IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO.

3, MARCH 2010

1017

Zero-Voltage- and Zero-Current-Switching

Full-Bridge Converter With Secondary Resonance
Eung-Ho Kim and Bong-Hwan Kwon, Member, IEEE

AbstractA zero-voltage- and zero-current-switching fullbridge (FB) converter with secondary resonance is presented and
analyzed. The primary side of the converter is composed of FB
insulated-gate bipolar transistors, which are driven by phase-shift
control. The secondary side is composed of a resonant tank and
a half-wave rectifier. Without an auxiliary circuit, zero-voltage
switching (for leading-leg switches) and zero-current switching
(for lagging-leg switches) are achieved in the entire operating
range. To implement the converter without an additional inductor, the leakage inductance of the transformer is utilized as the
resonant inductor. Due to its many advantages, including high efficiency, minimum number of devices, and low cost, this converter
is attractive for high-voltage and high-power applications. The
analysis and design considerations of the converter are presented.
A prototype was implemented for an application requiring a 5-kW
output power, an input-voltage range varying from 250 to 350 V,
and a 350-V output voltage. The experimental results obtained
from a prototype verify the analysis. The prototypes efficiency at
full load is over 95.5%.
Index TermsPhase shift, series resonant, zero-voltage and
zero-current switching (ZVZCS).

I. I NTRODUCTION
N high-frequency and high-power converters, it is desirable
to use insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) for primary
switches and to utilize soft-switching techniques such as zerovoltage switching (ZVS) and zero-current switching (ZCS)
[1][24]. IGBTs can handle higher voltage and higher power
with lower cost compared with MOSFETs, so IGBTs have been
replacing MOSFETs in applications requiring several or several
tens of kilowatt power [5][13]. In high-frequency converters,
soft-switching techniques are widely used to reduce the switching loss that results from high switching frequency [1][33].
In MOSFETs, because of high drainsource capacitance, ZVS
is more effective than ZCS. On the other hand, in IGBTs,
because of the tail-current characteristic at turnoff, ZCS is
more effective than ZVS. To apply IGBTs for ZVS cases, an
additional lossless turn-off snubber should be added in parallel
with IGBTs.
In many proposed techniques for high-frequency and highpower conversions, zero-voltage- and zero-current-switching
(ZVZCS) full-bridge (FB) PWM converters [1], [6][13],

Manuscript received August 6, 2008; revised July 20, 2009. First published
August 21, 2009; current version published February 10, 2010.
E.-H. Kim is with HAC Control R&D Laboratory, Air Conditioning
Company, LG Electronics, Inc., Seoul 153-802, Korea (e-mail: znight@
postech.ac.kr).
B.-H. Kwon is with the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering,
Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea (e-mail:
bhkwon@postech.ac.kr).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2009.2029581

[25][29], which are driven by phase-shifted pulsewidthmodulation control, are most desirable because IGBTs can be
applied with reduced switching loss. ZVZCS means mixed
operation of ZVS for leading-leg switches and ZCS for laggingleg switches. For the leading-leg switches, IGBTs can be used
by reducing the turn-off loss using a lossless turn-off snubber.
For the lagging-leg switches, IGBTs are adequate because of
ZCS. The switching frequency of the converter can be effectively increased due to the soft-switching characteristics of
IGBTs. Mostly in previous ZVZCS FB converters, a secondary
filter inductor is needed. The ZCS of the lagging-lag switches is
achieved by resetting the primary current during the freewheeling period of the filter-inductor current. By employing auxiliary
switches or circuits, such as a secondary passive snubber [12],
a secondary active clamp [6], [10], or a saturable inductor
and a dc blocking capacitor [25], the primary current during
the freewheeling period is reset. However, additional auxiliary
switches or circuits result in either complicated topology or
complex control strategy, so that reliability deteriorates and the
cost is increased.
Among previous soft-switching FB converters, a seriesresonant converter (SRC) [14][21] is the simplest topology.
Moreover, because all switches of the converter are turned on
at zero voltage, the conversion efficiency is relatively high.
However, the SRC has some drawbacks. First, the output
voltage cannot be regulated for the no-load case. Second, it
has some difficulties, such as size reduction and a design of
an electromagnetic-interference noise filter because a wide
variation of the switching frequency is necessary to control the
output voltage.
Some modified converters based on a conventional SRC have
been presented to solve these problems. One is a converter
that utilizes other control methods without additional hardware
[22][24]. By using a control method in [22], regulation problems under low-power conditions can be solved, but the range
of the operating frequency is still wide. Another presented
approach is the phase-shift control of SRC, such as the ZVS FB
converters in [23] and [24]. The ZVS FB converters can achieve
constant-frequency operation, no regulation problem, and ZVS
of all switches that are composed of MOSFETs. However,
the range of ZVS for the leading-leg switches is not wide.
In light-load or overload conditions, the leading-leg switches
may be hardly turned on, and the loss resulting from hard
switching reduces significantly the conversion efficiency. Moreover, because all switches of the converters are MOSFETs,
the converters are not adequate for high-power conversion in
the power range of several or tens of kilowatts. To apply the
converter for high-power conversions, further improvements,

