Toeic Structure

TOEIC Khong Kho!!! www.facebook.
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GRAMMAR
TOEIC Khong Kho!!! www.facebook.com/groups/TOEICkhongkho/
NOUN 1
Countable Noun
Singular
><
Plural
Uncountable Noun
without a/an/ -s
a /an/the
Regular
Irregular
Noun s/ es
Note 1
a means/series/species means ..
a child children
a foot feet
a tooth teeth
a louse lice
a person people
a goose geese
a mouse mice
a man men
a woman women
on ox - oxen
a fish - fish
a carp carp
a cod cod
a salmon salmon
a deer deer
a sheep - sheep
a crisis crises
a thesis theses
a diagnosis - diagnoses
a hypothesis hypotheses
a parenthesis - parentheses
an axis - axes
an oasis - oases
a phenomenon phenomena
a criterion - criteria
a memorandum memoranda
a curriculum curricula
a bacterium - bacteria
a syllabus syllabi
a cactus cacti
a fungus fungi
a stimulus stimuli
a radius radii
an appendix appendices
an index indices
Note 2: Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and ad ves

a calf - calves
a life lives
a shelf - shelves
a half - halves
a loaf - loaves
a thief - thieves
a knife - knives
-self - -selves
a wife - wives
a leaf - leaves
a sheaf - sheaves
a wolf wolves
a hoof hooves/hoofs
a roof roofs
a cliff cliffs
a safe safes
a handkerchief handkerchiefs
a belief- beliefs
But:
NOUN 2: Compound Nouns

1. Normally the last word is made plural
boyfriends
city streets
college
travel agents
corner shops
libraries
shop windows
street markets
driving
hitch-hikers
spring flowers
licenses
traffic wardens
November fogs
river banks
church bells
2. But when man and woman is prefixed both parts are made plural
men drivers
women drivers
3. The first word is made plural with compounds formed of verb + er or compounds
composed of noun + preposition + noun
lookers-on
runners-up
sisters-in-law
NOUN 3: Quantifiers
1. Many/several/various/numerous/diverse
><
Much
2. A number of/numbers of
><
An amount of/amounts of
3. (A) few
><
(A) little
4. Fewer/ the fewest
><
Less/ the least
NOUN 4: Numbers
1. a /two/three hundred/thousand/million/billion/trillion + Noun
2. hundreds/thousands/millions/billions + OF + Noun
3. Compound adjectives
A three-year-old boy
A 16,000-page book
4. one/two/three percent (no s) of Noun ; but a/the percentage of Noun
VERB
(1) Subject _ Verb Agreement

(2) Tenses
(3) Active
><
Passive
Transitive V + Obj
V + No Object /Prepositional phrase (by, in, with)
(4) Form
a. After modal verb + Bare inf (can, could, may, might, shall, should, must, will,
would, would rather, had better, have to, ought to, be to, be supposed to)
V- ing ( active/ continuous tenses)
b. After be
P. P (passive)
c. After have + P. P (perfect tenses)
d. Gerund >< Infinitive
e. Finite Verb >< Participle ( Present Participle >< Past participle)
PARALLEL STRUCTURE
1. ,
2. and
3. but
4. or
5. either or
6. neither nor
7. not only but also
8. both and
9. rather than
10.
whether or
11.
as well as
PRONOUN
1. Pronoun/Noun Agreement
they >< it/he/she/we

their >< its/his/her/our
them>< it/him/her/us
themselves><itself/himself/herself/ourselves
who/whom>< which
that (of )
>< those (of) (plural)
2. Which type?
a. Subjective Pronouns (I/You/He/She/It/ We/You/They)
-
Subject of a Verb
After Be
b. Objective Pronouns (me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them)

-
Object of a Verb
Object of a Preposition
c. Possessive Adjectives (my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their)

-
Before a Noun
Before a Gerund: We are surprised by their nesting in such harsh

conditions
d. Possessive Pronouns (mine/yours/his/hers/ours/yours/theirs)

e. Reflexive Pro
(myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself/ourselves/yourselves/themselves)
3. Wrong spelling ( hisself/ theirselves/ ourself/ themself)

4. The >< Possessive Adjective
Ex: His snake is a reptile.
He devoted the life to science.
5. Double subject/object
Ex: Black Island in Long Island Sound it is surrounded by cold, dangerous waters.
6. Unnecessary relative pronoun >< Necessary relative pronoun

Ex: Certain types of turtles that may live as long as 100 years.
The woman lives next door is too nosy.
WORD FORM
1. Adjectives
a. Before nouns
Ex: an important meeting
b. After be and other linking verbs

- be/become
- look/seem/appear/sound
- taste/feel/smell
- stay/remain ( = continue to be)
- turn/get/grow/go (= become)
- prove/find
Ex: She looks angry.
c. Some adjectives end in ly: friendly/costly/cowardly/lovely/lively/

lonely/likely/ugly/early/monthly/weekly/daily/hourly/nightly/year
ly/quarterly/timely/scholarly/womanly/manly/motherly/fatherly/
kindly
2. Adverbs
a.
Modify verbs:
Ex: Ann eagerly accepted the challenge.
b.
Modify adjectives
Ex: Ted seemed extremely curious about that topic.
c.
Modify participles
Ex: A rapidly changing situation / A brightly colored dress.
d.
Modify prepositions/ clause markers: soon after / immediately after/ long before/
shortly before
e.
Modify adverbs:
f.
Modify the whole sentence
Ex: The accident occurred incredibly quickly.
- general
><
generally
- possible
><
possibly
- basic
><
basically
- probable
><
probably
- particular
><
particularly
- usual
><
usually
- original
><
originally
- innate
><
Ex:
Generally, I like my class
innately
3. Note
a. fast (adj) fast (adv)
b. long (adj) long (adv)
c. hard (adj) hard >< hardly
d. high (adj) high >< highly (figurative meaning)
e. early (adj) early (adv)
f. good (adj) well (adv)
VERB
Differ
Invent
Compete
Fertilize
Decide
Prohibit
Prevent
Beautify
Originate
Emphasize
Glorify
Mystify
Socialize
Generalize
Simplify
Free
Construct
Live
NOUN
Difference
Invention
Competition
Fertilizer/fertility
Decision
Prohibition
Prevention
Beauty
Origin
Emphasis
Glory
Mystery
Society
Generalization
Simplicity
Freedom
Construction
Life
ADJECTIVE
Different
Inventive
Competitive
Fertile
Decisive
Prohibitive
Preventive
Beautiful
Original
Emphatic
Glorious
Mysterious
Social
General
Simple
Free
Constructive
Live/living
FIELD
PERSON
FIELD
Music
Poetry
Administration
Photography
Musician
Poet
Administrator
Photographer
Surgery
Architecture
Farming
Biology
VERB
Restrict
Cultivate
Empower
Analyze
Familiarize
Popularize
Classify
Categorize
Absent
Interest
Bore
Fascinate
Produce
Necessitate
Collect
PERSON
Surgeon
Architect
Farmer
Biologist
NOUN
Restriction
Culture
Agriculture
Power
Importance
Significance
Analysis
Familiarity
Popularity
Classification
category
Absence
Interest
Boredom
Fascination
Production
Necessity
Collection
FIELD
Dentistry
Engineering
Finance
Physics
ADJECTIVE
Restrictive
Cultural
Agricultural
Powerful
Important
Significant
Analytical
Familiar
Popular
Classifiable
Categorical
Absent
Interesting
Boring
Fascinating
Productive
Necessary
Collective
PERSON
Dentist
Engineer
Financier
Physicist
Athletics
Philosophy
Creation
Athlete
Philosopher
Creator
Theory
Chemistry
Politics
Theorist
Chemist
Politician
Science
Invention
Crime/criminolog
Scientist
Inventor
Criminal
Law
History
Editing
Magic
Lawyer
Historian
Editor
Magician
Humor
Biography
Writing
Geography
Humorist
Biographer
Writer
Geographe
y
Mathematics
Manufacture
Acting
Collection
mathematician
Manufacturer
Actor/actress
Collector
Hunting
Dance
Beauty
Carpentry
r
Hunter
Dancer
Beautician
Carpenter
Employment
Competition
Labor
Employee/er
Competitor
Laborer
Forecast
Training
Contest
Discovery
NOUN
Forecaster
Trainer
Contestant
Discoverer
VERB
ADJECTIVE
Strength
Strengthen Strong
Hardness
Harden
Hard
Softness
Soften
Soft
Depth
Deepen
Deep
Ripeness
Ripen
Ripe
Solidity
Solidify
Solid
Length
Lengthen
Long
Shortness Shorten
Short
Weight
Weigh
Weighty/weightless
Blackness Blacken
Black
Fat
Fatten
Fat
Nouns: hearing/sight/smell/taste/touch
NOUN
VERB
ADJECTIVE
Heat
Light
Brightness
Thickness
Richness
Humidity
Flatness/flat
Height
Darkness/dark
White/whiteness
Largeness
Heat
Lighten
Brighten
Thicken
Enrich
Humidify
Flatten
Heighten
Darken
Whiten
Enlarge
Hot
Light
Bright/brilliant
Thick
Rich
Humid
Flat
High
Dark
White
Large
Verbs: hear/see/smell/taste/touch
WORD CHOICE
1. Wrong choice of MAKE or DO
1) MAKE
an agreement/ an announcement/ an attempt/an effort/ a
decision/a discovery/ an offer/a profit/ a promise/ advances in/ a

