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Bryophytes

A group of small, nonflowering


plants that evolved from algae like
ancestors around 450 to 700 million
years ago.

Liver worts:Phylum Hepatophyta


Two main types:
Thalloid liverworts
Leafy liverworts
Hornworts: Phylum Anthocerophyta

Mosses: Phylum Bryophyta


3 Main classes:
Class Spanopsida
Class Andreaeopsida
Class Bryopsida

CHARACTERISTICS
The body of bryophytes is known
as thallus
Bryphytes have rhizoids which
serve primarily for anchorage rather
than absorption.
Mosses have a transport system
consisting of water conducting cells
called hydroids and food
conducting cells called leptoids.
Bryophytes gametophytes have
gamete-bearing structures known as
gametangia. Male gametophytes are
called as antheridia and the female
gametophytes are called archegonia
More horizontal and have a
flattened appearance than those of
most mosses.
Have thin flat leaves
Conspicuous horn-shaped
sporophyte
Hornwort gametophyte is often
shapedl ike a rumpled, green sheet

SIGNIFICANCE

REPRESENTATIVES

Marchantia species

Peat moss
Granite moss or rock moss

SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS


Phylum Psilotophyta
Two genera:
Psilotum

Tmesipteris

Phylum Lycophyta
3 Orders
Lycopodiales

Selaginellales

Isoetales

CHARACTERISTICS

SIGNIFICANCE

REPRESENTATIVES

Have branching systems with


protosteles
Have enations which are small,
small-like, nonvascularized flap of
green tissue that serves in place of
a leaf
Are usually epiphytes
They lacked roots and enations
instead they have single-veined
leaves.

Whisk ferns

Contains a club shaped strobili


Capable of producing both
underground rootlike structures
and photosynthetic branches
Spores are homosporous and
germinate into bisexual
gametophyte
Are heterosporous, produces
microspore and megaspores
Gametophyte development is
endosporic
Consist if an expanded corm
producing roots and quill-like
microphylls that can become
sporophylls.
Are heterosporous

Club mosses

Tree ferns

Spike mosses,

Quilworts

Phylum Sphenophyta

Phylum Pterophyta

GYMNOSPERM
Phylum Coniferophyta

Homosporous
Contains silica on their epidermal
cells

Contains megaphylls, leaves


with a highly branched vascular
system

CHARACTERISTICS
Leaves are simple rather than
compound and are borne singly or
in clusters called fascicles.
Sporophylls occur in cones.

Most successful and


widespread group of seedless
vascular plant.

SIGNIFICANCE
The most common gymnosperms.
Includes the worlds tallest and
largest plants.
Consist of 50 genera of trees with
approximately 550 species.
2nd largest group of gymnosperm
Consist of 11 genera and 140
species.
The only living species of the
phylum ginkgoohyta is the
maidenhair tree.

Phylum Cycadophyta

Have cones that are generally


larger than those of conifers.

Phylum Ginkgophyta

Leaves are shape like a fan.


Are able to produce fruits which
have flesh made up of seed coats
rather than an ovary.

Undergoes double fertilization


which produces additional embryo
Have tiny leaves that form at the
nodes
Undergoes double fertilization
which produces additional embryo
Have broad leather leaves
resembling those of some
flowering plants
Are drought tolerant plants.
Have carrot shaped stems that

Consist of more than 30 species

Phylum Gnetophyta
3 genera
Ephedra

Gnetum

Welwitschia

Horsetails

Ferns

REPRESENTATIVES
Redwoods, Sequoia, larch, Cypress

Cycad trees

Maidenhair tree

Mormon tea and joint firs

Consist of 30 species

Consist of only 1 species,


Welwitschia mirabilis

Welwitschia mirabilis

produces two straplike leaves.

