Quaid-i-Azam and Early Problems of Pakistan

On the eve of its creation Pakistan faced a number of stupendous problems which hardly had any
parallel in the history of the world especially of any newly born state. She had too many burdens to
carry and too many problems to solve. She came into being almost with practically no central
administration of office routine. She was a state without any practicable economic or geographic basis,
political organization or political tradition with any pertinence to modern conditions. Militarily she was
weak and defenseless, with enemies, not reconciled to her establishment, busy in conspiring to
strangulate her on its very birth. But fortunately she had a great leader and organizer in person of
Quaid-i-Azam to steer the ship of her destiny to safety and security. Almost single handedly he
grappled with all these problems which would have broken a man of lesser mettle. But he was not a
man to be over-powered by any danger, challenge or obstacle that confronted him. Under his inspired
leadership the nation also showed its inherent strength to grapple with these problems with
remarkable determination and success.
Pakistans very existence was threatened and the happiness of her independence, marred by an unjust
Boundary Award. After the third June Plan, the Quaid had been confronted with the problem of
demarcating the boundaries of India and Pakistan. In order to determine Muslim and non-Muslim
majority areas, three commissions (Punjab Boundary Commission, Bengal Boundary Commission and
District Sylhet Boundary Commission) were appointed. Muslim and non-Muslim members were equally
represented in these commissions. While Sir (Later Lord) Cyril Radcliffe was Chairman of all those
Boundary Commissions, other members were as follows:
The Muslim members of Punjab Boundary Commission were:
o Justice Din Mohammad.
o Justice Muhammad Munir.
The Non-Muslim Members of the Punjab Boundary Commission were:
o Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan.
o Justice Teja Singh.
Similarly, in the Bengal Boundary Commission the following were the Muslim Members:
o Justice Abu Saleh Muhammad Akram.
o Justice S.A. Rehman.
The Non-Muslim members of the Bengal Boundary Commission were:
o Justice Bijan Kunar Mukherjea.
o Justice C.C. Biswas.
The Quaid-i-Azam originally favoured asking the U.N. to nominate three members of each
commission. Nehru argued that it would involve intolerable delay. The Quaid then proposed that three
Law Lords from the U.K. be appointed to the Boundary Commission as impartial members. But again
was told that the elderly persons would not bear scorching heat of Indias summer season.
Radcliffe Knew virtually nothing about India and had never written about it.(Ref "1")
Radcliffe was to draw his boundary lines ascertaining the contiguous majority areas of Muslims and
non-Muslims. In doing so he would take into account other factors. The other factors were neither
elaborated nor properly defined. The Quaid-i-Azam and Mr. Liaquat Ali Khan protested violently
against a statement made by Mr. Henderson, the Under-Secretary of state in the Parliament on 14
July: The provision that other factors will be taken into account has been made primarily to enable
the commission to have regard to the special circumstances of the Sikh community in the Punjab,
where considerations such as the location of their religious shrines can reasonably be taken into
account up to a point.(Ref "2")
The Pakistanis maintain that the unspecified other factors phrase was incorporated in order to cover
vital mental reservations which depict that the inside story of the Award was replete with dishonesty
and fraud(Ref "3")
Justice Mehar Chand Mahajan who was a non-Muslim member of the Punjab Boundary Commission,
stated in his autobiography: I was not inclined to accept the invitation as it seemed to me then that
this commission was a farce and decision would be taken by the Viceroy himself.(Ref "4")
The Chairman of the Commission presided over two of the four procedural meetings on 14 and 15 July
1947 and did not attend any session of the regular public sittings. Since there was disagreement and
virtually a tie between the Muslim and non-Muslim members of these commission, so practically, it
was
the
Chairmans
Award.

It appears that Radcliffes interpretation of the phrase of other factors did not favour Pakistan but
India only. The popular belief in India at the time of declaration of the Award was that Radcliffe will
award as His Excellency dictates. That was a truly popular belief and nothing would shake their
conviction that this was so.(Ref "5")
He included Muslim majority areas in Bharat but did not give the benefit of the same to the inclusion
of areas in Pakistan.(Ref "6")
He jeopardized the Muslim interests through the device of other factors. This legal quibbling,
fallacious arguments and principles worked only to the benefit of one party.(Ref "7")
East Bengal being an exclusively raw jute producing area, Calcutta, a home of jute industry and
districts of Nadia and Kutli, should have been awarded to Pakistan. Darjeeling and Jalpaigari were also
handed over to Bharat. Instead of awarding the whole Sylhet District and the contiguous Muslim
majority areas Assam, only Sylhet District was transferred to Pakistan. The referendum in Sylhet had
resulted in a majority of 55,578 votes in favour of joining East Bengal 239,619 votes were in its favour
and 184,041 against(Ref "8")
In the Punjab Award, the tehsils of Ferozepur, Zira, Ajnala, Batala and Gurdaspur which comprised of
an overwhelming majority of population of the Muslims, were awarded to Bharat. The tehsils of
Julundur and Nakodar were also given to Bharat.(Ref "9")
According to the 1941 census, percentages of contiguous Muslim majority tehsils were as follow:(Ref
"10")
Name of the Tehsil

Percentage of Muslim Majority

Gurdaspur Tehsil

52.1

Batala Tehsil

55.06

Shakargarh Tehsil

51.3

Ferozepur Tehsil

55.2

Zira Tehsil (Ferozepur Distric)

65.2

Nakodar Tehsil

59.4

Jullundur Tehsil

51.1

Ajnala Tehsil (Amritsar District)

59.4

Fazilka Tehsil

75.12

Muktasar Tehsil

66.56

Jagraon Tehsil

69.32

Ludhiana Tehsil

68.95

Samrala Tehsil

70.59

Nawanshahar Tehsil

50.59

Pillaur Tehsil

67.24

Thana Majitha (Tehsil Amritsar)

51.9

Una Tehsil

55.02

Gurdaspur was a Muslim majority area and the whole of it had to go to Pakistan. Justice Mehr Chand
Mahajan a non-Muslim member of the Punjab Boundary Commission, revealed in his biography that

according to the provisional boundaries agreed upon between the two dominions, the entire district
of Gurdaspur had been assigned to Pakistan. (Ref "11")
Rushbrook
Williams
points
out:
Many observers have found substance in the Pakistan complaint that the entire Indian complaint
would have been impossible but for the allocation of Gurdaspur to India by the Radcliffe Award.(Ref
"12")
Alastair
Lamb
in
his
work
also
admits:
To award the three eastern tehsils of Gurdaspur District to Pakistan was tantamount to directing the
State of Jammu and Kashmir to joint Pakistan. A Pakistani Gurdaspur would surely be the signpost
pointing towards a Pakistani Jammu and Kashmir.(Ref "13")
As to the three tehsils of Ferozepur Ferozepore, Zira and Fazilka, the Chairman conveyed to the two
learned judges (Din Muhammad and Muhammad Munir) that they were being included in
Pakistan.(Ref "14")
But Radcliffes final Award had illegally and unjustifiably deprived Pakistan of a number of contiguous
Muslims majority areas. In Gurdaspur District, two contiguous Muslims Majority tehsils, Gurdaspur and
Batala, were given to Bharat alongwith Pathankot tehsil. The Muslims majority tehsil, Ajnala in the
Amritsar District, was also handed over to Bharat. In the Jallundur district, the Muslim majority
tehsils, Nakodar and Jallundur, were assigned to Bharat. The Muslims majority tehsils, Zira and
Ferozepore, in the Ferozepur district..were also transferred to Bharat. All of these Muslim majority
areas were contiguous to West Punjab.(Ref "15")
So, it were the Muslims who had mainly suffered in the award of all the three Commissions.
Consequently, Pakistan was deprived of fairly a large territorial area which was not only strategic but
economically vital as well. A tehsil in India was more or less as large as English county. It appears that
the Muslims majority areas were deliberately and consciously handed over to Bharat. Ferozepur
contained the headworks of one of the most important canals in the Punjab which was of vital
importance
for
this
agricultural
country.
Similarly, without Gurdaspur, India would have no practical land access to Kashmir and its vacillating
Hindu Maharaja, Hari Singh, would have had no choice except to link Kashmirs destiny to
Pakistan(Ref "16")
The tearing of the Muslim area of Gurdaspur district from Pakistan had been precisely so devised as to
facilitate and ensure Indias communications with Jammu and Kashmir.(Ref "17")
The Pakistanis believe that a deliberate policy was sought to strangle Pakistan(Ref "18")
Besides these glaring injustices to the Muslims the Radcliffe Award produced no natural boundary line
between the two countries which were hostile to each other. Soon the anomalies of the Award became
manifest:
In places, the headworks of a canal system ended up in one country, the embankments which
protected them in another. Sometime the line ran down the heart of a village, leaving a dozen huts in
Indian, a dozen more in Pakistan. Occasionally it even bisected a home, leaving a front door opening
on to India and a rear windows looking into Pakistan. All the Punjabs jails wound up in Pakistan. So,
too, did its solitary lunatic asylum".(Ref "19")
Pakistan was given a boundary which not only deprived it of predominantly, Muslim areas and its
sources of canal water but made the frequency of border incidents inevitable: in the absence of
natural barriers as boundary line between the two states, their frontiers became vulnerable.
So, the British divided two of Indias great provinces, the Punjab and Bengal.If Jinnah insisted on
dividing India to get his Islamic state, then the very logic hed used to get it would compel
Mountbatten to divided the Punjab and Bengal as part of the bargain.(Ref "20")
Perhaps its object was to make Pakistan not economically a viable state. The Quaid strongly protested
and
opposed
this
division
as
it
was
raised:
not with a bonafide object, but as a sinister move actuated by spite and bitterness..firstly to create
more difficulties in the way for the British Government and secondly to unnerve the Muslims by
opening and repeatedly emphasizing that the Muslims will get a truncated or mutilated, moth-eaten
Pakistan. This clamour is not based on any sound principle.(Ref "21")
It is a mistake to compare the basic principle of the demand of Pakistan and the demand of cutting
up provinces throughout India into fragmentation. I hope that neither the Viceroy nor His Majestys
government will fall into this trap and commit a grave error.(Ref "22")
The Lahore Resolution of 1940 had laid down that geographically contiguous areas should be
demarcated into regions to form the new states. The Muslim League at first expected that the Sikhs
would prefer to remain in Pakistan, as they would be a much more effective minority there than in a

