Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

www.elsevier.com/locate/mcm

Some analytical solutions for second grade fluid flows for

cylindrical geometries
T. Hayat , M. Khan, M. Ayub
Department of Mathematics, Quaid-i-Azam University, 45320, Islamabad, Pakistan
Received 8 January 2003; received in revised form 11 April 2005; accepted 19 April 2005

Abstract
This paper deals with some unsteady flow problems of a second grade fluid. The flows are generated by the sudden application
of a constant pressure gradient or by the impulsive motion of a boundary. The velocities of the flows are described by the
partial differential equations. Exact analytic solutions of these differential equations are obtained. The well known solutions for a
NavierStokes fluid in the hydrodynamic case appear as the limiting cases of our solutions.
c 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Second grade fluid; Exact solutions; Cylindrical coordinates; Transient flows; Hydrodynamic fluid

1. Introduction
The inadequacy of the classical NavierStokes theory for describing rheological complex fluids has led to the
development of several theories of non-Newtonian fluids. Rheological properties of materials are specified in general
by their so-called constitutive equations. The mechanical behavior of many real fluids, especially those of low
molecular weight, is well described by the NavierStokes theory. There are, however, many rheological complex
fluids such as polymer solutions, soaps, blood, paints, shampoo, ketchup, certain oils and greases that are not well
described by a Newtonian constitutive equation which do not show any relaxation and retardation phenomena.
Among the many models that have been used to describe the non-Newtonian behavior exhibited by these fluids,
the fluids of differential type [1] have received special attention. Here, we shall consider a model of second grade.
For a second grade fluid, the equations of motion are of a higher order than the NavierStokes equations and thus, in
general, one needs conditions in addition to the usual adherence boundary condition. For a detailed discussion of this
issue and for some interesting examples, we refer the reader to [24].
In recent years, interest in the unsteady flow has increased considerably. Rajagopal [5] has studied exact solutions
for a class of unsteady unidirectional flows of a second grade fluid under four different flow situations. Bandelli and
Rajagopal [6] examined a number of unidirectional transient flows of a second grade fluid in a domain with one
finite dimension. Bandelli [7] also studied the heat transfer analysis on some unsteady flows of a second grade fluid.

Corresponding author. Fax: +92 51 9219888.

E-mail address: t pensy@hotmail.com (T. Hayat).

c 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0895-7177/$ - see front matter
doi:10.1016/j.mcm.2005.04.009

T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

17

Bandelli et al. [8] also addressed the Rayleigh problem in a second grade fluid. Puri [9] has analyzed the impulsive
motion of a flat plate in a RivlinEricksen fluid. Unsteady flows of a second order fluid in a bounded region have
been discussed by Ting [10]. Hayat et al. [1115] discussed periodic and transient flows of a second grade fluid with
different geometrical configurations. Erdogan [16] addressed the problem of unsteady flow of a viscous fluid on an
oscillating plate. In cylindrical regions, the unsteady flows of a viscous fluid have been discussed by Batchelor [17],
Muller [18], Nanda [19] and Szmansky [20]. In [21], Erdogan discussed the viscous flows produced by the sudden
application of a constant pressure gradient or by the impulsive motion of a boundary. In another paper, Erdogan [22]
considered three types of unsteady flows, namely flow due to the impulsive motion of a flat plate, flow induced by a
constantly accelerating plate, and flow produced by a flat plate that applies a constant tangential stress to the fluid.
Moreover, Erdogan [23] examined five unsteady flows of a viscous fluid in a cylindrical regions.
The present paper is concerned with some unsteady flows of a second grade fluid in cylindrical polar coordinates.
The extensive study of such flows is motivated by both their fundamental interest and their practical importance [6].
The arrangement of the paper is as follows. In Section 2, we determine the flow equations. Section 3 contains the exact
solutions corresponding to the unsteady flow in a circular cylinder. Some solutions for starting flow in a circular pipe,
generalized starting flow in a circular pipe, and unsteady flow in a rotating cylinder are presented in Sections 46,
respectively. Finally, in Section 7, we give concluding remarks.
2. Constitutive equations
The constitutive equation for the fluids of second grade is in the following form [5,1114]:
T = pI + A1 + 1 A2 + 2 A21 ,

