FLUID MECHANICS

LABORATORY MANUAL

CONTENTS

Expt. No.

Name of the experiment

Cycle 1
Determination of coefficient of discharge of orifice

1.

a. Constant head method

b. Variable head method
Determination of coefficient of discharge of mouthpiece

2.

a. Constant head method

b. Variable head method

3.

Determination of coefficient of discharge of rectangular notch

4.

Determination of coefficient of discharge of triangular notch

5.

Verification of Bernoullis Theorem

6.

Flow Through Venturimeter and Orificemeter

Experiment No:

Date:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE OF

ORIFICE

a. Constant Head Method

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of orifice by constant head method

APPARATUS:
Balancing tank fitted with orifice, collecting tank, piezometer, measuring scale, stop
watch

PROCEDURE
1. Fix the given orifice to the balancing tank.
2. Operate the inlet tank valve so as to maintain the required constant head in the balancing
tank.
3. Read the head causing the flow (H) in cms.
4. Close the outlet valve of the collecting tank firmly.
5. Note the time t in seconds for h cm rise in the level of water in the collecting tank
6. Repeat the steps for different constant heads, taking a minimum of six readings.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Diameter of orifice

cm

Rise of water in collecting tank

cm

Area of orifice

Area of collecting tank

lxb

cm2

cm2

Actual discharge

Qa

cm3/sec

Theoretical velocity

Vt

cm/sec

Theoretical discharge

Qt

= a

cm3/sec

Coefficient of discharge

Cd

Qa / Qt

Table 1.1

Sl.

Head

Time

taken Volume

No:

causing

for h cm water

the flow

rise of water collected

of Actual
discharge

Theoretical

Coefficient

discharge

of
discharge

in collecting
tank
H, cm

t, sec

RESULT:
Coefficient of discharge of orifice =
GRAPHS
Plot Qa v/s
Plot Qt v/s
Plot Cd v/s

V, cm3

Qa , cm3/sec

Qt , cm3/sec

b. Variable Head Method

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of orifice by variable head method

APPARATUS:
Balancing tank fitted with orifice, collecting tank, piezometer, measuring scale, stop
watch

PROCEDURE
1. Fix the given orifice to the balancing tank.
2. Operate the inlet tank to allow water flowing into the balancing tank.
3. Close the inlet valve, when the balancing tank is completely filled with water.
4. Note the head when the balancing tank is completely full (H1)
5. Note the time taken for the fall of head from H1 to H2
6. Repeat the steps for different variable heads, taking a minimum of six readings.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Diameter of orifice

cm

Area of orifice

Area of balancing tank

Coefficient of discharge

Cd

Cd =

lxb

cm2

cm2

Table 1.2
Sl.

Head

Time

No:

for

H1

H2

cm

cm

taken
fall

discharge

t, sec

Cd

Coefficient of discharge of orifice =

Plot t v/s

of

head

RESULT:

GRAPHS

in

Coefficient

Experiment No:

Date:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE OF MOUTHPIECE

a. Constant Head Method

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of mouthpiece by constant head method
APPARATUS:
Balancing tank fitted with mouthpiece, collecting tank, piezometer, measuring scale, stop
watch
PROCEDURE
1. Fix the given mouthpiece to the balancing tank.
2. Operate the inlet tank valve so as to maintain the required constant head in the
balancing tank.
3. Read the head causing the flow (H) in cms.
4. Close the outlet valve of the collecting tank firmly.
5. Note the time t in seconds for h cm rise in the level of water in the collecting tank
6. Repeat the steps for different constant heads, taking a minimum of six readings.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Diameter of mouthpiece

= cm

Rise of water in collecting tank

= cm

Area of mouthpiece

cm2

Area of collecting tank

= lxb

cm2

Actual discharge

Qa

cm3/sec

Theoretical velocity

Vt

cm/sec

Theoretical discharge

Qt

= a

cm3/sec

Coefficient of discharge

Cd

= Qa / Qt

Table 2.1

Sl.