larger set-up in India. Consequently the Quaid made repeated efforts to bring home to the Sikhs the
desirability of their choice for Pakistan.(Ref "23")
But Sikh leadership was in no mood to accept possibility of partition, and when it actually materialized
they had committed themselves so much to the Hindus that they had no alternative but to demand
partition of the Punjab, by which Pakistan lost a substantial areas of its territory. The Quaid after
careful thought had also finally come to the conclusion that the Sikhs inclusion as a permanent hostile
minority would be dangerous to the interests of Pakistan and a constant threat to its integrity.(Ref
"24")
He, therefore, contented himself with moth-eaten and truncated Pakistan and relying upon the
fair-mindedness of the British people gave an assurance that his country would accept and abide by
the decision of the Boundary Commission.(Ref "25")
Radcliffe, announced an unjust award for Pakistan. He gave away to India some sizeable Muslim
majority areas against the settled and agreed principles of territorial demarcation. The Muslim
majority areas of Gurdaspur provided India with road link to Kashmir which helped her to occupy and
later on maintain her illegal hold over the valley. The award also threw the hydroelectric and canal
system of the undivided Punjab out of order. Madhopur and Ferozepur Headworks of Canals irrigating
Pakistani areas were given away to India. The supply lines of the Mandi Hydro-electric works were also
disrupted.(Ref "26")
All this brought an endless chain of problems for the newly established state of Pakistan.
Though shocked by the Award, the Quaid strictly maintained his noted constitutional stance. When
urged by associated to protest, he replied, No, we agreed to arbitration we must abide by that
arbitration.(Ref "27")
He further commented on the award in a speech broadcast on 30th October 1947 in the following
words: The division of India is now finally and irrevocably effected. No doubt we feel that the carving
out of this great independent Muslim State has suffered injustices. We have been squeezed in as much
as it was possible, and the latest blow that we have received was the Award of the Boundary
Commission. It is an unjust, incomprehensible and even perverse; and it may not be a judicial but a
political award, but we have agreed to abide by it and it is binding upon us. As honorable people, we
must abide by it. It may be our misfortune but we must bear up this one more below with fortitude,
courage and hope.(Ref "28")
Partition of India was accompanied by mass-killings of a magnitude hardly known in recent history.
The Refugee problem and the Muslim genocide in India was important issue. The issue posed a serious
problem between the two Dominions and threatened Indo-Pakistan relations. The demand of Pakistan
and the idea of Muslims having their own land, was so attractive for the Indian Muslims that many of
them were prepared to leave their homes and hearths and migrate to the new state. The Muslims
from every nook and corner of the sub-continent wanted to come to Pakistan. However, their planned
massacre and genocide, gave them no option except to rush for the migration. The mass migration of
the India Muslims towards Pakistan, was bound to cripple the economy of the new state. The Muslims
genocide in India, followed by the refugee problems, created bad blood among the two Dominions.
The question arises, why Muslims from all over India wanted to migrate to Pakistan? Impressed with
the spirit of enthusiasm of Pakistan, the Muslims from all over India, particularly from Delhi Province
and the Western district of U.P. (besides East Punjab), wanted to migrate to Pakistan from India. But
more vital factor was the coercive means adopted by the Sikhs backed by the Hindus. Francis Mudie,
Governor of the Punjab, wanted to stop the inflow of Muslim refugees from India, except from East
Punjab. An emergent meeting of the Pakistan Cabinet was held in two sessions on 14 October 1947 at
Karachi which lasted for five hours. Mudie and Mamdot suggested plan for speedy solution of Refugee
problem Consequently, Liaquat stated that the Government of Pakistan must refuse in any way to
facilitate abandonment by Muslim of their homes and properties in India outside East Punjab.(Ref
"29")
The Prime Minister of Pakistan thought that if the Government of India were to implement their
reiterated promises truly to give full protection to their Muslim materials honestly and lonely, the
question of evacuation of Muslims nationals, from Delhi and U.P would not arise. He quoted the speech
of sardar Vallabhai Patel. Deputy Prime Minister of India, who while addressing the Hindus and Sikhs
at Amritsar on 30th September 1947, declared that Indias interest in getting all their men and women
across the border and sending out all Muslims from East Punjab.(Ref "30")
So, in a rejoinder on 14th October 1947 to Sardar Vallabhai Patels statement, Liaquat stated that
We consider that the best interests of India and Pakistan are served by giving the fullest protection to
minorities by the creation of conditions which will enable them to stay in their ancestral homes with

safety. We are, therefore, absolutely opposed to mass migration of Muslims from Delhi, Western U.P.
or other areas outside the East Punjab.(Ref "31")
The question arises, if Pakistan was created for the Muslims of the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent to
enable them to order their lives in accordance with the tenets of Islam, why Muslims were not allowed
to
migrate
to
Pakistan
from
every
part
of
India?
It appears had Pakistan done so, it would not have borne the strain and stress of such a huge number
of refugees, an overwhelming majority of whom belonged to the poor class. They would have been an
enormous burden on the exchequer of Pakistan. The fact of the matter was that what Pakistan had
already committed to accept (i.e. seven million refugees), was also beyond its means. Realizing
Pakitans weak financial position, the Indian Government was encouraging the exodus of Muslims: 12
Refugee train were sent to Pakistan from U.P. and Delhi, 3 from Saharanpur and one from Meerut to
Pakistan(Ref "32")
The dispatch of these trains from Delhi and U.P. towns, was contrary to the agreement arrived at
between
the
Governments
of
Pakistan
and
India.
The Government of Pakistan, therefore, was contemplating of demanding more space that might be
adjacent to its territory and wanted to submit its case to the U.N. for decision in case the Muslims of
India were further compelled to migrate to Pakistan and the Indian Government failed to protect their
life, honour and property.(Ref "33")
It is clear that neither Mountbatten nor any expatriate British officer in India tried to prevent the
Indian leaders from adopting such a course: They neither ensured the Indian Muslims safety of their
lives and properties, nor discouraged their migration to Pakistan. It appears that Mountbatten was
fully aware of the Akali-RSSS (Rashtryiya Sawayam Sevak Sangh) conspiracy to eliminate the
Muslims but had refused to take action.(Ref "34")
The objectives of the Sikh Plan were:(Ref "35")
Extensive sabotage and destruction of Muslim life and property; and
Elimination of Muslims from the Sikh Belt along the eastern border of the West Punjab.
Mountbatten did nothing (took no concerted action) against the Hindu-Sikh leaders who indulged in
open incitement to violence against the Muslims. The militant section of the Sikhs and RSSS wanted
to throttle Pakistan by eliminating the Muslim Population.(Ref "36")
It brought in its wake brutal killings of Muslims all over India, particularly in East Punjab, Delhi,
Calcutta, Hyderabad and Kashmir. It presented the first major challenge to Pakistan. When the Muslim
refugees from West Punjab told their tales of woe, a wave of strong indignation spread throughout the
country. At the beginning of August 1947, widespread rioting broke out in the Punjab which intensified
as the date of the partition of India drew near. There is considerable evidence to show that the riots
were started by the Sikhs and the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangha.(Ref "37")
On the announcement of the partition plan in March 1947, and the resignation of Khizer Hyat ministry,
master Tara Singh, the Sikh leader, openly called for violent resistance. He stood at the steps of the
Legislative Assembly Chamber in Lahore, rattled his kirpan (sword or dagger), and raved, This will
decide'.(Ref "38")
Unfortunately, that was the opening of a horrible chapter of carnage in the words of London times,
reported from Jullundur on 24 August: More horrible than anything we saw during the war, is the
universal comments of experienced officers, British and Indian, on the present slaughter in east
Punjab. The Sikhs are clearing East Punjab of Muslims, Butchering hundreds daily, forcing thousands
to flee westward, burning Muslim villages and homesteads, even in their frenzy burning their own.
This violence has been organized from the highest level of Sikh leadership, and it is being done
systematically, sector by sector.(Ref "39")
On 15 August the day of liberation was strangely celebrated in the Punjab. During the afternoon, a
Sikh mob paraded a number of Muslim women naked through the streets of Amritsar, raped them,
and then hacked some of them to pieces with Kirpans and burned the others alive.(Ref "40")
There is substantial evidence that rioting in west Punjab was a repercussion of the massacre in East
Punjab. Auchinleck, in his farewell letter to Major-General Rees, stated the whole movement was
undoubtedly planned long beforehand and soon gave rise to inevitable repercussions in the West
Punjab'.(Ref "41")
In September 1947, widespread violence and disturbance broke out against Muslims in Delhi, forcing a
large number of them to flee to Pakistan, particularly to Karachi which was swarming with refugees
from
Delhi.
The situation in the Punjab was grim. Whole sections of Lahore. Ameritsar, Sheikhupura, Jullundur,

and indeed most of the principal cities of the Punjab were in flames. In the villages, armed bandits
plundered, burned, massacred, and raped women. Thousands of women Muslim, Hindu, and Sikh
were abducted, never to be seen again by their relatives. The Punjab Boundary Force, containing both
Muslim and non-Muslim troops and commanded by British senior officers, was utterly incapable of
maintaining peace. Its troops refused to fire on members of their own communities. It had to be
disbanded, leaving the armies of Pakistan and India responsible for their respective area. The Muslims
living in Sikh states in East Punjab met the worst fate. They did not even have protection of the Indian
Army.(Ref "42")
Abul Kalam Azad stated from personal knowledge that some members of the former undivided Indian
Army killed Hindus and Sikhs in Pakistan and Muslims in India.(Ref "43")
In Kapurthala state, with a Sikh ruler, Muslims were in a majority. All of them were either killed or
driven out. Those who survived were harassed by guerilla groups, went without food and sleep, and
encountered unprecedented floods along the escape routes. More were drowned than slaughtered and
very few could reach Pakistan.(Ref "44")
In addition to the problems of maintaining law and order and preventing Muslims from attacking the
minority community, the West Punjab Government was soon saddled with an equally difficult task for
rehabilitating refugees who had already started pouring in thousands into West Punjab.
The London Times of 4th September, 1947, reported that a column of Muslims refugees twenty miles
long, and estimated at twenty thousand.(Ref "45")
Most of them on foot, had straggling into the border town of Kasur, some thirty five miles south of
Lahore, since early morning of 3rd September, 1947.(Ref "46")
The problem was not merely one of absorbing on setting these refugees on the lands left by Hindus or
Sikhs but also that of feeding, clothing and rendering medical aid to them as they arrived in most
pitiable
conditions.
The Governments of India and Pakistan, having failed to stop the slaughter, decided at the end of
August to assist the complete evacuation of Muslims from East Punjab and of non-Muslims from West
Punjab. A joint Military Evacuation Organization was set up in Lahore. Mixed guards were provided for
the refugee camps as well as armed escorts for foot, railway, and motor convoys.(Ref "47")
Within a matter of weeks, over twelve million people had left their homes and gone forth on foot, by
bullock-cart, by railway, by car, and by plane to seek shelter and safety in the other dominion. They
had no earthly possessions save the clothes they wore and, more often than not, these were in
tatters. They had seen babies killed, corpses mutilated, and women dishonored. Death had stalked
them on the way. Tens of thousands had died on the road of starvation and disease, or had been
killed by Sikh murder gangs.(Ref "48")
The Pakistan government estimated that in the exchange of population, excluding those from Kashmir,
approximately 6,500,500 refugees came into Pakistan. Of these, 5,200,000 came from East Punjab
and East Punjab states, 360,000 from Delhi and the remainder from other parts of northern
India.(Ref "49")
It is believed that about 1,000,000 Muslims lost their lives or were abducted. The number of refugees
West Punjab had to accommodate exceded by some 1,700,000 the number of refugees who had
left.(Ref "50")
The main burden of rehabilitating refugees was borne by West Punjab which lay in the path of
incoming refugees. Other provinces did not fully co-operate in settling refugees in their provinces as
well.
Under the circumstances, the central government was compelled to assume powers for settling
refugees and a proclamation under Section 102 of the adapted Government of India Act, 1935 was
issued
on
27
August
1948
as
under:
Whereas the economic life of Pakistan is threatened by circumstances arising out of the mass
movement of population from and into Pakistan, a state of emergency is hereby declared.(Ref "51")
The next day, it was decided that out of the large number of refugees in West Punjabs campus, Sindh
must absorb 200,000, the NWFP 100,000, Bahawalpur, Khairpur, and the Balochistan 100,000, and
West Punjab was to settle an additional 100,000. These plans were only partially successful. According
to the 1951 census, the number of refugees settled in Sindh was 540,000 as against 900,000
evacuees; and in NWFP 51,000 had been settled against 269,000 evacuees.(Ref "52")
On October 11, 1947, the Quaid-i-Azam gave his clarion call. Enumerating the problems which
Pakistan had to face in this regard he said, Unfortunately, the birth of Pakistan was attended by a
holocaust unprecedented in history. Hundreds of thousands of defenceless people have been
mercilessly butchered and millions have been displaced from their hearths and homes. People who till
yesterday were leading a decent and prosperous life are today paupers with no means of livelihood. A

