Lecture 2

Instructor: Omar Faruque

FAMU-FSU College of Engineering
Acknowledgement:
Fall 2014
Some materials are collelcted from the
Internet

Primary Sources
Marine and Hydro-kinetic
Dam
Wave
Tide
Fossil Fuel
Coal
oil
Natural gas
Sunlight
Photovoltaic Cell (PV)
Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
Earth
Geothermal
Wind
Bio-fuel
8/28/2014

Conversion into Electrical Energy

Kinetic to Electrical- Generator
Chemical to Electrical- Battery, Fuel cell
Solar radiation to Electrical- Photovoltaic (PV)

8/28/2014

Generators
Use kinetic energy to generate electric currents.
A moving magnet pushes the electrons along a wire.

Michael Faraday 17911867

invented the generator in
1831.

What do we need to make a generator

for a power station?
Strong magnets
Lots of wire
then lots of

Kinetic energy
to turn the generator.
6

Factories, homes and schools

need huge amounts of energy
Generators in
power stations supply
electricity to factories,
homes, commercial places
and schools.
These generators are
in power stations

and are huge!

7

Generators in power stations are

very,very big
Huge generators
need huge amounts
of energy.

The energy turns

the generators.
The electric
current carries the
energy to where it
is needed.
Size of a person
8

How can a generator be turned?

Steam can be used
to turn a turbine
to turn the generator.
Turbine

Source
of
steam
9

A coal power station

electric
current
10

Source: wikipedia

How can water be heated to make steam?

Old way: The smoke from burning coal is
dirty and pollutes the atmosphere.
Burn coal Also produces lots of carbon

dioxide which is a green house gas

heats up the Earth.

Newer way: Gas is cleaner than coal but still makes

lots of carbon dioxide
Burn gas
What will happen if the world runs out of coal and gas?
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Steam from nuclear energy

Nuclear reactors can be used

- to split atoms
- to release energy
- to boil water
to make steam
- to turn the generators.
This does not cause pollution
but some waste is
very dangerous and has to be
handled very carefully.
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splits to give

Steam from the Earth

5000 C

- giving energy
to generate
electricity.
In some countries there
are hot rocks close to the
surface of the Earth.
13

70000 C

Energy from the Earth

In some countries energy

from the Earth can be used

to boil water
to turn generators.

This does not cause

pollution
and will not run out.
NREL geo pacific gas and electric

But is not an option in the USA ! At least I do not know

It

would need very very deep holes!

14

Bioenergy

http://www.repp.org/bioenergy/bioenergy-cycle-med2.jpg

Types of Biomass

Using natural materials to turn

into fuel or forms of combustible

energy.
Mostly plants and plant
products

Electricity from waste

Vegetation and animal dung give off energy as they rot.

This can be used to heat homes and greenhouses directly.

Also waste can be burned

- to boil water
- to make steam
- to turn generators.

The process uses up waste.

But produces carbon dioxide.
May be insufficient
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Municipal Solid Waste

http://www.eeingeorgia.org/eic/images/landfill.jpg

Landfill Gasses

Boyle, Renewable Energy, Oxford University Press (2004)

Bio-mass/Bio-fuels

Drawbacks?
1. May cause shortage
in the food chain
2. Does not reduce the
green house effect

I Love you Plants

How else can we turn a generator

without polluting the Earth?
Use flowing water.

top of dam

Hoover Dam in USA 220m high

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Hydroelectricity

Running water turns the generator

Water
from a
mountain
lake

(Tennessee Valley Authority)

Does not pollute the atmosphere.

The dam must be high in mountains.
Some dam forced
human and other animals to migrate
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Hydro
The main problem
is we need water

8/28/2014

Other Impacts of Hydroelectric Dams

Source: Google

Waves and Tides

Energy from

waves can be used

to turn
generators.

Does not cause pollution.

