 W/mK
1* 0.0254
4
Re D =
3.99
10
=
6.36 107
turbulent
L
2
=
= 78.7 > 10
D 0.0254
f .d.
0.8
( Pr )
0.4
= 195
h = 4867 W/m 2 K
Px h
Ts Tm (x)
= exp
&
Ts Tm ,i
m
C
p
for Ts = constant
@ x = L, Tm (x) = Tm ,L = Tm ,o
D 2
& = um
m
4
P = D;
PL h
4L
h
4L
=
=
St
& Cp
m
D u m Cp
D
where St = Stanton #
195
St =
=
= 0.0017
4
Re Pr 3.9910 4.16
Nu
PL h
= 0.3685
& Cp
m
360Tm,o
= 0.692
360 280
Tm,o = 304.6 K
& p Tm
Q = mC
q conv = h As Tlm
Tlm
for Ts = constant
24.6
Ti To
=
=
Ti
360 280
ln
ln
360304.6
To