good many of them have already found asylum in Pakistan. More are still stuck up in East Punjab
awaiting evacuation. That they are still on the other side of the border is not due to the fact that we
have been unmindful of their sad plight. The evacuation or those unfortunate persons have been our
first concern and everything that is humanly possible is being done to alleviate their suffering. As you
are aware, the Prime Minister has shifted his headquarters to Lahore and we have set up an
Emergency Committee of the cabinet of deal with the situation as it develops from day to day.(Ref
"53")
He continued The disorders in the Punjab have brought in their wake the colossal problem the
rehabilitation of millions of displaced persons. This is going to tax our energies..It has made the
difficulties inherent in the building of a new state.This is a challenge to our very existence and if we
are to survive as a nation and are translate our dreams about Pakistan into reality, we shall have to
grapple with the problem facing us with redoubled zeal and energy. Our masses are today
disorganized and disheartened by the cataclysm that has befallen them. Their morale is exceeding low
and we shall have to do something to pull them out of slough of despondency and galvanize them into
activity.(Ref "54")
The task of receiving, housing, feeding, clothing, settling and rehabilitating these millions presented a
huge administrative challenge. The violence upheavals immediately following the partition had
shattered the economy, communications and peaceful conditions in the country. The situation was
saved by the spirit and determination of the people and their faith in Quaids leadership, from turning
into
a
complete
chaos
and
disorder.
The Quaid, therefore, moved his headquarters to Lahore in order to give his personal attention to the
grave situation. His vision, courage and wisdom in handling the situation filled the refugees with hope
and determination and kindled their faith in the new country. Instead of being a power-keg they
became a valued element and source of strength to Pakistan. His soul-stirring speeches revived the
faith and confidence of the people, particularly the refugees, leading to concerted and determined
efforts
which
saved
the
country
from
collapse
and
ruin.
As the Governor General of Pakistan, Quaid-i-Azam had to negotiate an instrument of accession with
each of the states wishing to join the country. There were 562 states throughout British India.
Pakistan was contiguous with only fourteen, which included the State of Jammu and Kashmir. The rest
were geographically linked with the Indian Union. On the question of whether the states could become
independent, there was a difference of opinion between the Congress and the Muslim League. The
Congress maintained that since the states did not have the means to establish international relations
or to declare war, they could not become sovereign independent states and should enter the political
structure of one or the other dominion government. The League felt that the states were under no
compulsion to join either dominion and should be left free to decide for themselves. However, Jinnah
said it was in the mutual interest of the states and dominion governments to make necessary
adjustments.(Ref "55")
Moreover, there was real conflict of interest over the two largest states, Kashmir and Hyderabad.
Kashmir, contiguous to Pakistan, had a Muslim majority and a Hindu ruler. Hyderabad, contiguous to
India, had a Hindu majority and a Muslim ruler. India wanted to hold on to both Kashmir and
Hyderabad. Kashmir was an integral part of the Muslim concept of Pakistan. Hyderabad, which had
been ruled by a Muslim dynasty from the days of the Mughal Empire, occupied a special place in the
sentiments of Muslim India. Muslim League leaders were in deep sympathy with Hyderabads desire to
be
independent.
With the persuasion of Mountbatten and the skill of V.P. Menon, secretary to the concerned
department, and the cunning of Sardar Patel, the minister in charge, the accession of the states of
India continued and the fear of possible balkanization of India was put to rest. V.P. Menon drew up an
instrument of accession for defence, external affairs, and communications and a standstill agreement
to cover existing arrangements for customs, currency, and similar matters. Sardar Patel assured the
Princes that their states would be autonomous but for the three above subjects. The scheme was
simple and statesmanlike. Instead of entering into long and difficult negotiations with each individual
state, every state was confronted with two standard documents from which no variation was allowed.
It was in the obvious interest of most of the states to enter into a standstill agreement but they were
told that this was not possible without an instrument of accession. Sardar Patel and V.P. Menon
handled the Princes firmly and skillfully but the real credit for maneuvering them into signing the
instrument of accession goes to Mountbattens diplomacy.(Ref "56")
He addressed the Chamber of Princes on 25 July 1947 in his capacity as Crown Representative and
gave a reception on 28 July. On both occasions, he advised, canvassed, and persuaded the Princes to
sign
the
instrument
of
accession
in
favour
of
the
dominion
of
India.

By contrast, he did nothing for Pakistan although as Crown Representative he owed an equal duty to
both dominions. On the countrary, in every disputed case of accession, he threw his weight in favour
of India. He also plyed a major role in the occupation of Jammu and Kashmir by the Indian forces. He
paid little heed to the principle underlying the partition of India when he accepted the accession to
Indian dominion of Kapurthala which had Sikh rulers but 64 per cent of the population was
Muslim'.(Ref "57")
Junagadh was the first state to accede to Pakistan and on the very day of the transfer of power, its
Government announced the decision of the state to accede to Pakistan. It actually went through all the
legal processes on 15 September 1947.(Ref "58")
Infact the State had applied for accession earlier. The Ruler of Janugadh sent Mr. Ismail Ibramani, his
Secretary for Constitutional Affairs to Karachi-who met the Quaid on 12 August, 1947 and
communicated to him the decision of the State.(Ref "59")
It was a state in Kathiawar with 4017 square miles of territory and 8 lakh population and nearly 300
miles from Karachi.(Ref "60")
The state was a reverse of Kashmir: Hindu in population but the Ruler was a Muslim. Nawab Sir
Mahabat Khan Rasul Khanji, a Muslim, was its ruler at the time of independence who had freely and
voluntarily offered.(Ref "61")
The
accession
of
the
state
to
Pakistan.
The Indian Government immediately responded with large scale troop concentrations along the
borders of Junagadh and other states in Kathiawar which had acceded to Pakistan. The British chief of
Staff of India wrote a joint letter to cabinet stating that the armed forces of India were in no position
to undertake a serious campaign and that the British soldiers could not take part in any operation
which would involve clashes with another Dominion; so the issue be settled by negotiation. Military
action in Kathiawar may lead to war between the two Dominions and with the bulk of the army
involved no internal security, the army is in no position to wage war.(Ref "62")
Mountbatten strongly disapproved their measure and put them under great pressure. He called in
three officers and sharply rebuked them. The paper was withdrawn and it was made sure that such
incidents did not recur again.(Ref "63")
On 16th September 1947, the day after the accession, the Prime Minister of Junagadh addressed a
letter to the Prime Minister of Pakistan, making an earnest appeal for help by lodging a strong protest
with the Indian Government to prevent invasion of its areas, by providing actual armed assistance in
the form of immediate landing of a fighter or a bomber with a spare Dakota on its air fields at Keshod
and sending a battalion, equipped with modern arms by sea to Veraval. The Prime Minister of
Junagadh also protested over the Indian blockade of his state as its supplies were being cut off,
including food and petrol consigned to Jamnagar and other ports for transmission to Junagadh had
been withheld. The communications of Junagadh were threatened on all sides and postal and
telegraph services endangered. A bi-weekly air services, which Janagadh had with Karachi, was
ordered to be discontinued by India. The Prime Minister of Junagadh also submitted that Pakistan
should
not
allow
the
Indian
Union
to
take
the
law
in
its
own
hands.
On 18th September, the Governor- General of Pakistan sent a telegram to the Governor-General of
India stating that there were large troop concentrations along the borders of Junagadh and other
States in Kathiawar which had acceded to Pakistan. The former made it clear to the latter that any
encroachment on Junagadh sovereignty or its territory would amount to hostile act and that in no
case Indian Dominion troops or troops of States acceding to India should violate Junagadh territory
under any pretext whatsoever. The reply was received on 22 September, stating; Information about
large troop concentrations around Junagadh not correct. India however confessed that its Government
had sent a small force of troops to its own areas. The Indian Government tightened the blockade of
Junagadh which, despite protests from the Government of the latter had driven (its) people to verge
of starvation. It also set up a parallel Government on its own (Indian) territory which the Government
of Pakistan considered as unfriendly act towards Pakistan. The Prime Minister of Pakistan pointed out
to
the
Prime
Minister
of
India
in
his
telegram
on
2
October,
1947:
It is regrettable that subversive activities against Junagadh State are not only being carried out but
are actually being encouraged by certain authorities. Crimes against persons and property of
Junagadh State subjects are being committed in adjoining areas of Indian Dominion. To permit your
subject or subjects of any State which acceded to the Indian Dominion to carry on these subversive
activities constitutes a breach of the Constitutional and international obligations imposed on the
Government of India.(Ref "64")
The Indian Government also stopped food, petrol and all communications, mail, telegraphic,
telephonic, between Junagadh State and the outside world in order to starve the State into