0278-0046/$26.00 2010 IEEE

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 3, MARCH 2010

Fig. 1. Proposed soft-switching FB converter with secondary resonance.

such as applying IGBTs and extending the soft-switching range,

are necessary.
In this paper, a new converter in Fig. 1 is proposed and
analyzed. The output voltage is controlled by the phase-shifted
technique. The circuit of the converter is based on the SRC,
resulting in the minimum number of devices. The leakage
inductance of the transformer participates in the resonance; this
process eliminates the need for an external resonant inductor
and reduces the cost of the converter.
The proposed converter has several advantages over existing
converters. First, the leading-leg switches can be turned on
softly under almost all operating conditions, and a lossless
turn-off snubber can be used to reduce turn-off loss. Second,
the lagging-leg switches can be turned on at zero voltage and
also turned off near zero current without additional auxiliary
circuits. Third, the reverse-recovery currents of the diodes are
significantly reduced, and the voltage stresses of the output
diodes are clamped to the output voltage. Therefore, last, the
switching loss of the converter is very low, and the converter is
adequate for high-voltage and high-power applications.
The proposed converter is analyzed in Section II. To verify
the analysis, the design and experimental results of a 350-V
5-kW prototype are shown in Section III.
II. S YSTEM D ESCRIPTION AND S TEADY-S TATE A NALYSIS
A. Steady-State Analysis
The operation of the converter in Fig. 1 is analyzed in this
section. The output voltage Vo of the converter is controlled
as in a conventional phase-shifted FB converter. The converter
has six operation modes within each switching period Ts .
The operation waveforms and equivalent circuits are shown
in Figs. 2 and 3, respectively. To analyze the operation of the
converter, several assumptions are made in the following.
1) Leading-leg switches T1 and B1 and lagging-leg switches
T2 and B2 are ideal, except for their body diodes.
2) Because the output capacitor Co is very large, the output
voltage Vo is a dc voltage without any ripple.
3) Transformer T is composed of ideal transformers N1
and N2 , a magnetizing inductance Lm , and a leakage
inductance Llk .
4) Since the capacitances of lossless turn-off snubber (CT 1
and CB1 ) are very small, the transient time of charging
and discharging is neglected.
5) When the switching frequency fs is less than the resonant
frequency fr , the conduction loss is large unnecessarily

Fig. 2.

Operation waveforms of the proposed converter.

due to the high peak currents of the devices. Therefore,

we assume that fs fr .
The voltage across N2 is given as three-level voltages: nVin ,
0, and nVin by the phase-shift control of the primary switches,
where n is the transformer turn ratio N2 /N1 and Vin is the
input voltage. The series-resonant tank is formed by Llk and
a resonant capacitor Cr , the secondary current is through the
resonant circuit is half-wave rectified by the rectifying diodes
D1 and D2 , and the positive value of is feeds the output stage.
A detailed mode analysis is as follows.
Mode 1 [t0 , t1 ]: As shown in Figs. 2 and 3, top switches
T1 and T2 are ON state, and is becomes zero at t0 . During
this mode, diodes D1 and D2 are OFF state, and the current
is remains zero. Because the voltages across both N1 and N2

