Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

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Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jappmathmech

Contact formulation of non-linear problems in the mechanics of shells

with their end sections connected by a plane curvilinear rod
V.N. Paimushin
Kazan, Russia

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 27 July 2012

a b s t r a c t
Starting from the consistent version of the geometrically non-linear equations of the theory of elasticity
for small deformations and arbitrary displacements, a Timoshenko-type model that takes account of
shear and compression deformations and also an extended variational Lagrange principle, an improved
geometrically non-linear theory of static deformation is constructed for reinforced thin-walled structures
with shell elements, the end sections of which are connected by a rod. It is based on the introduction into
the treatment of contact forces and torques as unknowns on the lines joining the shells to the rods and
it enables all classical and non-classical forms of loss of stability in structures of the class considered to
be investigated. An analytical solution of the problem of the stability of a rectangular plate, that is under
compression in one direction, supported by a hinge along two opposite edges and joined by a hinge with
an elastic rod on one of the other two edges, is found using a simplied version of the linearized equations.
2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

As a rule, thin-walled structures for one purpose or another can be subdivided into their separate components in the form of thin plates
and shells, with their end sections joined either directly or by means of an intermediate reinforcing rod. The mechanics of the deformation
of such structures can be described by equations formulated with different degrees of accuracy and richness of content. The simplest of
them, used to describe ribbed shells with regular reinforcing elements in the form of rods (stringers), are based on the replacement of the
actual structure by a certain continuous anisotropic shell with averaged elastic parameters (the orthotropic design model) (Refs 1, 2, etc.)
In particular, the application of the method of averaging of processes in periodic media to problems in the mechanics of reinforced shells
3 leads to equations of this type.
More accurate formulations (Refs 5 9, etc.) of problems of this class take into account the discreteness of the positions of the reinforcing
rods in describing the behaviour of shells and rods mainly by the equations of the linear 5,6 and non-linear theory of average bending (Refs
7, 8, etc.) and the use of different analytical 5,6 and numerical 7,8 methods for constructing the solutions. Up to the present time, all these
methods have been implemented in the form of appropriate applied program packages of both the research and commercial type.
The need to carry out further investigations in this eld of mechanics is prompted by the results obtained in Refs 10 16. The results
in the rst series (Refs 10, 11, etc.) of these papers necessitated a specic revision of all the versions known up to the present time of the
non-linear theory of both shells and rods for arbitrary displacements and small deformations, and also the development of such versions of
it that, when used, would enable one to exhibit and correctly investigate all possible known and unknown forms of stability loss in shells
and rods. In this connection, the previously constructed 10,11 consistent three-dimensional linearized equation of the theory of elasticity
has been reduced to two-dimensional equations for shells and one-dimensional equations for rods using a Timoshenko model for thin
shells and rectilinear elastic rods, subjected to the action of external conservative forces and made of an orthotropic material. Two versions
of these equations were derived. The rst of them corresponds to the use of the consistent version of the three-dimensional geometrically
non-linear relations in an incomplete quadratic approximation and a Timoshenko model that takes no account of the transverse stretching
strains while the second of them corresponds to the use of the three-dimensional relations in the complete quadratic approximation and
a Timoshenko model that takes account of the transverse stretching strains. A number of new non-classical problems of the stability of
shells and rods have been formulated on the basis of the equation derived for studying the richness of their content, and exact analytical
solutions have been found for different case of the loading and clamping of the end section. 13,14 In particular, problems of the torsional,

Prikl. Mat. Mekh., Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 125-144, 2014.

E-mail addresses: dsm@Dsm.Kstu-Kai.Ru, vpajmushin@mail.ru
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jappmathmech.2014.05.010
0021-8928/ 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

85

Fig. 1.

