PS-N-05-36

36. Balancing
1. Scope .......................................................................................1
2. Inspection Items ........................................................................1
3. Definitions of Terms...................................................................2
4. Balance .....................................................................................3
5. Calculating the Permissible Residual Unbalance ......................5

m mN ( mm

(9550
M
m) 2 ( m/ )sec)
M
m : Residual unbalance(g)
Ex.
N

( mm / sec)
: Modified radius(mm) Inspection Standard
9550
M : Impeller weight()
N : Impeller rotation velocity(rpm) BALANCING

PS - N - 05 36
Enacted on

Jul. 31, 1998

1st. Rev.
2nd Rev.

Relevant Specification No.

KS B 0612, JIS B 0905, ISO 1940/1

1. Scope
This inspection standard shall apply to the balancing test as part of the in-house manufacturing test for the
rotating equipment ordered by POSCO. Note, however, that the contracted specifications or additional
considerations specified in the approved drawings shall have precedence in case they have any
discrepancy with this inspection standard.

2. Inspection Items

(uppercase: Test witness)

Description

Inspection Item

Remarks

- Roll and Pulley

BT
- Flywheel
(usually based on dynamic
- Fan and Blower impeller
and static balancing)
- Pump impeller
1
- Rotational drum
- Dynamic: G 6.3 and below
- Shaft and rotating machine parts
300rpm and above
- Armatures
- Static: G 16 and above
- Agitator and Cooling tower impeller
300rpm and below
- All rotating equipment requiring balancing
Notes:
For the Roll and Pulley, dynamic balancing may be requested under any of the following cases even if
dynamic balancing is specified in the drawings:
1) When the shell thickness distribution shows identical characteristics in diagonal directions on the DS
and WS sides
2) In case of major rolls with various sensors (rpm, vibration, etc.) attached on the spots in use
3) If additional dynamic balancing is required
Balancing test
Dynamic balancing test: Applied to rapidly revolving body
This test is conducted using dynamic balancing M/C. Single- or double-sided balancing test should
be conducted depending on the given shapes. The level of unbalance should be indicated in the
drawings (not more than the level specified in KS B 0612 G 6.3).
Classification

Single-sided Correction

Eccentric rate Eccentric

rate

Balancing
level

Balancing level

Double-sided Correction
Eccentric rate

Balancing level

-1-

 Static balancing test: Applied to slowly revolving body

Mount static balancing on the worktable (e.g., V-block, Straight edge) and attach a proven magnet
weight to the shell to check whether the level of unbalance required in drawings or specifications.
(Table 1) List of General Tolerances for Roll Dynamic Balance (for reference only)
Roll (lower limit)~(upper limit)

Tolerance for Unbalance (g)

< 100

50

100 ~ 200

100

200 ~ 300

200

300 ~ 400

300

400 ~ 600

500

600 ~ 800

700

800 ~ 1000

900

1000 ~ 1200

1100

1200 ~ 1400

1300

1400 ~ 1600

1500

3. Definitions of Terms
1) Rotor: Rotating part with a journal supported on the bearing
2) Rigid rotor: Rotor whose bearing load does not exceed the tolerance for its deformation even when
rotating with adjacent supports such that a certain balance is set on 2 random faces and the rotor is
used at a random velocity below the maximum velocity
3) Elastic rotor: Rotor that does not meet the definition of rigid rotor
4) Semi-rigid rotor: Elastic rotor with balancing noise; complies with the durability requirement when used
at actual low velocity without any remarkable deflection
5) Unbalance: Condition of weight distribution on the rotor due to the centrifugal force, which causes
vibrating force or action to work on the bearing
Notes:
1. Unbalance may sometimes refer to the level of unbalance or unbalance vector.
2

Unbalance in the rigid rotor typically occurs in any of the two forms below:
a. Static and right unbalance indicated as 3 vectors on 3 random faces
b. Dynamic unbalance indicated as 2 unbalance vectors on 2 random faces

6) Residual unbalance: Unbalance that persists after balancing

7) Specific unbalance: Denotes the static unbalance of the rigid rotor divided by the rotors weight; also
expressed as the bias from the shaft center line through the rotors center of gravity
8) Balance: Indicates how balanced the rigid rotor is; balance is a product of specific unbalance and
specified angular velocity
9) Permissible residual unbalance: Maximum residual unbalance within the permissible limit; sometimes
called permissible unbalance, however
10) Permissible residual specific unbalance: Permissible residual unbalance divided by the rotors weight;
sometimes called permissible specific unbalance, however