KIM AND KWON: ZVZCS FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH SECONDARY RESONANCE

1019

where vc is a voltage across Cr . Thus, is is obtained as

is (t) =

nVin (Vo vc (t1 ))

sin r (t t1 )
Zo

where the angular resonance frequency

1
r = 2fr =
Llk Cr
and the characteristic impedance

Zo =

Lr
.
Cr

(3)

(4)

(5)

The magnetizing current im is increased linearly by the input

voltage as
Vin
(t t1 ).
(6)
im (t) = im (t1 ) +
Lm
The following equalities are also satisfied:
ip (t) = im (t) + nis (t) = iT 1 (t) = iB2 (t).

(7)

Mode 3 [t2 , t3 ]: At t2 , T1 is turned off. Subsequently,

the current ip charges CT 1 and discharges CB1 . Once the
collectoremitter voltage of B1 reaches zero, the current ip
flows through the body diode of B1 . After dead time, B1 is
turned on at zero voltage. Because the voltage across N2 is zero,
is goes to zero. The state equation is the same as (2), except for
the initial condition of is and the applied voltage across N2 .
Thus, the current is can be obtained analogously with (3) as
is (t) = is (t2 ) cos r (t t2 )

Vo vc (t2 )
sin r (t t2 ).
Zo
(8)

The following equalities are also satisfied:

Fig. 3.

ip (t) = im (t) + nis (t) = iB1 (t) = iB2 (t).

Equivalent circuits in each operating mode during half period.

are zero, the magnetizing current im is constant. The following

equalities are satisfied:
im (t) = ip (t) = iT 1 (t) = iT 2 (t) = im (t0 )

(1)

where ip is the primary current and iT 1 is the sum of the currents of T1 , its body diodes DT 1 s, and its snubber capacitance
CT 1 . Similarly, iT 2 , iB1 , and iB2 are defined, as shown in
Fig. 1. In Fig. 2, the currents of body diodes are simply the
negative portions of iT 1 , iT 2 , iB1 , and iB2 .
Mode 2 [t1 , t2 ]: At t1 , the lagging-leg switch T2 is turned
off when iT 2 = im . Because im is a very low current, T2
is turned off near zero current. After a short dead time, B2 is
turned on at zero voltage, while the current ip flows through
the body diode of B2 . During this mode, the secondary voltage
across N2 is nVin . Therefore, is builds up from its zero value
and flows through D1 . The state equations can be written as
follows:
Llk

dis (t)
+ Vo vc (t) = nVin
dt
d (Vo vc (t))
= is (t)
Cr
dt
is (t1 ) = 0

(9)

At the end of Mode 3, is becomes zero. Explanations of

Modes 46 are omitted because these modes are similar to
Modes 13, respectively.
The primary current of the conventional ZVS FB converter
is compared with the ip of the proposed converter (Fig. 2). The
conventional ZVS FB converter uses a large leakage inductor to
achieve the ZVS of the lagginglag switches in a wide operating
range. The large leakage inductor causes higher circulating
energy that significantly increases the conduction loss and
further reduces the effective duty ratio. On the other hand, in
the proposed converter, the effective duty ratio is not reduced,
and the conduction loss from the circulating energy is relatively
low by resetting the secondary current during Mode 3 [25], [26].
B. Analysis of Voltage Gain
To analyze the converter, two quantities are defined as frequency ratio
fr
F =
(10)
fs
and quality factor

(2)

Q=

4r Llk
.
Ro

(11)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 3, MARCH 2010

Due to the symmetric operation in the steady state, the two

diodes D1 and D2 operate identically. Therefore, the average
value of vc is Vo /2, and each average value of diode currents
iD1 and iD2 is the load current Io . The voltage Vo vc (t1 ) in
(3) is obtained by calculating the ripple voltage vc of Cr as


Vo
vc
Vo vc (t1 ) = Vo
+
2
2
1
Vo

=
2
2Cr

t3
is (t)dt
t1


Io

Vo 
Vo

1 FQ .
=
=
2
2Cr fs
2
2

(12)