Head

Time

taken Volume

No:

causing

for h cm water

the flow

rise of water collected

of Actual
discharge

Theoretical

Coefficient

discharge

of
discharge

in collecting
tank
H, cm

t, sec

V, cm3

RESULT:

Coefficient of discharge of mouthpiece =

GRAPHS
Plot Qa v/s
Plot Qt v/s
Plot Cd v/s

Qa , cm3/sec

Qt , cm3/sec

b. Variable Head Method

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of mouthpiece by variable head method
APPARATUS:
Balancing tank fitted with mouthpiece, collecting tank, piezometer, measuring scale, stop watch
PROCEDURE
1. Fix the given mouthpiece to the balancing tank.
2. Operate the inlet tank to allow water flowing into the balancing tank.
3. Close the inlet valve, when the balancing tank is completely filled with water.
4. Note the head when the balancing tank is completely full (H1)
5. Note the time taken for the fall of head from H1 to H2
6. Repeat the steps for different variable heads, taking a minimum of six readings.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Diameter of mouthpiece

= cm

Area of mouthpiece

Area of balancing tank

Coefficient of discharge

Cd

Cd

lxb

cm2

cm2

Table 2.2
Sl.

Head

Time

No:

for

H1

H2

cm

cm

taken
fall

discharge

t, sec

Cd

Coefficient of discharge of mouthpiece =

Plott v/s

of

head

RESULT:

GRAPHS

in

Coefficient

Experiment No:

Date:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE OF RECTANGULAR

NOTCH

AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of rectangular notch
APPARATUS:
Flume, hook gauge, rectangular notch, piezometer, stop-watch, collecting tank, measuring
scale
PROCEDURE
1. Note the dimension of notch
2. Open the inlet valve and allow the water level to rise only till the sill of the notch
3. Adjust the pointer of the hook gauge so that it coincides with the water surface and note
the reading on the hook gauge (H )
4. Operate the inlet valve so that water flows over the notch to some height.
5. Note this water level by means of hook gauge (H1)
6. Note the time t in seconds for h cm rise in the level of water in the collecting tank
7. Repeat the steps at different discharges

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Length of notch

= cm

Rise of water in collecting tank

= cm

Sill level reading

Hs

= cm

cm2

cm3/sec

cm3/sec

Area of collecting tank

Actual discharge

Qa

Theoretical discharge

Qt

lxb

Coefficient of discharge

Cd

= Qa / Qt
Table 3.1

Sl.

Hook

No: gauge
reading

Water level

Time

taken Volume

above the

for

sill

rise of water collected

Actual

cm of water discharge

Theoretical

Coefficient

discharge

of
discharge

in collecting
tank
H1,

(H=HS-H1),

t,

V,

Qa

cm

cm

sec

cm3

cm3/sec

RESULT:

Coefficient of discharge of rectangular notch =

GRAPHS
Plot H v/s Qa
Plot H (3/2) v/s Qa
Plot H v/s Cd

, Qt ,
cm3/sec

Cd

Experiment No:

Date:

DETERMINATION OF COEFFICENT OF DISCHARGE OF TRIANGULAR

NOTCH
AIM:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of triangular notch
APPARATUS:
Flume, hook gauge, triangular notch, piezometer, stop-watch, collecting tank, measuring scale
PROCEDURE
1. Note the dimension of notch
2. Open the inlet valve and allow the water level to rise only till the sill of the notch
3. Adjust the pointer of the hook gauge so that it coincides with the water surface and note
the reading on the hook gauge (H )
4. Operate the inlet valve so that water flows over the notch to some height.
5. Note this water level by means of hook gauge (H1)
6. Note the time t in seconds for h cm rise in the level of water in the collecting tank
7. Repeat the steps at different discharges

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION

Length of notch

= cm

Rise of water in collecting tank

= cm

Sill level reading

Hs

= cm
=

Angle of notch
Area of collecting tank

Actual discharge

Qa

Theoretical discharge

Coefficient of discharge

Qt

Cd

lxb

cm2

cm3/sec

5
8

Cd tan 2 g H 2 cm3/sec
15
2

= Qa / Qt

Table 4.1
Sl.