(1)

in which T is the Cauchy stress tensor, pI denotes the indeterminate spherical stress, is the coefficient of viscosity,
1 and 2 are normal stress moduli, and A1 and A2 are the kinematic tensors defined through
A1 = (grad V) + (grad V)T ,

(2)

dA1
+ A1 (grad V) + (grad V)T A1 .
(3)
dt
In the above equations, V is the velocity, grad the gradient operator, and d/dt denotes the material time derivative.
Since the fluid is incompressible, it can undergo only isochoric motion and hence
A2 =

div V = 0,

(4)

and the equation of motion is

dV
= div T + B,
(5)
dt
where is the density of the fluid and B is the body force. In our analysis, we shall consider the model represented
by Eq. (1) as an exact model. For some comments regarding this problem, we refer the reader to [1]. If this model is
required to be compatible with thermodynamics, then the material moduli must meet the following restrictions [24]:

0,

1 0,

1 + 2 = 0.

(6)

In the next sections, we discuss the four unsteady flows of a second grade fluid through two methods followed by
Erdogan [21,23]. The solutions for small and large times are obtained. The Laplace transform technique is particularly
well suited for small time solutions. However, it is not a trivial matter to invert the Laplace transform. Bandelli
et al. [8] have already shown that the Laplace transform treatment does not work for the Rayleigh problem (the
obtained solution does not satisfy the initial condition). They showed that this is due to an incompatibility between
the prescribed data. A comprehensive discussion on the issue has been given in great length by Bandelli [25].
3. Starting flow in a circular cylinder moving parallel to its length
Suppose that the second grade fluid is in a circular cylinder and is initially at rest, and the fluid starts suddenly due
to the motion of the cylinder parallel to its length. The axis of the cylinder is chosen as the z-axis. Using cylindrical

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

polar coordinates, the governing partial differential equation is

 2


w
w 1 w

+
N w,
= +
t
t
r r
r 2

(7)

where w (r, t) is the velocity along the z-axis, = / is the kinematic viscosity, = 1 / is the material parameter,
and N = B02 / is the imposed magnetic field. The boundary and initial conditions are
w (a, t) = W
w (r, 0) = 0

for t > 0,
for 0 r < a,

(8)

where W is the constant velocity at r = a and a is the radius of the cylinder.

For steady state, the velocity distribution is as follows:
w=W

I0 (mr )
,
I0 (ma)

(9)

in which m = (N /)1/2 and I0 is the modified Bessel function of first kind of order zero.
Let
w=W

I0 (mr )
f (r, t) .
I0 (ma)

(10)

In Eq. (10), f (r, t) satisfies the following initial-boundary value problem


 2

f
1 f
f

+
= +
N f,
t
t
r r
r 2
I0 (mr )
f (a, t) = 0, f (r, 0) = W
.
I0 (ma)
The first condition suggests a solution of the form
f =

en t/a Fn (r ) ,
2

n=1

where
n =

m 2 a 2 + 2n
,
1 + 2n

,
a2

and Fn (r ) satisfies
Fn00 +

1 0 2n
F +
Fn = 0,
r n a2

where primes indicates differentiation with respect to r .

The solution of the ordinary differential equation in F (n) is of the following form:
 r
 r
Fn = An J0 n
+ Bn Y0 n
,
a
a
where J0 and Y0 are the Bessel functions of the first and second kinds of order zero, and An and Bn are arbitrary
constants. Due to uniformity at r = 0, Bn must be zero and thus the solution is
 r
Fn = An J0 n
.
a
Since Fn = 0 at r = a, one finds
J0 (n ) = 0,

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

Fig. 1. The variations of V = w/W with = r/a, M (=ma) = 0.5 and (=1 /a 2 ) = 0.005 for various values of = t/a 2 .

Fig. 2. The variations of V = w/W with = r/a, M = 0.5 and = 1 for various values of .

where n are zeros of the above equation. The values of An can be obtained from the initial condition. Hence, the
velocity becomes


2

X
n J0 n ar en t/a
I0 (mr )
w


=
2
.
(11)
W
I0 (ma)
m 2 a 2 + 2n J1 (n )
n=1
The volume flux Q across a plane normal to the flow is
Z a
Q = 2
wr dr.
0

Using Eq. (11) in above expression, we get

2

X
Q
I1 (ma)
en t/a
=
2ma
.
2 (a/m) W
I0 (ma)
m 2 a 2 + 2n
n=1

(12)

The values of Q for various values of = t/a 2 when (=1 /a 2 ) = 0.005 and M (=ma) = 0.5 are

0.01

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Q/2(a/m)W

0.09062

0.14796

0.19104

0.21395

0.22662

0.23367

The required time for Q to attain the asymptotic value is about = 0.5.

