University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Synchronous Machine Application and Testing

Machine Starting
The machine must be brought up to speed and
the rotor is excited
Rotor will not
otherwise

before

We simply
the rotor and treat the machine as an
induction motor to initiate this
Stand Alone Generator
1. Bring the generator speed to the level that corresponds to the desired
frequency (60Hz)
2. Apply the field voltage (field current) to produce the desired (rated)
output voltage
3. Connect the load (or connect to the power grid)

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 1 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Machine Starting
Connecting to a Power
System

1. Bring the generator speed to the level that corresponds to the desired
frequency (60Hz) ! f g = f s
2. Adjust the excitation voltage (field current) to produce the desired
(rated) output voltage ! E g = Vs
4. Make sure that phase sequence is the same (ABC & abc)
5. Make sure that the phase difference is zero
6. Close the Circuit Breaker

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 2 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Parameter Tests
Recall Stator Circuit Model

1. DC Test: Setup

Determine Stator Winding Resistance, Ra

Vdc
= 2 Ra Ra =
I dc

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 3 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

2. Open-Circuit Test (for PM)

Generated Voltage vs. Speed
Terminal Voltage equal to Excitation Voltage
Proportional to generator
.

Ea = E f = K vrm

Vary Generator Speed: rm .

Measure: Ea
Determine: K v

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 4 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

3. Open Circuit Test:

Terminal Voltage versus Field Current

1. Use constant & nominal speed

2. Vary field current, I f
3. Measure
Phase voltage, E f
Field Current, I f

I f is the field current that induces

terminal voltage (under open

circuit conditions)

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 5 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

3. Short Circuit Test:

Terminal Voltage versus Field Current

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Use constant & nominal speed

Short the stator winding
Vary field current
Measure phase current
Measure field current

Do not exceed

of

I a ,rated ( nominal)

I f is the field current that induces rated

(under short

circuit conditions)
Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 6 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Synchronous Reactance, X s
We want to determine X s

and

Recall: E f = (Ra + jX s )I a = Z s I s

Xs

Rc so we approximate that X s

Unsaturated Syn. Reactance

X s , sat =

I a

Ef
Ia

Saturated Syn. Reactance

X s ,unsat =

I a

Short Circuit Ratio

SCR =

Nathan Ozog 2014

SCR =

1
X s ( pu )
Page 7 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Phasor Diagrams
1. Assume a Motor operating at a lagging Power factor
The motor is
VARs
The motor is
.

: Phase Angle between terminal voltage and armature current

: Torque Angle between terminal voltage and field Voltage

Vt = (Ra + jX s )I a + E f

Vt
Ia

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 8 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Phasor Diagrams
2. Assume a Motor operating at a Leading Power factor
The motor is
VARs
The motor is
.
In a synchronous motor we can vary the field current such that it is
greater than the terminal voltage
Allows us to produce VARs.
Very useful!

Vt = (Ra + jX s )I a + E f

Ia

Nathan Ozog 2014

Vt

Page 9 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Phasor Diagrams
3. Assume a Generator operating at a Lagging Power factor
The generator is
VARs
The motor is
.

Vt = (Ra + jX s )I a + E f

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 10 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Phasor Diagrams
3. Assume a Generator operating at a Leading Power factor
The generator is
VARs
The motor is
.

Vt =

Ia

Vt

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 11 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Power and Torque

Assume a Generator operating at a Lagging Power factor

Ra

Vt = jX s I a + E f
Ef

-jIaXs

E f sin ( ) = X s I a cos( )
E f sin ( ) =

X s I a cos( )

Vt E f

sin ( ) = Vt I a cos( )

Vt E f

sin ( ) = Pper phase

Xs

Nathan Ozog 2014

Vt

Electrical Power

P3 = 3

Vt E f
Xs

sin ( )

Page 12 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Power and Torque

Assume Vt = const , E f = const ,
Mechanical Power

r = e = const
Electrical Power

Pm = syn

P3 = 3

syn = 3

=3

Vt E f

syn X s

max =

sin ( )

Pmax

syn

Nathan Ozog 2014

Vt E f
Xs

Vt E f
Xs

sin ( )

sin ( )

P=3

Vt E f
Xs

sin ( )

Pmax = 3

Vt E f
Xs
Page 13 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Power and Torque

Assume a Generator operating at a Lagging Power factor
motor
Neglect Ra

Vt = jX s I a + E f
Ef

-jIaXs

Vt

Reactive Power

E f cos( ) Vt = X s I a sin ( )
E f cos( ) Vt =
Vt E f cos( ) Vt

Vt E f cos( ) Vt

Xs

X s I a sin ( )

Q3 = 3

Vt E f cos( ) Vt

Xs

= Vt I a sin ( )

= Q per phase

Nathan Ozog 2014

Page 14 of 15

University of British Columbia

EECE 365 Winter 2013

Elec Machines & Electronics

Lecture 20: Synchronous Machines II

Speed Control
Power Electronics Required

P3 = Tsyn =

Nathan Ozog 2014

3Vt E f
Xd

sin ( )

Page 15 of 15