Ministry of science and education of Ukraine

National technical university of Ukraine Kyiv polytechnic institute

Report
Mobile phone

Prepared by:
Ischenko K. O
group RV-31m

Kyiv 2014

Introduction
I have chosen this topic for my report, because nowadays the mobile devices research is one of the most perspective directions of the scientific progress. A lot of its
achievements are already used in different branches of industry, science and so on. The
knowledge of this problem will be useful for any modern person, especially for the future
IT-specialist. By this reason, Ill try to show you some of the basic facts and ideas relating
to the conception of mobile phones.

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A mobile phone or cell(ular) phone is an electronic telecommunications device. Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in
turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN)(the exception are
satellite phones). Cellular networks were first introduced in the early to mid 1980s (the 1G
generation). Prior mobile phones operating without a cellular network (the so-called 0G
generation), such as Mobile Telephone Service, date back to 1946. Until the mid to late
1980s, most mobile phones were sufficiently large that they were often permanently installed in vehicles as car phones. With the advance of miniaturization, currently the vast
majority of mobile phones are handheld. In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone, a mobile phone can support many additional services such as SMS for text messaging, packet switching for access to the Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving
photos and video.
Some of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers include Alcatel, Audiovox,
BenQ-Siemens, Dopod, Fujitsu, Kyocera, LG, Motorola, NEC, Nokia, Panasonic (Matsushita Electric), Philips, Sagem, Samsung, Sanyo, Sharp, SK Teletech, Sony Ericsson, and
Toshiba.
There are also specialist communication systems related to, but distinct from mobile
phones, such as Professional Mobile Radio. Mobile phones are also distinct from cordless
telephones, which generally operate only within a limited range of a specific base station.
Technically, the term mobile phone includes such devices as satellite phones and precellular mobile phones such as those operating via MTS which do not have a cellular network, whereas the related term cell(ular) phone does not. In practice, the two terms are
used nearly interchangeably, with the preferred term varying by location.
Mock-up of the "portable phone of the future", from a mid-60s Bell System advertisement, shows a device not too different from today's mobile telephones.
Radio phones have a long and varied history that stretches back to the 1950s, with
hand-held cellular radio devices being available since 1983. Due to their low establishment costs and rapid deployment, mobile phone networks have since spread rapidly
throughout the world, outstripping the growth of fixed telephony.
In most of Europe, wealthier parts of Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America,
Australia, Canada, and the United States, mobile phones are now widely used, with the
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majority of the adult, teenage, and even child population owning one. At present India and
China have the largest growth rates of cellular subscribers in the world. The availability of
Prepaid or pay as you go services, where the subscriber does not have to commit to a long
term contract, has helped fuel this growth.
The mobile phone has become ubiquitous because of the interoperability of mobile
phones across different networks and countries. This is due to the equipment manufacturers working to meet one of a few standards, particularly the GSM standard which was designed for Europe-wide interoperability. All European nations and most Asian and African
nations adopted it as their sole standard. In other countries, such as the United States, Japan, and South Korea, legislation does not require any particular standard, and GSM coexists with other standards, such as CDMA and iDen
In less than twenty years, mobile phones have gone from being rare and expensive
pieces of equipment used by businesses to a pervasive low-cost personal item. In many
countries, mobile phones now outnumber land-line telephones, with most adults and many
children now owning mobile phones. It is not uncommon for young adults to simply own a
mobile phone instead of a land-line for their residence. In some developing countries,
where there is little existing fixed-line infrastructure, the mobile phone has become widespread. According to the CIA World Factbook the UK now has more mobile phones than
people.
With high levels of mobile telephone penetration, a mobile culture has evolved, where
the phone becomes a key social tool, and people rely on their mobile phone addressbook to
keep in touch with their friends. Many people keep in touch using SMS, and a whole culture of "texting" has developed from this. The commercial market in SMS's is growing.
Many phones even offer Instant Messenger services to increase the simplicity and ease of
texting on phones. Cellular phones in Japan, offering Internet capabilities such as NTT
DoCoMo's i-mode, offer text messaging via standard e-mail.
The mobile phone itself has also become a totemic and fashion object, with users decorating, customizing, and accessorizing their mobile phones to reflect their personality.
This has emerged as its own industry. The sale of commercial ringtones exceeded $2.5 billion in 2004. The use of a mobile phone is prohibited in some rail carriages
Mobile phone etiquette has become an important issue with mobiles ringing at funer-3-