There are more problems to solve, needs more
investment in research.
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Oceanic Energy

Tidal Turbines (Swanturbines)

Direct drive to generator
No gearboxes
Gravity base
Versus a bored foundation
Fixed pitch turbine blades
Improved reliability
But trades off efficiency

http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm

Tapered Channel (Tapchan)

http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/sources/renewable/ocean.html

Ocean Wave Conversion System

http://www.sara.com/energy/WEC.html

We can make a windmill

When you blow the
windmill it turns.
The moving air
pushes the blades
round.

What happens
if you blow
harder?
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Wind can turn generators

Many years ago

windmills were used to turn
mill stones to grind grain.

Now modern wind turbines

are used to turn generators.

Do not pollute the air.

Wind is not used up.

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Off-shore Wind Power

-These giant
turbines spin
from strong
winds which
spins a
generator to
produce
energy.

Drawback

Oh and the wind has to blow.

US Wind Energy Capacity

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
reported on Aug. 18, 2014 that the United
States is ranked second in installed
capacity in the world.
After a modest growth in 2013, total
installed wind power capacity in the
United States now stands at 61 GW, which
meets nearly 4.5 percent of electricity
demand in an average year

Wind potential in US

8/28/2014

35

Recent Capacity
Enhancements
Currently, The biggest wind turbine is built by
Vestas model V164 8.0MW
The second biggest is
Enercon E126 7.5MW

2000
850 kW
265

Source: Google

2003
1.8 MW
350

2006
5 MW
600

Costs Nosedive Winds Success

$0.40

38 cents/kWh

$0.30
$0.20

3.5-5.0
cents/kWh

$0.10
$0.00
1980

1984

1988

1991

1995

2000

2005

Levelized cost at good wind sites in nominal dollars,

not including tax credit

Energy from the Sun

NASA

38

Solar cells
Use solar cells to change the energy in sunlight
into electricity
no generator needed
- needs lots of sunlight.
Solar
cells

traffic
sign
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parking meter

The space station has huge solar panels

The
International
Space Station
uses solar
panels to
collect energy,
making it
possible for
scientists to
live on board
and do
experiments.
40

The framework is 109 metres long.

NASA

Solar Power

Power is produced by

using photovoltaic (PV)

cells, which capture
sunlight and turns that
into energy.
Concentrated solar Plant
(CSP) generates steam
which drives turbine to
produce electricity
Drawbacks?
1. High installation cost
2. The sun needs to shine all the time

Large Scale PV

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_panel

PV Cell Efficiencies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Nrel_best_research_pv_cell_efficiencies.png

Solar Thermal Plant in Seville, Spain)

Solar energy potential in USA

8/28/2014

45

Fusion
Makes the Sun shine.
Scientists are finding ways to get huge amounts of

energy.
when small atoms join together,
energy is given out
like in the Sun.

Will not run out.

Does not pollute the air.
The future? Hmmmmm.!
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gives

Energy Sources:
Fossil fuels
Coal
Gas
Oil

- pollution
- pollution sources do not run out
Renewable
-Hydroelectricity
pollution
needs mountains

Wind - only works when wind blowing

Waste & rotting vegetation greenhouse gases
Sunlight best in sunny countries
Geothermal only in countries with hot springs
Waves small scale only so far

Energy from nuclear reactions

Fission waste needs very careful handling
Fusion waste less dangerous

will not run out - but very difficult !

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Renewable Energy situation in

USA
What is Renewable?
-Naturally replenished
-Clean, safe and not harmful to the
environment

FACTS and Figures on Renewable

Energy Integration

In June 2012, renewable

energy generation in the US

reached to 14.3% of total
generation1.
Renewable energy could
provide up to 600-700 (GW)
by 2025 !
DOE targets 20%
penetration by 2020 and
80% by 2050
Largest PV plant in US has
reached close to 400 MW
(built by First Solar in
Arizona)
1

US Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly, June 2011.

8/28/2014

4
9

Overall
Good

Technology needs improvement

Hydropower

Solar

Geothermal

Wind
Biofuels
Others

Re-cap
A generator generates an electric current
by moving magnets near a coil of wire.
We need a source of energy to turn the
generator:
Burn fossil fuels?
Nuclear reactions?
Renewable energy?

You will have to choose !

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