bending and purely shear forms of loss of stability (FLSs) of a rod in the case of longitudinal axial, bilateral transverse and three-sided
compression, of the bending-torsional FLS in the case of pure bending and axial compression in combination with pure bending and also of
the spatially bending and torsional (pure shear) FLSs of a rod under torsion and plane bending and bending-torsional FLSs under conditions
of pure shear are among these problems. It has been established that plane non-classical shear and bending-shear FLSs under conditions
of the initial loading of the rod with shearing forces in constant directions can only be revealed using the second version of the improved
equations of the theory of the stability of a rod that have been constructed.
The one-dimensional equations of the improved theory for arbitrary displacements and rotations and loading of the rod with follower
and dead forces have been derived 15 for plane curvilinear rods of arbitrary form with the aim of further developing and extending the
results described above based on the previously constructed 10,11 consistent version of the geometrically non-linear equations of the theory
of elasticity for small deformations and arbitrary displacements (equations in the complete quadratic approximation) and a Timoshenkotype model that takes account of transverse shear and compression deformation. The exact analytical solutions of the problem of the known
plane classical bending-shear FLS and previously unknown bending-torsional FLS of a circular ring with the combined and separate action
of a uniform external pressure and compression in a radial direction by forces applied to both faces have been found using the linearized
equations constructed.
It turned out that the second of the FLSs found, which is a bending-torsional FLS, occurs for a much smaller value of the critical external
pressure than the rst plane bending-shear FLS, even if the cross-section of the ring has the same value of the moments of inertia about
the principal central axes. In a development of these results, it has been shown 16 that, in a ring that is under conditions where there is
an external twisting moment that is uniformly distributed along the peripheral coordinate, an almost plane bending-shear FLS, which is
non-classical, is also possible.
It should be noted that the conclusions drawn above only refer to isolated rods and circular rings. Since, in real structures, the reinforcing
rods are not isolated, the possibility of their loss of stability in the forms described above is also determined by the stiffnesses of the other
components in the form of plates and shells that are joined to them and by the form of these connections. In the light of the results
obtained earlier, 1116 it is obvious that the problems in investigating them require a formulation and study using the improved and
consistent equations of the theory of shells 12 and rods, 15 that have a corresponding degree of accuracy and richness of content in order
to reveal all the possible FLS of practical reinforced structures.
1. Kinematic relations for shells and reinforced rods for arbitrary displacements and small deformations
We will consider a structure consisting of two thin shells, joined to one another by a curvilinear rod (rib) (Fig. 1), while the spaces V(k)
(k)

(k)

occupied by them are parametrized by the orthogonal curvilinear coordinates x1 , x2 , z (k) by specifying of the vector equalities

(k)

(k)

where r (k) = r (k) x1 , x2

(k)

are the parametric equations of the middle surfaces (k) referred to the lines xi

(k)

of principal curvatures ki ,

and m(k) are the unit vectors of the normals to the surfaces (k) . We will assume that the middle surfaces of the shells are bounded by
(k)

the coordinate lines xi

(1)
x1

(1)+
x1

(k)

= xi

(k)

, xi

(k)+

= xi

, while the coupling line on (k) of the rst shell with the rod coincides with the coordinate line
(2)

(2)

=
and that of the second shell with the line x1 = x1 .
It is advisable to relate the space of the rod V in the composition of the structure considered to a parametrization of the form

86

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

(1)

(1)+

(2)

(2)

where r(x2 ) is the parametric equation of the axial line of the rod that is collinear with the joining lines x1 = x1 and x1 = x1 , x1 and
z are the axes of the local Cartesian system of coordinates in the cross-section of the rod x2 = const in which the axes x1 = 0 and z = 0 are the
principal central axes of inertia.


dr/dx2 , A2 = dr/dx2 )) 12,15
For the displacement vectors of the shells U(k) and rod U, we take (henceforth e2 = A1
2

(1.1)

(1.2)

corresponding to the use of the well-known Timoshenko shear model, that takes account of the transverse compression for the shells 12
and the rod. 12,15 Within the framework of representation (1.1) and the consistent kinematic relations of the theory of elasticity for small
deformations and arbitrary displacements 10,11 , we can obtain kinematic relations for the shells of the form

(1.3)

where

(1.4)

It should be noted that these relations enable us to describe all possible and previously revealed 1214 classical and non-classical FLSs of
shells forming part of a reinforced structure, but the realization of some of them is only possible for structures made of composite materials.
(k)
They only differ from the relations formulated earlier 12 in the retention in relations (1.2) of the terms z (k) i3 that enable us, when they
are used, to obtain resolvents, equations of the same type without any appreciable improvement in them.
By analogy with the relations formulated earlier, 15 starting from representation (1.2) it is possible to obtain kinematic relations of the
following form

(1.5)

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

87

where

(1.6)
and (here and henceforth (. . .) = d (. . .) /dx2 )

(1.7)
Note that relations (1.5)(1.7) have the same degree of accuracy and richness of content as relations (1.3) and (1.4) for the shells, thereby
enabling one to reveal and study all possible 12,15,16 classical and non-classical FLSs of a rod forming part of a reinforced structure.