The power delivered to the secondary side can be obtained by

integrating the product of the secondary current is and voltage
across N2 as follows:
Vo2
2
=
Ro
Ts

t1 +T
 s /2

nVin is (t)dt
t1

2nfs Vin (nVin (Vo vc (t1 )))

=
Zo

= Vin

t1 +T
 s /2

sin r (t t1 )dt
t1


n
Vo (1 cos F )
2n Cr fs Vin nCr fs Vo +
Ro
2

(13)
where is the phase-shift value and has a value between zero
and one when the phases of two legs have a difference between
0 and . Rearranging (13) with respect to Vo /2nVin gives


Vo
2nVin

2
+ (Cr fs Ro 1) (0.5 0.5 cos F )

Vo
2nVin

Cr fs Ro (0.5 0.5 cos F ) = 0.

C. Analysis of ZVS and ZCS Conditions

(16)

In almost the entire operating range, leading-leg switches T1

and B1 are naturally turned on at zero voltage by the reflected
current is , as shown in Fig. 2. However, to achieve ZVS and
ZCS in lagging-leg switches T2 and B2 , Modes 1 and 4 have to
exist, as shown in Fig. 2. In other words, the secondary current
must be zero before the switching of T2 and B2 . Assuming
that F 1, there are three possible waveforms of the secondary
current, as shown in Fig. 5. When the waveform of is is similar
to Fig. 5(b), the lagging-lag switches cannot be turned off softly
at zero current. On the other hand, when the waveform of is
is similar to Fig. 5(c), T2 and B2 cannot be turned on at zero
voltage.
To achieve the waveform of Fig. 5(a), which is different from
that of Fig. 5(b), is must reach zero while the secondary voltage
across N2 is zero. Thus, t3 , which satisfies (18), must exist

(17)

is (t3 ) =

(14)

Therefore, a voltage gain G(F, Q, ) normalized with respect

to 2n is obtained as
Vo
2nVin



2 2
= 0.5 B(A 1) + (A 1) B + 4AB

G(Q, F, )

(15)
where
A = Cr fs Ro =

2
F Q

B = 0.5 0.5 cos(F ).

Fig. 4. Graphs of the normalized voltage gain G(Q, F, ). (a) Voltage gain
at F = 1. (b) Voltage gain at F = 0.8.

Therefore, the normalized voltage gain G(F, Q, ) depends

only on Q, F , and . G(F, Q, ) is shown in Fig. 4(a) and (b)
with respect to and Q at F = 1 and F = 0.8, respectively.

nVin (Vo vc (t1 ))

sin r (t2 t1 ) cos r (t3 t2 )
Zo

= 0.

Vo vc (t2 )
sin r (t3 t2 )
Zo
(18)

KIM AND KWON: ZVZCS FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH SECONDARY RESONANCE

1021

Fig. 5. Three possible waveforms of the secondary current is . (a) Waveform

of is when IGBTs can be turned on and off softly. (b) Waveform of is when
IGBTs cannot be turned off softly. (c) Waveform of is when IGBTs cannot be
turned on softly.

To derive the ZCS condition, (18) can be rewritten as

nVin (Vo vc (t1 ))
Ts
Ts
sin r cos r (1 )
Zo
2
2
Vo vc (t2 )
Ts
< 0.

sin r (1 )
Zo
2

(19)

From (8) and (12), Vo vc (t2 ) is obtained as

1
Vo vc (t2 ) = Vo vc (t1 ) +
Cr

t2
is dt
t1

nVin (Vo vc (t1 ))

= Vo vc (t1 ) +
Cr Zo
t1 +T
 s /2

sin r (t t1 )dt


Vo
= nVin nVin (1 0.5F Q) cos F .
2
(20)
t1

Therefore, by substituting Vo vc (t1 ) from (12) and Vo

vc (t2 ) from (20) into (19), the following inequality is obtained:
nVin

Vo
2 (1

0.5F Q)

1
sin F cos r (1 )
Zo
2fs

nVin nVin V2o (1 0.5F Q) cos F

Zo
1
sin r (1 )
< 0.
(21)
2fs

With rearrangement and simplification of (21), the ZCS condition with respect to Q, F , and can be written as
ZCS(Q, F, )
= (1 G(Q, F, )(1 0.5F Q)) sin F cos F (1 )
(1 (1 G(Q, F, )(1 0.5F Q)) cos F )
sin F (1 ) < 0.
(22)

Fig. 6. Graphs of the absolute value of ZCS(F, Q, ). (a) ZCS region of

IGBTs at F = 1. (b) ZCS region of IGBTs at F = 0.8. (c) ZCS region of
IGBTs at F = 0.5.