comparison/ a contribution/ a distinction/ a forecast/ a law/ a point/ an
investment/ a plan/ a prediction/ a sound/ noise/use of/ a choice/ a
loan/an appointment
2) MAKE UP OF (= be composed of ); MAKE UP (= compose)
3) DO
an assignment/the dishes/ the washing-up/the shopping/ the
ironing/the cooking/a favor/homework/the laundry/ a paper//research/

a job/ ones work/ business with/ justice to/ wrong/ a kindness/ones
duty/harm/ones best/a service/damage/ wonder
2. Wrong choice of like/ alike/like or as

1) Like/Unlike A, B + Verb
2) A, like/unlike B, + Verb
3) A is like/unlike B
4) A and B are alike
5) Like + Noun
Ex: My results were much like Pauls
6) As + Subject +Verb
Ex: I did my experiment just as Paul did
7) As + Noun (=in the role of)

8) serve as/ function as/ use sth as/ be used as/ be thought of as/ be
referred to as
9) regard/consider/name/choose/elect/select/designate/appoint/declare/
nominate/proclaim/announce s.o/sth (as) s.o/sth
3. Wrong choice of so, such, too
1) so + adjective/adverb + that Subject + Verb

2) so + many/few + Noun (c) that Subject + Verb
+ much/little + Noun (u) that Subject + Verb
3) so + adjective + a/an + Noun (c, singular) that Subject + Verb

4) such + (a/an) + Noun that Subject + Verb
5) too adjective + (for someone) + to do something
6) enough + noun +( for someone) to do something
7) adjective/adverb + enough + (for someone) to do something
10
4. Wrong choice of because or because of; although or in spite

of /despite; when/while or during
Adverb clause markers + S+ V
Preposition + Noun/NP
because
because of/ due to/ on account of
although/though/even though
in spite of/ despite
when/while/as
during
5. Wrong choice of ANOTHER or OTHER

Another
Adjective
another + Noun (singular)
Other
other + Noun (plural)
Determiner (the, some, any,
every, one, no) + other + Noun
another (an additional one)
Pronoun
Ex: Give me another.
(sing)
the other/the others
Ex: Of the two teachers, one is
experienced, and the other is not.
Note:
each other / one another

from one
to another
6. Other word form problems

BE CAREFUL WITH THESE PAIRS OF WORDS
1) no + noun >< not any

2) no longer >< not any longer/any more
3) most + Noun
most of the Noun
almost all of the Noun/ almost no + Noun/almost every + Noun
the most +adj/adv (superlative)
4) almost + quantifier/adjective/adverb (Word Order)

5) twice (adjective) >< double (verb)
Note: be twice as as
6) earliest >< soonest

7) one /two/threepercent of >< a /the percentage of
8) after >< afterward (adv = after that )
9) ago >< before
10) tell so that >< say that/say to so that
Note: tell a story/a lie/lies/the truth/ a secret
11) hardly ever >< never

12) hard/hardly
13) and/but/or
14) be alive >< live + Noun
15) old > < of age
16) near (=close to) >< nearly (=almost)
17) some + Noun >< somewhat + adjective
18) affect so/sth >< effect of sth on so/sth
19) already (adv) >< be all ready ( adjective)
20) among (3 or more) >< between ( 2)
21) and (conjunction) >< also (adverb)
22) beside (=next to) >< besides (= in addition)
23) costume (=clothing) >< custom (traditional practice)
24) farther/further (distance) >< further (= more)
11
12
25) formally (=officially) >< formerly (=previously)

26) hard >< hardly
27) imaginary (= not real/fictional) >< imaginative (=creative)
28) later >< latter
29) lay
laid
laid
laying +Object (= put/place)
lie
lay
lain
lying (= be situated/located)
lie
lied
lied
lying (= not tell the truth)
30) loose (adj) >< lose (verb)

31) no>< not>< none
32) pass (verb) >< past (adj/noun/preposition)
Note: pass = go/come past
33) quiet (adj) >< quite (adv)

34) raise + object/ be raised (passive) >< rise (without an object)
35) set + object (=put/place) >< sit (without an object)
36) thorough (adj) >< through (adv)
37) out >< out of +Noun
38) away>< away from + Noun
39) out/in (preposition) >< outer/inner (adjective)
40) listen to >< hear
41) lone/live/sleeping + noun >< be alone/ alive/asleep
7. Redundancy
-
connect together
same identical
repeat again
sufficient enough
join together
separated away from
proceed forward
incorrect mistake
advance forward
progress forward
only unique
important significant
new innovations
carefully cautiously
reread again
established founded
return back
protect guard
13
original first
chief main
rarely seldom
such as for example
transmit send out
necessary needed
single only
around
approximately
Inversion
a) Inversion of the verb after certain adverbs
Hardly ever
On no account
Hardly when
Only by/in/ at/once/recently
In no circumstances
Only in this way
Neither/nor
Rarely
Never
Seldom
No sooner than
Scarcely ever
Not only
Scarcely when
Nowhere
(So) + adj or participles

(Such) + be + Noun
Ex:
I havent got a ticket. Neither/Nor have I.

Never before had I been asked to accept a bribe.
Not only do they rob you, they smash everything too
On no account must this switch be touched
Only by shouting was he able to make himself heard.
Only in an emergency should you use this exit.
Rarely did this remedy fail
So suspicious did he become that
So confusing was the map that we had to ask a police officer for directions.
Such is the popularity of the place that the theater is likely to be full every night.
b) The subject and verb of the second clause ( not the first clause) are inverted
when the following expressions occur at the beginning of a sentence
Not until
Only if
Only until
Only when
Only because
Only after
Ex:
14
Not until he got home did he realize that he had lost it.
Only if you study hard can you pass the final exam.
c) In written English adverb phrases introduced by preposition (down, from, in, on,
over, off, out of, round, up .etc.) can be followed by verbs indicating position
(crouch, hang, lie sit, stand, be etc.), by verbs of motion.
Ex:
From the rafters hung strings of onions.

