Open Channel Flow Rectangular Channels

1
Steady Flow: Vel = constant @ a given point q2
Uniform Flow: Vel = constant over a given length
2
yc=
g( ) q=unit flow
3

1
1.49 Rh3 √ S Q2
v=
n
yc= (
g∗widt h 2 )
3

2 Trapezoidal Channels
1.49 √ S A 3 2 3
v= 2
Q 2 (by+ m y )
=
n P3 g b+2 my
2 All Channels (yc embedded in A)
2 3
1.49 √ S ( by +m y ) lb
v= Q2 A 3
2 = TW =TopWidthτ =γ∗y∗s γ water =62.4 3
n ( b +2 y √ 1+m 2 3
) g TW ft
n concrete=0.013 Orifice Equation
Q=C d A √ 2 gh
5 C d π D 2 √ 2 gh
2
3 Q=
Q=VA Q= 1.49 A R
3
h √ s Q= 1.49 √ s2 A 576
n h = f/ CL of pipe to WL
n P3
HW = Head Waters = f/ bottom of pipe to WL
5
Weir Equation
1.49 √ s ( by+ m y 2 ) 3
Q= 2 Atrap =by +m y 2 Q=C w L H 1.5

2 3
n ( b+2 y √ 1+ m ) H=Height above weir
A Area For Circular Pipes:
Rh = = Head> 0.4 D=Orifice Flow
P Wetted Pe rimeter
Head< 0.4 D=Weir Flow
Ptrap =b+2 y √1+m 2m=run [H :V ]b=BottomWidth
Hydrologic Cycle (consistent units)
drop Δ S=( P−ET )+ ( R¿ −Rout ) + ( B¿ −Bout )
y=Water Depth s=
run
8 P = Precipitation
√S s D
Q= ( 16 )
n
3
ET = Evapotranspiration
R = Runoff
3
Qn
D=16 (
√s )
8 B = Groundwater/Seepage
Conversions
Half-Filled Pipes 2
43,560 f t 449 gpm 1.55 cfs
Multiply Qhalf by 2 for Qfull, then solve as usual. acre cfs MGD
If Q (discharge) is constant: Q= A 1 V 1= A 2 V 2 ft 3
ac∗¿ mph
Energy Equation (E = ft) cfs ≈
7.481 gal hr 1.467 fps
2
v
E= y +
2g Probability
Q2 Water Year: October 1 – September 30
E= y +
2 g A2 1
P X < x =1− Probability
Eminimum @ y c T
Critical Depth 1 1 n

y > y c Subcritical (slower flow) P X > x=

T
Probability of exceedence Risk=1− 1− ( T )
y < y c Supercritical (faster flow) 1
T= n!
1 P x=? ,n , p = (1−p )x p n−x
1−( 1−R )n x ! ( n−x ) !
 1
“25% of the time I get 3 out of 5 correct”:
¿ gauges= A [ A=mi 2 ]
3
P = 0.25 x=3 n=5
Weibull Arithmetic mean
m 1 Thiessen Method
P X > x= =  Draw & extend ⊥bisectors of lines
n+ 1 T
Gringorten Isohyetal Method
m−a  Equally divide lines w/ tick marks
P X > x= a =0.4
n+ 1−2 a default <Cum depth → Incremental depth → Intensity>
m=rank (1=largest ) Infiltration
F R
= NRCS assumption
Log Normal Distribution S P−I a
Take ln of data. ( P−0.2 S )2 ( P−0.04 )2 S= 1000 −10
x ln−( x́ ln ) R= [ P>0.2 S ] R98=
P+ 0.8 S P+0.16 CN
z=
s ln Group A soil = Sandy
x=e z∗s + x́
ln ln
Group D soil = Clayey
Table Entries=P X <x Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC)
Gumbel Distribution (Rainfall) 4.2∗CN 23∗CN
C N I= C N III =
g = +1.14 = Constant skewness 10−0.058∗CN 10+ 0.13∗CN
Don’t transform data. Horton Method – use Solver, f=in/hr
1 x −x́+ 0.45 s f ( t )=f c + ( f 0−f c ) e−kt
−b

P X > x =1−e−e b=−ln −ln 1− ( ( )) T

b=
0.7797 s f 0=initial F
x=0.7797∗s∗b+ x́−0.45 s f c =ultimate F
Log Pearson 3 Distribution k + t=same time units !
Take ln of data. g
i=
G=skew coef (n>100) h+duration
G m =Territorial skew coef (n<30)
( n−25 ) G n−25 Rational Method
Gw =
75
+ 1−
75 (Gm ) [time= min]
x ln − x́ ln Q p=Ci A ac A<25 ac
K= 0.385
sln L3
x=e K∗s ln + x́ ln
t c=
( )H
Kirpich
Constants 128
n concrete=0.013 NRCS:
lb t c =t overland +t shall owconcentrated +t channel
γ water =62.4 3
ft 0.42 ( n L )0.8
lb t o= L< 100 ft , P 2=2 yr , 24 hr
g=32.174 2 √ P2 s 0.4
s
C w =3.3 sharp L L
t sc = f paved =1220 f unpaved =968t c = v=4 fps
f √s v
C w =3.0 broad
t c =5 min if watershed < 1ac
C d=0.6
1 ¿ t c → i→Q> ¿
per foot=0.020
4 Storm Pipe Routing
Precipitation  Start upstream
Rain gauges located (2*height) away f/ object  Use largest tc
  <Node, C, A, C*A, ∑(C*A), ∑tc, I, Q, tp>
 Q 3=i 3 ( C1 A 1 +C2 A 2 +C 3 A3 ) [t ¿ ¿ c 3 → i3 ]¿
Unit Hydrograph
[time= hr]
Q3 +Q4
∗Δt
2
Incr R depth= [ sincunits ]
A
To construct a UH f/ observed flow, divide all
observed ordinates by the event’s cum R
<Observed flow → Inc R →Cum R → UH>
0.7
1000
t c=
1.67∗L0.8 (
CN
−9 )
Δ D=0.133∗t c
1900 √Y %
ΔD
t p= + 0.6∗t c
2
tr 484∗A∗Rcum m i2∗¿
t p=3 q p=
5 tp hr
qp 180∗t
q (t)=
2 (
∗ 1−cos
tp (t< 1.25∗t p
))
−1.3∗t
tp
q ( t )=4.34∗q p e t >1.25∗t p
V =1.39∗Q p∗t p
Reservoir Routing
Storage=V =k∗stag e b
A=K∗b∗stag eb −1
ΔV =Δt ( Qinflow−Q outflow )
( Qinflowpeak −Qoutflowpeak ) t p
V=
2
Total Runoff Volume
V =R cum∗A
V =Σ ( UH ordinates ) ( Δ t ) R cum
V =Σ ( Hydro ordinates ) Rcum
V =Σ ( Rainfall Excesses ) =R cum
V =1.39∗Q p∗t p
Convert Observed Hydrograph to Unit Hydrograph by
div OH ordinates by total R_cum
“Find the flow discharge @ time = _____”, use
convolution
i∗Δ D→ Pcum → R cum → EX 1