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Lecture 1
Course Introduction
and the
Five Components of a Computer
EEM 486
Course Information
http://www.eem.anadolu.edu.tr/Dersler.aspx
Text:
Lec 1.2
Grading
Grading
Midterm I:
Midterm II:
Homeworks+Labs
Final:
20%
20%
20%
40% (30%Exam + 10%Labs)
Lec 1.3
Lec 1.4
Introduction
This course is all about how computers work
But what do we mean by a computer?
Different types: desktop, servers, embedded devices
Different uses: automobiles, graphics, finance, genomics
Different manufacturers: Intel, Apple, IBM, Microsoft, Sun
Different underlying technologies and different costs!
Historical Perspective
ENIAC built in World War II was the first general
purpose computer
Used for computing artillery firing tables
80 feet long by 8.5 feet high and several feet wide
Each of the twenty 10 digit registers was 2 feet long
Used 18,000 vacuum tubes
Performed 1900 additions per second
Lec 1.7
Technology
Rapidly changing field:
Moores Law
transistor capacity doubles every 18-24 months
Lec 1.8
Moores Law
IBM latest POWER5 has
276 million transistors
Intel Dual-Core Xeon (P4based Tulsa) w/ 16MB unified
L3: 1.328 billion, 2006
2,25
0
P4 Extreme Ed.
178 millions w/
2MB L3
42 millions
Core 2 Duo
(Conroe) 291
millions, July
2006
Exponential growth
Lec 1.10
Feature Size
Lec 1.12
Computer Architecture =
Instruction Set Architecture +
Machine Organization
Lec 1.13
Firmware
Instruction Set
Architecture
Processor Organization
Capabilities & performance characteristics of principal functional
units, e.g., Registers, ALU, Shifters, Logic Units, ...
Ways in which these components are interconnected
Information flows between components
Logic and means by which such information flow is controlled
Choreography of FUs to realize the ISA
Register Transfer Level (RTL) Description
Lec 1.15
software
instruction set
hardware
Lec 1.16
main() {
int i,b,c,a[10];
for (i=0; i<10; i++)
a[2] = b + c*i;
}
Compiler
ISA
lw r2, mem[r7]
add r3, r4, r2
st
r3, mem[r8]
Assembler
Lec 1.17
Processor
Input
Control
Memory
Datapath
Output
Lec 1.19
Machine Organization
Components:
input (mouse, keyboard)
output (display, printer)
memory (disk drives, DRAM, SRAM, CD)
network
Lec 1.20
21
Lec 1.21
22
Lec 1.22
23
Lec 1.23
So much to learn!
Lec 1.24
Input
Multiplicand
32
Multiplicand
Register
32=>34
signEx
<<1
1
32
34
34
32=>34
signEx
34x2 MUX
34
34
Multi x2/x1
Arithmetic
Sub/Add
34-bit ALU
Control
Logic
34
32
32
ShiftAll
LO register
(16x2 bits)
Prev
LoadLO
ClearHI
LoadHI
32
Result[HI]
Booth
Encoder
HI register
(16x2 bits)
LO[1]
Extra
2 bits
"LO
[0]
"
Single/multicycle
Datapaths
LoadMp
ENC[2]
ENC[1]
ENC[0]
LO[1:0]
32
Result[LO]
1000!
CPU!
Moores Law
10!
DRAM
9%/yr.
DRAM (2X/10 yrs)
1!
WB
198
2!
3!
198
4!
198
5!
198
6!
198
7!
198
8!
198
9!
199
0!
199
1!
199
2!
199
3!
199
4!
199
5!
199
6!
199
7!
199
8!
199
9!
200
0!
Exec Mem
Processor-Memory
Performance Gap:
(grows 50% / year)
198
0!
198
1!
198
IFetch Dcd
Performance
EEM 486
100!
Proc
60%/yr.
(2X/1.5yr)
IFetch Dcd
Exec Mem
WB
Time
IFetch Dcd
Exec Mem
IFetch Dcd
WB
Exec Mem
WB
Pipelining
I/O
Memory Systems
Lec 1.25
Summary
All computers consist of five components
Processor: (1) datapath and (2) control
(3) Memory
(4) Input devices and (5) Output devices
Lec 1.26