In the door way stood a man with a gun.
On a perch beside him sat a blue parrot
Over the wall came a shower of stone.
In front of the museum is a statue.
Off the coast of California lie the Channel Islands.
Note: Prepositional Phrase, S + V

Ex:
Across the United States, the general movement of air masses is from west to east.
d) If + Subject + auxiliary can be replaced in formal English by inversion of auxiliary

and subject with if omitted.
Ex:
If I were in his shoes
Were I in his shoes
If you should require anything
Should you require anything
If he had known
Had he known
15
Double Comparison
The + comparative + S + (V), the +comparative + S + (V)
Note: the worse (not the worst), the less (not the least), the better (not the best)
Ex: The more he plays, the more he improves.
Incorrect Article Choice
><
Ex:
an
A eclipse of the sun may be either total or partial
a/an
><
without a/an (uncountable noun)
a/an
><
the
Ex:
Rose Bird was a first woman in the history of California to serve on the State Supreme
Court
a/an/the
Ex:
><
without a/an/the
Slag consists of waste material and impurities which rise to top of melted metals.
The most asteroids are beyond the orbit of the planet Mars.
the
><
Ex:
possessive adjectives
The Ozark Mountains of Arkansas are known for the rugged beauty
Note:
- a university/ a European/ a one-parent family/a union/a unicorn/ a unique character
- an hour/ an honest man/ an honor/ an heir/ an heiress/ an MP/ an FBI
1.
16
Clause marker (a) S+ V(f)

(b) Present P
, S+V
(c) Past P
(d) Adjective
Common clause markers:
a. Time: after , as, as long as, as soon as, before, by the time, now that,
once, since, until, when, while, whenever
b. Concessions/Contrast: although, even though, though, even if,
whereas, while, despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that, except
that/however
c. Reason: as, because, since, in that, in case
d. Results: so that, so that, such that
e. Manner: as if, as though
f. Place: wherever
g. Conditions: if, even if, only if, provided, unless
(,) (1) Clause marker
2. S + V + (Object)
Conjunctions:
Conjunctive advs -
(2) Conjunction
(3) conjunctive adverbs
S + V + (Object)
and, but, yet, for, so, or

besides, likewise, moreover, in addition, additionally
however, nevertheless, on the other hand, in contrast, in spite
this
of

-
therefore, as a result, accordingly, consequently
otherwise
then, meanwhile
similarly, correspondingly, likewise
for example, for instance
ARTICLES
A/AN
1. Before singular countable nouns
Ex: Australia is a continent
2. To introduce a subject that has not mentioned before
Ex: I saw a tiger.
3. With certain expressions
a dozen
a/one half
a couple
a/one third
a/one hundred/thousand/million
a/one quarter
a great many
fifty miles an/per hour
a great deal
ten kilometers an/per hour
a lot of
$10 a/per day
4. With names of professions

Ex: He is an engineer.
She is a doctor.
THE
1. Only one example of the thing/person or the identity of the person or thing is clear
Ex:
The moon is full today.

Please open the door.
2. With certain expressions

the morning/afternoon/evening
the past/present/future
the front/back/center/top/bottom
the beginning/middle/end
the north/south/east/west
17
18
3. Before a singular noun representative of a class of things ( usually names of animals, plants,
inventions, musical instruments, and parts of the body)
Ex:
The tiger is the largest cat

The heart pumps blood
The Wright brothers invented the airplane.
She plays the guitar.
4. Before ordinal number (Note: No article is used before expressions with cardinal
numbers.)
Ex:
The First World War (But: World War One)

The second chapter (But: Chapter Two)
The third gate
(But: Gate Three)
The seventh volume (But: Volume Seven)

5. Before decades and centuries
Ex:
the 1930s
the fifties
the sixties
the twenty-first century
the 1800s
the twentieth century
6. Before superlative adjectives

Ex:
The biggest island on earth is Greenland.
7. Quantifier + of + the + noun

Many/ some/all/much/most/a few/all/... of the + Noun
Note: These expressions can also be used without the phrase of the
Ex:
Many books
not much paper
Some water
a few pictures
8. Before a group of people or a nationality

Ex:
The Vietnamese are very hardworking

The Swedish are proud of their ancestors, the Vikings.
Note: No article is used before the name of a language

Ex:
She learned to speak Vietnamese when she lived in Hanoi.
9. The + adjective (= people who are...)

Ex:
The rich should help the poor.
10. Before a specific noun

Ex:
The coffee I had this morning was Brazilian (specific)

Coffee originated in Ethiopia. (general)

The rice that I bought today is in the bag. (specific)
Rice is a staple in many countries.(general)
The trees in this park are mostly evergreens. (specific)
Trees provide shade. (general)
11. The + subject + of NP

Subject (used alone) --> no article
Adjective + Subject --> no article
Ex:
The literature of the twentieth century

The history of The United States.
But:
I major in literature
I study American history.
12. Before names of countries, states, cities, universities, colleges, and schools that
contain the word "of" or before countries that have a plural name or an adjective in the
name, except for Great Britain
Ex:
The United States of America

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam (but: Vietnam)
The State of Florida (But: Florida)
The city of Boston ( But: Boston)
The University of Texas ( But: Boston University)
The Netherlands/ The Philippines
13. Before
a. oceans:
Ex:
The pacific Ocean
b. seas
Ex:
The Black Sea
c. gulfs
Ex:
The Gulf of Mexico
d. rivers
Ex:
The Nile
e. plural names of mountains
Ex:
The Appalachian Mountains (But: Mount Everest)
f. plural names of islands
Ex:
The Hawaiian Islands (But: Manhattan Island)
g. plural names of lakes
Ex:
The Great Lakes (But: Lake Michigan)
14. Before the names of ships, planes, trains and people's family names
Ex:
The Titanic
19
20
The Orient Express

The Browns
GERUND AND INFINITIVE

I. VERB + TO INF
afford
agree
appear
arrange
ask
attempt
Ex:
beg
care
consent
decide
desire
deserve
expect
fail
forget
hesitate
hope
learn
manage
mean
need
offer
plan
prepare
pretend
promise
refuse
seem
struggle
swear
threaten
want
wish
try
intend
Tom wants to become a doctor.

Susan pretended to sleep.
David promised not to be late again.
II. VERB + OBJECT + TO INFINITIVE

advise
allow
ask
beg
cause
challenge
convince
dare
encourage
expect
forbid
force
hire
instruct
invite
order
permit
persuade
remind
require
teach
tell
urge
want
warn
invite
recommend
enable
lead
motivate
use
Ex: They begged us to come.

I warn you not to drive so fast.
Note: advise/allow/encourage/permit/recommend (1) + object + to inf

(2) + V-ing
Ex: He doesnt allow smoking in his house
He doesnt allow anyone to smoke in his house
Nobody is allowed to smoke in his house
III. VERB + V-ING

admit
appreciate
avoid
complete
consider
delay
deny
discuss
dislike
enjoy
finish
cant help
keep
mention
mind
postpone
practice
quit
recall
recollect
resent
resist
risk
stop
suggest
miss
tolerate
involve
understand
include
Ex:
I dislike driving long distances

I cant help worrying about it.
Would you mind not smoking in this class?
IV. VERB + V-ING/ TO INFINITIVE

begin
start
continue
cant stand
hate
love
prefer
like
Ex: It began to rain/ raining
Note: would like/love/prefer + to infinitive

Ex: I would like to play tennis today.
V. ADJECTIVE / PARTICIPLE+ TO INFINITIVE

anxious
eager
usual
easy
difficult
hard
dangerous
ready
willing
able
pleased
prepared
boring
interesting
Ex: Tom is anxious to see his family.

It is very dangerous to drive in this weather.
We are ready to leave now.
Note: be busy/worth + V-ing.

Ex: He is busy doing his homework.
The book is worth reading.
VI.
PREPOSITION + V-ING
1. VERB + PREPOSITION + V-ING
approve of
give up
rely on
insist on
succeed in
count on
keep on
think about
think of
depend on
put off
dream about
look forward to
object to
confess to
devote to
dedicate to
commit to
Ex: John gave up smoking three years ago.

I am looking forward to going back to school.
2. ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION + V-ING

afraid of
interested in
capable of
successful in
tired of be/get accustomed to

fond of be/get used to
21
Ex: She is afraid of getting married now.