submission. It refused to recognize Junagadhs accession to Pakistan, and increased its military and
police forces within Junagadhs territory which caused a great deal of panic among Junagadhs
peaceful
population
and
serious
embarrassment
to
the
lallers
administration.
To
quote
the
British
Foreign
Office
files:
Pakistan accepted Junagadhs accession, but Indian solved the problem in her own favour by a display
of force. She blames Pakistan for accepting junagadhs accession, but claims that her own acceptance
of Kashmirs accession is perfectly justifiable. This does not make sense.(Ref "65")
The Prime Minister of Junagadh sent a telegram to the Prime Minister of Pakistan on 25 October 1947
informing the latter about a clear violation of Pakistan territory as the Indian forces had occupied
Amrapur and Khijadia and two or three villages all outlying main Junagadh territory on 24 October.
Further telegrams were sent by him on 26 and 27th October and on 2 and 8 November, thereby
keeping in touch with the Government of Pakistan and intimating the latter about the incidents of his
state.(Ref "66")
However, on 8 November, the Dewan (Prime Minister) of Junagadh, Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto, sent
Major Harvey Jones, the Senior Member of the Junagadh State Council, with a letter to Mr. Buch, the
Indian Regional Commissioner at Rajkot. This letter requested the Government of India to take over
the administration of Junagadh in order to save the State from complete administrative breakdown
and pending an honorable settlement of the several issues involved in Junagadhs accession .(Ref
"67")
The letter and Shah Nawaz Bhuttos behaviour encouraged the Indian Government which promptly
occupied
Junagadh
by
force.
Pakistan protested but in vain as the Indian armed forces (equipped with tanks, armoured cars and
other modern weapons) took over the administration (of Junagadh) on 9th November, 1947. The
Government of Pakistan called it an unjustified aggression on Pakistan territory and refused to
recognize it.(Ref "68")
Though the Ruler of Junagadh had declared the accession of his State with Pakistan, its Dewan, Sir
Shah Nawaz Bhutto, handed over the administration of the State to Indian pending negotiations. The
latter stated that this did not mean that Junagadh had joined the Indian Union. On 8 November, he
flew to Karachi for important consultations with the Nawab of Junagadh. Reaching Karachi on 11
November Mr. Bhutto told the A.P.I that Junagadh was still a part of Pakistan and the State only asked
the Indian Union to help in the maintenance of law and order.(Ref "69")
The Indian Government had encouraged neighboring Hindu State which had acceded to India to create
trouble on the borders of Kathiawar States, including Junagadh.(Ref "71")
The question arises whether Mr. Bhutto (Dewan of Junagadh) was competent to ask India to help the
State in the maintenance of its law and order which had acceded to Pakistan? The Government of
Pakistan pointed out that the Dewan was not entitled to negotiate settlement. It contended that since
Junagadh had lawfully acceded to Pakistan, so neither the Dewan nor even the Ruler himself could
negotiate a settlement with India. Therefore, India should withdraw its forces from the State, hand
back the administration to the Nawab and refrain from committing acts of violence and subversion
against Junagadh. So it lodged a strong protest against the coup detat of the Government of India in
Junagadh as the Indian action constituted a clear and unwarranted violation of Pakistan territory, a
direct act of hostility and a breach of international law.(Ref "72")
Mountbattens biographer confesses: Legally Pakistan was in the right.(Ref "73")
The question arises: Once a state has had acceded to a Dominion, did the Instrument of Accession
permit the ruler or his agent to hand over its administration to another Dominion before the
renouncement of the Accession? If not what was the validity of Junagadhs subsequent action? Was
not the Indian action in taking over the administration of the State, without Pakistan consent a
patently
hostile
act?
The Quaid-i-Azam wanted to send Pakistan forces to Junagadh and assist the State. To quote Vice
Admiral
Jefrord
who
was
then
head
of
Pakistan
Navy:
At a Defence Council meeting on this question (Indian invasion and occupation of Junagadh) the Quaid
was, naturally keen to go to the aid of the State Government. This would obviously have meant an
invasion fleet of transports, escorted by the Navy and with the subsequent landing covered by Naval
bombardment. I was forced to tell the Quaid that the only ammunition we had was that carried the
ships which could all be fired away in an hour. Without hesitation the Quaid said: In view of the
Admirals statement it would be suicidal attempt to intervene. Mr. Jinnah was a realist.(Ref "74")
So on this crucial question, whether Pakistan should render any military assistance to Junagadh, or
reoccupy the State from the Indian hold, the expatriate Britishers, particularly Vice Admiral Jefford
had played a significant role in the foreign policy behaviour of Pakistan. The Britishers employed in

Pakistan followed a policy of inactivity towards the state of Junagadh which had acceded to Pakistan.
The Pakistan Times depicting the foreign policy behaviour of India and Pakistan pointed out: while
India, played the part of an unscrupulous bully on the side or Pakistan have not some of our
statesmen
(perhaps
British
employees)
also
behaved
like
credulous
green
horns.
(Ref "75")
The Government of Pakistan not only advised the State authorities to act with the utmost caution but
also themselves refrained from sending a single solider to Junagadh. All they did was to send 7,000
tons of food grains to feed the starving population of Junagadh and Manavadar despite the occupation
of the latter by Indian forces.(Ref "76")
Manvadhar was a State in Kathiawar. It was infact a chieftain, though an independent one, and was
contiguous to Junagadh. The Khan of Manavadhar declared its accession with Pakistan by signing the
Instrument
of
Accession
on
24
September
1947.
The Indian Government without any notice or intimation to Pakistan and without justification of any
kind, took possession of it by force on 22 October, 1947. After the illegal occupation of Manavadhar by
India. The Muslims were terrorized by Indian armed forces. They were forced to send a cable to the
UN Security Council that the situation in Manawdhar was peaceful and were threatened that their
properties would be confiscated in case they go to Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan protested
against the Indian occupation of Manavadhar and condemned Indian aggression by calling it totally
illegal and unconstitutional.(Ref "77")
In
its
Press
communiqu
issued
from
Lahore
on
November
3,
1947.
Mangrol though a chieftain was a feudatory of Junagadh. Being feudatory to Junagadh, the Sheikh,
ruler of Mangrol, had no authority to accede independently to India or Pakistan. Since the Chief of
Mangrol had no independent status, so its accession followed automatically after Junagadh whose
vassal it was. Despite this fact, the Government of India coerced its chief to sign Instrument of
Accession with India. The latter however, renounced his accession with in an hour or two of his
signature and before the Instrument of Accession had been signed by the Governor-General of
India.(Ref "78")
The Shaikh not only withdrew and made notification of his withdrawal from the accession but also
signified his intention of acceding to Pakistan. The Government of India sent troops to occupy Mangrol
in
spite
of
a
clear
understanding
that
it
would
not
be
done.
Babriawad was also a feudatory land-holding estate of Junagadh and never an Indian State at all in
any sense of the terms. India claimed that it had acceded to her but that claim was purely fictitious as
it was not a ruling state, and had no standing either to accede or not a accede to any Dominion. The
Government of Indian sent troops for its occupation in order to encircle Junagadh. The talukas of
Sardargarh and Bantva also applied for accession to Pakistan but similarly they were also occupied by
the Indian troops without furnishing any intimation to the Government of Pakistan.(Ref "79")
The Maharaja of Jodhpur also expressed his wish to join Pakistan. He was coming to Karachi in order
to sign the Instrument of Accession but was hijacked to Delhi. Mountbatten warned the Maharaja. He
made it clear that from a purely legal standpoint there was no objection to the ruler of Jodhpur
acceding to Pakistan; but the Maharaja should consider seriously the consequences of doing so,
having regard to the fact that he himself was a Hindu, that his State was populated predominantly by
Hindus and that the same applied to the State surrounding Jodhpur.(Ref "80")
The Quaid-i-Azam had offered Jodhpur the best terms: use of Karachi as a free port; free import of
arms; jurisdiction over the Jodhpur-Hyderabad (Sindh) railway; and supply of grain to famine
threatened districts on the condition that Jodhpur would declare its independence on August 15, 1947
and then join Pakistan.(Ref "81")
The above-mentioned States: Junagadh, Manavadhar, Mangrol, Jodhpur etc. had acceded to Pakistan
voluntarily and freely. They had full right to do so as they were entitled to do under the agreed
scheme of partition and the Indian Independence Act, 1947 and thus became part of Pakistan.
Junagadh and Manavadhar infact signed the Instrument of Accession with Pakistan. As soon as the
accession was announced, India started a war of nerves, against these two States and certain other
smaller states in Kathiawar. Indias military action against these states amounted to a direct attack
and aggression against Pakistan which the latter could reply by force. Pakistan however, refrained
from taking military action. The role played by the expatriate British officers in both Dominions, India
and Pakistan, was significant. While British officers in India led by Mountbatten tried their utmost to
merge even such states with India which had declared their accession with Pakistan and used military
force without any hesitation, their counterparts in Pakistan endeavored their utmost to refrain the
latter
in
adopting
counter
measures
against
its
traditional
rival.
Hyderabad was a large state with an area of 82,692 square miles and a population between 17 and 18

millions, with its rich economic resources. India was determined to occupy Hyderabad by force. On 11
June 1948, Nehru declared at Naini Tal that talks of an independent and sovereign Hyderabad was
absurd. The Nizam, its ruler, wanted the state to be independent. He therefore addressed a letter to
the British King as well as Prime Minister Attlee on 8 September 1947 reminding them of his ancestors
and
his
loyalty
to
the
British:
The privilege that I and my ancestors have had of associating with the British Empire for about a
centry and a half. I still firmly believe that you Government through the good offices of Lord
Mountbatten the Governor-General, can exert sufficient morals and material influence to bring about
an honourable and amicable settlement between the Dominion of India and Hyderabad without
impairing the dignity of my house and my people and without putting my State to material
disadvantage. In the absence of such settlement, I foresee a great deal of internal and external
disorders, bloodshed and chaos such as now prevalent in the East and West Punjab and other parts of
India which can indeed even now be avoided in Hyderabad.(Ref "82")
The Nizam appealed to the British Government to intervene but the latter adopted a lukewarm
attitude and refused to mediate between the Nizam and the Indian Government. Prime Minister Attlee
told
the
Nizam:
I do not think my Government is in a position to tender advice to the Indian Government or to Your
Exalted Highness as to the precise constitutional relationship. I believe it to be the case that the
Indian Government have agreed that Lord Mountbatten as Governor-General should continue to play a
part in the negotiations between India and Hyderabad.(Ref "83")
Winston Churchill, the Leader of the Opposition, told the House of Commons that Hyderabad was
entitled to UN membership: that, out of 54 members of the UN, 39 have smaller population, 20
smaller territory and 15 smaller revenue.(Ref "84")
On 21 August 1948, Hyderabad first brought the dispute between India and Hyderabad before the
Security Council under Article 35, paragraph 2 of the Charter as the Indian Government, despite its
Standstill Agreement with Hyderabad on 29 November 1947, had continued:
The economic blockade which had started prior to that date..with increasing intensity and included
even such items as medicine, chlorine for purifying water and other basic essentials..It has also been
indicated
that
the
blockade
may
soon
be
followed
by
military
invasion.
Although India had entered into Standstill agreement with Hyderabad yet it was not observed by the
former.
The
Prime
Minister
of Hyderabad,
Mir
Laik
Ali
pointed
out:
This Standstill Agreement, however, unfortunately, never came to be observed in spirit or letter by the
Indian Union..I hope this matter will receive the British governments and in particular Mr. Attlees
and you (Bevins) sympathetic and immediate consideration.(Ref "85")
Mountbatten tried his utmost through Walter Monckton, the constitutional Adviser to the Nizam, to
merge the State of Hyderabad with the Indian Union. He himself confessed before a crowded audience
in London on 29 June 1948 that: We have had long discussions on how to fit this great State, with its
17,000,000 population, into the pictureIt was heart breaking to Sir Walter Monckton, and to myself
that the proposals we jointly worked out were not accepted.(Ref "86")
The Nizam, on the other hand, leveled charges against Mountbatten and the Indian Government that
they failed to supply arms and ammunition which was urgently needed for the internal security of
Hyderabad as they would have under the Standstill Agreement: that when Hyderabad tried to import
arms and ammunition from other sources, the Indian Government did nothing to prevent border raids
inspite of the repeated representations: that the Indian Government sent their soldiers in mufti to
create trouble inside Hyderabad: that the economic blockade of the State since 15 August, was
intensified. The Nizam also accused Britian of sacrificing tried friends because they had too little
nuisance value.(Ref "87")
Realizing that his repeated requests to the British Government had borne no fruit, the Nizam turned
towards America and requested President Truman to mediate and use his good offices to settle the
dispute between Hyderabad and India. Unluckily, the response from this quarter, too, was not
encouraging as the President replied that the extension of good offices was usually successful only
when requested by both parties. But since America had not heard from India on the matter, so he
could not comply with the request.(Ref "88")
In the meanwhile India created trouble in Hyderabad, Pakistanis believe that an organized campaign
of border incidents and raids was started by India. Subversive activities were encouraged within
Hyderabad.
The state of Jammu and Kashmir posed a threat to the stability of the new nation with seemingly
endless hostility between India and Pakistan. The state had about 80 percent Muslims, but its ruler
was Hindu. The Indian government secured, under questionable circumstances an instrument of

