PHILOSOPY OF MAN

Oriental Philosophy

HINDUISM
Hinduism is the predominant religion
of the Indian subcontinent. It is often
referred to as Sanatana Dharma, a
Sanskrit phrase meaning eternal
law by its adherents.

HINDUISM
The basis of Hindu philosophy is the
belief that reality is absolutely one, that
there is only one ultimate reality-beingconsciousness.
There is only one reality in the world, or
that is the world.

HINDUISM
The group of all being, whether material or
spiritual whether in the form of man, beasts,
or gods, heaven, earth, or hell, is an allinclusive unitary reality, beyond senseapprehension, ultimate in substance, infinite
in essence and self-sufficient; it is the only
really existent entity. This reality is commonly
called Brahma.

HINDUISM
Common to all forms of Hinduism is
acceptance of the Vedic scriptures.
Philosophically, the most important Vedic
scripture is the last book, the Upanishads,
best known for the theories of brahman
(ultimate cosmic principle of reality) and
atman (the inner self) and the
identification of brahman and atman.

HINDUISM
Man.

The self--in a monistic or pantheistic world--

is a part of the whole. The Atman is identical

with Brahman: that art thou! In this context
it is obvious that the body of man is not the
important part of his existence. The inner
self is the key.

HINDUISM
Man consists of five coverings:
a) Annamayatman the material orphysical covering
of man. It is dependenton food.
b) Pranamayatman the biological layer,the self as a
vital part breathes.
c) Manomayatman the psychologicalaspect and
which consists of the will.
d) Vijnamamayatman the intellectuallayer; within it is
the seal ofconsciousness.
e) Anandamayatnan the part thatencounters and
experiences heaven.

HINDUISM

Man must dispose the five coverings to

attain thelevel of a perfect man. The
physical, biological,psychological,
intellectual and bliss compose Atman
that is not the true self but a mere
accidental revelation of Brahman

HINDUISM
Salient Features of Hinduism
Reincarnation (samsara) believed that thesoul
migrates from one body upon death and re-enters
another human or animal body. Allspiritual efforts are
being directed toward therelease or moksa from the
cycle of rebirth.
Karma the sum and the consequences of a persons
actions during the successive phases of his existence. It
determine mans destiny and the nature of individuals
rebirth

Three great systems of thought dominate

Chinese civilization:

1. Buddhism
2. Confucianism
3. Taoism

Buddhism
arose in India in the person of a prince,
Siddhartha Gautama, later known as Buddha,
was originally a response to the problem of
suffering.
Buddha means The Enlightened One
Suffering is in part the result of the transience
and uncertainty of the world, in part the result
of karma, and in part the result of ignorance
and enslavement by desires and passions.

Buddhism
Buddhas answer to this problem is
contained in the Four Noble Truths
and the Eightfold Path. Through
meditation and self-abnegation,
promotion to better lives and finally
to nirvana is obtained.

Buddhism
Four Noble Truths:
(1) There is suffering;
(2) suffering has specific and identifiable causes;
(3) suffering can be ended;
(4) the way to end suffering is through
enlightened living as expressed in the Eightfold
Path.
The most immediate causes of human suffering
are ignorance and selfish craving.

Buddhism
Eightfold Path:
(1) Right view
(2) right aim
(3) right speech
(4) right action

Buddhism
(5) right living
(6) right effort
(7) right mindfulness
(8) right contemplation

Buddhism
Karma means action or deed; the
intent of an action determines
whether it is morally good or bad. The
effect of an action leaves a trace
which extends over several lifetimes.

Buddhism
Cessation of suffering is found in nirvana,
a permanent state of supreme
enlightenment and serenity that ends the
cycle of reincarnation. It is total
disattachment from Self.
Additional concepts attributed to Buddha:
clinging to existence must be overcome;
and silence of body, mind, and speech
must be achieved.

CONFUCIANISM
Developed from the teachings
of Confucius which focuses on
human morality and wrong
action.

CONFUCIANISM
Confucius. Made humanity (jen) a
cornerstone of Chinese philosophy.
Confuciuss principle of reciprocity:
Do not do to others what you
would not want them to do to
you.

CONFUCIANISM
The 5 Relationships:
1. Ruler Subject
2. Father Son
3. Husband Wife
4. Older Brother Younger Brother
5. Older Friend Younger Friend

CONFUCIANISM
Attitudes Governing Relationships:
1. Rulers : Kind-heartedness
2. Subject :Loyalty
3. Father : Love
4. Son : Filial Piety
5. Husband : Righteous Behavior

CONFUCIANISM
Attitudes Governing Relationships:
6. Wife : Obedience
7. Older Brother : Politeness
8. Younger Brother : Humility and Respect
9. Older Friend : Humane Consideration
10. Younger Friend : Obedience

Taoism
Taoism is pronounced as though it were
spelled "dow-ism.
Taoism derives from Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu.
Taoism is a philosophical and religious
tradition that emphasizes living in harmony
with the Tao. The term Tao means "way",
"path" or "principle.
Tao denotes something that is both the
source and the driving force behind
everything that exists.

Taoism
Taoism views man and nature together.
Man lives in the matrix of nature.
Taoism is an example in ancient times
of environmentalism. If the
environment is good, man will be good,
and the opposite is true.

Taoism
Life will be good and man will live well if he is in
tune with the Tao. Just as the Tao is the way of
peace, if man follows the Tao he will find peace.
Lao-tzu's emphasis was primarily on the nature
of the Tao and life according to it. When we
look at the nature of ethics, among other
things, it will be noted that man is a creature of
desires. Yet the Tao is without desires.

Taoism
Lao Tzu thought (as later did Socrates) that the wisest
are still very ignorant. What is needed is not interference
with the world but humble understanding of the way it
functions, the Tao.
Forcing change is self-injurious. Follow the Tao instead,
the natural order of things. The Tao gives rise to yang
(expansive forces) and yin (contractive forces) and is
the means by which things come to be, take shape, and
reach fulfillment. The Tao cannot be improved.

Taoism
Chuang Tzu held that nature (the world) has
its own wisdom and cannot be forced or
hurried in its unfolding in the Tao. Because the
Tao and not the person determines what will
happen, the wise person accepts the course
of events as it unfolds, with neither hope nor
regret.

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