ANGIOSPERMS
Monoecious
species that have unisexual
(imperfect) flowers
lack either stamen or
pistil/carpels
each plant having staminate
(male) and carpellate (female)
flower
Dioecious
have staminate and carpellate
flowers on separate plants
Division of Angiosperms

CHARACTERISTICS
Have dominant sporophyte and
dependent gametophyte
Self Pollination and cross-pollination
is common

b. Orchidaceae (orchids)

Wind-pollinated monocots that


include almost all of grain-producing
plants
Monocots with large, showy petals
that attract pollinators

c. Asteraceae (daisies)

d. Fabaceae (legumes)
e. Cucurbitaceae (gourd family)

REPRESENTATIVES

Contains 450 families, classified


mainly by flower structure

Anthophyta
Several Families that illustrate
diversity of floral structures
a. Poaceae (grasses)

SIGNIFICANCE

Flowers have bilateral symmetry


Typically have unisexual flowers

Oryza sativa
Largest family

Phragmipedium kovachii

Largest Eudicot family


Eudicot true dicot
- One of a group of dicots
that belong to a common
group in evolution and
structure
rd
3 largest family

Helianthus annuus (sunflower)

Lathyrus odoratus (sweet pea)


Cucurbita maxima (squash)

f. Salicaceae (willow family)


g. Lemnaceae (duckweed)

Flowers are typically arranged in


catkins
Contains smallest flowering plants
Do not have typical primary plant
body
Consists of 1 or more oval leaflike
structures that are a type of reduced
stem
Some are rootless

Serves as food for many animals that


live in lakes and ponds

Wolffia microscopica (water meal)

KINGDOM MONERA

CHARACTERISTICS

SIGNIFICANCE

REPRESENTATIVES

Prokaryotes
Characteristic shapes:
a) Coccus spherical or round
Unicellular organisms with
b) Bacillus rod or cylindrical
diverse characteristics
c) Spirillum curved or spiral
Bacteria
photosynthetic- use CO2
o
Category (based on cell wall
Nitrogen fixing
o
structure):
Cause a variety of
o
a. Gram-positive bacteria
diseases both in plants and
thick cell wall
man
b. Gram-negative bacteria
Have many uses in the
o
thin cell wall.
industry, medicine and
Photosynthetic bacteria
biotechnology
c. Mycoplasmas no cell wall

Prokaryotes live in the digestive


tract of herbivores-rabbit, termites,
cows.
Cellulase-enzyme used to break
down cellulose into glucose

Viruses
Complexes of nucleic acid and
protein that reproduce inside cells

Have a variety of shapes and size of


the tiniest cells consisting of only 2
types of molecules: nucleic acid,
either RNA or DNA Protein
(capsid) outer coat.

Cause plant diseases and limit plant


production worldwide.
Symptoms: bleached, brown spots,
ring on leaves, stunted growth of
stems, or damaged flowers or roots.

Circular strands of RNA containing


250-370 nucleotides and is not
encased in a protein capsid. They
are in the nucleolus of the cell.

3 families of viruses:
a. Potyviruses
Rod-shaped viruses
o
Cause a number of
o
mosaic diseases of
crop plants
b. Waikaviruses and
badnaviruses- cause diseases
in cereals (Tungro)
Cadang-cadang: a viroid disease of
Coconut plants in the Philippines

Viroids
Are infectious RNA molecules

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Escherichia coli (E.coli)

Several uses in medicine:


Ex. Lactobacillus, Spirulina
actinomycetes in genus
Streptomyces (soil bacteria)
Alcaligenes eutrophas
source of streptomycin, tetracycline,
cycloheximide
a. Cauliflower mosaic-virus
Consists of a
o
polyhedral protein
coat (capsid)
surrounding a DNA
b. Tobacco mosaic virus
Coiled singleo
stranded RNA
molecule inside a
long rod shaped
capsid.
Bacteriophages-viruses

Algae
Distinguished by their
photosynthetic pigments and
other characteristics

Have one or more chloroplasts per


cell and use the light reactions and
calvin cycle to convert light energy
to chemical energy

UNICELLULAR ALGAE/COLONIAL
ALGAE
Phytoplankton collection of
microscopic, photosynthetic pigments
that float freely on oceans and lakes
Divisions of Unicellular Algae
a. Euglenophyta
Pellicle
Helical bands of protein
o
that is a supporting
structure lying beneath
b. Dinophyta

Have pellicle beneath the plasma


membrane, flagellated, some nonphotosynthetic freshwater
inhabitants
Have hard cellulose plates that are
marine and freshwater
phytoplankton in warm waters.