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

The frictional force per unit area exerted by the fluid on the surface of the cylinder at r = a is
 2 


w
w
+ 1
,
a =
r r =a
r t r =a
or
2

a
I1 (ma)
2 X
2n en t/a

[1 n ] .
=
+
mW
I0 (ma) ma n=1 m 2 a 2 + 2n

(13)

The values of skin friction for various values of when = 0.005 and M = 0.5 are

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

a /mW

11.9423

4.1678

2.5652

1.4112

0.8846

0.5992

0.4409

0.3529

The required time to attain the asymptotic value of the skin friction is about = 0.6. It will be seen later that the
expressions given in Eqs. (11)(13) obtained for large values of time can also be used for small values of time.
Small time solutions
For small time, the Laplace transform method is used. If the Laplace transform of w is w,
then Eqs. (7) and (8)
take the following form:
1
w 00 + w 0 q 2 w = 0,
r
W
,
w (a, s) =
s
where


N + s 1/2
q=
+ s

(14)
(15)

and primes denote the differentiation with respect to r .

The solution of Eq. (14) satisfying condition (15) is
I0 (qr )
w
=
.
W
s I0 (qa)
Laplace inverse of the above equation yields
Z +i
w
1
I0 (qr ) est
=
ds.
W
2 i i s I0 (qa)

(16)

(17)

In Eq. (17), s = 0 is a simple pole. Therefore, the residue at s = 0 is

Res (0) =

I0 (mr )
.
I0 (ma)

The other singular points of Eq. (17) are the zeros of

I0 (qa) = 0.
Setting q = i, we find that
J0 (a) = 0.
If n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , are the zeros of Eq. (18), then


N + n2
sn =
,
1 + n2

(18)

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , are the poles. These are the simple poles and the residue at all these poles can be obtained
as
 
2 n ( + sn ) esn t J0 (n r )


Res (sn ) =
.
a
sn 1 + n2 J1 (n a)
Adding Res (0) and Res (sn ), a complete solution is obtained as

w
2X
I0 (mr )
n ( + sn ) esn t J0 (n r )


+
.
=
W
I0 (ma) a n=1 sn 1 + n2
J1 (n a)

(19)

The volume flux Q across a plane normal to the flow is given by

Q
I1 (ma) 2m X
( + sn ) esn t

.
+
=
2 (a/m) W
I0 (ma)
a n=1 sn 1 + n2

(20)

The values of Q for various values of = t/a 2 when = 0.005 and M = 0.5 are

0.01

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

Q/2(a/m)W

0.03044

0.14494

0.18951

0.21311

0.22615

0.23341

The required time for Q to attain the asymptotic value is about = 0.5. This table shows that the values of the flux
obtained for small values of time can be compared with those of large values of time.
The frictional force per unit area exerted by the fluid on the surface of the cylinder at r = a is


2
I1 (ma)
2 X
n ( + sn ) esn t 1
1
a


=

+
.
(21)
mW
I0 (ma) ma n=1
sn

1 + n2
The values of skin friction for various values of when = 0.005 and M = 0.5 are

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

a /mW

15.3702

4.4467

2.6614

1.4472

0.9035

0.6096

0.4467

0.3561

The required time to attain the asymptotic value of the skin friction is about = 0.6. This table shows that the
values of the skin friction obtained for small values of time can be compared with those of large values of time.
4. Starting flow in a circular pipe
Suppose that the fluid is in a circular cylinder and is initially at rest, and the fluid starts suddenly due to a constant
pressure gradient. The governing equation and the boundary and initial conditions are

 2

w 1 w
w
1 dp

=
+ +
+
N w,
(22)
t
dz
t
r r
r 2
w (a, t) = 0 for all t,
w (r, 0) = 0

for 0 r a.