Hook

No: gauge
reading

Water level

Time

taken Volume

above the

for

sill

rise of water collected

Actual

cm of water discharge

Theoretical

Coefficient

discharge

of
discharge

in collecting
tank
H1,

(H=HS-H1),

t,

V,

Qa

cm

cm

sec

cm3

cm3/sec

RESULT:

Coefficient of discharge of rectangular notch =

GRAPHS
Plot H v/s Qa
Plot H v/s Cd

, Qt ,
cm3/sec

Cd

Experiment No:

Date:

Verification of Bernoullis Theorem

Aim
To verify Bernoullis theorem experimentally.

Apparatus Required
1. Bernoullis apparatus.
2. Stop watch
3. Ruler
Experimental Procedure
1. Measure the internal dimensions of the collecting tank.
2. Open the supply valve carefully so as to allow uniform flow through the venturimeter.
3. Eject the air bubbles in the piezometer tubes from the datum line.
4. Measure the head of water in all the piezometer tubes from the datum line.
5. Collect the water in the collecting tank for a rise in height of 5 cm or 10 cm and note the
time t in secs.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 get atleast 3 sets of readings and tabulate them

Observations and Recordings

Length of the collecting tank -------------------Width of the collecting tank----------------------

m
m

Table 5.1

Velocity
S.No.

Pressure Head
h m

Discharge
3

Q m /sec

Area

Velocity
2

A m

v m/sec

head
2

V /2g
m

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

Calculations
1. Area of the Collecting tank, A

Length x Width

2. Time for 5 cm water rise in collecting tank =

---------- sec

3. Discharge Q

A x 5x10-2/time

4. Velocity in pipe at each section vi

Q/Ai

5. Pressure head

6. Velocity head

v2/2g

7. Total head

h+v2/2g

Result and Inference

Total head
h+v2/2g
m

Experiment No:

Date:

FLOW THROUGH VENTURIMETER AND ORIFICEMETER

AIM
1. Determine the actual discharge by collecting water of known volume for a known period
of time.
2. Calculate the theoretical discharge using Bernoullis laws
3. Calculate the coefficient of venturimeter and Orificemeter
4. Draw graphs showing the relationship between 1. Qa and h 2. Qa and

3. K and hm

PRINCIPLE
The velocity of flow is obtained by applying Bernoullis theorem. The theoretical discharge is
calculated using the velocity obtained. The actual discharge is determined by collecting water
over a known period of time.
PROCEDURE
1. Record the diameters of the inlet (d1) and throat (d2) of the venturimeter or the orifice
diameter (d2) of the orificemeter. The mercury levels in the manometer limbs should be
the same.
2. Open the gate valve and allow water to flow through the pipe.
3. Eject air bubbles, if any, by slowly releasing the cock.
4. Note the mercury levels (h1, h2) in the two limbs of the manometer.
5. Measure the internal dimensions of the collecting tank (length (l cm) and breadth (b cm)).
6. Note the initial water level (H1) in the collecting tank.
7. Note the time (t) in seconds required for the water level in the collecting tank to rise to a
known height (H2).
8. Repeat steps 2 to 7 for six different discharge rates

OBSERVATIONS
Manometer
Sl.

h=

Rise of

Time

Qactual

Theoretical

Coefficient

water level

taken for

= AH/t

discharge

of discharge

in the

collection

m3/sec

(Qt)

Cd = Qa/Qt

h1 h2 X =

collecting

(t) in sec

(h1-

tank (h) in

h2)

readings

No

CALCULATION
Area of cross section of inlet (a1) = .m2
Area of cross section of throat (a2)=m2
Area of cross section of collecting tank (a) = ..m2
Volume of water collected in collecting tank (V) = a x H = ..m2
Actual discharge (Qa) = V/t = m3/sec
Theoretical discharge (Qt) =
Where h is the difference in pressure head in meters
Coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter = K = Qa/Qt

ORIFICEMETER
CALCULATION
Area of cross section of inlet (a1) = .m2
Area of cross section of throat (a2)=m2
Areaof cross section of collecting tank (a) = ..m2
Volume of water collected in collecting tank (V) = a x H = ..m2
Actual discharge (Qa) = V/t = m3/sec

Theoretical discharge (Qt) =

Where h is the difference in pressure head in meters
Coefficient of discharge of Orificemeter = K = Qa/Qt

RESULT
Coefficient of discharge of Orificemeter = K

Graphs:
Qa vs h
Qa vs
K vs h