To gets used to getting up early.
VII.
SPECIAL CASES
1. STOP
He stopped smoking (He gave up smoking; he is not going to smoke any more.)
He stopped to smoke (He stopped doing something in order to smoke)
2. TRY
TRY + TO INF: make an effort to do something
Ex: I was very tire. I tried to keep my eyes open, but I couldnt.
TRY + V-ING: do something as an experiment or test

Ex: Ive got a terrible headache. I tried taking an aspirin, but it did not help.
3. REMEMBER
REMEMBER + TO INF: You remember to do something before you do it
Ex: Please remember to post the letter. (= Dont forget to post the letter)
REMEMBER + V-ING: You remember doing something after you do it

Ex: I clearly remember locking the door before I left.
4. NEED
NEED + TO INF (ACTIVE)
Ex: John needs to paint the door.
My friend needed to learn Spanish
NEED + V-ING = NEED + TO BE DONE (PASSIVE)

Ex: The grass needs cutting/ to be cut.
The television needs fixing/to be fixed.
5. MAKE/LET/HAVE + OBJECT + BARE INFINITIVE

Ex: Sad movies always make me cry.
I had the mechanic repair my car. (I had my car repaired by the mechanic
My parents do not let me go out late at night.
6. VERBS OF PERCEPTION + V-ING/ BARE INFINITIVE

see
notice
watch
look at
observe
hear
listen to
smell
feel
Ex: I saw my friend running/run down the street.
7. GO + V-ING
GO
boating
bowling
camping
canoeing
dancing
fishing
hiking
hunting
jogging
climbing
running
sailing
shopping
sightseeing
skating
skiing
swimming
22
23
Ex: My sister went sailing yesterday
8. TO INFINITIVE can be used after the first, the second, the last, the only and
sometimes after superlatives.
Ex: She loves parties. She is always the first to come and the last to leave.
He is the second man to be killed in this way.
9. TO INFINITIVE can be used after certain nouns

ability
ambition
anxiety
attempt
decision
demand
desire
determination
eagerness
effort
failure
offer
plan
promise
refusal
request
scheme
willingness
wish
readiness
Ex: His ability to get on with people is his chief asset.

Ex: He made an effort to stand up.
10.
catch/find/leave
+
Object
spend/ waste
+
Time
have fun/ a good time
have trouble/difficulty
have a hard time/ difficult time
+
+
+
+
+
V-ing
V-ing
V-ing
V-ing
V-ing
24
WORD ENDINGS
A. COMMON NOUN (THING) ENDINGS
1. ism
: baptism, criticism, organism, heroism, patriotism, alcoholism,
barbarism, dwarfism, parallelism
2. nce
: importance, significance, dependence, arrogance, resistance,

subsistence
3. ness
4. ion
: bitterness, conceitedness, darkness, hardness, kindheartedness

: excision, damnation, pollution, suggestion, a notion, an action,
vexation, concoction, completion.
5. ment
: abridgement, accomplishment, banishment, commencement,

embodiment, enhancement, excitement, fragment, garment, ornament,
treatment
6. (i)ty
: purity, authority, dubiety, majority, superiority, humidity, cruelty,

faculty, honesty, plenty, safety, subtlety
7. age
: baggage, carriage, cartage, damage, dotage, hermitage, homage

language, luggage, marriage, passage, tillage, tonnage, vicarage,
village.
8. ship
: ambassadorship, citizenship, headship, professorship, chairmanship,

fellowship, scholarship, companionship, friendship, hardship,
relationship, craftsmanship, entrepreneurship, horsemanship,
membership, courtship
9. th
: bath, birth, death, oath, growth, stealth, filth, health, length, strength,
truth, depth, breadth, wealth.
10. dom
11. hood
: earldom, freedom, kingdom, officialdom, wisdom

: childhood, falsehood, sisterhood, brotherhood, neighborhood,
likelihood, livelihood
12. ure
: closure, picture, scripture, legislature, nature, failure, pleasure,

treasure
13. cy
: bankruptcy, captaincy, democracy, privacy, delicacy, advocacy,

confederacy, accuracy, obstinacy, piracy, , aristocracy, expectancy,
efficiency, presidency, sufficiency, deficiency
14. (t)ry
rivalry, ancestry, carpentry, industry, greenery, machinery, scenery,

bakery, brewery, bravery, slavery, archery
15. logy
: archaeology, geology, sociology, theology, zoology
16. graphy : bibliography, biography
B. COMMON NOUN (PERSON) ENDINGS

1. or
: actor, creator, doctor, monitor, sculptor, successor, guarantor,
conqueror, donor, governor, solicitor, tailor, visitor. bachelor
2. er
: hatter, geographer, astrologer, cottager, foreigner, Londoner,

New Yorker, northerner, villager, airliner, old-timer, sorcerer
3. ee
4. ist
: employee, payee, devotee, escapee, conferee, absentee, refugee.

: chemist, dramatist, economist, geologist; dentist, pianist, tobacconist;
Buddhist, Darwinist, idealist, Marxist, racist, optimist, pessimist
5. ician
: magician, physician, musician, electrician, beautician,

politician, statistician, mathematician, mortician,
6. ant (10%) : assistant, accountant, consultant, contestant, inhabitant

C. ADJECTIVE ENDINGS
1. ent
: independent, sufficient, absent, ambivalent, ancient, apparent,
ardent
2. ant
: arrogant, expectant, important, significant , abundant, ignorant,

brilliant,
3. ful
: beautiful, graceful, powerful, grateful, forgetful, mournful,

Exceptions: handful, mouthful, spoonful are nouns
4. ic
5. less
: civic, classic, historic, artistic, economic,

: doubtless, fearless, hatless, powerless, countless, tireless, faceless,
legless, careless, helpless
6. ive
: authoritative, demonstrative, figurative, imitative, qualitative,

talkative, active, passive, comparative, possessive
7. ous
8. able
9. ible
10. al
: dangerous, glorious, murderous, viscous, ferocious, hilarious,

: charitable, separable, bearable, reliable, comfortable, suitable.
: audible, compressible, edible, horrible, terrible
: central, general, oral, colossal, tropical, tidal
25

Exceptions : rival, arrival, proposal, withdrawal, survival are nouns
11. ory
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
: mandatory, compulsory, predatory, satisfactory

Exceptions : dormitory, promontory, territory are nouns
ary
: arbitrary, budgetary, contrary, primary, temporary, necessary
y
: angry, happy, icy, messy, milky, tidy, chilly, haughty, slippery,
ly
: beastly, cowardly, queenly, rascally
(r)ate (10%): temperate, accurate, considerate, immediate, literate
ish
: boorish, boyish, foolish, womanish, bookish, feverish, bluish, reddish
D. COMMON VERB ENDINGS

1. en/ en : listen, happen, strengthen, lengthen, shorten, soften, ripen, deepen,
widen, entrust, enslave, enlighten, entangle, enlarge, encourage,
enable, enrich
2. ate
: assassinate, associate, fascinate, felicitate, hydrate, separate,

vaccinate, evacuate
3. ize
: characterize, idolize, agonize, apologize, sympathize, theorize,

authorize, extemporize, fertilize, fossilize, jeopardize, moralize,
Americanize, carbonize, oxidize
4. ify
: pacify, satisfy, petrify, solidify, horrify
E. COMMON ADVERB ENDING

1. ly
: amusingly, deservedly, firstly, fully, greatly, happily, hourly, truly,
firstly, secondly
2. wise
3. ways
4. ward
: crosswise, lengthwise, otherwise, clockwise

: edgeways, endways, lengthways, sideways
: backward, homeward, inward, onward, skyward, eastward
26
27
SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

A. BASIC SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
1. Singular Subject + Singular Verb
2. Plural Subject + Plural Verb
Ex:
My friend lives in Boston.

Growing flowers is her hobby.
My friends live in Boston.
B. SPECIAL CASES
1.
Sing Subject 1 and Sing Subject 2 + Plural Verb
Ex:
The actor and the singer are coming.

Jean and David are coming back to Australia.
Note: However, phrases connected by and can be followed by singular verbs if we think of them as
making up a single item.
Ex:
Meat pie and peas is Toms favorite at the moment

Fish and chips is my favorite food
2.
Subject 1 +
of
in addition to
with
together with + Subject 2 + Verb
along with
as well as
no less than
like/ unlike

Ex:
One of my friends is here.

You together with Tom are responsible for this failure.
Either
3.
Neither
Ex:
4.
or
+ Subject 1 +
+ Subject 2 + Verb
nor
Neither John nor his friends are going to the beach
There + be +
Ex:
Noun
There is a book on the shelf

There are three books on the shelf
5.
There/ Here
Ex:
+ Verb
Noun
Here comes the Queen.

Here lie many unknown soldiers.
6.
Every
Each
Either
Neither
Ex:
Noun (singular)
+
+ Singular Verb
of the Noun (plural)
Each boy/ each of the boys has a gift.
Note: Each boy and each girl is to do this exercise.
7.
Everyone
Everybody
Everything
Someone
Somebody
Something
Anyone
Anybody
Anything
No one
Nobody
Nothing
Ex: Everyone has his or her own idea.
Singular Verb
28
8.
a.
A/the majority of
A number of
A lot of
+
Plenty of
Some of
None of
Half of
No
Ex:
Plural Noun +
Plural Verb
A number of refugees have been turned back at the border.