Reproduction is by mitosis

Some nonphotosynthetic
May produce nerve toxins
Flagellated

Algal Bloom rapid increase in the


population of dinoflagellates (red
tide)

Zooxanthellae photosynthetic in
nature and live symbiotically with
sponges, seanemones, corals etc.

Xanthophylls reddish accessory


pigments of dinoflagellates
Responsible for a quarter of the
Earths photosynthesis

Euglonoids elaborately
differentiated cells with one or two
flagella (locomotion)
Euglena has flexible pellicle
Dinoflagellates
Gonyaulux
Produces saxitoxin which is
lethal to humans

c. Bacillariophyta
Silica-silicon dioxide

Form unique dormant spores that


are marine and freshwater
phytoplankton in cool water

Daitoms

d. Xanthophyta

Important members of freshwater


phytoplankton that are also
flagellated.

Useful models for study of


chloroplast

Yellow-green algae
Vaucheria grows on rocks on
intertidal zones

e. Chrysophyta

Form unique dormant spores that


are marine and freshwater
phytoplankton and some are
nonphotosynthetic

Statospores dormant spores

Golden-brown algae
Synura

f. Cryptophyta
Flagella with hairs
Ejectiosomes tightly coiled
proteins
g. Prymnesiophyta
Coccoliths covering plates
made of calcium carbonate.
Haptonema movable filament
used to attach to surface of cells
for food
MULTICELLULAR ALGAE - seaweeds
a. Phaeophyta
Fucoxanthin a carotenoid
pigment that gives them the
brown or olive color
Thallus plantlike body of kelps
b. Rhodophyta
Phycobilins and carotenoids
give color
c. Chlorophyta

KINGDOM MYCETEAE

Flagellated marine and freshwater


phytoplankton in cold waters that
use ejectiosomes for sudden escape

Constitute the bulk of


phytoplankton when dinoflagellate
and diatom population decrease

Cryptomonaus

Flagellated and mostly are marine


phytoplankton in warm waters that
have distinctive, moveable
haptonema.

Account for 50% photosynthesis in


the mid-atlantic

Haptopytes
Phaeocystis

Dimethylsulfide (phaeocystis)
nucleus for cloud condensation
Kelps Brown algae

Found in intertidal and shallow


marine zones
Flagellated
Produce spores and gametes to
alternate generations so called
heteromorphic
Non flagellated
mostly marine zones
have complex life cycles with 3
multicellular phases.
Mostly freshwater and sometimes
flagellated that share common
ancestors with plants

Macrocystis and Nereocystis


Giant kelps
Laminaria

Class Chaetales and Charales


closest plant relatives among all
algae
Chara resembles plants by having
apical growth

Red Algae
Halosaccion blue-green or olive
Rhodymenia pseudopalmata
Chandrus crispus
Green Algae
Chlorella
Volvox
Acetabularia
Cephaleuros

Fungi evolved from flagellated protists


a. Chytridiomycota
Rhizoids slender, rootlike
structures
b. Zygomycota

Produced flagellated reproductive


cells

Water molds on dead leaves

Chytridiomycetes
Allomyces abuscula

Form resistant to zygosporangia


prior to meiosis

Cause soft rot in fruits and parasitic


diseases in animals

c. Ascomycota
St. Anthonys Fire (ergotism)
symptoms:
Hallucination, disorientation,
cramps, convulsions and may
result to death

Produce sexual spores in sacs called


acsi

Aspergillus produce most of the


citric acid in soda
Penicillin inhibit growth of Grampositive bacteria was from
penicillium.

Zygomycetes
Rhizopus stolonifer black bread
mold that grow in moist,
carbohydrate rich foods.
Ascomycetes
Edible species:
Truffles and morel

Claviceps purpurea cause ergot


a disease of grains like wheat and
barley
d. Basidiomycota mushrooms,
toadstools, stinkhorns, puffballs,
shelf fungi, jelly fungi and birds
nest fungi

Produce sexual spores on clubshaped cells called basidia

Basidiomycetes
Mushrooms edible species
Toadstools inedible species
Agaricus brunnescens common
grocery store and pizza mushroom
Poisonous Mushrooms:
Death Cap (Amanita phalloides)
Destroying Angel (Amanita vitrosa)

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