2. Equilibrium equations and conditions for the contact coupling of the shells to the rod
(k)

The unit vectors e1 , m(k) and e1 , m on the lines of coupling of the middle surfaces with the rod occurring in the adopted representations
are connected by the relations

(2.1)
where (1) is the angle between the vectors m(1) and m, that is positive for a clockwise rotation of the vector m(1) until it coincides with
the vector m and (2) is the similar angle that is positive for a clockwise rotation of the vector m until it coincides with the vector m(2) .
(1)

(2)

(k)

Note that, by virtue of the above assumptions, these vectors lie in one plane, and the vectors e2 , e2 and e2 are collinear, that is, e2 = e2 .
The radius vectors of the points O(1) and O(2) on the lines where a shell is connected to the rod and the boundary points on
specied by the equalities (Fig. 2)

(k)
Sq

can be

and, starting from these equalities and using relations (1.3), the equalities

(2.2)
follow, where B(k) , H(k) are the coordinates of the points O(1) and O(2) in the system of coordinates Ox1 z.
Following the results obtained earlier, 17,18 we separate the structure considered into three elements and on the surfaces where they
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)+
(2)
(2)
join Sq and Sq , formed by the motion of the normals m(k) along the coordinate lines x1 = x1 , x1 = x1 , we introduce the contact
(k)

(1)

(k) (1)

surface interaction forces q1 , that are applied to the shells: 130f is applied to the rst shell and q1 = q1i ei
(2)

(2) (2)

second shell. Suppose q1 = q1i ei

(2)

+ q13 m(2)

(1)

+ q13 m(1) is applied to the

(k)

are given surface forces applied at points of parts of the surfaces ps

ps are the similar forces applied to the parts Sp of the boundary surface of the rod, and

F(k)

of the shells and

and F are the bulk force vectors per unit volume

88

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

Fig. 2.

of the shells V(k) and the rod V. If the structure is in equilibrium under the action of these forces, and its elements belong to the class of
thin elements, the following variational equation of the extended Lagrange principle 17,18 holds

(2.3)

(k)

(k)

where , , z , are the components of the stress and strain tensors of the shells and the rod. Within the framework of the degree
of accuracy taken for representations (1.1) and (1.2), instead of the surface interaction forces q(k) it is advisable to introduce the principal
vectors of the distributed forces

(2.4)

(1)

(1)+

into the treatment, which are statically equivalent to them, and are applied to the shells at points of the lines x1 = x1
k = 1) and

(2)
x1

(2)
x1 , z (2)

, z (1) = h(1) (when

= h(2) (when k = 2) and the principal vectors of the distributed torques

(2.5)

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

(1)

(1)+

(2)

(2)

89
(k)

that are applied to the points of the lines x1 = x1 , x1 = x2 on (k) . The following expression (henceforth (1) = 1, (2) = 1, 3 = (k) )
can be obtained for the variation of the work done by them in the corresponding possible displacements of the shells and rod using relations
(1.1)(1.4), (1.6) and (1.7):

(2.6)
where we have introduced the notation

(2.7)

(2.8)

(2.9)
If the internal distributed forces and torques

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V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

that have been transferred to the middle surfaces of the shells (k) are introduced into the treatment, the expression

(2.10)

can be obtained for the variation in the potential energy of the deformation in them, where the vectors of the internal forces and torques

are connected to one another by relations of the form ([A(k) ] is a certain matrix, the form of which is not shown)

(2.11)

(k)

that only differ slightly from the relations presented earlier 12 by virtue of the retention of the terms z (k) i3 in relations (1.3).
Assuming that 13 0, in accordance with relations (1.5)(1.7) the variation of the potential energy due to the deformation of the rod
is written in the form

(2.12)

where the vectors

and

are connected by a certain relation of the form ([A] is a matrix of the order of 13 10, the form of which is not shown)

(2.13)

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

91

and physical relations of the form (dF = dx1 dz)

(2.14)
c = g c , Gc , Gc , Gc .
hold for a rod made of a linearly elastic orthotropic material with the elastic characteristics g
12
13
23

As before, 15 we transfer the surface forces ps acting on the rod to the forces and torques applied to the end sections x2 = x2 and also
to the vectors of the distributed forces

applied at the points of the lines with the coordinates (0, x2 , z ) and x1 , x2 , 0 . The variation in their work will be equal to