Employing the same procedure as in Section 3, the solutions are given by

2

X
J0 n ar en t/a
I0 (mr )
w
2
2




=
1

2m
a
,
I0 (ma)
1/m 2 d p/dz
m 2 a 2 + 2n J1 (n )
n=1 n
a 2

X
Q
2 I1 (ma)
en t/a
2 2




=
1

4m
a
ma I0 (ma)
1/m 2 d p/dz
2 m 2 a 2 + 2n
n=1 n

(23)

(24)

(25)

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

Fig. 3. The variations of V = w/(1/m 2 ) d p/dz with = r/a, M = 2 and = 0.05 for various values of .

and
2

X
en t/a
a
I1 (ma)

[1 n ] .
2ma
=
I0 (ma)
(1/m) d p/dz
m 2 a 2 + 2n
n=1

(26)

The values of Q for various values of when = 0.05 and M = 2 are

0.01

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Q/a 2 (1/m 2 ) d p/dz

0.02328

0.16519

0.23911

0.27293

0.28857

0.29585

0.29924

The required time for Q to attain the asymptotic value is about = 0.6.
The values of skin friction for various values of when = 0.05 and M = 2 are

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

a /(1/m) d p/dz

0.4188

0.4997

0.5671

0.6393

0.6711

0.6854

0.6920

0.6951

The required time to attain the asymptotic value of the skin friction is about = 0.6.
Small time solutions
After taking the Laplace transform of Eqs. (22) and (23), we have
1
dp
1
w 00 + w 0 q 2 w =
,
r
s ( + s) dz
w (a, s) = 0.

(27)
(28)

For the solution of Eqs. (27) and (28), we employ the procedure of Section 3. In order to avoid the details, the solutions
are of the following forms:

w
n ( + sn ) esn t
I0 (mr )
2N X
J0 (n r )




=
1

,
2
I0 (ma)
a n=1 sn (N + sn ) 1 + n2 J1 (n a)
1/m d p/dz



I1 (ma) 4N X
Q
2
( + sn ) esn t



,

=
1

ma I0 (ma)
a 2 n=1 sn (N + sn ) 1 + n2
a 2 1/m 2 d p/dz

(29)

(30)

and



1
a
I1 (ma) 2N X
n2 ( + sn ) esn t
1


=

+
.
I0 (ma) ma n=1 (N + sn ) 1 + n2 sn

(1/m) d p/dz

(31)

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

Fig. 4. The variations of V = w/(1/m 2 ) d p/dz with = r/a, M = 2 and = 0.5 for various values of .

The values of Q for various values of when = 0.05 and M = 2 are

0.01

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Q/a 2 (1/m 2 ) d p/dz

0.11983

0.21334

0.26148

0.28336

0.29344

0.29813

0.30031

The required time for Q to attain the asymptotic value is about = 0.6. This table shows that the values of the flux
obtained for small values of time can be compared with those of large values of time.
The values of skin friction for various values of when = 0.05 and M = 2 are

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

a /(1/m) d p/dz

0.6039

0.6318

0.6547

0.6787

0.6891

0.6938

0.6959

0.6969

The required time to attain the asymptotic value of the skin friction is about = 0.6. This table shows that the
values of the flux obtained for small values of time can be compared with those of large values of time.
5. Generalized starting flow in a circular pipe
Suppose that the fluid is in a circular cylinder and is initially at rest. The fluid starts suddenly due to a constant
pressure gradient and the motion of the cylinder parallel to its length. The governing partial differential equation is
(22) and the boundary and initial conditions are
w (a, t) = W for t > 0,
w (r, 0) = 0 for 0 r < a.
Adopting a similar procedure as in Section 4, we arrive at


I0 (mr )
I0 (mr )
w = W
+ 1
I0 (ma)
I0 (ma)


2



X
m 2 a 2 J0 n ar en t/a
1
W

+
,
2
n
n
J1 (n )
m 2 a 2 + 2n
n=1




Q
I1 (ma) ma
2
I1 (ma)
= W
+
1
2a/m
I0 (ma)
2
ma I0 (ma)



X
m2a2
1
2
W
+
en t/a
2ma
2
2
2
2
m a + n
n
n=1

(32)

(33)

(34)