The absolute value of ZCS(F, Q, ) defined in (22) is shown

in Fig. 6(a)(c) with respect to and Q at F = 1, 0.8, and 0.5,
respectively. In Fig. 5(b), the secondary-current value at turnoff
of IGBTs is ZCS(F, Q, )nVin /Zo .
To achieve the waveform of Fig. 5(a), which is different from
that of Fig. 5(c), the peak-to-peak value of the ripple voltage

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 3, MARCH 2010

TABLE I
S YSTEM PARAMETERS OF THE P ROTOTYPE

Therefore, Lm can be determined as

Lm <

Fig. 7. Operation waveforms when Q is greater than 2/F .

of Cr must be lower than Vo . In other words, vc (t1 ), which

is the minimum value of vc , must be positive to avoid the
conduction of D2 during Mode 4. Therefore, from (12), the
following inequality must be satisfied:


Vo 
1 F Q > 0.
Vo vc (t1 ) =
2
2

(23)

Therefore, the ZVS condition of T2 and B2 is obtained as

Q<

2
.
F

(24)

In practical situations, Q may become greater than 2/F

under overload conditions. Fig. 7 shows the operation waveforms when Q > 2/F . Because ZVS cannot be achieved
in the lagging-leg switches, switching loss results from the
body-diode reverse-recovery current and the dissipated energy of the parasitic output capacitances, as shown in Fig. 7.
However, in IGBTs, the loss resulting from non-ZVS is not
large.
In real switches, there are parasitic output capacitances
Coss s. Therefore, another ZVS condition of the lagging-leg
switches is that the energy stored in Lm before T2 and B2 are
turned on must be greater than the energy stored in the Coss of
T2 and B2 as
1
Lm
2

im
2

2
> Coss Vin2

(25)

where
im =

Vin
.
2Lm fs

(26)

2min
32Coss fs2

(27)

where min is the minimum value of satisfying the ZVS of

T2 and B2 . Another condition of the ZVS of the lagging-lag
switches is that the dead time of the lagging leg should be
short enough since the lagging-leg switches should be turned
on while the current flows through the body diodes. The dead
time can simply be determined by experiment.
III. E XPERIMENTS
A prototype of the proposed converter has been implemented, and experiments were carried out to test the theoretical
analysis. The converter was tested with Vin = 250350 V,
Vo = 350 V, and output power Po = 0.5 kW; further design
parameters are given in Table I.
A. Design of the Prototype
The converter may be roughly designed with the voltage
gain and the soft-switching conditions mentioned in Section II.
The ZCS region rapidly decreases as F decreases, as shown
in Fig. 6. Therefore, when the input voltage is wide, F may be
selected to be equal to or slightly less than one. For simplicity,
the F in the prototype was selected as one. Therefore, IGBTs
can be tuned off with zero current in the entire operating
region, as shown in Fig. 6(a). The turn ratio n can be obtained
from Fig. 4(a) or (15). To minimize the loss resulting from
the reflected current is , the turn ratio may be minimized.
If n = 0.77, then G(Q, F, ) = 0.91 at Vin = 250 V and
G(Q, F, ) = 0.65 at Vin = 350 V from (15). Therefore, Vo
is controllable. Smaller generally means higher peak current
and higher conduction loss when other conditions are the same.
Therefore, from Fig. 4(a), Q under the full-load condition was
selected to be large enough, subject to satisfying the ZVS and
ZCS conditions in the input- and output-voltage ranges. In the
prototype, Q under the full-load condition is determined to be
about 0.62 because Q must be smaller than 2/F from the
ZVS condition (24).
From the definition of Q in (11), fr and Llk can be determined. Both fr and Llk can be adjusted, but the freedom of

KIM AND KWON: ZVZCS FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH SECONDARY RESONANCE