-2-

11) Balancing noise: Work that adjusts the rotors weight distribution in order that the rotation velocity
acting on the bearing, the motors vibration, and force are maintained within a certain limit
12) Single-sided balancing noise: Balancing noise that adjusts the weight distribution on the rigid rotor and
maintains the residual static unbalance within a certain limit
13) Double-sided balancing noise: Balancing noise that adjusts the weight distribution on the rigid rotor and
maintains the residual dynamic unbalance within a certain limit
14) Correction plane: Plane perpendicular to the shaft center line on which rotor unbalance is corrected

4. Balance
A. Notation of balance: Balance is expressed as a product (/s) of the level of unbalance (e ()) and the
rotors actual maximum angular velocity (w (rad/s)).
Balance = ew -------------- (Eq. 1)
Using the rotation velocity per minute (n(min-1)) instead of w, the balance can also be expressed as:

Balance

en
----------- (Eq. 2)
9.55

B. Grade of Balance: The grades of balance and corresponding upper limits of balance are listed in the
table below:
(Table 2) Balance and Grade
Grade of Balance
Upper limit of
Balance

(unit: /s)

G0.4

G1

G2.5

G6.3

G16

G40

G100

G250

G630

G1600

G4000

0.4

2.5

6.3

16

40

100

250

630

1600

4000

Note: Grade G of each balance ranges from 0 to the upper limit of specified balance.

-3-

(Table 3) Types of Rotor by Grade of Balance

Grade of
Balance

Upper Limit
of Balance
(/S)

G 4000

4000

Crankshaft system (1) in low-speed diesel engine (2) for vessel equipped with oddnumbered, strength-supported cylinders

G 1600

1600

Crankshaft system in strength-supported, large 2-cycle engine

G 630

630

Crankshaft system in strength-supported, large 4-cycle engine

Crankshaft system in elasticity-supported diesel engine for vessel

G 250

250

Crankshaft system in strength-supported, high-speed 4-cylinder diesel engine (2)

G 100

100

Crankshaft system in high-speed diesel engine (2) with at least 6 cylinders

Finished engine products (gasoline or diesel) for automobile, truck, and railroad vehicles (3)

40

Automobile wheel, rim, wheel set, and drive shaft

Crankshaft system in elasticity-supported, high-speed 4-cycle engine (gasoline or diesel)
with 6 cylinders
Crankshaft system in the engine for automobile, truck, and railroad vehicles

16

Parts of the pressure pulverizer for the drive shaft (propeller shaft, single car axis) with
special requirements
Parts of agricultural machinery
Parts of the engine (gasoline or diesel) for automobile, truck, and railroad vehicles
Crankshaft system featuring at least 6 cylinders with special requirements

6.3

Equipment for process plant

Propulsion turbine gear for vessel (trading vessel)
Centrifuge drum, paper-making roll, printing roll
Fan
Gas turbine rotor for aviation upon assembly (4)
Flywheel (4)
Pump impeller
Parts of the machine tool and common machinery
Medium-sized and large armature (motor with 80shaft center or higher)
Engine parts with special requirements

2.5

Gas turbine, steam turbine, and propulsion turbine for vessel (trading vessel)
Rotor of rigid turbo generator
Computer memory drum and disk
Turbo compressor
Main spindle of the machine tool
Medium-sized and large armature with special requirements
Small (except that specified in G6.3 and G1)
Turbine-driven pump

Rotating part of tape recording and sound equipment; grinding wheel spindle
Small armature with special requirements

G 0.4

0.4

G 40

G 16

G 6.3

G 2.5

Rotor Types

Precision grinders grinding wheel spindle, grinding wheel and armature, gyroscope

Notes:
1) The crankshaft system consists of the crankshaft, flywheel, clutch, pulley, rotating part of the connecting rod,
damper, etc.
2) This inspection standard specifies that low-speed diesel engine has a piston speed of less than 9m/s, and highspeed diesel engine, a piston speed of over 9m/s.
3) The rotor weight of the finished engine product denotes the total sum of all weights belonging to the crankshaft
system as described in Section 1).
4) Upon assembly, the balance grade of the gas turbine rotor and supercharger for aviation ranges from G1 to G16.

-4-

5. Calculating the Permissible Residual Unbalance

Using balance grade as parameter, the associations between permissible residual specific unbalance
eper() and actual rotation velocity n(min-1) can be explained in Fig. 1. Given the rotating equipments
grade G balance and actual maximum rotation velocity nmax, the permissible residual specific unbalance
can be calculated as shown in Fig. 1 or Eq. 2. Permissible residual unbalance Uper = eper m(g.) may be

Permissible residual specific unbalance eper( ) [Permissible residual unbalance/rotor weight Uper = eper m(g.mm/kg))

derived by multiplying permissible residual specific unbalance eper() by rotor weight m().

Actual maximum rotation velocity nmax

(Fig. 1) Permissible Residual Specific Unbalance for Grade of Balance

-5-