Quadratics

P1/1/1: Surds and their properties

P1/1/2: Quadratic expressions of the form ax2 + bx + c
and their Graphs
P1/1/3: Solving quadratic equation in one unknown
P1/1/4: Nature of roots of quadratic expression
P1/1/5: Simultaneous equations of which one is linear and
one is quadratic
P1/1/6: Linear inequalities and quadratic inequalities

P1/1/1 Surds and their

properties
Students should be able to:
simplify expression involving square roots.
remove the surd from the denominator by rationalising
the denominator.

P1/1/1 Surds and their properties

Expressions like 2 or 3 9 are called surds.

x always means the positive square root of x.

(or zero when x = 0).
The main properties of surds that you will use are :
xy = x y

and

x
=
y

x
y

Example 1:
Simplify the following without using a calculator.
a.) 32 2
b.) 5 3 3
c.) 2 5 3 5

Example 2:
Simplify the following without using a calculator.
a.) 18
b.) 20
c.) 72
8
d.)
2

Example 3:
Simplify the following without using a calculator.
a.) 32 8
b.) 8 2 + 2 8

Rationalising the denominator

Removing the surd from the denominator is called

rationalising the denominator.
x
= x
x

and

1
x
=
x
x

Example 4:
Rationalise the denominato r in each of the following
expressions, and simplify them.
1
a.)
3
3 5
b.)
3

Example 5:
Simplify the following.

)(

a.) 2 3 2 + 3

)(

b.) 2 2 + 1 2 2 1

Example 6:
Rationalise the denominato r and simplify the fraction.
1
2 3

Class work

Class work

Exercise
Pure Mathematics 1 by Neil and
Quadling

Exercise 2A, pg 20,
Q1(j)(m), Q2(c)(k), Q3(a)(j), Q4(g)
Q5(l)(m), Q13(e), Q16(b).

P1/1/2: Quadratic expressions of

the form ax2 + bx + c
and their Graphs

Students should be able to:
 carry out the process of completing the square
for a quadratic polynomial.
 locate the vertex of the quadratic graphs from
the completed the square form.
 sketch the quadratic graph

Completing The Square

Writing a quadratic expression, ax2 + bx + c
in the form a( x + p)2 + q is called completing the square.
Key point:
2

1
1 2

2
x + b = x + bx + b
2
4

1 1 2

x + bx = x + b b
2 4

1 1 2

2
Both sides plus c : x + bx + c = x + b b + c
2 4

Example : f (x ) = ( x 5) + 4
2

For the completed square form,

y = a( x + p)2 + q , where a, p and q are constant.

The vertex is at ( -p , q).

The axis of symmetry is x = -p.
Completing the square is a useful method for:

Finding maximum and minimum vertex.

Sketching curves.

Finding the range.

Example:
Find the vertex and sketch the graph of the following quadratic
graphs:

y = (x + 3)2 - 4

y = 5 (x 3)2


Write x2 + 2x + 2 in
completed square form.

Write x2 - 8x - 3 in
completed square form.


Express y = 7 10x x2 in completed square

form.


Write f(x) = 2x2 16x + 6 in completed square

form.

Class work

Exercise

Express the following in completed square form.
a.) y = x2 5x 7
b.) 2x2 + 12x 5

Write the following in completed square form.
a.) x2 + 5x + 6 = 0
b.) x2 4x = 7

Use the method of completing the square to sketch
y = x2 + 10x + 4. Determine the axis of symmetry.

P1/1/3: Solving quadratic equation

in one unknown

Students should be able to:
 use an appropriate method to solve a given
quadratic equation.
 solve equations which can be reduced to
quadratic equations.

Solving Quadratic Equation In One Unknown

General form :
ax2 + bx + c = 0

There are 3 methods to solve a quadratic equation:
a.) Factorization
b.) Completing the square
c.) Quadratic formula

b b 4ac
x=
2a
2

Example 1: Using factorization

Solve the equation.
5 + 7x 6x2 = 0

Solve the equation.

3x = 2( x2 1 )

Example 2 : Using Completing The

Square

Solve the equation.
2x2 + 7x + 3 = 0

Solve the equation.

x2 + 2x = 5, leaves
your answer in terms
of surds.