(2.15)

where

(2.16)
(k)

We will denote the work done by the external forces acting on a shell by Ap . Using an expression obtained earlier 15 and expressions
(2.6), (2.10), (2.12) and (2.15) for calculating it, a variational equation can be obtained in accordance with Eq. (2.3) from which follow

92

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

a) the two-dimensional equilibrium equations of the shells

(2.17)
in which relations (2.11) hold for determining the unknown forces and torques;
b) the one-dimensional equilibrium equations of the rod

(2.18)
which, in accordance with relations (2.9), contain the unknown components of the vectors (2.4) and (2.5), and relation (2.13) and the
physical relations (2.14) hold for determining the distributed forces and torques appearing in them;
c) the kinematic conditions for the joining of the shells to the rod
(2.19)
for the left-hand sides of which relations (2.7) and (2.8) hold;
d) the static (force) conditions for the joining of the shells to the rod

(2.20)
formulated in the form of static boundary conditions for the shells in which the right-hand sides (the contact forces and torques) in
relation (2.9) and, consequently, also in Eq. (2.18) are also unknown;
e) some combination or other of boundary conditions, formulated (depending on the conditions for the clamping and the loading of the
(1)
(1)
(2)
(2)+
(k)
(k)
edges x1 = x1 , x1 = x1 , x2 = x2 ) for the equilibrium equations for the shells (2.17) as well as (depending on the conditions for
the clamping and loading of the end sections x2 = x2 of the rod) for the equilibrium equations of the rod (2.18).
It should be noted that the possibility of a very simple method of taking account of the special features of the joining of the shells to the
rod is, in particular, an advantage of the proposed formulation of problems in the mechanics of composite structures. For example, in the
(k)
case of their hinged coupling, it is sufcient to put R1 0 (k = 1, 2; = 1, 2, 3) in equalities (2.9) and boundary conditions (2.20) and to
(k)

eliminate the condition Z from Eqs (2.19), which leads to a decrease in the total number of equations and required functions from 32 to
26.
The possibility of separating out the parallel branches in the algorithms developed for solving the problems and the organization of the
corresponding parallel calculations is the principal merit of the approach used. 17,18 Since, in the case considered, unknown contact forces
and torques do not appear in the equilibrium equations of the shells (2.17), expressed in terms of the unknown vector functions

then, in constructing their solutions satisfying the static joining conditions (2.20), the parallel branches of the structure of the relations of
the form


(k)

where q

(k) , R(k)
O
1
1

(2.21)
( = 1, 2, 3) are vector functions of the contact forces of the interaction between the shells and the rod and

[L(k) ] are certain matrices of differential operators or their numerical analogues, separate out at once. If the vector function of the unknowns

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

introduced into the treatment to describe the displacements of the rod are denoted by {} =
form

U, V, W, , , 1 , 1

93

T

, then relations of the

(2.22)
also follow from the equilibrium equations of the rod (2.18), that can be constructed in parallel with the construction of relations of the
form (2.21).
When relations (2.21) and
 (2.22)
 are substituted
   into the conditions for the kinematic coupling of the shells to the rod
 (2.19),
 a system of
q(1) , q(2)
= f is obtained that serves for determining the vectors of the unknown q(k) for a specied
equations of the form [M]
(known) vector on the right-hand side {f} constructed in the previous stages by the matrix operator [M].
The possibilities for simplifying these equations have been quite thoroughly investigated. Within the framework of the adopted
Timoshenko model, they, in particular, involve the introduction of the assumptions

which is equivalent to taking the equalities

(2.23)
and, consequently, also the equalities

3. On the forms of loss of stability for the case of the compression of a rectangular plate hinged on one of its edges to a rod.
As the simplest example of the use of the approach developed above, we will consider a rectangular plate with sides a and L, and
thickness 2h(1) = t, hinged to a rod along the line

(1)

which coincides with the contour line of the plate x1 = x = a in its middle plane. It is assumed that the plate and the rod reinforcing its
(1)

edge are under conditions of compression in the direction of the axis x2 = x2 = y and, up to the loss of stability, the compression forces

are formed in them.