Plenty of potatoes are grown here.
None of the answers are correct.
b.
The number of +
Ex:
c.
9.
council
association
audience
class
club
college
committee
community
+ Singular Verb
The number of books in the library has risen to over five million.
Any of
None of
The majority of
A lot of
Plenty of
All (of)
Some (of)
Ex:
Plural Noun
+ Uncountable Noun +
Singular Verb
All the furniture was destroyed in the fire.

company
crowd
department
electorate
enemy
family
firm
generation
government
group
jury
orchestra
population
press
public
school
staff
team
university
faculty
choir
gang
couple
cabinet
Singular Verb ( if they

are referred to as a group)
Plural Verb ( if they are seen

as a collection of individual)
29
Ex:
30
The team is winning. (the team as a group)

The team are going back to their homes. (meaning individual members of the
team)
belongings
clothes
congratulations
earnings
goods
outskirts
particulars
premises
10.
Ex:
riches
glasses
savings
pliers
stairs
pants
surroundings
+ Plural Verb
thanks
scissors
shorts
jeans
The pants are in the drawer.

(A pair of pants is in the drawer)
11.
police
people
cattle
poultry
Ex:
Ex:
Plural Verb
The police are looking for the missing child.

news
physics
politics
mumps
economics
12.
measles
statistics
mathematics
physics
phonetics
rabies
diabetes
gymnastics
athletics
linguistics
Singular Verb
Physics is difficult.
The news is alarming.
13.
The titles of books, plays, movies, etc., always take a singular verb
Ex:
The Los Angeles Times is on the desk.

Gullivers Travels is a well-known childrens book.
14.
Nouns stating an amount of time, money or measurement always take a singular verb

Ex:
31
Five minutes is not enough to do this exercise.

Thirty-five dollars is too much for this shirt.
Four -hundred miles is too much to drive in one day.
15.
The +
Ex:
16.
Fluids
Solids
Adjective
Plural Verb
The poor need help.
Uncountable Noun +
Singular Verb
baggage
garbage
mail
clothing
hardware
makeup
equipment
jewelry
money
food
junk
cash
fruit
luggage
change
furniture
machinery
postage
water
gasoline
coffee
blood
tea
milk
oil
soup
ice
iron
bread
silver
butter
glass
cheese
paper
meat
wood
gold
wool
steam
air
oxygen
nitrogen
smoke
pollution
rice
pepper
chalk
dirt
corn
salt
dust
sand
grass
flour
hair
wheat
beauty
happiness
intelligence
patience
truth
confidence
health
justice
peace
violence
courage
help
knowledge
pride
wealth
education
honesty
laughter
progress
enjoyment
hospitality
music
recreation
fun
importance
luck
sleep
advice
space
vocabulary
information
energy
news
homework
evidence
work
proof
grammar
time
slang
driving
swimming
traveling
working
baseball
soccer
tennis
chess
weather
lightning
darkness
dew
rain
light
fog
sleet
sunshine
hail
snow
electricity
heat
thunder
fire
humidity
wind
gravity
Gases
Particles
Abstraction
Activities
Natural
phenomena
Ex:
Smoking is harmful to your health.
PREPOSITIONS
1. PREPOSITIONS OF TIME
A. In
century ( in the twenty-first century)
decade ( in the 1970s; in the nineties)
year (in 2007)
season ( in the summer)
month ( in July)
parts of the day ( in the morning; in the afternoon; in the evening)
the past/ future
amounts of time ( in/within an hour)
B. On
date (on September 11)
day (on Monday; on Sunday morning)
C. At
time of day (at 9:20)
night/ midnight/ noon /dawn/dusk/sunrise/sunset/the moment/the same

time/present/ first/last
D. During
During is used with periods of time
It snows a lot in Montreal during the winter
His company grew rapidly during the 1980s
32

During is NOT used with dates or days of the week.
E. Until
Until is used with points of time to indicate that an action continues up to that point
Helen practiced the piano until noon
They wont arrive until tomorrow
F. From . To/until and between and

These phrases are used with starting points and ending points
From 1990 to/until 1993, Mr. Nolan was in charge of the sales division.
Between 1990 and 1993, Mr. Nolan was in charge of the sales division.
G. Since/ For
Since and for are generally used with a perfect tense
We've been waiting here since two o'clock.
The factory has been here since the 1970s.
We had been talking for a good half hour.
2. PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE
A. In
the world
continent (in Asia)
country ( in China)
state/province (in California; in Ontario)
in city ( in Munich)
building (in the Empire State Building)
room (in the living room)
B. On
earth (the origin of life on Earth)
street ( on Wall Street)
coast ( on the East Coast)
floor ( on the second floor)
C. At
33
address (at 634 Sutter Street)
building (at the museum)
home/school/college/work
D. From to and between and
They're building a new road between Manchester and Sheffield.
They're building a new road from Manchester to Sheffield.
3. OTHER COMMON PREPOSITION COMBINATIONS

A. In
clothes ( in a gray suit)
language ( written in Vietnamese)
book ( in the Complete Guide to TOEIC)
newspaper ( in the International Herald-Tribune)
magazine ( in Times)
department ( in the sales department)
field ( in computer science)
ones opinion (in her opinion)
a car / a taxi (I've left my bag in the car.)
trouble (I think I'm in trouble with Dad.)
danger of (The bridge was in danger of collapsing.)
part (The failure of the project was due in part to his lack of leadership.
front of (He walked along in front of me, holding the lantern.)
the middle of (Jo was standing in the middle of the room.)
the back of (Two men were sitting in the back of the car.)
the rear (a passenger traveling in the rear of a car)
line (The kids were standing in line waiting for their teacher.)
34
35
the process of (The company is in the process of moving to new offices.)
B. On
a vehicle ( on a bus; on a train; on a plane)
foot (It takes about 30 minutes on foot, or 10 minutes by car.)
a trip (We were all going on a trip.)
business (She's in New York this week on business)
holiday (I'm away on holiday until the 1st of June.)
sale (These gloves were on sale for only $9.)
the market (Handguns are freely available on the open market)
schedule (The majority of holiday flights depart and arrive on schedule.)
time (Jack was worried about whether he'd be able to get there on time.)
(the) television/radio (Later that evening we watched it all on television again.)
the phone (Bridget's on the phone all day long.)
a farm (Joe had worked on the farm all his life.)
the other hand (I'd like to eat out, but on the other hand I want to save money.)
purpose (Fire investigators believe the fire was set on purpose.)
C. BY
By is used before a point of time to indicate the latest time. By, in this case, means no
later than.
I will be home by noon.
By can mean next to
She is standing by her friend.
By is used after passive verbs to identify the agent of the action.
This report was written by Peter.
By is used with means of transportation and communication
by car/plane/e-mail
Note: in a/my car; on a plane

Other
By chance/ hand/ far/check/credit card/ means of
D. With
36
With is used to express the idea of accompaniment or ownership
I went to the restaurant with Andrea.
The man with the briefcase is the vice-president.
With is also used to indicate the tool or instrument used to complete something
He opened the door with his key.
He paid for the bill with a credit car
E. Without
Without means not having, experiencing or showing something; not in the company
of someone or not doing the action mentioned
They had gone two days without food.
He found the place without difficulty.
She spoke without much enthusiasm.
Don't go without me.
I don't know what I'd do without you.
The rest of the group set off without him.
Don't go out without your coat.
He left without saying goodbye.
You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs.
Suddenly and without any warning, the army opened fire.
He had gone out without his parents' permission.
F. Within
Within can mean during a particular period of time
We should have the test results back within 24 hours.
He fell sick and died within a matter of weeks.
Within an hour of our arrival, Caroline was starting to complain.
Within the space of a year, three of the town's factories have closed down.
Within can mean less than a certain distance from a particular place
The invading troops came within 50 miles of Paris.
We live within easy reach of (=close to) the shops.
37
Adjust the driver's seat so that all the controls are within reach (=close enough to
touch)
Within can also mean inside the range or limits of something
We have to operate within a very tight budget.
Private security firms have to work strictly within the law.
You can go anywhere you want within reason (=within reasonable limits)
He finds it hard to live within his income.
G. Beyond
Beyond can mean more or greater than a particular amount, level, or limit
More people are choosing to work beyond retirement age.
Inflation has risen beyond the 5% level.
Such tasks are far beyond the scope of the average school kid.
Expensive luxuries that are beyond the reach of ordinary people
Beyond can be used to say that something is impossible to do
Scott's equipment was damaged beyond repair.
The town centre had changed beyond all recognition.
Due to circumstances beyond our control the performance has had to be cancelled.
Why Joan ever married such an idiot in the first place is beyond me.
38
READING COMPREHENSION
STRATEGIES
READING STRATEGIES
1.
OVERVIEW QUESTIONS
The most common overview question asks about the purpose or main topic of the passage. Other
overview questions ask about the writer of the passage or the reader of the passage.
What does this article/the memo mainly discuss?
What is this form?
What is the purpose of this letter/announcement/notice?
Why was this notice/letter written?
In what business is the writer of the passage?
What kind of business is Mr. ________ probably in?
Who issued/wrote this notice?
39
What is the authors opinion of ______?