accession from the Hindu Maharaja on 27 October 1947, thus opening the way to Indias military
intervention in Kashmir. Under Mountbattens direct guidance airborne units of the Indian Army landed
in Srinagar, thus halting the advance of liberation forces outside Srinagar. This was most shocking to
the people of Pakistan because from the time the Lahore Resolution of 1940 was passed, Kashmir had
been regarded as an essential part of Pakistan, both politically and economically.(Ref "89")
When India sent its forces to Kashmir, the Quaid-i-Azam immediately ordered the officiating C-in-C
Pakistan Army, General Gracey as General Frank Messervy, first C-in-C of Pakistan Army, was in
London at that time to send troops into Kashmir to seize Baramula and Srinagar also Banihal Pass and
to send troops into Mirpur district of Jammu. The Quaid-i-Azam at once instructed Francis Mudie,
Governor of the Punjab, who was with him, to telephone Gracey to obey his orders immediately. But
an acrimonious conversation followed in which general Gracey attributed to Sir Francis Mudie language
of undiplomatic tone and imperiousness.(Ref "90")
It is lamentable that the British C-in-C of Pakistan Army did not obey the orders of the Quaid-i-Azam.
First, he tried to persuade the Quaid that this was not possible, because the Pakistan Army was not in
full strength nor fully equipped. When the Quaid did not listen to his excuses, he refused to obey. Had
the orders of the Quaid-i-Azam been obeyed, troops moved to their objectives and a few PAF fighters
flown to intercept Indian war planes, the story of Kashmir would have been different. But,
unfortunately the acting C-in-C of Pakistan Army was a Barister and not a Pakistani.(Ref "91")
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands were also suddenly allotted to India although they never formed
the subject of discussion or agreement between the two parties at any time. Neither historically nor
geographically they were parts of India. Their tribes were not connected with the Indian population by
ethical, religious or cultural ties. These island were British possessions and administered by the
Central Government so they did not fall in the same category as other Chief commissioners Provinces
reserved to the Governor-General under the Act of 1935. Pakistans claim to these islands was very
strong: since the only channel of communication between the eastern and western wings of Pakistan
was sea, so they were important for it and could conveniently serve the purpose of refueling bases for
vessels playing between the two parts. On the other hand, India had not such claim.(Ref "92")
Although Mountbatten knew the utility of these islands for Pakistan yet he pleaded for the congress
and consequently the islands were handed over to India and not Pakistan.(Ref "93")
The states that were contiguous to West Pakistan and had a Muslim majority and Muslim rulers were
quite a few, Bhawalpur, Khairpur, Kalat, Las Bela, Kharan, Makran, Dir, Swat, Amb and Chitral.
Bahawalpur acceded to Pakistan on 3 October 1947, followed by Kahirpur, Chitral, Swat, Dir, and Amb
during the next few months. The states of Las Bela, Makran, Kharan, and Kalat, after protracted
negotiations, acceded to Pakistan by the end of March 1948.(Ref "94")
The Princes, who were lured into signing the instruments of accession in favour of India, met a sad
end. They lost control of their states, even their own assets, in a few years and their states were
absorbed
into
the
contiguous
state
provinces
of
the
Indian
Union.
Pakistan has had to face several forces working to cripple and thwart her very existence.
Geographically she had been placed in an extremely delicate situation, with her two parts i.e., East
and West Pakistan separated from each other by a hostile distance of over a thousand miles. The
ambitious and militant rulers of this hostile distance have been expressing and planning hostile
design against her existence right from the very beginning. For them Pakistan was only a transient
phase, a tactical treat that did not affect their strategic aims. The tragic events immediately following
the partition in the withholding of military stores and other assets and illegal occupation of Junagadh,
Hyderabad and Kahsmir, bear eloquent testimony to Indias persistent hostility towards Pakistan and
her ambition to truncate Pakistan and encircle her territory, weaken her militarily and strangle her
economically. This could hardly be an enviable situation, much less for a country like Pakistan. The
first and the foremost problem faced by Quaid-i-Azam immediately after the establishment of Pakistan
was,
therefore,
the
ensure
the
security
of
the
country.
The division of assets between India and Pakistan was a significant issue, on the eve of independence
between the two Dominions. It was the moral and legal obligation of the British Government in
general and Mountbatten as the last Viceroy in particular to ensure the supply of its due share of
assets to Pakistan-military stroes as well as cash balances. Had Pakistan received its due share of
assets, it would have ushered in an era of cordial relations between the two states. But, with the
background of traditional Hindu-Muslim rivalry before partition, the leaders of the two dominions
started their relations in a climate of mutual suspicion, distrust, fear and jealousy. Pakistan believed
that India will not allow her to rest in peace and will destroy her whenever she has an opportunity and
India thought that whenever Pakistan gets an opportunity, she will move against India and attack
her.(Ref "95")

Since Pakistan was placed in a miserable and deplorable condition after independence, so, if the
Indian leaders in general and Mountbatten in particular, had tried to help Pakistan at the crucial time,
it would have been appreciated not only by the Pakistanis statesmen, politicians and public but by the
whole world at large. But to the surprise of the Pakistanis, the Indian foreign policy behavior, instead
of helping Pakistan, further aggravated its position. Rushbrook Williams points out:
The Hindus feeling that Pakistan need not have emerged at all is important politically, because it
shaped the Indian attitude and influenced Indian behavior, towards Pakistan, not only in the early
critical days..but in the later years.(Ref "96")
The following issues clearly indicate Indias antagonistic attitude towards Pakistan in matters related
to assets; first, India withheld agreed share of Pakistans military assets. The Armed Forces
Reconstitution Committee, with sub-committee for the Army, Navy, Air Force and Finance had made
agreed recommendations, which were accepted by the Joint Defence Council that army assets
between the two Dominions be divided in the proportion of 64% to India and 36% to Pakistan. The
report of the Supreme Commander Field Marshal Sir Claude Auchinleck to the British Prime Minister,
Mr.
Attlee
reveals:
Military opinion is unanimous that this general principle for the division of movable assets is so
obviously found on common sense and practical considerations as to be incontestable. The Indian
Government, however, is apparently determined to contest it to the last ditch. I have no hesitation
whatever in affirming that the present India Cabinet is implacably determined to do all their power to
prevent the establishments of the Dominion of Pakistan on a firm basis. In this I am supported by the
unanimous opinion of my senior officers and indeed by all responsible British officers cognizant of the
situation since the 15th Augustthe Indian leaders, Cabinet Ministers. Civil officials and others have
persistently tried to obstruct the work of partition of Armed Forces.Their aim is to prevent Pakistan
receiving her just share, or indeed anything of the large stocks of reserve arms, equipment, stores
held in the arsenals and depots in India. This is an open secret.(Ref "97")
The above quoted stunning report of Claude Auchinleck, Supreme Commander of the armies of India
and Pakistan was sent to British Prime Minister on 28 September, 1947, just six weeks after the
Partition. If the Indian leaders, on account of their rivalry and antagonistic attitude towards Pakistan,
obstructed the work of division of military assets, it was the legal as well as moral duty of
Mountbatten and Auchinleck to carry on the process till Pakistan received its just share. Perhaps
Mountbatten was not interested at all in handing over Pakistans just share of military assets and
Auchinleck
consequently
became
helpless.
John Connell had made the following comments on the pressure of Indian leaders on Auchinleck in the
following
words:
Auchinleck
was:
Continually subjected by the political leaders of India to deceitful and underhand interference which
amounted in the end, to complete sabotage.Even the fundamental responsibilities of Government to
bring the civil war, slaughter and destruction to an end and restore law and order they (the Indian
leaders) regarded as of secondary importance. What mattered to them, above all else, was to cripple
and thwart the establishment of Pakistan as a viable, independent nation; and since the Joint Defence
Council and the Supreme Headquarters were, in their view, the main obstacles on their road to the
fulfillment of this aim, these must be swiftly and systematically undermined''.(Ref "98")
Like Mountbatten, General Auchinleck too was originally opposed to partition but entrusted with the
task of division of assets, when the latter and his team mates tried to perform their duties seriously,
they were continuously and virulently accused of being pro-Pakistan and partial by the Hindus,
whereas the truth was that they had merely tried to do their duty impartially and without fear, favour
or
affection
which
was
universally
acknowledged
by
all
fair-minded
people.
While the Indian leaders did not cooperate, Auchinleck confessed that the attitude of Pakistan had
been reasonable and cooperative throughout. That was natural as Pakistan had practically nothing of
her own, and the reserves of stores which were lying in India, were essential for this country in order
to
strengthen
its
defence.
Mountbatten did not: ensure the supply of Pakistans share of military assets. Instead he cut
short.(Ref "99")
the joint Defence Councils life by four months and on 30 November 1947 Auchinleck relinquished his
post
as
Supreme
Commander.
(Ref "100")
This created inherent military weakness for Pakistan Army. Though Pakistans share of the stores was
160 train-load of military equipment and weapons.(Ref "101")
But what it actually received, was a nominal one. Out of 165,000 tons of ordnance stores due to her,
only 4,703 tons she had received.(Ref "102")

