Philosophy Final

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Aesthetics and
Philosophy of Art According to Ted
Cohen, should anyone
in particular visit
Auschwitz? What is it
about those who should
visit Auschwitz that
makes Cohen say this?

Those who feel a moral imperative

to go have an aesthetic experience
at Auschwitz should go to
Auschwitz. Those who should go
visit Auschwitz are connected to
Auschwitz because Auschwitz,
like a work of art, acts as a
connection between themselves
and many others.

Aesthetics and
Philosophy of Art - How
did artists like Andy
Warhol change the way
we look at art?

He made "art" objects that are

indistinguishable from what the
objects imitate. This changed our
view of what art is because a
Warhol Brillo box is art; it is not
an imitation of the real Brillo box

Aesthetics and
Philosophy of Art What is an Artworld?

It is background knowledge one

needs in order to "see" something
as a piece of art

Aesthetics and
Philosophy of Art What is the 'is' of
artistic identification?

- It is the shift from Identification

Theory of Art(IT) to Reality Theory
of Art(RT).
- IT: Art is imitation; art aims to
imitate reality. Good art imitates
reality well. Danto doesn't like
this theory, so he comes up with
the RT.
- RT: Works of art seek not to
imitate real objects, rather, they
are real objects themselves. Nonimitations.

Aesthetics and
Philosophy of Art Who, in his "Of the
Standard of Taste,"
does David Hume
suggest are the ones
who determine the
standards of good art?

"men of delicate taste" are the ones

who determine the standards of
good art. These men are a select
few judges who must produce the
best arguments, that their
invention suggests to them.

Aristotle - What is
eudaimonia?

Translated as "happiness" but

means more "human flourishing."
For Aristotle, this is the Chief
Good

Aristotle - What is the

proper function of a
human being?

It is an activity of the soul which

follows or implies a rational
principle.

Aristotle - Why is
theoretical
contemplation so
important for Aristotle?

It seems to be what is unique to

human beings.

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Bentham What are the

7 criteria for
determining
the value of
some
pleasure or
pain?

- Intensity
- Duration
- Certainty
- Propinquity
- Fecundity
- Purity
- Extent

Bentham What is the

principle of
utility?

"The goodness of consequences to be

measured by their effect on the happiness or
welfare of sentient beings"

Chisholm Be able to
explain the
difference
between A's
just
happening
and someone
causing A to
happen.

A person causes the brain event to cause A to

happen, but he/she does nothing to cause
that brain event.

Explain the
case of
Jones3

Jones has already decided to do P (say, P =

Jones buys a beer), but then someone
threatens to do X (say, murder Jones'
children) if he doesn't do P. Jones is the sort
of person who is reasonable and understands
the gravity of the threat, but had already
decided to do P, not because of the threat, but
because he's already decided on his own to do
P. This looks like a case of moral
responsibility because Jones acted of his own
accord, for his own reasons, even though if
he didn't have those reasons the threat would
have gotten him to do P either way.

Frankfurt Explain
PAP's
intuitive
appeal?

If I couldn't have avoided P, then it doesn't

matter whether or not I want to P.

Frankfurt Explain the

cases of the
willing
addict, the
wanton
addict, and
the unwilling
addict. What
distinguishes
each of these
cases?

- Unwilling addict: Has a first order desire for

drugs and a second order volition not for
drugs.
- Wanton Addict: First order desire for drugs,
no second order volitions.
- The Willing addict: Has a first order desire
for drugs and a second order volition for
drugs. He wants the drugs, and wants to
want the drugs.

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Frankfurt - Give
an example of a
Frankfurt-Style
Case(FSC).

Jones3

Frankfurt - How
might we object
to FSCs?

FSCs show that PAP is false, it is

uncertain what could be added to the PAP
theory to make it true.

Frankfurt - What
are FSCs
supposed to
show us?

To show us that the PAP is false. The

agent has no alternate possibilities, but is
still morally responsible.

Frankfurt - What
is a 2nd-order
volition?

Example: I want to want to eat salad

instead of cake, and I actually want my
will to eat salad instead of cake to be
effective.

Frankfurt - What
is it to be free
with respect to
one's will?

Having the will you want to have

Frankfurt - What
is PAP?

The Principle of Alternate Possibilities:

"The claim that a person is morally
responsible for what he or she has done
only if he or she could have done
otherwise."

Frankfurt What's the

alleged relation
between PAP and
cases of
coercion?

A coerced individual isn't held

responsible for what he does is because
he couldn't have done otherwise, like
PAP.

Kant - How can

one tell if one
can, morally,
perform an
action one is
considering
performing?

When they are performed with a good

will for the sake of duty in accordance
with the Moral Law.

