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Definition
Types of Matrices
Operations of Matrices
Row Echelon & Reduced Echelon Forms
Algebra of Matrices
Inverses of Matrices
Matrix Equations
DEFINITION
An m x n matrix is a rectangular array of numbers with m rows
and n columns.
DESCRIBING MATRICES (Rows and Columns)
A matrix consists of a set of numbers arranged in rows and
columns enclosed in brackets.
6 10
The matrix 5 3
0 2
Row 1
Row 2
Row 3
6 10
5 3
0 2
6 is an element of a
matrix
Column 1 Column 2
The size or dimension of a matrix gives the number of rows
followed by the number of columns in a matrix. The size of a matrix
with 3 rows and 2 columns is 3x2 or 3 by 2.
5 9 6 0
C
8
1
12
3
2 3
Example 1:
2 4 5
A
a12 (read as a one two') = 4 (first row, second
7 8 9
column)
a13 = 5,
a21 = 7,
a22 = 8,
a23 = 9
3. A zero matrix or a null matrix is a matrix that has all its elements
zero.
0 0 0
O
0 0 0
6 3
T
0
4
7 1 0
V 2
3 2
9 5
6
3 0 0
B 0 8 0
0 0 2
B is a diagonal matrix
1 0 0
I 0 1 0
0 0 1
I is an identity matrix of
order 3.
4 0 0
A 0 4 0
0 0 4
B
0
5
0 6 1 / 2
0 0 3
2 0
2 3
0
1
1
2
B
1 / 2 4
0
5
0
0 0
2 3
0
0
Linear system
Augmented matrix
3 x 2 y z 5
x 3y z 0
x 4 z 11
3 2 1
1 3 1
1 0 4
0
11
system is a 3 x 4 matrix.
Ri kR j Ri
kRi
Ri R j
Description
Change the ith row by adding k times row j
to it, then put the result back in row i.
Multiply the ith row by k.
Interchange the ith and jth
rows.
x 2 y 2 z 10
3x y 5 z 14
augmented matrix.
GAUSSIAN ELIMINATION
1
0
0
0 1 0 3
1
0 01
2
0 0 0 0
3 0 0
Leading 1s
have 0s above
and below
them.
Row-echelon
form
1
0
3 6 10
0
0
0
0
1 4 3
1
0 1
2
0 0 0
Leading 1s
shift to the
right in
successive
rows.
Not in row-echelon
form
1
0
1
0
0
1
0 7
2
3 4 5
0 1 0.4
1 0 0
Leading 1s do
not shift to the
right in
successive
rows.
1
0
1
0 1
0 0
1
0 1
0 0 1
Types of Solutions
There are three types of solutions which are possible when solving a
system of linear equations
1. Independent
Consistent
Unique Solution
A row-reduced matrix has the same number of non-zero rows
as variables
The left hand side is usually the identity matrix, but not
necessarily
There must be at least as many equations as variables to get an
independent solution.
x y z
rhs
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
3
1
2
2. Dependent
Consistent
Many solutions
Write answer in parametric form
A row-reduced matrix has more variables than non-zero rows
There doesn't have to be a row of zeros, but there usually is.
This could also happen when there are less equations than
variables.
x y z
3
1 0
0 1 2
0 0 0
rhs
4
3
0
3. Inconsistent
No Solution
A row-reduced matrix has a row of zeros on the left side, but
the right hand side isn't zero.
x y z
3
1 0
0 1 2
0 0 0
rhs
4
3
2
1. 3x 8 y 5 z 11
2 x y 12 z 17
x 3 y 2 z 12
2. 2 x 5 y 5 z 14
x 2 y 12 z 20
3x 5 y 36 z 10
3. x
7z 5
x y 10 z 4
2 6 1
P
0 5 3
2 6 1
Q
0
5
3
1 2
A 3 4
5 6
1 2 3
B
4
5
6
y
x 3 1 6
5
z
3
5
Solution:
Equate the corresponding elements and solve for the
variables.
x+3=6
x=3
y = 1
z 3 = 4
z=7
1. Matrix Addition
We can only add matrices of the same size.
Example:
Matrix addition is very simple; we just add the corresponding elements.
2 11 0 5 ( 11)
20
5
4
7
47
9
1
9
10 3 6 8 10 (6) 3 (8)
2
6
11
10
4 11
It is not possible to add matrices that do not have the same size, as
shown in the following example:
7 9
2 7 2 3 8
9 0 3
5 1
Matrix Subtraction
Similarly, we can only subtract matrices of the same order.
Example:
We subtract the corresponding elements.
3 3
0 7 ( 3)
7
5
8 1 5 8
9
11 2 3 4 11 ( 3)
10 3
3 8
14 2
30
9 1
2 (4)
9 0 3
5 1
2. SCALAR MULTIPLICATION
The scalar product cA is the m x n matrix obtained by
multiplying each entry of A by c.
cA caij
2 3
0
5
Example: Given
. Find 5A.
1
7
2
Solution:
2 3 10 15
5A 50 5 0 25
1
5
7 35
2
2
2. (A + B) + C = A + ( B + C)
3. c(dA) = cdA
4. (c + d) A = cA + dA
c(A + B) = cA + cB
2 3
A
5
1
4 1
B
1
3
3. MATRIX MULTILICATION
j = 1,. . . ,n.
Example:
1
Given A
2
3 1
2 1
0 1
and
B
0
1
2 3
Find C = AB
Solution:
Step 1 : Multiply the elements in the first row of A with the
corresponding elements in the first column of B. Add the products to
get the element C 11
Step 2 : Multiply the elements in the first row of A with the corresponding
elements in the second column of B. Add the products to get the element C 12
Step 4 : Multiply the elements in the second row of A with the corresponding
elements in the second column of B. Add the products to get the element C 22
This means that we can only multiply two matrices if the number of
elements in the column of the first matrix is equal to the number of
elements in the row of the second matrix.
size
Checking the sizes of the matrices will also help you to make sure that
you multiplied the elements in the correct way.
Take note that matrix multiplication is not commutative that is
ABBA