For the subcritical stress-strain state in the plate and the reinforcing rod considered, the realization of purely shear and bending-shear
FLSs is possible in the case when there is no connection between them. With the aim of simplifying the linearized problem formulated
below, in addition to equalities (2.23) for the plate, we adopt the classical KirchhoffLove hypothesis that, in the case of a small relative
thickness t0 = t/a  1, enables us to describe its bending FLS with a high degree of accuracy. In this case, by virtue of the equalities

the components of the bending deformation of the plate in the linearized relations will be calculated using the formulae
(3.1)
Assuming that the elements of the structure are made of orthotropic materials with axes of orthotropy that coincide with the axes of the
chosen Cartesian system of coordinates xyO, we take the elasticity relations for the forces and torques occurring in the linearized neutral
equilibrium equations, taking relations (3.1) into account, in the following approximation (the superscripts k are omitted)

(3.2)

94

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

(3.3)
where Bij Dij , ij (i, j = 1, 2) are the stiffness parameters of the plate and Poissons ratios of the orthotropic plate material, E2c is the modulus
c J + Gc J is the torsional stiffness of the cross-section of the rod (note that
of elasticity of the rod material along its axial line and Bp = G12
x
23 z
this formula needs to be made more precise for some cross-section shapes since it leads to high values of Bp ).
It can be shown that, for the type of loading considered, the above relations have a very high degree of accuracy and correspond to the
introduction of the standard assumptions

for the plate and the rod.

(1)
We will assume that the plate and its reinforcing rod are supported by a hinge on the edges x2 = x2 = y = 0 and y = L, and, for the plate,
we require that the condition of xed hinged support is satised on the edge x = 0.
(3.4)
and, on the edge x = a, boundary conditions of the form

(3.5)
will correspond to a hinged connection of the plate to the rod within the framework of the adopted model and the contact formulation of
the problem.
When the simplifying assumptions are taken into account, equilibrium equations (2.17) and (2.18), that have been linearized in the
neighbourhood of the subcritical 
stress-strain state considered, can
 be reduced, using relations (3.2) and (3.3) and taking account of the
equality (1) = = 0, to the form (. . .),1 = (. . .),x , (. . .),2 = (. . .),y

(3.6)
(3.7)

(3.8)
of these
 The solutions

 equations,
 as wellas the above-mentioned

boundary conditions, must also satisfy the kinematic joining conditions
(1)

u+ = u1

(1)

(1)

x1 = a , + = u2

(1)

x1 = a , w+ = w(1)

(1)

x1 = a

(3.9)
that follow in the approximation 1 = 3 = 0 from conditions (2.9) when the equalities (k) = 0 are taken into account.
3.1. Approximate solution of the problem
In the general case when H =
/ 0 and B =
/ 0, the determination of the minimum critical value of the compressive load P, that corresponds
to a spatial FLS of the structure with predominant buckling of the rod in the direction of the z axis, which is simultaneously accompanied
in all cases by its twisting on account of the presence of the plate, is of the greatest practical interest in the case of real structures. An

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

95

approximate analytical solution

within the framework of the proposed formulation can be constructed very easily using
 of this problem

the approximating functions i = i/L

(3.10)
for the displacements of the plate, without them satisfying the kinematic joining conditions (3.9) in advance. When y = 0 and y = L, these
functions satisfy the conditions for a hinged support and, when x = 0, they satisfy boundary conditions (3.4) and contain three arbitrary
constants u0 , 0 and w0. To determine them in this case, it is advisable to integrate Eqs (3.6) by the Ritz method using variational equations
of the following form

(3.11)
where u+ , + and w+ are the values of the displacement functions (3.10) on the line of contact x = a.
11 (y) , O
12 (y) , O
13 (y) and the displacement functions of the rod U, V, W, , , , we take the solution
For the contact interaction forces O
in the form

(3.12)
i (j = 1, 2, 3) , Ui , Vi , Wi , i , i , i are the amplitude values of the contact forces and the corresponding functions.
where O
1j
Using representations (3.10) and (3.12) adopted, the simplest characteristic equation

(3.13)
and the simplest formula

(3.14)
can be obtained from the condition for the solutions of the system of homogeneous equations (3.8), (3.9) and (3.12) to be non-trivial after
standard transformations and a number of minor simplications for determining the critical values of the compression forces P and N.
In these formulae, the critical value of the linear compression force N of the isolated plate, corresponding to the formation of one
half-wave (i = 1) along the x axis, has the form

(3.15)
The critical values of the compression force P of the isolated rod, corresponding to bending-shear forms of its loss of stability either in
the yOz plane or in the x1 Oy plane, are:

(3.16)