1023

Fig. 8. Practical implementation of the transformer with loosely coupled

winding.

adjustment for both of them is not high. The leakage inductance

Llk in the transformer model of Fig. 1 can be written as
Llk =

N22
Rlk1 + Rlk2

(28)

where Rlk1 and Rlk2 are the reluctances of the primaryand secondary-leakage-flux paths, respectively. From (28), the
loosely coupled windings increase Llk , and more turns also
result in larger Llk . Therefore, by changing the coupling methods or adjusting the number of turns, Llk may be adjusted.
The transformer of the prototype was implemented for loosely
coupled windings, as shown in Fig. 8. If the measured leakage
inductance is too small, additional inductor that is in series with
Llk is required, although the absence of an external resonant
inductor makes the converter cost-optimal. Sometimes, fr may
be adjusted due to the available values of Llk and Cr .
B. Experimental Results
Fig. 9(a) shows the collectoremitter voltage vT 1 and the
current iT 1 of T1 at the full-load condition. The leading-leg
switches are turned on while the current flows through their
body diode. It guarantees the ZVS of the leading-leg switches.
Because the primary current ip is the sum of magnetizing
current and reflected current is , the leading-leg switches are
turned on softly under almost the entire operating region.
Fig. 9(b) shows the collectoremitter voltage and current of
T2 at the full-load condition. The lagging-leg switches are also
turned on softly. When T2 is turned off, its current iT 2 is very
low. Therefore, the turn-off loss of T2 is close to zero.
Fig. 9(c) shows the current of D1 and the secondary current
is . Since the deceasing slope of iD1 is slow before D1 is reverse
biased, the reverse-recovery current is close to zero. Therefore,
the losses resulting from the reverse recovery of the rectifying
diodes are close to zero.
Fig. 9(d) shows the tail current of leading-leg switch T1
during turn-off switching. Since the rising slope of the switch
voltage is slow, the turn-off switching loss of the leading leg is
significantly reduced compared to that of hard switching.
Fig. 10 shows the dcdc conversion efficiency of the prototype. As shown in Fig. 10, the efficiency of the prototype is
over 95.5% under the full-load condition. Additionally, the conversion efficiency is relatively high, even under the low-power

Fig. 9. Measured waveforms of the prototype. (a) Collectoremitter voltage

vT 1 and current iT 1 of leading-leg switch T1 . (b) Collectoremitter voltage
vT 2 and current iT 2 of lagging-leg switch T2 . (c) Secondary current is and
diode current iD1 . (d) Collectoremitter voltage and tail current of leading-leg
switch T1 .

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 57, NO. 3, MARCH 2010

Fig. 10. Measured efficiency of the prototype.

condition. The high conversion efficiency can be achieved by

the soft switching of IGBTs and diodes.
IV. C ONCLUSION
The analysis and design consideration of a ZVZCS FB
converter with secondary resonance has been proposed. The experimental results obtained from a 5-kW prototype verified the
analysis. The efficiency attained under full-load conditions was
over 95.5%. The converter may be adequate for high-voltage
and high-power applications (> 10 kW) since the converter has
many advantages, such as minimum number of devices, soft
switching of the switches, no output inductor, and so on.
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KIM AND KWON: ZVZCS FULL-BRIDGE CONVERTER WITH SECONDARY RESONANCE

Eung-Ho Kim was born in Jeju, Korea, in 1977.

He received the B.S. degree from Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 2003, and the M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees from Pohang University of Science
and Technology, Pohang, Korea, in 2005 and 2009,
respectively.
He is currently a Senior Research Engineer in
the HAC Control R&D Laboratory, Air Conditioning
Company, LG Electronics, Inc., Korea. His research
interests include the circuit design and control of
inverters and converters, particularly in air conditioning and renewable-energy systems.

1025

Bong-Hwan Kwon (M91) was born in Pohang,

Korea, in 1958. He received the B.S. degree from
Kyungbuk National University, Taegu, Korea, in
1982, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Korea Advanced Institute of
Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea, in 1984 and
1987, respectively.
Since 1987, he has been with the Department of
Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, where
he is currently a Professor. His research interests are
converters for renewable energy, high-frequency converters, and switch-mode
power supplies.