Who were these instructions written for?
Who would be most interested in the information in this announcement?
For whom is this advertisement/notice intended?
-
Dont answer the initial overview questions until you have answered the other
questions
Usually focus on the title and the first sentence(s) of each paragraph for the
topic and main idea; also focus on the last sentence for the conclusion and a
possible restatement of the topic and main idea.
Skim (read very quickly) the rest of the passage for the key words that will
confirm the topic and main idea.
Read the answer choices and eliminate the distractors which may have one of
these characteristics:
a. too general
b. too specific (detailed)
c.
incorrect
d. irrelevant (not mentioned)
II.
DETAIL QUESTIONS
1. Information/Factual Questions often begin with the phrases According to the
passage/the author, wh- questions...
2. Negative Questions contain the words NOT, EXCEPT, or LEAST
-
Focus on one or two key words in the question
Scan the passage looking for the key words or related words (synonyms, word
family)
Carefully read the sentence in which the key words occur. (You may have to read
the sentence preceding or following that sentence as well.)
Choose the correct answer
40
III. REFERENCE QUESTIONS

1. --------------------------------- . A -------------------------------------
Initial position ---> usually read the previous sentence and find the noun that the
referent replaces
2. ---------------------------------------------------------- A----------------------.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A.
-
Middle/Final Position ---> usually read the whole sentence in which the referent
occurs
3. This/ That usually refer to the whole previous sentence or phrase. So, read the previous
sentence or phrase and summarize it.
4. Another ---> Look for One + Noun
5. Others ----> Look for Some/Many + Noun
6. The former/the later/ respectively
IV. VOCABULARY IN CONTEXT

1.
Look for synonyms
in the passage because the author may avoid repeating the
same word.
2.
Look for examples

-
3.
for example, for instance, such as
Look for contrast

-
but, yet, still

however, nevertheless, on the other hand,
in contrast, in spite of this
4.
41
although, even though, though, even if,

whereas, while, despite the fact that, in
spite of the fact that, except that
not
rather than, instead of
Focus on the general context and see if context clues in the sentence or in the
sentences before or after can help you guess the meaning
-
Literal Meaning >< Figurative meaning
Example: * He grasped my hand firmly

* I dont think you have quite grasped the seriousness of the situation.
V.
INFERENCE QUESTIONS
Inference Questions usually include such words as infer, imply, suggest, guess, probably, or
likely or such phrases as Why mention? What . to do next? Which of these .. is
probably true? and What ..probably do?
Answer choices to inference questions require students to
1. understand what the question is asking and know where to find the answer
in the
passage
2. relate the information in the answer choice to a synonym or paraphrase of information in
the passage; and
3. determine what is true and not true in the answer choices
Note: Answer choices that contain such words as always, never,

all, and only are usually NOT correct.
42
LISTENING STRATEGIES
PART 1: Strategies for sentences about photographs

1. Always complete each item as quickly as possible so that you can preview the photograph
for the next item. Dont wait for the statement that says, Now look at photograph number
______
2. If you are previewing a photograph that involves a person or people, ask yourself these
questions
What are the people doing?
Where are they?
43
Who are they? (Is there a uniform or a piece of equipment or anything else that indicates
their profession or role?)
What distinguishes them? (Is there a hat, a mustache, a purse, a pair of glasses, a tie or
anything else that differentiates the people?)
What do the peoples expressions tell you? (Do they look happy? Unhappy? Excited?
Bored? Upset?)
3. If you are previewing a photograph of an object, ask yourself these questions
What is it?
What is it made of?
What is it used for?
Where is it?
4. I If you are previewing a photograph of a scene, ask yourself these questions
Where is it?
What is in the foreground (the front of the picture)?
What if anything is happening?
What is in the background (the distant part of the picture)?
5. Dont mark an answer until you have heard all four choices. When you hear a choice that
you think is correct, rest your pencil on that oval on your answer sheet. If you change
your mind and hear a sentence that you think is better, move your pencil to that choice. Once
you have heard all four sentences, mark the oval that your pencil is resting on. (This technique
helps you remember which choice you think is best.)
6. Try to eliminate choices with problems in
Sound
Meaning
Sound & Meaning
7. Never leave any blanks. Always guess before going on to the next item.
8. As soon as you have finished marking the answer, stop looking at and thinking about the
photograph and move on to the next item.
PART II: Strategies for Questions/Responses

1. Identifying time
Words you might hear in the questions
Words you might hear in the answers
When did .
When will/ is/ is expected, due / be
yesterday/ last/ ago/ in (month, year)/ this

morning
at + time/ tomorrow/next/ in / this afternoon/
V-ing/ can
How long
What time
When did Christopher arrive?
When will the advertising seminar
begin?
When is Marias birthday?
When was Mr. Chen born?
When will my laundry be ready?
When does Mr. Gustavson predict the
construction of the building will be
finished?
How long will this session last?
How long has the photocopying
machine been out of order?
What time does your flight leave?
What time is the news on television?
on (date)
for/since/ over .
at
Last Wednesday.
At two oclock sharp.
On March 3.
In 1953.
In about two hours.
In about a month.
For another hour, perhaps.

Since 10:00 this morning.
At 7:30.
Its on at 11.
2. Identifying people
Who
Name/ Occupation title

A man/woman who .
Whose
Who will go with you on the business
trip?
Whos the new chef at the Fontaines
bakery?
Who did Mrs. Martelli pick to fill the
position?
Who can deliver this memo to Mr.
Wantanabe for me?
Whos going to pick him up at the
station?
Whose coffee cup is this on my desk?
Whose scarf is this?
Possessive case (Its + names)

Ms. Preston
A man who worked at the Central Pastry

Shop.
A young intern from the marketing
department was chosen.
I can do it when Ive finished typing this
letter.
I was planning to.
I was wondering where I left it!

Its Frans.
3. Identifying a thing, an action or idea

What ?
What kind/type of
Something ()
I dont know
What do you think I should wear to the party

What is the fine for overdue books?
A suit and a tie.

Its ten cents a day.
44

-
What was that loud noise I just heard?

What kind of work does Ms. Garcia do?
What kind of novel do you like?
Whats the name of the travel agency this
company uses?
What are your total production figures for this
factory?
What do you plan to do when school is
finished?
What do you estimate your firms profit will
be in December?
I dont know.
Shes a computer programmer.
I prefer adventure stories.
I think its called All Points Travel.
Over 1000 units a week.
Work for my father.
Optimistically speaking, about 20

percent.
4. Identifying an opinion
How
Whats your opinion of ?
Do you think Tom will .?
What do you think of .?
Adjectives: great/ good/ terrific/

excellent / wonderful/ happy/ busy/
terrible/ boring
Verbs: love/like/enjoy/prefer/believe/
Expressions: Its a good/great idea
How did you like that new movie?

What do you think of Scott Grahams latest
novel?
What do you think of your new supervisor?
I enjoyed it, but my husband didnt.

Its terrific.
I dont know her well enough to say.
5. Identifying a choice
-
. A or B?
. prefer?
like better?