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V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

and the remaining quantities are calculated using the formulae

(3.17)
If the rod is not loaded (that is, P = 0), the formula

for determining the critical value of the of the force N follows from Eq. (3.13).
We shall henceforth assume that the compression forces N and P are connected by the relation E2c FN = B22 P, that corresponds to the
introduction of the assumption that, prior to the loss of stability of the structure, the deformations in the direction of the y axis are the
same for the plate and the rod. We also introduce the dimensionless loading parameter m into the treatment using the formula
(3.18)
Then, for the force P we arrive at the representation
(3.19)
If, however, the representation
(3.20)
is taken for the force P by introducing a parameter q into the treatment, that is to be determined, then the relation Ix Fm = Jx F * q between
the parameters m and q will hold, where F* = at and Ix = F*t2 /12 are the area and moment of inertia of the cross-section of the plate y = const.
When the adopted representations are used, Eq. (3.13) and formula (3.14) can be expressed in terms of either the unknown parameter m
or the parameter q.
It should be noted that, when the functions u,  and w are represented in the form

Eqs (3.6) and (3.7) with boundary conditions (3.4) corresponding to them and also Eqs (3.8) by virtue of equalities (3.12) can be reduced
to a closed system of equations consisting of one ordinary differential equation and algebraic equations in the unknown amplitude values
of the function (3.12) introduced into the treatment. This system of equations allows of an exact analytical solution of the problem in the
form of complex transcendental equations, and the critical loading parameters introduced into the treatment are determined by solving
these equations. On account of its long length, this analytical solution of the problem (which is exact) is not presented here.
Calculations have shown that the approximate solution of the problem, found in the form of nite analytical formulae and the simplest
equations, has a quite acceptable degree of accuracy compared with the exact solution described above, that requires the determination
of the roots of very long transcendental equations.
3.2. Results of a study of the bending-torsional forms of loss of stability of a rod1
In practical thin-walled structures, as a rule the rods reinforcing a plate on its boundary edge are constructed such that the inequalities

always hold for the cross-sectional geometric parameters.

The calculations were carried out by S. A. Lukankin and S. A. Kholmogorov

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

97

Table 1
cm
H,

cm
B,

c
c
G12
= G23
= G = 7.7 1010 Pa
4
2

c
c
G12
= G23
= G = 7.7 109 Pa
4
2

c
c
= G23
= G = 7.7 108 Pa
G12
4
2

t, mm

a = 10 cm

30 cm

50 cm

100 cm

FLS

FLS

FLS

FLS

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1.174
1.350
1.516
1.183
1.360
1.534
1.078
1.167
1.254

bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-z
sbt-xz
sbt-xz

1.174
1.350
1.516
1.183
1.360
1.534
1.078
1.167
1.254

bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-z
sbt-xz
sbt-xz

1.174
1.350
1.516
1.183
1.360
1.534
1.078
1.167
1.254

bt-xz
bt-x
bt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz

1.174
1.350
1.516
1.183
1.360
1.533
1.078
1.167
1.254

bt-x
bt-x
bt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-xz
sbt-x
sbt-xz

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

1.022
1.147
1.257
1.139
1.292
1.436
0.951
1.017
1.077

bt-z
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-z
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-z
bt-xz
bt-xz

1.022
1.147
1.257
1.139
1.292
1.436
0.951
1.017
1.077

bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-z
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-z
bt-xz
bt-xz

1.022
1.147
1.257
1.139
1.292
1.436
0.951
1.017
1.077

bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz

1.022
1.147
1.257
1.139
1.292
1.435
0.951
1.017
1.077

bt-x
bt-x
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-x
bt-x
bt-x

1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3

0.448
0.463
0.473
0.838
0.906
0.962
0.438
0.450
0.461

bt-z
bt-z
bt-z
bt-z
bt-z
bt-z
bt-z
bt-z
bt-z

0.448
0.463
0.473
0.838
0.906
0.962
0.438
0.450
0.461

bt-z
bt-z
bt-z
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-z
bt-z
bt-xz