Example 3 : Using Quadratic Formula

Solve the equation.
(x + 2)2 4 = 0

Solve the equation.

x2 + x + 1 = 0

Example 4:
Solve these equations.
a.) x 5 x + 4 = 0
4

b.) x = 6 x

Exercise

Solve the following equations by factorization.
a.) 6x2 = 10x (x1 = 0 , x2 = 5/3)
b.) 3d2 5d 8 = 0 (x1 = 0 , x2 = 5/3)

Solve the following equations by completing the square. Leave
surds in your answer.
a.) (3x 7)2 =8 (x = (722)/3 )
b.) (x + p)2 q = 0 (x = -p q)

Solve the following equations by quadratic formula. Correct your
answer to 3 significant figures.
a.) 2x2 = - 7x 3 (x1 = -0.5 , x2 = -3)
b.) 2x2 7x 3 = 0 (x1 = 3.89 , x2 = -0.386)
Pure Mathematics 1 by Neil and
Quadling

Exercise 4c, pg 61,
4(c), 5(f)

P1/1/4 Nature of Roots of

Quadratic Expression
Students should be able to:
evaluate the discriminant of a quadratic polynomial.
use the discriminant to determine the nature of the
roots.
relate the nature of roots to the quadratic graph.
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Nature of roots of quadratic expression

ax 2 + bx + c = 0
b b 4ac
x=
2a
2

b2 4ac is the discriminant of the equation

ax2 + bx + c = 0
b2 4ac > 0 , 2 distinct real roots.
b2 4ac = 0 , 1 repeated real root.(2 equal root)
b2 4ac < 0 , No real roots.

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Example 1

Use the value of the discriminant b2 4ac
to determine whether the following
equations have two roots, one root or no
roots.
a.) x2 3x 5 = 0
b.) x2 + 2x = - 1
c.) x2 = 3x 4
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Example and Exercise

1.) The following equations have the
number of roots shown in brackets.
Deduce as much as you can about the
value of k.
a.) x2 + 3x + k = 0 ( 2 )
b.) kx2 3x + 5 = 0 ( 0 )
c.) x2 4x + 3k = 0 ( 1 )
d.) x2 7x + k = 0 ( 1 ), [ k = 49/4 ]
e.) x2 + kx + 9 = 0 ( 0 ), [ -6 < k < 6 ]
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Example and Exercise

Use the value of the discriminant to
determine the number of points of
intersection of the following graphs with
the x axis.
a.) y = x2 5x 5
b.) y = x2 + x + 1
c.) y = 3x2 5x + 7, ( 0 )
d.) y = 3 4x 2x2 , ( 2 )
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Class work

35

P1/1/5 Simultaneous Equations

of which one is linear and
one is quadratic
Students should be able to:
solve by substitution a pair of simultaneous
equations of which one is linear and one is
quadratic.
36

Example 1 and Exercise 1

Solve the following pairs of simultaneous
equations, leave your answers in terms of surds.
a.) y = x 1, y = x2 3x 8
b.) 2x + y = 5, x2 + y2 = 25 (x=0,y=5 or x=4,y=-3)
c.) 7y x = 49, - 49 = -x2 - y2 + 2x (x=0,y=7)

37

Example 2 and Exercise 2

Find the coordinates of the points of

intersection of the given straight lines with
the given curves.
a.) y = 2x + 1, y = x2 x + 3
b.) y = 2x 2, y = x2 5 [ (3,4) , (-1,-4)]

38

Example 3 and Exercise 3

In each case find the number of points of

intersection and its coordinates of the
straight line with the curve.
a.) y = 3x 1 , xy = 12
b.) 4y = 12 x , xy = 9 (1)
c.) 4y x = 16 , y2 = 4x (1)

39

Class work

40

P1/1/6 Linear inequalities

and quadratic inequalities
Students should be able to:
solve linear inequalities.
solve quadratic inequalities
41

Linear Inequalities

Do the same to both sides (e.g. add,
substract, multiply, divide) but reverse the
inequality sign if multiplying or dividing
by a negative number.

42

Example:
Solve the following inequalities.

1.) 3x + 7 > - 5

4 x 3

2.)
7
2

43

Example:
Solve the following inequalities.

3.)

2 6x 0

4.) 5 4 x 3
2

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Quadratic Inequalities
To solve a quadratic inequality

Arrange the inequality with ax2 + bx + c on one side and
zero on the other.

Solve ax2 + bx + c = 0.

Sketch y = ax2 + bx + c, marking only the intercepts on
the x-axis.

Look at the inequality sign to decide on the range of
values of x required to make the inequality true. ( This
range will either be between the roots or be outside the
roots of
ax2 + bx + c = 0.)

45

Example:
Solve the following inequalities.

5.) x2 + 5x + 6 > 0

6.) x2 7x + 12 < 0

46

Example:
Solve the following inequalities, leave your answers in
terms of surds.

7.) x2 + 3x 5 > 0

8.) x2 5x + 2 < 0

47

Class work

48

Class work

49

Class work

50

Exercise
Pure Mathematics 1 by Neil and
Quadling

Exercise 5A, pg 68,
1(d), 2(a), 3(d), 4(c)

Exercise 5B, pg 71,
4(c), 4(d), 3(g)

Misc. Exercise 4, pg 62,
2, 6, 7, 14

Misc. Exercise 5, pg 72,
9, 10
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