Important arms and ammunition were not received by Pakistan. The share of tanks, guns, specialist
and transport vehicles and their spares was never received.(Ref "103")
The cruel turn was that Pakistans share of heavy military stores, aero planes, ordances, vehicles and
factories went to India, as was the case with many other things.(Ref "104")
Out of 36% of Pakistans share of military assets, India dispatched not more than two percent and
even then no arms and ammunitions were sent.(Ref "105")
India released only items of general nature, including a considerable amount of perishable ones,
unwanted and obsolete quantities of anti-gas and water-proofing equipment, shoes and boots meant
either for Gurkhas or West Africans, and other personal equipment, either too small or too big for the
use of Pakistani soldiers. A number of packing cases were found to be full of bricks,stones and
wrecked equipment. (Ref "106")
It appears that Mountbatten and Indian leaders were determined to make Pakistan a weak and feeble
state, to be at the mercy of India. Out of 420,000 soldiers in the combined Indian Army and Air Force,
Pakistan took 15,000.(Ref "107")
Out of the 40 ordnance depots containing reserves of all types of stores, equipment, ammunition,
vehicles, only 5 small depots were situated in pakistan territory. There was only one Training Centre,
the staff college at Quetta in pakistan, at the time of Partition. We got one Air Squadron at the time of
partitionOur Air Force at the time of Partition had 224 officers, 50 cadets and 2309 airmen.(Ref
"108")
Like the Army and the Air Force, the Pakistan Navy was also in a dilapidated condition. At the time of
partition, Pakistan had neither any Naval Headquarters nor any Naval Dockyard. Chittagong, in
particular, had no arrangements whatsoever for its naval defence. Our share of the Naval officer
personnel included only ten Pakistanis one captain, six lieutenant commanders and three
Engineers..All the Naval training centres were in India and non in Pakistan.(Ref "109")
The combined defence forces of Pakistan inherited at the time independence, were little more than a
skeleton and without proper weapons ammunition and equipment. At the time of partition she hardly
inherited even a single formed military unit or a single exclusively Muslim battalion. Several units still
had Hindu and Sikh commanding officers and a number of Hindus held appointments at Pakistan
G.H.Q.(Ref "110")
Almost all the battalions and regiments had, therefore, to be regrouped. The army was also short of
commissioned officers especially in technical branches such as engineering and artillery. The Muslim
officers particularly lacked staff experience. As a first step a military academy and an engineering
centre were created at Kakul and Risalpur respectively. There was obviously much more on sound
lines to do and the government had to find means to build the army with the help of military experts.
Even though Quaid-i-Azam as a great champion of peace and international amity, he had no illusions
in this respect. He was convinced that the first necessity for each independent country was to have
strong defences. He declared that the security of Pakistan was our primary duty. He said, While
giving the fullest support to the United Nations Charter, we cannot afford to neglect our
defences..the primary responsibility for the defence of Pakistan will rest with us..the weak and the
defenceles, in this imperfect world, invite aggression from other.(Ref "111")
His Government, therefore, had to devote much more resources meager in themselves in order to
build a strong armed forces even at the cost of developmental work. Emphasizing the need for a
strong and efficient Air Force he said, A country without a strong Air Force is at the mercy of any
aggressor. Pakistan must build up her Air Forces as quickly as possible. It must take its rights place in
securing Pakistans defence(Ref "112")
He reminded the officers and men to Pakistan Army that although the battle of Pakistans freedom had
been won, a harder battle to preserve that freedon was still in progress and that the battle had to be
fought to a successful conclusion if Pakistan were to survive as a great nation. Addressing the Pakistan
Army in Malir on 21st February, 1948, he said, We have to prove ourselves fit for our newly won
freedom. You have fought many a battle on the far-flung battlefields of the globe to rid the world of
the Fascist menace and make it safe for democracy. Now you have to stand guard over the
development and maintenance of Islamic democracy you will have to be alert, very alert for the time
for relaxation is not yet there. With faith, discipline and selfless devotion to duty, there is nothing
worthwhile that you cannot achieve(Ref "113")
Pakistan was faced with another major problem i.e., the absence of an organized administrative
machinery. She possessed neither the proper equipment nor the trained personnel. In fact she needed
everything from paper to desks, men and money. In this respect India did her best to add to her
difficulties and even stifle her very existence. She unjustifiably held up Pakistans share of personnel,

equipment and finances. The special trains carrying essential files and record from Delhi to Karachi
were reported to have either been burnt of derailed.(Ref "114")
Pakistan was therefore thrown on her own resources to build up a new administrative machinery right
form the very scratch. She had not only to establish a new government but also to fund a new capital.
The administrative machinery inherited by Pakistan, consists of nothing but bits and pieces. Some of
these pieces were of high quality but these were few in relation to the rest. First there was the handful
it was no more of thoroughly experienced men, generally with the background of an oxford or
Cambridge college and an Inn of Court, who represented the solid if small Muslim element in the
Indian Civil Service on the Bench, at the Bar, and in the learned profession. Not many of them had
taken an active part in political life, but their experience of responsibility made them invaluable. Next
were the more numerous, but still pitiable small, band of well-trained Muslim officials who held senior
but rarely the most senior posts in all India Service such as Police, Accounts, Forests, and
Engineering. Below them again were the minor Muslim officials of the former Provincial Services; men
with useful training, but with little practice in responsibility.(Ref "115")
It was round these three classes that the new administrative machinery of Pakistan had to be built up.
Their numbers were inadequate: most of them had insufficient practical experience of the tasks which
awaited them. Many Junior officials had to be promoted over-rapidly, because senior posts must be
filled: recruitment for Junior ranks had to be extemporized out of rather haphazard material until a
new Public Serivce commission could be appointed and set to work. On the whole, it was remarkable
that, in the face of appalling difficult problems, the extemporized machine worked as well as it did in
the early months after partition.(Ref "116")
Recalling the initial difficulties of the Pakistan government, Liaquat Ali Khan observed: another
difficulty we had to encounter was that all Government servants were given the option to serve in
whichever of the two Dominions they liked, although it was known, that majority of experienced high
grade officials being non-Muslims, it would be difficult to run the Government of Pakistan. We had
urged in vain that the Government servants should be compelled to stay on where they were arguing
that there was no reason why those who could serve a foreign Government, could not serve their own.
The agreed percentage of Muslim representation in the All India Service was 25, but it was found on
actual calculation to be not more than eleven, with a nominal proportion of gazetted officers. Just
think how short of officers we were at the start. Peons were plentiful but peon cannot run the
Government.(Ref "117")
The country, therefore, suffered from acute shortages in trained staff, accommodation, records office
equipment, and communication. The new capital Karachi lacked an adequate secretariat building. The
Governor-Generals house provided the only visible symbol of the central Administration. Officers and
Clerks who had opted for Pakistan had to report on duty as soon as they reached Karachi. But they
had nowhere to go. Not a building was available, and the first few offices which came into being were
housed under trees and on pavements.(Ref "118")
Hastily constructed tin sheds provided the bulk of office accommodation.(Ref "119")
Some persons pitched tents, borrowed or rented, in the open ground.(Ref "120")
There was no proper equipment to run the administration. Pakistans share of office equipment and
furniture could not be obtained from India by August 15, 1947, and even what was obtained could not
all be moved to Karachi because of the disruption of communication by disturbances. Though local
purchases were made, yet there were great shortages. Typewriters and telephones, and at times,
even the most ordinary supplies, like pens pencils papers, desks and chairs, were not easily available.
It was reported that some of the Minister used wooden boxes as their tables and had practically no
filling system.(Ref "121")
Not all the relevant files and records could be duplicated in Delhi and brought to Karachi. Despite
these heavy and heart rending odds, the first few pioneers of Pakistan; administrative machinery
started their work with remarkable zeal, devotion and determination to overcome all kinds of hazards.
Quaids personality provided them all with the necessary inspiration. His popularity, prestige, untiring
dedication and devotion proved a tremendous asset to the infant state in organizing itself into a going
concern.
In an Eid Message on August 18, 1947, he addressed his people in the following words: This is our
first Eid immediately following in the heralding of free, independent, sovereign Pakistan having been
established. This day of rejoicing throughout the Muslim world so aptly comes immediately in the
wake of our national State being established, and therefore, it is a matter of special significance and
happiness to us all. I wish on this auspicious day a very happy Eid to all Muslims wherever they may

be throughout the world the Eid will usher in, I hope, a new era of prosperity and will mark the
onward march of renaissance of Islamic culture and ideals. I fervently pray that Almighty God make
us all worthy of our past and hoary history and give us strength to make Pakistan truly a great nation
amongst all the nations of the world. No doubt we have achieved Pakistan, but that is yet the
beginning of an end. Great responsibilities have come to us, and equally great should be our
determination and endeavour to discharge them, and the fulfillment thereof will demand of us efforts
and sacrifices in the cause of no less for constructive work in building up of our nation than what was
required for the achievement of the cherished goal of Pakistan. The time for real solid work has now
arrived, and I have no doubt in my mind that the Muslim genius will put its shoulder to the wheel and
conquer all obstacles in our way on the, road which may appear uphill.
Let us not, on this occasion, forget those of our brethren and sisters who have sacrificed their all so
that Pakistan may be established and we may live. We fervently pray that their souls may rest in
peace and we shall never forget the memory of those who are no more and those who have suffered.
For many, Eid will be not an occasion of such great joy and rejoicing as in Pakistan. Those of our
brethren who are minorities in Hindustan may rest assured that we shall never neglect or forget them.
Our hearts go out to them, and we shall consider no effort too great to help them and secure their
well-being for I recognize that it is the Muslim minority provinces in this sub-continent who were the
pioneers and carried the banner aloft for the achievement of our cherished goal of Pakistan. I shall
never forget their support, nor I hope the majority Muslim provinces in Pakistan will fail to appreciate
that they were the pioneers in the vanguard of our historic and heroic struggle for the achievement of
Pakistan which today in an accomplished fact.(Ref "122")
Though established against very heavy and formidable odds, Pakistan lacked strong cohesive forces.
She was in fact and unstable mixture of provinces and powerful leaders who, amidst the emotions of
religion and harsh relations of politics, had joined together under a strong leader to meet an
emergency. Each group had its own interests which gave birth to the feelings of provincialism and
parochialism which were as dangerous as threats from the neighboring hostile India. (Ref "123")
A separatist movement in East Pakistan and a secessionist movement in the North West Frontier
Province supported by Afghanistan.(Ref "124")
Were the most serious problems in the political life of Pakistan after 1947. Quaid-i-Azam strongly
condemned both these trends as the negation of the very principle on which Pakistan was claimed and
achieved. Though Muslims of Bengal and West Pakistan were united to defend their religion and
culture, they began to harbour certain suspicions and doubts after 1947. In the few first month of
crisis immediately following the independence need for cohesive unity and the lack of experienced
administrators in East Pakistan led to strong centralization in the hands of the central government at
Karachi. Numerous officials were sent from West Pakistan, especially from the Punjab to fill posts in
the East wing. While mainly honest, a goodly number of these imported officials had little sympathy
with the Muslim Bengalis whom they regarded as backward and crude.(Ref "125")
Soon the governed began to complain that they were being neglected in the way of development
schemes and allocation of revenues. Another irritant was the apparent determination of the Central
Government to adopt Urdu as the official language of the country. (Ref "126")
The Bengalis, however, challenged this move and demanded political, linguistic and financial parity
with West Pakistan. All the more, Bengalis Chief Minister, Hussein S. Suherawardy, demanded
Bengalis complete independence in 1947 and, on being rebuffed by Quaid-i-Azam, decided not to live
in Pakistan.(Ref "127")
On August 31, 1947 Suharwardy accepted Gandhis invitation to work with him in putting out the
embers of Communal discord in Calcutta. Their Joint efforts met with success, and Calcutta and
Bengal were spared the horrors perpetrated in the Punjab.(Ref "128")
The Tamuddun Majlis, a private social organization of East Pakistan, demanded Bengali as the
language of instruction, administration and means of communication in East Bengal as early as
September 1947, only a month after Pakistan was established. However, it was ignored till the
December of that year when it was feared that Urdu alone would be the language of the State.(Ref
"129")
The language movement started off in earnest in 1948 that the State language.(Ref "130")
Mr. Jinnah made the statement on the assumption that one language unites a new nation and that
nobody, except anti-Pakistan agitators, were against Urdu. Of Jilani Kamran, giving Bengali, the
status of a national language; making it national language; were in no way fair or justifiable steps.
The advocacy of Bengali was only to make it and the Devanagari script the rivals of the national
language Urdu so that the creation and strengthening of nationalism would be impeded.(Ref "131")