A/B will be repeated in the answer
choice
Neither one/Both, please
Either one
45

Note: The speaker can offer a third option
-
Which does that artist produce more of

paintings or sculptures?
Will you arrive in the morning or the
evening?
Do you want milk or sugar in your coffee?
Should I wait here at the counter or follow
you back to the warehouse?
What do you think, plain or patterned carpet
in the waiting room?
Will the conference be held here or at the
headquarters?
Should they move the file cabinet to the right
or over by the copy machine?
Shall I put this file on your desk or back in the
filing cabinet?
Can you locate the files on the merger, or
should I ask Mr. Chan to do it?
Lately, she has been doing a lot of

paintings.
In the morning, I think.
Neither one.
Oh, come with me please.
Either one is fine with me.
Its scheduled for this building.
I think it looks good where it is.
Ill take it.
Ill have them ready for you in a minute.
6. Identifying an invitation, offer, request

-
Why dont we ?
Why dont you?
Dont you want to..?
I was wondering if youd like to .
Lets .
What/How about .?
Shouldnt we/ Shall we ?
Would/Wouldnt you like me to .?
Can I?
Couldnt you ?
Would you like to join us for a game of

tennis?
Would you like to order a calendar for
next year?
Shall we send you a reminder for your

next dental appointment?
Why dont we go out this evening?
Why dont we take the earlier train
home?
How about a movie when we finish up
here?
Would you mind opening you bag so I
can inspect it, sir?
Dont you want to go to the reception
OK
Id love to!
Of course
Sure
That sounds like fun/ Thats a good idea/
Great,
Yes, please (accept the offer)
No, thanks . (turn down the offer)
Thank you, but ( turn down the offer)
Sorry, Ive already made plans/ I have other
plans. ( turn down the offer)
Sorry, but ( turn down the offer)
Wed love to thanks!
- Thanks, but I already have one

- Yes, that would be helpful.
- Sorry, Ive already made plans
- Great, Im exhausted.
- Thats a good idea.
- Not at all
- Sorry, but Im not feeling well.
46
for Miss Gunther?

I was wondering if youd like to join us
for dinner this evening?
Couldnt you stop at the post office
today?
What about visiting the flower show over
the weekend?
- Sorry, I have other plans.

- I might have time after lunch.
- Wednesday afternoon would be better for me.
7. Identifying a reason
-
Why
Why is this train running late?

Why didnt you let us know youd be
late?
Why did the board of directors change its
policy?
Why did the meeting begin so early?
Why didnt Mr. Danforth bring the
situation to the attention of his
supervisor?
Why didnt you get to work on time?
Why does Ms. Ortiz want to see the
invoices?

To do sth
Because/ Because of
Note: An implied reason ( usually a certain
problem) can be given
- I think there are mechanical problems.
- I couldnt find a phone.
- There had been too many complaints.
- Everyone was in a hurry.
- He though he could handle it himself
- The traffic was terrible.
- Theres a problem with the shipment.
8. Identifying a description
-
What is like?
What does .look like?

-
an adjective or adjectives
47

-
What are your new co-workers like?

Whats the weather like here in the winter?
They seem very pleasant

Its cool and often rainy
9. Identifying manner or a method

How will/can..?
By ( a means of transport )
With
How will you get to work tomorrow?

How can we be sure that the order will arrive
on time?
How can I get more letterhead and
envelopes?
How do you handle inquiries?
Ill get my car back from the mechanic.

Express service is very reliable.
Contact Ms. McKay in the stockroom.
I send out this pamphlet.
10. Identifying a location

-
Where?
How far ?
Where should we meet so we can all go to
the game together?
Where are you staying ion Paris?
Where did Maria leave the Oceanview
contract?
How far would you say Conrad Park is from
here?
11.

-
Names of the places

Prepositions of places (in/ next to/ near/
beside/ under/ over/ on/ on top of/ at/ from/
behind/ right/ left/ downtown / at the end of
minutes away/ walk/drive
km
Lets meet at the stadium entrance.
At the Grand Hotel.

She put it in Ms. Garcias mailbox.
Its about 10-minute walk.
Yes/No Questions & Tag Questions
Do/Does/Did/ Have.?
Yes /No/ Not
Dont/ Doesnt/ Didnt ?

Have they delivered our lunch yet?
Yes, its here.
48

-
Has the director already left?
Didnt anyone train the new employee to use -
49
Yes, he had an appointment.

Mike showed him everything works.
the copier?
-
Did you ask them what time their flight would
No, I didnt think of it.
arrive?
-
Your managing director resigned yesterday, -
Yes, it was quite a surprise.
didnt he?
-
Wilma gets reimbursed for the cost of driving
Yes, but she has to submit a claim form.
Yes, it is priced fairly.
I would appreciate it
I still have time
her car to the meting, doesnt she?

-
This new product should sell well, shouldnt

it?
You want me to retype this document, dont

you?
You dont want to start a new project this late

in the day, do you?
Part 3: Short Conversations

I. Strategies
1. Between each question is an eight-second pause. That means there are twenty-four seconds
between each conversation. You can accomplish quite a bit during this time. You need to mark
50
your answers for the three questions and then preview the next three questions and answer
choices. They tell you what to listen for.
2. While listening to each conversation, keep your eyes on the corresponding set of three questions
and answer choices. Don't close your eyes or look away. Try to evaluate the four choices as you
are listening.
3. Remember that distractors are sometimes mentioned in the conversations but are not answers to
the question. Don't choose an answer just because you hear a word or two from the answer in
the conversation.
4. If the correct answer is not obvious, try to eliminate answer choices that seem to be incorrect. If
more than one answer choice is left, take a guess.
5. Mark your answers as quickly as possible so that you can preview the next item.
6. Never leave any answers blank. If you are not sure, always guess.
II. Question types

A. Overview questions
B. Detail questions
C. Inference question
A. Overview Questions
Types of over view questions
1. Questions about locations
2. Questions about occupations
3. Questions about activities
4. Questions about topic
Question Words
Where..?
Who?
What doing?
Whattalking about?
1. Questions about locations

Questions
Where are they?
Tactics
Listen for vocabulary that is associated
M: We dont have any
Where are the speakers?
with a certain location
reservations. Is it still
Where is the man/woman?
- Terminal /carousel/check-in/departure
possible for us to get a
Where is the conversation

taking place?
Examples
lounge/ gate/ hangar /run-way
table for two?
Airport
F: Youre in luck a party
51
- Rolls/cake/bread Bakery
of two just canceled their
- Stage/cast/scene/box office/ Theater
reservations. We can
- Chain/ring/necklace/bracelet Jewelry
seat you in about fifteen or
store
- Menu/terminal/keyboard Computer
store
- Bulldozer/hard hat/crane
Construction site
- Dryer/hangars/detergent
Laundromat
- Pen/envelopes/letterhead/postcard
Post office
- Account/balance/statement /checkbook /
twenty minutes.
M: Great! I was worried,
but I guess this is our
lucky night!
Where are they?
A. At a theater
B. At a party
C. At an airport
D. At a restaurant
deposit/credit/loan/ interest rates

Bank
- Surf/towel/umbrella/wave/sunbathe
Beach
- Lawyer/judge/witness/defendant/plaintiff/
jury Courtroom
- Spectators/ cheer/ clap/ match/ player
Stadium
- Lane/driver/exit Freeway
- Suite/front desk/reservation/ room/
receptionist/room service/ housekeeper
Hotel
- Waiter/waitress/bill/menu/order/table/
seat/ reservation Restaurant
2.
Questions about occupations
Who is the man/woman?
Tactics
M1: Theres something
Who are they?
with a certain occupation
wrong with this switch.
What is he/she?
- Kitchen/pot/knife Cook
Can you fix it?
Questions
Examples

What are they?
What is the man/womans
profession / occupation/jon?
- Parking tickets/law/illegal/fine
Police officer
52
M2: Its not just the switch,

Im afraid. This whole
- Class/exam/student Teacher
building needs rewiring.
- Software/keyboard/monitor
M1: But that will cost a
Computer programmer
- Money/deposit/withdrawal Bank
teller
- Order/tip/guests Waiter
- Runner/training/game Athlete
- Medicine/nurse/hospital/patient
Doctor
- Instrument/orchestra/note Musician
- Stage/drama/theater Actor
- Passenger/Fare/Tip Taxi driver
- Cash register/change/receipt Sales
clerk
- Newspaper/write/report/article
Journalist
- Switch/rewiring/ fix Electrician
fortune!
Who is the second
speaker?
A. An electrician
B. A banker
C. An engineer
D. A jeweler
F: I want to put a new
deck on the back of my
house. Do you know
anyone who does that kind
of work?
M: Why dont you ask
Thomas? He did a great
job repairing the wooden
- Pipe/sink/faucet/leak/drip/fix Plumber
stairway in my house.
- Wood/furniture/ saw/ plane/ chisels/
F: I asked him, but hes
hammer/nail Carpenter
working on a new
construction job.
Who is Tomas?
A. A sailor
B. A mechanic
C. A plumber
D. A carpenter
3. Questions about activities

Questions
What are they doing?
Tactics
Examples
M: Ive been waiting here
What is happening now?
with a certain activity
15 minutes. How often do
What is the man doing?
- Drinking coffee: cup, spoon, sugar,
the buses come?