als, weddings, movies, and plays. Users often speak at increased volume which has led to
places like bookshops, libraries, movie theatres, doctor's offices, and houses of worship
posting signs prohibiting the use of mobile phones, sometimes even installing illegal jamming equipment to prevent them. Many rail companies, particularly those providing longdistance services, offer a "quiet car" where phone use is prohibited, much like the designated non-smoking cars in the past. Mobile phone use on aircraft is also prohibited, but
because of concerns of possible interference with aircraft radio communications.
Cameraphones and videophones that can capture video and take photographs are increasingly being used to cover breaking news. Stories like the London Bombings, the Indian Ocean Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina have been reported on by cameraphone users
on news sites like NowPublic and photosharing sites like Flickr.
In Japan, cellular phone companies provide immediate notification of earthquakes and
other natural disasters to their customers free of charge. In the event of an emergency, disaster response crews can locate trapped or injured people using the signals from their mobile phones; an interactive menu accessible through the phone's Internet browser notifies
the company if the user is safe or in distress.
Mobile phones often have features beyond sending text messages and make voice
callsincluding Internet browsing, music (MP3) playback, personal organizers, e-mail,
built-in cameras and camcorders, ringtones, games, radio, Push-to-Talk (PTT), infrared
and bluetooth connectivity, call registers, ability to watch streaming video or download
video for later viewing, and serving as a wireless modem for a PC.
Mobile phones and the network they operate under vary significantly from provider to
provider, and even from nation to nation. However, all of them communicate through electromagnetic radio waves with a cell site base station, the antennas of which are usually
mounted on a tower, pole, or building.
The phones have a low-power transceiver that transmits voice and data to the nearest
cell sites, usually 5 to 8 miles (0.8 to 13 kilometres) away. When the cellular phone or data
device is turned on, it registers with the mobile telephone exchange, or switch, with its
unique identifiers, and will then be alerted by the mobile switch when there is an incoming
telephone call. The handset constantly listens for the strongest signal being received from
the surrounding base stations. As the user moves around the network, the mobile device
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will "handoff" to new cell sites.

Cell sites have relatively low-power (often only one or two Watts) radio transmitters
which broadcast their presence and relay communications between the mobile handsets
and the switch. The switch in turn connects the call to another subscriber of the same wireless service provider or to the public telephone network, which includes the networks of
other wireless carriers. The dialogue between the handset and the cell site is a stream of
digital data that includes digitized audio (except for the first generation analog networks).
The technology that achieves this depends on the system which the mobile phone operator
has adopted. Some technologies include AMPS for analog, and TDMA, CDMA, GSM,
GPRS, EV-DO, and UMTS for digital communications. Each network operator has a
unique radio frequency band.
As with many new technologies, concerns have arisen about the effects on health from
using a mobile telephone. There is a small amount of scientific evidence for an increase in
certain types of rare tumors (cancer) in long-time, heavy users. More recently a panEuropean study provided significant evidence of genetic damage under certain conditions.
Some researchers also report the mobile phone industry has interfered with further research on health risks. So far, however, the World Health Organization Task Force on
EMF effects on health has no definitive conclusion on the veracity of these allegations.
(See also electromagnetic radiation hazard.) It is generally thought, however, that RF is
incapable of producing any more than heating effects, as it is considered non-ionizing radiation; in other words, it lacks the energy to disrupt molecular bonds such as occurs in
genetic mutations.
Another controversial but more lethal health concern is the correlation with road traffic accidents. Several studies have shown that motorists have a much higher risk of collisions and losing control of the vehicle while talking on the mobile telephone simultaneously with driving, even when using "hands-free" systems. A study in The New England
Journal of Medicine reports that drivers who used mobile phones while driving were four
times more likely to crash than those who don't, a rate equal to that for drunken driving at
the .01 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level. An experiment conducted by the American television show MythBusters concluded that use of mobile phones while driving poses

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the same risk as someone operating a vehicle while under the influence of alcohol.

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Summary

By analysis we came to know that mobile phone have both positive and negative
aspect. We cannot live without its help. We need them in each and every step so that we
can perform our work smoothly and efficiently. Like, with the help of mobile phone we
can also call whoever we wish and ask about last minute things. We may take pictures at
anytime in case we dont have a digital camera. We have the ability to communicate instantly in an emergency. If we have a good plan, we dont need a home phone. Cell phones
are good to carry if you break down somewhere. New phones have calendars, and planners
and alarms so you can get rid of all three.

Having mobile phone it can cause many problems. One in particular, they need to be
charged almost every day in order to work so it wont run out of batteries. Mobile phones
save our time but we should try to use the mobile in good things only not in bad one. But
today the mobile phone has been used in unnecessary work also and has been over utilized. It is one technology which has enhanced our lifestyle not overcome us. We should
take benefits of several innovations of this technology in this globalized world. Mobile
phone in a way is very demanding and is getting its place in the market regularly no matter
it changes its features, price and others.

In conclusion mobile phones are easily acceptable new trend and it plays a vital role for
every individuals.

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Bibliography
1. http://en.wikipedia.org
2. http://www-formal.stanford.edu
3. http://www.elsevier.com
4. http://www.sciencedaily.com

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