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

and
2


a
I1 (ma)
2 X
en t/a 
2 2
W

+
m
a

= [W ]
+
[1 n ]
n
m
I0 (ma) ma n=1 m 2 a 2 + 2n

(35)

in which
=

d p/dz
.
m 2

Small time solutions

The problem in the transformed s-plane becomes
1
dp
1
,
w 00 + w 0 q 2 w =
r
s ( + s) dz
W
w (a, s) =
.
s
The solution of Eq. (36) satisfying the boundary condition (37) is of the following form:


N
I0 (qr )
I0 (qr )
+
.
w=W
1
s I0 (qa) s (N + s)
I0 (qa)
Laplace inversion of the above equation yields


I0 (mr )
I0 (mr )
w=W
+ 1
I0 (ma)
I0 (ma)



X
N
J0 (n r )
2
n ( + sn ) esn t


W
+
.
2
a n=1 sn 1 + n
(N + sn ) J1 (n a)
The volume flux Q across a plane normal to the flow is




I1 (ma) ma
2
I1 (ma)
Q
=W
+
1
2a/m
I0 (ma)
2
ma I0 (ma)



N
2m X ( + sn ) esn t

W
+
.
a n=1 sn 1 + n2
(N + sn )

(36)
(37)

(38)

(39)

(40)

The frictional force per unit area exerted by the fluid on the surface of the cylinder at r = a is
2
a
I1 (ma)
2 X
n ( + sn ) esn t


= [W ]

m
I0 (ma) ma n=1
1 + n2



N
1
1
W
+
.
sn

(N + sn )

(41)

6. Starting flow in a rotating cylinder

Suppose that the fluid is in a circular cylinder and is initially at rest and the fluid sets in motion suddenly due to
rotation of the cylinder. The governing partial differential equation is

 2

v

v
v
1 v
= +
+

N v,
(42)
t
t
r r
r 2
r2

T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

25

where v (r, t) is the rotating velocity. The boundary and initial conditions are
v (a, t) = a
v (r, 0) = 0

for t > 0,

(43)

for 0 r < a,

where a is the radius of the cylinder and is the angular velocity.

Since the velocity distribution in the steady state is
v = a

I1 (mr )
.
I1 (ma)

v = a

I1 (mr )
f (r, t) ,
I1 (ma)

Let
(44)

where f (r, t) satisfies


 2

f

f
f
1 f
= +

+
N f,
t
t
r r
r 2
r2
f (a, t) = 0,
I1 (mr )
f (r, 0) = a
.
I1 (ma)

(45)

The first condition suggests a solution of the form

f =

en t/a Fn (r ) ,
2

n=1

where
2

n =

m 2 a 2 + n
1 + n

and Fn (r ) satisfies
Fn00

1
+ Fn0 +
r

n
1
2
2
a
r

!
Fn = 0.

The solution of the above equation is

 r
 r
+ Bn Y1 n
,
Fn = An J1 n
a
a
where J1 and Y1 are the Bessel functions of the first and second kinds of order one. An and Bn are arbitrary constants.
Since, for r = 0, Fn is zero, then Bn must be zero and the solution takes the following form:
 r
.
Fn = An J1 n
a
The condition Fn = 0 at r = a gives


J1 n = 0,
where n are zeros of above equation. The values of An can be found from the initial condition.
Thus the velocity becomes

X
n J1 n ar en t/a
v
I1 (mr )


=
+2

.
2
a
I1 (ma)
J0
n=1 m 2 a 2 +
n

(46)

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

Fig. 5. The variations of V = v/a with = r/a, M = 0.5 and = 0.005 for various values of .

The frictional force per unit area exerted by the fluid on the surface of the cylinder at r = a is



  
v 

v
a = r
+ 1 r
,
r r r =a
t r r
r =a
or
2


I2 (ma)
2 X
n en t/a 
a

 1 + n .
=
+
ma
I1 (ma) ma n=1 m 2 a 2 + 2
n

(47)

The values of skin friction for various values of when = 0.005 and M = 2 are

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

a /ma

16.8647

0.9880

0.5999

0.4596

0.4377

0.4339

0.4333

0.4332

The required time to attain the asymptotic value of the skin friction is about = 0.5.
Small time solutions
After taking the Laplace transform, the governing problem becomes


1
1
v 00 + v 0 q 2 + 2 v = 0,
r
r
v (a, s) =

a
.
s

(48)
(49)

The solution of Eqs. (48) and (49) can be written as

v
I1 (qr )
=
.
a
s I1 (qa)
Laplace inversion of Eq. (50) yields
Z +i
v
1
I1 (qr ) est
=
ds.
a
2 i i s I1 (qa)
In Eq. (51), s = 0 is a simple pole. Therefore, the residue at s = 0 is
Res (0) =

I1 (mr )
.
I1 (ma)

(50)

(51)

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T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

Fig. 6. The variations of V = v/a with = r/a, M = 0.5 and = 0.5 for various values of .