A group of Pushtu-speaking Pathans, posed an other serious threat in the form of a secessionist
movement in the North-West Frontier Province. These restless, belligerent, and fiercely individualistic
tribes had never been pacified even by the British administrators. Some of the Afghan patriots tried to
take advantage of the opportunity to bid for a wide belt of territory along the frontier on the grounds
that the British tile it had not been based on solid grounds, while some of the hostile Pathans of the
boundary region wished to avail themselves of the Civil Chaos in the Plains to engage in looting. The
new government, however, shorn of every device for social or military control, had to face ad check
these problems with dedicated resolve if with anything else.
Another problem related to the framing of a Constitution. Despite all problems and difficulties, which
beset the country and absorbed the attention of the government, the Quaid wanted the constituent
Assembly to devote itself earnestly to the task of constitution making. Addressing members of
Assembly on 11th August 1947, he said, The constituent Assembly has got two main functions to
perform. The first is the very onerous and responsible task of framing our future constitution of
Pakistan and the second of functioning as a full and complete sovereign body as the federal legislature
of Pakistan. We have to do the best we can in adopting a provisional constitution for the Federal
Legislature of PakistanRemember that you are now a sovereign legislative body and you have got
all the powers. It therefore places on you the great responsibility.(Ref "132")
But unfortunately he died too early. Everything was still unsettled except the fact that Pakistan had
come to stay. The pattern of government had yet to be determined, the broad outlines of the State
policies, domestic as well as foreign, to be worked out and the kind of society to be built was still not
known.
At the time of Independence, it appeared that Pakistan was beset with enormous economic problems
and difficulties. Under the provisions of the Indian independence Act, 1947, the Government of India
Act, 1935 became, with certain adaptations, the working Constitution of Pakistan.(Ref "133")
Even before partition, doubts had continually been cast on its economic and financial viability.
Speaking at the ceremony of the presentation of the new Pakistani coins and notes to him, the Quaidi-Azam said, When we first raised our demand for a sovereign and independent state of Pakistan
there were few false prophets who tried to deflect us from our set purpose by saying that Pakistan
was not economically feasible. They painted extremely dark pictures of the future of our state and its
financial and economic soundness (Ref "134")
When the British Journalist Beverley Nichols interviewed the Quaid-i-Azam in December, 1943, the
first question he asked was about the economic aspect of Pakistan: Are the Muslims likely to be richer
or poorer under Pakistan? The Quaid-i-Azams reply was characterized: The Muslims are tough
People, lean and hardy, if Pakistan means that they will have to be a little tougher, they will not
complain. But why should it mean that? What a conceivable reason is there to suppose that the gift of
nationality is going to be an economic liability? (Ref "135")
The hostile Hindu propaganda had also concentrated itself on the same theme. They started an antiPakistan campaign to prove that Pakistan would soon collapse financially. Attempts were, therefore,
made to deprive her of coal and canal waters; a debt of Rs 550, 000,000, owing to her was
dishonored.(Ref "136")
The Punjab massacres and the disputes over cash balances, defence stores, Kashmir, Canal water,
and other questions were also products of the Indian aggressive designs aimed at strangling her
economy on the eve of its very birth. The Indian leaders reckoned that, since Pakistan was not
economically viable while India was, they could, without serious injury to themselves, hasten her
collapse by an antagonistic policy.
Many of Pakistans economic problems were the result of the lack or nearly total absence of modern
industries on the eve of her independence. Though in East Pakistan, she produced 70 percent of the
worlds jute, she did not possess a single jute mill except a few babing-presses.(Ref "137")
The jute produced in East Pakistan, had, therefore, to be sent to Calcutta for industrial process. This
left the farmers and in fact the economy of the East wing at the mercy of Indian mill owners for a
reasonable price of their product. The same position existed about the cotton crop in West Pakistan. In
1947, of the 1,500,000 cotton bales produced, only went to the mills on Pakistani territory.(Ref
"138")
Though cotton was the largest cash crop in West Pakistan, there were only a few cotton mills quite
inadequate to handle it. In the whole country less than 77,000 kilowatts of generating capacity
existed.(Ref "139")

At the time of independence, Pakistan had, therefore, practically no industries to start with, no
factories to press its jute, no mill for its cotton, and no tanneries for its hides. Speaking on the
occasion of the foundation-stone laying ceremony of the Valika Taxtile Mills, Quaid-i-Azam emphasized
the need for industrialization in these words: Pakistan, at present mostly an agricultural state and for
manufactured goods it is dependent upon the outside world.(Ref "140")
If Pakistan was to become a modern nation, industrialization would have to be one of the first aims.
Pakistan was also faced with problem of the lack of financial skills of expertise. Before partition, most
of the junior officers and clerks in banks and insurance companies big mercantile concerns and the
Government offices that dealt with economies had been Hindus or Sikhs: and their departure in 194748 for a while created cause something like chaos in Pakistan.(Ref "141")
For example, East Pakistan had only 5 percent of the total number of industrial workers of undivided
Bengal at the time of partition. Industries, Banks, insurance companies, commercial house, Import
and export firms, communication centres, power stations, and educational institutions were all located
in Calcutta.(Ref "142")
Similarly, in West Pakistan, the people were less well-educated and less politically mature than those
in India.
Pakistan was also poor and ill developed in mineral wealth. Her total coal, production that too of an
inferior quality amounted to a meager 500,000 tons a year. She had no accessible iron-ore; very little
oil, limited to the Attock area West of Rawalpindi; and no rich mineral like Indias manganese or
thorium; though rock-salt was available in the Khewra mines, its money earning power was
meager.(Ref "143")
There was a shortage of electricity power in both the wings. A large area in West Punjab was
dependent for its electricity needs upon the Mandi Hydroelectric Works in East Punjab. The total
installed capacity in the country at the time of partition was only 75,028 k.w., but lack of repairs and
of competent staff greatly reduced the actual capacity. In East Pakistan, the capacity was only 15,600
k.w. The Karnaphuli Hydro-Electric Project was still in its developmental stage. East Pakistan had been
dependent for its supplies of fuel from India; this created numerous difficulties for getting coal and oil
from across the border. Very little exploration of oil and mineral resources in Pakistan had been
carried out before partition.(Ref "144")
Rail and road communications were also poor and ill-developed. Agriculture by which 80 percent of the
population lived, was still carried on by antiquated and inefficient methods in which mechanization
played no part at all.(Ref "145")
Ports of Karachi and Chittagong, were poorly equipped to deal with incoming and outgoing Cargo.(Ref
"146")
East and West Wings were separated by 1,200 miles by air and 3,000 miles by sea. Establishment of
Telephone communication between them was an urgent necessity.
At the time of partition, West Pakistan had a surplus of food grains, but East Wing faced a deficit in
rice, its staple food crop though West Pakistan had a surplus of rice, yet there were difficulties of
procurement and transport. On some branches of the railway system in West Pakistan, services had to
be suspended because of the shortage of coal. Shipping was scarce. Food shipments from West
Pakistan were fortunately arranged in time. After January, 1948, there was a wheat shortage in West
Pakistan due to the refugees influx. In some districts there was scarcity of wheat and no surpluses
were available from abroad.(Ref "147")
Hindus had been actively trying to undermine the economic fabric of Pakistan even before it came into
existence. They had almost exclusively been controlling trade and industry in the part of India which
became Pakistan. The Civil and Military Gazatte of Lahore, in its issue of 6th May, 1947 wrote that the
Punjab national Bank had decided to transfer the registered office of the company from Lahore to
Delhi. Two more important Banks and two premier insurance companies are contemplating to move
out of the Punjab. The total capital under flight is estimated at Rs. 250 crores. The Gazette also
produced the words of a Hindu bankers, After us the deluge. We are leaving Pakistan an economic
desert.(Ref "148")
In undivided India, banking too had been a virtual nonopoly of Hindus. During the partition days (from
June 3 to August 15, 1947) most Hindu managed banks transferred their headquarters and funds
from Pakistan to India. The Punjab disturbances completed the process of 487 offices of scheduled
banks in West Pakistan, only 69 were left after partition.(Ref "149")
Only one bank the Muslim-owned Habib Bank moved its headquarters from India to Pakistan.
Credit facilities were thus greatly curtailed and a special effort had been undertaken in this respect.