What is going to happen?
cream, coffee break
53
W: One stops here every
- Watching a movie: film, screen,
twenty minutes
theater, popcorn
M: Good, we only have
- Going to the post office: mail, stamps,
five minutes to wait, then.
postal clerk, letter, package

- Reading a book: novel, pages, cover,
character
What are the speakers

doing?
- Making a telephone call: number,

receiver, dial, answer, hang up
A. Getting on a bus
B. Waiting for a bus
- Using a computer: keyboard, monitor,

screen, software, crash
C. Taking a taxi
D. Paying a fare
- Ordering food at a restaurant: menu,

waiter, waitress, table, drink
- Buying clothes: suit, pants, dress, skirt,
jeans, dressing room
- Eating dinner:
- Waiting for a bus:
- Moving furniture:
- Buying a plane ticket:
- Parking a car:
- Driving a car:
4. Questions about topics

Questions
What/ whom are they discussing?
associated
What are they referring to?

What
is
the
conversation?
topic
Tactics
Listen for vocabulary that is
of
the
with
certain
topic.
-
The answer choices will be
Examples
W: Is there a dress code
at your company?
M: No, but most of the
men wear coats and
54
What are they talking about?
four plausible topics. Incorrect
ties, and the women
What is the conversation about?
answers may include details
wear dresses or suits.
that are mentioned in the
W: Oh, its pretty formal
What
is
the
subject
conversation
of
the
conversation but that are not

the
main
subject
conversation
of
then.
the
What are they discussing
A. A new outfit that the
woman is wearing
B. How people dress at
the mans company
C. Where to buy
clothes for work
D. A social event that
the man attended
B. Detail Questions
Types of over view
Question Words
Examples
questions
1. Questions about time
When.?
When does Claudia want to go

to the play?
55
How often?
A. Monday
At what time?
B. Wednesday
How long?
C. Thursday
D. Saturday
W1: I need to call the theater to
order tickets for Wednesday.
W2: Why dont you see the play
over the weekend Claudia?
W1: It runs only Monday through
2. Questions about
Why did happen?
Thursday.
Why is Mrs. Sompong leaving?
reasons
Why is the man/woman going
A. To join another company

B. To start her own business
to?
Why does the man/woman
want to?
Why
is
the
man/woman
upset/ happy/ puzzled?

Why did not happen?
Why does the man/woman
not want to?
C. To enter a race
D. To
have
break
from
working
M: Do you hear about Mrs.
Sompongs resignation?
W: Yes. Our competitors made
her an offer she couldnt resist.
M: Ill wonder if theyll appoint
her as their new marketing
3. Questions about plans
manager?
man/woman What is the woman going to do?
A. Sell the camera
planning/going to do?
What
is
the
What does the man/woman
C. Fill out a form
plan to do next?
What
plan
B. Pay by check
has
been
suggested?
plan to do?
D. Write her name on the

card
M: And how would you like to
pay for the camera?
W: Could I write you a check?
M: Certainly. Ill need some form
of identification or a major credit
card.
4. Questions about
What is the matter with ?
What is Ms. Kim worried about?
problems
What is the problem here?
A. Whether she has enough
Whats wrong with

What is the man/woman
money for her vacation.

B. Whether she returned
the book on labor

concerned/ worried about?
56
dispute.
C. Whether the airline will
be operating or not.
problem?
What is bothering the
D. Whether her union will

get higher wages.
man/woman?
M: Are you all set for your

vacation on Friday, Ms. Kim?
W: Yes, but now Im waiting to
see if the airline weve booked
our return flight on will go out
on strike that day.
M: Oh yes. I head thats a
possibility. The company claims
it has no money to meet the
unions demands.
5. Questions about
What does the man/ woman
opinions
think of/ about ?

opinion of ?
How does the man/woman
6. Questions about advice
feel about ?
What is the man/womans What does Martha advise Dan
to do?
suggestion?
is
the
man/woman
suggesting?
advice?
better
work
schedule
advise to do?
What
A. make
B. Walk to the office

C. Turn on the lights
D. Give a shorter report
M: Ill never get this report
finished before the weekend.
W: Youve got to allocate your
time more carefully, Dan.
M: I guess youre right. Ill
probably wind up working at the
office all night again.
(See the strategies for part 2)
57
C. Inference Questions
Questions
What does the man/woman imply?
What is the man/woman saying

about ?
What can be said about?
What is known about ?
What can be inferred from the
conversation?
What does the man/woman mean?
What is probably true about?
What are they likely to?
Tactics
The answers for inference
Examples
What are they likely to eat
questions are not directly stated
out for lunch?
in the conversations. Instead you
A. Soup
have to draw a conclusion based
B. Salad
on the information that is
C. Sandwiches
presented by the speakers.
D. Hamburgers
Read the question carefully and

focus on one or two key words
M: Ive heard nothing but
Listen for key words that help
praise for that new health
you make a logical conclusion
food restaurant.
W: Same here. And Ive
got a coupon for the salad
bar buy one, get one
free.
M: Im always looking to
save some money. Lets
check it out for lunch
58
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TOEIC Khong Kho!!! www.facebook.

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Note 2: Twelve nouns ending in f or fe drop the f or fe and ad ves

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NOUN 2: Compound Nouns

4. Fewer/ the fewest

Less/ the least

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(1) Subject _ Verb Agreement

V + No Object /Prepositional phrase (by, in, with)

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they >< it/he/she/we

>< those (of) (plural)

b. Objective Pronouns (me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them)

c. Possessive Adjectives (my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their)

Before a Gerund: We are surprised by their nesting in such harsh

d. Possessive Pronouns (mine/yours/his/hers/ours/yours/theirs)

3. Wrong spelling ( hisself/ theirselves/ ourself/ themself)

6. Unnecessary relative pronoun >< Necessary relative pronoun

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b. After be and other linking verbs

c. Some adjectives end in ly: friendly/costly/cowardly/lovely/lively/

Ex: Ann eagerly accepted the challenge.

Ex: Ted seemed extremely curious about that topic.

Ex: A rapidly changing situation / A brightly colored dress.

Modify the whole sentence

Ex: The accident occurred incredibly quickly.

Generally, I like my class

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an agreement/ an announcement/ an attempt/an effort/ a

decision/a discovery/ an offer/a profit/ a promise/ advances in/ a

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an assignment/the dishes/ the washing-up/the shopping/ the

ironing/the cooking/a favor/homework/the laundry/ a paper//research/

2. Wrong choice of like/ alike/like or as

Ex: My results were much like Pauls

Ex: I did my experiment just as Paul did

7) As + Noun (=in the role of)

3. Wrong choice of so, such, too

1) so + adjective/adverb + that Subject + Verb

3) so + adjective + a/an + Noun (c, singular) that Subject + Verb

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4. Wrong choice of because or because of; although or in spite

because of/ due to/ on account of

in spite of/ despite

5. Wrong choice of ANOTHER or OTHER

another + Noun (singular)

another (an additional one)

Ex: Give me another.

each other / one another

6. Other word form problems

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1) no + noun >< not any

4) almost + quantifier/adjective/adverb (Word Order)

6) earliest >< soonest

11) hardly ever >< never

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25) formally (=officially) >< formerly (=previously)

laying +Object (= put/place)

lying (= not tell the truth)

30) loose (adj) >< lose (verb)