The other singular points of Eq. (51) are the zeros of

I1 (qa) = 0.
Setting q = i , we find that


J0 a = 0.

(52)

If , n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , are the zeros of Eq. (52), then

!
2
N + n

,
sn =
2
1 + n
where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , are the poles. These are simple poles and the residue at all these poles can be obtained as








n + sn esn t J1 nr
4



Res sn =
.
a s 1 + 2  J a
J a

n

Adding Res (0) and Res sn , a complete solution is obtained as

n + sn esn t J1 nr
I1 (mr )
4X
v


=

.
a
I1 (ma) a n=1 s 1 + 2  J a
J a

2
0
n

(53)

The frictional force per unit area exerted by the fluid on the surface of the cylinder at r = a is



2
n + sn esn t 1
I2 (ma)
2 X
1
a


=

+
.
2
ma
I1 (ma) ma n=1
sn

1 +

(54)

The values of skin friction for various values of when = 0.005 and M = 2 are

0.01

0.05

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

a /ma

1.7911

0.7896

0.5564

0.4534

0.4367

0.4338

0.4333

0.43315

The required time to attain the asymptotic value of the skin friction is about = 0.5. This table shows that the
values of the flux obtained for small values of time can be compared with those of large values of time.
It is worthwhile to see how convergent the series solutions are in the present analysis. We use numerical
investigation of the rate of convergence of the series solutions presented. Let us first consider the series solutions
in Eqs. (11) and (19). It may be noted that both series solutions are the same in non-dimensional form. In the present

28

T. Hayat et al. / Mathematical and Computer Modelling 43 (2006) 1629

analysis, we have taken 50 terms of the series in Section 3 and found that the relative error compared to the value
obtained by taking five terms is about 0.01%. The value of the series is 0.15601 from the 5th term to the 50th term.
Similarly, it is noted that five terms of the series are sufficient for the problems discussed in Sections 4 and 6. For
the second problem (in Section 4), the value of the series is 0.02335, which is valid from the 5th to the 50th terms,
whereas this value is 0.30704 for the problem considered in Section 6. Note that, in the numerical investigations of
the series of Sections 3 and 4, the values of = 0.005, M = 0.5, = 0.1 and = 0 have been taken into account,
while for Section 6 these values are = 0.005, M = 0.5, = 0.1 and = 0.5.
7. Concluding remarks
In this paper, four types of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic flows of second grade fluids are presented, namely
unsteady flow in a circular cylinder moving parallel to its length, unsteady flow in a circular pipe, generalized
unsteady flow in a circular pipe, and unsteady flow in a rotating circular cylinder. The expressions for velocity profile,
volume flux, and frictional force in each case are constructed. These solutions have been established using the Laplace
transform method. It is found that the steady solution for a second grade fluid is identical to that of a NavierStokes
fluid. From the governing equations, we deduce that the effect of the viscoelastic parameter on the flow profile appears
in the unsteady state only. From the (Figs. 16), it can be seen that slight oscillations occur in the flow for very small
time. This indicates that, in the beginning, the flow is slightly unstable and, after some time, fluid viscosity take
over and stabilizes it. It is further observed that magnetic effects arise in both steady and unsteady solutions. When
1 = 0 the solutions reduce to a magnetohydrodynamic NavierStokes fluid, and when 1 = 0 = N these reduce
to a classical hydrodynamic NavierStokes fluid. It is further interesting to note that, as the viscoelastic parameter
increases, the value of velocity (in each case) at the same distance r decreases. That is, increasing the viscoelastic
coefficient has the effect of increasing the boundary layer thickness. The results of Erdogan [23] for a NavierStokes
fluid can be recovered easily when N , 1 0.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to express their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their valuable suggestions.
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