0.448
0.463
0.473
0.838
0.906
0.962
0.438
0.450
0.461

bt-x
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-z
bt-xz
bt-xz

0.448
0.463
0.473
0.838
0.906
0.962
0.438
0.450
0.461

t-x
t-xz
t-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz
bt-xz

On account of this, the non-classical bending-torsional FLS described above 12,13 must be realized in the rst place in such structures.
This FLS can only be revealed when the equations formulated above, that have a corresponding degree of accuracy and richness of content,
are used. With the aim of illustrating such FLS on the basis of the exact solution of the problem found, which is not presented here, and
the solution (3.13), (3.14), calculations were carried out for a structure consisting of a steel plate with a width L = 50 cm and a reinforcing
which, when joined, ensured that the equalities
rod of rectangular cross-section with the dimensions B and H

were satised.
The results obtained from these solutions were practically identical and some of these results is shown in Table 1 in the form of the
values of the critical loading parameter q occurring in formula (3.20). From them, the upper part of Table 1 corresponds to a rod made of
c = Gc = G = 7.7 1010 Pa, the middle part corresponds to a material with the parameters
an isotropic material with shear modulus G12
23

c = Gc = G = 7.7 109 Pa and the bottom part to a material with the parameters Gc = Gc = G = 7.7 108 Pa. Note that the articial
G12
23
12
23
reduction in the shear modulus of the material is equivalent to a reduction in the torsional stiffness of the cross-section of the rod when it
differs from a rectangular rod. In all the calculations, the values taken for the plate were

and, for the rod,

The values of the remaining parameters of the plate and rod are shown in Table 1.
An analysis of the results obtained shows that, for the structure considered, it is possible to obtain FLS characterized by:
a plane bending-torsional FLS of the rod, when its deformed axis is a plane (or almost plane) curve lying in one of the principal planes
of inertia of the rod, that coincides with one of its coordinate planes (or with the x1 Oy plane which is denoted in Table 1 by bt-x or with
the yOz plane, which is denoted by bt-z) with a magnitude of the torsional angle of the same order as the other displacement functions
and angles of rotation of the rod;
a spatial bending-torsional FLS of the rod when its deformed axis is a spatial curve (denoted in Fig. 1 by bt-zx) with an order of
magnitude of the torsional angle commensurate with the displacement functions of the points of the axial line of the rod or its angles of
rotation.
It should be noted that, together with the above forms in a structure for different combinations of the parameters, such FLSs are also
obtained that are characterized by a small magnitude of the torsional angle of the rod (that is an order or two less than the magnitudes of
the other kinematic functions of the rod) but which have the same qualitative character.

98

V.N. Paimushin / Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 78 (2014) 8498

These FLSs are called small bending-torsional FLSs and, in Table 1, they are denoted as stb-z, stb-x or stb-zx.
and B of the cross-section of the rod, the critical load is independent of the
The results presented show that, for all the sets of values of H
width of the plate a and is determined to a considerable degree by the torsional stiffness of the rod Bp , becoming smaller as the value of Bp
decreases. As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the FLS realized in the structure is mainly determined by the values of the parameters
a and Bp .
4. Conclusion
In the design of thin-walled reinforced structures, the thickness of the shells and the dimensions of the cross-section of the rod are
always selected subject to the condition that, in the case of the dened level of the compression load P, the reinforcing rod should maintain
a stable subcritical equilibrium state after loss of stability of the shell. When the known 17 formulations of the problems are used, in which
the possibility of a loss of stability of the rod of a bending form is only foreseen in the yOz plane, satisfaction of the above supposition only
leads to the problem of determining the corresponding parameter Jx from the stability provision condition and the cross-section area F
from the strength provision condition. At the same time, the inequality Jx > Jz . always turns out to be satised in real structures. But, as the
a loss of stability of the rod occurs in
analysis of the results of the solution of the simplest problem shows, even in the case when B > H,
=
/ 0 and H
/ 0. These FLSs are only revealed when
a bending-torsional form with bending in the x1 Oy plane by virtue of the conditions B =
the improved equations constructed above with the necessary degree of accuracy and richness of content are used.
It should also be noted that the possibility of choosing the approximating functions for the shells and the rod, without them satisfying
joining conditions in advance, is the principal special feature of the proposed approach, based on the introduction of the interaction
between the shells and the reinforcing rod as additional unknown contact forces. These functions (3.10), chosen to solve the specic
problem considered above, are very simple. Nevertheless, as we have shown, the results obtained based on them in the form of the
simplest characteristic equation (3.13) and formula (3.14) have an accuracy that is quite acceptable for practical calculations that allows
one to describe bending-torsional FLSs of a reinforced rod that have not been studied previously taking account of the inclusion in the
work of the plate adjacent to it in the loss of stability.
Acknowledgement
This research was supported nancially by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (12-01-00279-a).
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Translated by E. L. S.