Solar Roof Top in Thailand

Presentation outline

Solar Systems in Thailand Opportunity and

Market Development

Solar potential in Thailand

Technology and system overview

The project development process

Key components of a PV

Key risks/issues to beware of and the mitigation measures,

particularly in Thailand

Case studies on PV project developments

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Global variations in irradiation

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PV applications
The photovoltaic technology can be used in several types of applications:
Grid-connected domestic systems

Consumer goods

Off-grid systems for rural electrification

Off-grid industrial applications

Grid-Connected
Power Plants
Solar Farms also known as PV
farms, BIPV and roof- top PV
systems or so called largescale centralized PV grid
connected systems produce
electricity from the sun and
sell the electricity to the utility
grid.

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The PV project development process

10 good reasons to switch to solar photovoltaic electricity
1. The fuel is free
2. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases
3. PV systems are very safe and highly reliable
4. The energy pay-back time of a module is constantly decreasing
5. PV Modules can be recycled and therefore the materials reused in the production
6. It requires low maintenance
7. It brings electricity to remote rural areas
8. It can be aesthetically integrated in buildings (BIPV)
9. It creates thousands of jobs
10. It contributes to improving the security of Asia's energy supply
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General considerations for large scale PV projects

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The PV project development process

1 Step:
Pre-Development

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Find reliable power purchaser and/or markets

Determine the pre-feasibility and expected output
Obtain all licenses like for example: PPA, grid connection and other local licenses
Secure the land; buy or lease decision

2nd Step:
Technical

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Select the most efficient technology for the chosen location

Find a reliable turn-key contractor
Obtain binding proposals
Select all suppliers and contractors

3 Step:
Finance

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Prepare a full feasibility study and business plans

Establish access to capital and banks
Sign all finance related contracts
Sign EPC contract and order all components

4 Step:
Implementation

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System installation
Secure agreements to meet all O&M needs
Connect the system to the grid
Finalize all documents and approvals to start the actual electricity sales

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Keep it simple and sustainable

| Environmental friendly: for each kWh of electricity produced, 0.5 kg of CO2 are avoided
| Virtually maintenance free and reliable technology providing with predictable and un-interrupted
output for more than 20 years

solar radiation

photovoltaic modules

direct current

inverter

alternative current

public grid

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Modules
Modules

Wafer technology
90 % market share

Mono-crystalline
Efficiency = 16%

Polycrystalline
Efficiency = 14%

Thin-Film technology
10 % market share

A-SI:H
Efficiency = 6 - 9%

Micro-Crystalline
Efficiency = 8%

Other technologies

CdTe
Efficiency = 10 %

CIS
Efficiency = 7 - 12%

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Centralized or decentralized system design?

Decentralized System Design

Centralized System Design

| Suitable for systems in the lower MW range

| Suitable for systems in the multi-MW range

| Easy to install

| More cost efficient for large scale power plants

| Less complicated to maintain

| Especially suitable for systems with

homogeneous solar generator types

| Especially suitable for systems with different

integrated solar generator types

| High output efficiencies

| High output efficiencies

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Mounting systems

Fix system

1-axis

2-axis

Output

100%

115 %

125%

Occupied area

100%

100-120%

200%

100%

106%

120%

Maintenance
Cost

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Monitoring and control

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Monitoring of central inverters, tracking

system and connection boxes
Readout of inverter and string data
Shows system status of all components
and initiates alarm

Internet portal

Analysis software

Alarm function

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Key risk factors and mitigation strategies for PV projects in Thailand

Project Phase

Technical

Financial

Government

Key Risks

Mitigation Strategies

| Special component certification

requirements by the local authorities

| Select only components which fullfill all

local requirements

| Grid-connection related problems

| Component supply shortages

| Build a close relationship the local grid

owner
| Use strong suppliers and EPC partners

| Banks have limited experiences in PV

debt financing, structures and risks

| Early relationship building with the

bank is crucial

| Special country related documentation

is normally needed

| Detailed, creditable and in-depth

documentation

| There is only a limited amount of equity

investors for PV projects in Asia

| Early relationship building with possible

equity partners is a crucial

| Local suppliers could be protected by

high duties or other regulations

| Use of local suppliers for keycomponents

| High country and political risks

| Use of local banks and investors

| Higher risk for sudden changes in the

subsidy policies

| Use of local government funding and

support
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24MW SinAnSolar PV power plant case sample

| Location: Sinan-gun, Jeolla-do, South Korea
| Project Area: 660,000 m2
| Annual Output: 33,000 MWh/ 7,200 HH equivalent
| System Type: Single Axis Tracking System
| Module Type
| Conergy 180W Crystalline 108,864 modules
| 3rdParty 200W Crystalline 21,792 modules
| Construction Period: May 2007 through September 2008
| EPC Contractor: Dong Yang Engineering
| The SinAnpower plant is the largest PV facility in South Korea
| The worlds largest solar power plant with tracking systems.

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21.2 MW El Calaveron PV power plant case sample

Location: El Calavern
Start of operation: September 2008
Output: 21.2 MWp
No. of modules: 96,000
Surface covered: 100 hectares
It will produce approximately
40,000 MWh environment-friendly
power annually.

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