The establishment of a new administration and the vast influx of refugees had thrown a heavy
financial burden upon the new government. The disruption of communications and trade had brought
business activity and revenue receipts to a low level. Areas of taxes left behind by evacuees could not
be recovered. The standstill arrangement with India under which each dominion was to receive only
the revenue collected in its own operated was unfavorable for Pakistan. Taxes were collected to the
head offices of firms, most of which were located in India. Central excise duties were levied at points
of manufacture, and India refused to give rebates of duty on excisable commodities exported to
Pakistan.(Ref "150")
Quaid-i-Azams government, however, had to secure capital. Especially foreign exchange, in order to
build new industries, power projects, and adequate irrigation schemes. The story of Pakistans
economic struggle in 1947-48 was on of advances setbacks, natural catastrophes, and invaluable
Good Samaritan.(Ref "151")
In addition to these problems of social and economic development, Pakistan had also to face a heavy
burden of defence. The staggering burden of military expenditures occasioned by the cold war with
India which became hot for a brief period in Kashmir diverted funds from essential nation-building
services like health, education, and irrigation.(Ref "152")
Amidst these numerous difficulties, problems and shortages, the work of development was undertaken
in full earnestness. Despite the most discouraging condition, Quaid-i-Azam Government was able to
make astonishing strides in building an economically viable state. The new state of Pakistan needed a
leadership which could inspire confidence in the people and weld them together into one solid whole
despite cultural pluralism. Such leadership could only be provided by Quaid-i-Azam who by virtue of
having led the common struggle for freedom, symbolized their deepest hopes and aspirations for a
comprehensive life as sovereign nation. He alone could inspire hope in moments of despair and
galvanise the people to a mighty concerted effort to overcome the odds and difficulties with their path
in the beginning was beset. (Ref "153")
Reference:
Author:
Publisher:

Quaid-i-Azam

Mohammad Ali Jinnah as Governor-General

Iqtidar
Karamat
Pakistan Study Centre, University of the Punjab, Lahore. 2006

of

Pakistan
Cheema

Notes and References

1. H.V. Hodson, the Great Divide, London, 1985, P. 346.
2. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, Freedom at Midnight, P. 179.
3. The Statesman, 15 July 1947.
4. The Pakistan Times, 10, July, 1948, p. 4a.
5. Mahajan, Mehr, Chand, Looking Back; The Autobiography, Bombay, 1963, p. 114.
6. N. Mansergh, The Transfer of Power, Vol. XII, No. 326, p. 492.
7. The Eastern Times, 28 August 1947, p,i.e.The Pakistan Times, 19 August 1947, p. 4a.
8. N. Mansergh, op. cit, Vol.XII, No. 162, pp. 226-27.
9. The Partition of the Punjab; A compliation of official Documents, Vol.I, p. XIII.
10. Mahajan, Mehr Chand, Op. cit, pp. 116, 264-65.
11. Rushbrook Williams L.H., The State of Pakistan London, 1966, p. 84.
12. Alastair Lamb, Kashmir: A Disputed Legacy 1864 1990. Roxford Books, 1991, pp. 114-15.
13. The Civil and Military Gazette, 25 April 1958.
14. The Partition of the Punjab, op. cit,., Vol. I, P. XXVIII.
15. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierr, op. Cit., P. 281.
16. The Pakistan Times, 10 July 1948, p. 4a.
17. Ibid, 7 July 1948, p. 6a.
18. Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre, op.cit, p. 282.
19. Ibid., P. 104.
20. Dr. Muhammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, Mountbattens Anti-Pakistan Role, Lahore 1995, P.34.
21. Ibid.
22. Matlubul Hasan Saiyid, Muhammad Ali Jinnah: A Political Study, p. 447.
23. Ibid.
24. Ibid.
25. I.H. Qureshi, A short History of Pakistan. P. 229.
26. Hector Bolitho, Jinnah: creator of Pakistan, p. 188.

27. Ch. Muhammad Ali, The Emergence of Pakistan, p. 221.

28. M. Rafique Afzal (ed). Speches and Statement of Quaid-i-Millat Liaquat Ali Khan (1941-51) p.
250.
29. Ibid, p. 125
30. Ibid, p. 126.
31. The Pakistan Times, 16 October 1947, p. 1a.
32. Ibid, 21 October 1947, p. 1c.
33. Ibid, 22 October 1947, p. 1c.
34. Ibid, 7 July, 1948, p. 6a. See editorial: The guilty Men.
35. Liaquat to the British Prime Minister, Telegram No. 363 September 23rd, 1947:
36. See appendices to The Sikh Plan and The Sikhs in Action, published by the West Punjab
Government, Lahore, 1948.
37. Muhammad Zafarullah, Khan, The Forgotten years: Merriors of Sir Muhammad Zafarullah
Khan Edited by A..H. Batalvi, Lahore 1991, p. 139.
38. Ian Stephense, Pakistan: Old Country, New Nation, London. 1963, p. 183.
39. Ch. Mohammad Ali, op. cit., p. 256.
40. Ibid., p. 258.
41. Hamid Khan Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan, Karachi, 2001, p. 82.
42. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, India wins Freedom, Calcutta 1959, p. 202.
43. Richard Symonds, Making of Pakistan, Karachi 1966, p. 83.
44. Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit., p. 261.
45. K.B. Sayeed , Pakistan in the formative phase. P. 263.
46. Richard Symonds, op. cit. p. 83.
47. Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit. p. 261.
48. Richard, Symonds, supra, note 35, p. 83.
49. Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit. p. 264.
50. Ibid., p. 267.
51. Ibid., pp. 267-8.
52. Khurshid Ahmad Khan Yusufi, Speches, statements & messages of the Quaid-i-Azam, Lahore
1996, Vol. 4, p. 2624 25.
53. S.M. Ikram, Modern Muslim India and the Birth of Pakistan, p. 421.
54. Ch. Muhammad Ali, op.cit., p. 229.
55. Ibid., p. 234.
56. V.P., Menon, Story of the integration of Indian States, p. 123.
57. The Pakistan Times, 14 August 1947, p. 4c.
58. Ibid. 13 November 1947, p. 5a.
59. Ibid. 11 November 1947, p. 6a.
60. H..V, Hodson, op.cit. p. 432.
61. Philip Ziegler, Mountbatten: the official biography, London 1985, p. 443.
62. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op.cit. pp. 123-24.
63. F.O 371: 69712 F 4095/6/85/G, 15 March, 1948.
64. UNSCOR, Third Year, 241-260 Meeting, 5th February, and 2nd March 1948, pp. 200 02.
65. H.V. Hodson, op. cit. pp. 438-39.
66. The Pakistan Times, 13 November, 1947, p. 5a.
67. Ibid, 11 November 1947, p. 1b.
68. Ibid.
69. H.V. Hodson, op. cit., p. 440.
70. Philip Ziegler, op. cit., p. 444.
71. Dr. Muhammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op. cit. p. 27.
72. The Pakistan Times, 11 November, 1947.
73. Ibid., 13 November 1947.
74. Ibid. 4 November, 1947. p. 1a.
75. Ibid, 13 November 1947, p. 5a.
76. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op. cit. p. 129.
77. V.P. Menon, op. cit., 112-13, 17, 22-23.
78. N. Mansergh, op. cit, Vol. XII, No.385, p. 603.
79. Dr. Muhammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op. cit. p. 130-31.
80. Ibid.,
81. House of Commons Debates, Vol. 454, Columns 1728, 1730, 30 July 1948.

82. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op. cit. p. 131 32.
83. The Pakistan Times, 1 July 1948, p. 8b.
84. Ibid., 20 July 1948, p. 5a.
85. The New York times, 10 September, 1948.
86. Hamid Khan, Constitutional and Political History of Pakistan. Karachi 2001, p. 84.
87. H.V. Hodson, op. cit., p. 457.
88. The Pakistan Times, 4 September 1981, p. 1h.
89. N. Mansergh, op.cit, VolXI. No. 480 p. 859. No. 536, p. 938 39.
90. Ibid., NO. 365, p. 674, No. 463, p. 832.
91. Ch. Mohammad Ali, op. cit., P. 235-36.
92. Abdul Kalam, Azad, India Wins freedom, p. 226.
93. Rushbrook Williams, op. cit., p. 18.
94. Dr. Mohammad Zahid Khan Lodhi, op. cit. pp. 69 70.
95. John Connel, Auchinleck, London, 1959, p. 912.
96. Dr. M. Aslam, Qureshi, Anglo Pakistan Relations, 1947 76, Lahore 1976, p. 74.
97. The Pakistan Times, 2 December 1947, p. 1b.
98. Mohammad Ayub Khan, Friends Not Masters, p. 20.
99. The Pakistan Times, 3 January 1948, p. 3a.
100.
Malik Feroz Khan Noon, From Memory, p. 209.
101.
Pakistan Horizon, The Fundamentals of Pakistans Foreign Policy: A Group Study, Vol.
IX, No. 1, March 1956 p. 42.
102.
Major General Fazal Muqeem, The Story of Pakistan Army, p. 39.
103.
Mohammad Ayub Khan, op. cit, p. 20.
104.
Wayne A. Wilcox, India, Pakistan and the rise of China, New York 1964, pp. 124 25.
105.
M. Rafique Afzal, Speeches and Statements of Quaid-i-Milat Liqauat Ali Khan, pp. 213.
106.
Ibid., p. 212
107.
Ian Stephens, op. cit., p. 260.
108.
The Eastern Times. January 27, 1948.
109.
M. Rafiq Khan and S. Stark Herbert, Yound Pakistan, London, 1951, p. 53.
110.
The Eastern Times, February 24, 1948.
111.
K.B. Sayeed, op. cit., p. 261.
112.
L.F.Rushbrook Williams, The State of Pakistan, London 1962, p. 31.
113.
Ibid, p. 32.
114.
Speeches and Statement of Quaid-e-Millat Liaquat Ali Khan, p. 209.
115.
M.H. Saiyid, op.cit., p. 449.
116.
Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit., p. 247.
117.
M.H. Saiyid, op.cit., p. 449.
118.
K.B. Sayeed, op. cit., p. 261.
119.
S.M. Burke, Jinnah Speeches and Statements 1947 1948, Karachi 2002, pp. 37-38.
120.
Richard V. Weeks, Pakistan: Birth and Growth of a Muslim Nation. London, 1964, p.
96.
121.
T. Walter Wallbank, A Short History of India & Pakistan. P. 280.
122.
Ibid., p. 282.
123.
Ibid.
124.
Richard V. Weekes, op. cit., p. 96.
125.
Ch. Mohammad Ali, op. cit., p. 232.
126.
The Morning News, Dhaka, 06 December, 1947.
127.
Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Speeches and Statements 1947-48 Government
of Pakistan, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Islamabad 1998, p. 183.
128.
Jilani Kamran, Qaumiat Ki Tashkeel aur Urdu Zaban [Urdu: The Creation of a Nation
and Language], Islamabad 1994, p. 148.
129.
The Eastern Times, August 12, 1947.
130.
Section 8 of the Indian independence Act. 1947.
131.
The Eastern Times, April 2, 1948.
132.
Beverly Nichols, Verdict on India, London, 1944, p. 189.
133.
R.M. White, The Great Leader Quaid-e-Azam, Lahore, 1962. p. 90.
134.
Rushbrook Williams, op. cit.,p. 155.
135.
Ibid.,
136.
Ibid.,

137.
138.
139.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148.
149.
150.
151.
152.
153.

The Eastern Times. September 28, 1947.

Ian Stephens, op. cit., p. 273.
Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit., p. 335.
Ian Stephens, op. cit., p. 275.
Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit., p. 340.
Rushbrook Williams, op. cit, p. 155.
Ibid.,
Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit., p. 338.
Civil and Military Gazette, May 6, 1947.
Aziz Ali F. Muhammad, The Economy of Pakistan. London, 1958, p. 376.
Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit., p. 348.
T. Walter Wallbank, op. cit., p. 289.
Ibid., p. 280.
Ibid.,
Ch. Muhammad Ali, op. cit., p. 335.
The Pakistan Times, 3 January 1948, p. 3a.
Civil and Military Gazette, May 6, 1947.