Kant - How can

we know whether
the performance
of some action
would be a
violation of a
perfect duty or
an imperfect
duty?

Its a violation of a perfect duty if the

action goes against a basic, inflexible,
required duty for human beings (etc.
suicide, murder, lying) and could not be
logically universalized. Its a violation of
an imperfect duty if the action is not
praise worthy, but imperfect duties are
more flexible and circumstantial.

Kant - What are

the various
formulations of
the Categorical
Imperative?

- Formula of Autonomy: Give good laws

and act in accordance with those laws.
- Formula of Universal Law: Act only on
that maxim whereby thou canst at the
same time will that it should be a
universal law.

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Kant - What is the

difference between a
hypothetical imperative
and an imperative that is
merely categorical in its
form?

Hypothetical only tells you what

you ought to do based on the
assumption that you have a
certain end, whereas categorical
tells us what to do without
assuming that we have a certain
end

Mill - How do we
compare pleasures,
according to Mill? Give
an example of a higherorder pleasure and an
example of a lower-order
pleasure.

- By asking those who have

experiences with both pleasures
in question. The one preferred
by the majority of those people
is the better pleasure.
- Examples: Higher-order
pleasure - intellectual pleasures.
Lower-order pleasure - bodily
pleasures.

Mill - What are some

problems with Mill's
alleged proof of the
principle of utility?

- Just because we each desire

our own happiness doesn't
mean we desire anyone else's.
This is Birthday Fallacy-ish.
- We can mistakenly desire
things that are bad for us

Mill - What, for Mill, are

happiness and
unhappiness?

happiness is having higher

order pleasures, even if having
higher order pleasures makes
one more aware of and
susceptible to suffering.

Mill - Why do people

sometimes choose lowerorder pleasures?

Because people either only have

access to lower-order pleasures,
or they are the only form of
pleasures which they are
capable of enjoying.

Nagel - Give examples of

each type of moral luck.
What distinguishes them
from one another

- Luck in consequences: An
agent has the same moral
intentions with different
outcomes.
- Constitutive luck: the sort of
person that one's character is
beyond one's control and yet the
person is still seen as an apt
candidate for praise and blame
- Luck in circumstances: our
opportunities to behave morally
are almost completely outside of
our control
- Luck in antecedent
circumstances: Luck in how the
will itself is determined by prior
circumstances.

Nagel - What is moral

luck?

Someone receiving praise for an

action even though the action
depended on outside factors that
were out of his control.

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van Inwagen - As
an
incompatibilist,
van Inwagen
believes that in a
deterministic
universe, there is
no room for
human free will.
Why doesn't
indeterminism
help?

If indeterminism is true, whether one

agent performs one action or another
isn't settled until after the action has
started. If indeterminism is true, it looks
like our actions are random and not
under control either.

van Inwagen Explain van

Inwagen's
metaphor of time
as a garden of
forking paths.

It shows that free will means, at least

sometimes, it is open to you to take at
least more than one of the paths, i.e.
"alternative futures", before you.

van Inwagen What are the

compatibilist
options van
Inwagen
examines (though
he admits full well
that they are not
the only or even
best options)?

- Determinism: the doctrine that every

event, including every intentional action
of a human being, is determined by
prior causes.
- Incompatibilism Freedom and
determinism are incompatible.
- Compatibilism Freedom and
determinism are compatible.
- The compatibilist options van
Inwagen examines are: "A future is
open to an agent, if, given that the agent
chose that future (chose that path
leading away from a fork in the road of
time), it would come to pass... It is
entirely appropriate to speak of a future
that would be brought about by a choice
even if it were a choice that was
determined not to occur"

van Inwagen What is puzzling,

according to van
Inwagen, about
the compatibilist
and
incompatibilist
positions?

- What is puzzling about the

compatibilist position is that "the
compatibilist must reject the No Choice
Principle, and the No Choice Principle
seems to be true beyond all possibility of
dispute.
- What is puzzling about
Incompatibilism is that "the
indeterminism that seems to be required
by free will also seems to destroy free
will"

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van Inwagen What is the No

Choice
Principle?

- P, and no one has any choice about

whether P. If P, then Q. Q, and no one has
any choice about whether Q.
- Example: (P = Plato died before I was
born; Q = I have never met Plato.) Plato
died before I was born, and no one has
any choice about whether Plato died
before I was born. If Plato died before I
was born, then I have never met Plato. I
have never met Plato, and no one has any
choice about whether I have never met
Plato.

van Inwagen Why is van

Inwagen an
incompatibilist?

To be an incompatibilist, you either have

to reject free will or determinism. Van
Inwagen rejects determinism and believes
in free will. Van Inwagen believes we do
have free will and can be held morally
responsible for our actions, it's just a
mystery how this is the case.