Daniel Bernoulli (8 February 1700 17 March 1782)

He was a Swiss mathematician and physicist and was one of the many prominent
mathematicians in the Bernoulli family. He is particularly remembered for his applications of
mathematics to mechanics, especially fluid mechanics, and for his pioneering work in probability
and statistics. His name is commemorated in the Bernoulli principle, a particular example of the
conservation of energy, which describes the mathematics of the mechanism underlying the
operation of two important technologies of the 20th century: the carburetor and the airplane
wing.

Giovanni Battista Venturi

(15 March 1746 - 24 April 1822) was an Italian physicist, savant, man of letters, diplomat and
historian of science. He was the discoverer of Venturi effect, which was described in 1797 in his
Recherches Experimentales sur le Principe de la Communication Laterale du Mouvement dans
les Fluides applique a l'Explication de Differens Phenomenes Hydrauliques, translated into
English in 1837 by Thomas Tredgold as "Experimental Inquiries Concerning the Principle of the
Lateral Communication of a Motion in Fluids," in Tracts on Hydraulics.

Henri Pitot (May 3, 1695 December 27, 1771)

was a French Hydraulic Engineer and the inventor of the pitot tube.He became interested in
studying the flow of water at various depths and was responsible for disproving the prevailing
belief that speed of water increases with depth.In a pitot tube, the height of the fluid column is
proportional to the square of the velocity. This relationship was discovered intuitively by Henri
Pitot in 1732, when he was assigned the task of measuring the flow in the river Seine

George Gabriel Strokes

His first published papers, which appeared in 1842 and 1843, were on the steady motion of
incompressible fluids and some cases of fluid motion. These were followed in 1845 by one on
the friction of fluids in motion and the equilibrium and motion of elastic solids, and in 1850 by
another on the effects of the internal friction of fluids on the motion of pendulums. To the theory
of sound he made several contributions, including a discussion of the effect of wind on the
intensity of sound and an explanation of how the intensity is influenced by the nature of the gas
in which the sound is produced. These inquiries together put the science fluid dynamics on a
new footing, and provided a key not only to the explanation of many natural phenomena, such
as the suspension of clouds in air, and the subsidence of ripples and waves in water, but also to
the solution of practical problems, such as the flow of water in rivers and channels, and the skin
resistance of ships.

His work on fluid motion and viscosity to his calculating the terminal velocity for a sphere falling
in a viscous medium. This became known as Stokes Law. He derived an expression for the
frictional force (also called drag force) exerted on spherical objects with very small Reynolds
Number.

Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy

Darcy was born in Dijon,France. Despite his father's death in 1817 when he was 14, his mother
was able to borrow money to pay for his tutors. In 1821 he enrolled at the cole Polytechnique
(Polytechnic School) in Paris, and transferred two years later to the (School of Bridges and
Roads), which led to employment in the Corps of Bridge and Roads.

Darcy Weisbach
The DarcyWeisbach equation contains a dimensionless friction factor, known as the Darcy
friction factor. This is also called the DarcyWeisbach friction factor or Moody friction
factor. The Darcy friction factor is four times the Fanning friction factor, with which it should not
be confused.

Hazen William
The HazenWilliams equation is an empirical relationship which relates the flow of water in a
pipe with the physical properties of the pipe and the pressure drop caused by friction. It is used
in the design water pipe systems such as fire sprinkler systemswater supply networks and
irrigation systems. It is named after Allen Hazen and Gardner Stewart Williams.
The HazenWilliams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of the
Reynolds Number, but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water. Also, it does not
account for the temperature of viscosity of the water.

William Froude (28Nov 1810-4May 1879)

He was an English engineer, hydrodynamicist and naval architect. He was the first to formulate
reliable laws for the resistance that water offers to ships (such as the hull speed equation) and
for predicting their stability. Froude was born at Dartington, Devon, England, the son of Robert
Froude,
The Froude number (Fr) is a dimensionless number defined as the ratio of a characteristic
velocity to a gravitational wave velocity. It may equivalently be defined as the ratio of a body's
inertia to gravitational forces. In fluid mechanics, the Froude number is used to determine the
resistance of a partially submerged object moving through water, and permits the comparison of
objects of different sizes. Named after William Froud the Froude number is based on the
speedlength ratio as defined by him.
The Froude number is defined as:

Blaise Pascal
Pascal's work in the fields of the study of hydrodynamic and hydrostaticscentered on the
principles of hydraulic fluids His inventions include the hydraulic press(using hydraulic pressure
to multiply force) and the syringe. He proved that hydrostatic pressure depends not on the
weight of the fluid but on the elevation difference. He demonstrated this principle by attaching a
thin tube to a barrel full of water and filling the tube with water up to the level of the third floor of
a building. This caused the barrel to leak, in what became known as Pascal's barrel experiment

Archimedes (287 - 212 BC)

A very versatile personality, Archimedes was a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, engineer
and a successful inventor. He was popular for his innovative thinking and has discovered many
innovative machines. A way of finding the volume of irregularly shaped objects was perhaps the
best of his discoveries.