,.

n i

n i

EVERARD
GEOFFREV
MORRIS

Copyright 1999

& , 26222
(061) 314094, 314206, : (061) 317244

Eapjk@pat.forthnet.gr

; ';

/1997-1999

ISBN: 960-538-039-0
.

2121/1993

. ,

EFFECTIVE SCHOOL G
English language edition published by Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd.
. . Everard and Geoffrey Mois

. .

EVERARD, G. MORRIS

1999

ICI 1951 .

1982
Polytechnic of Central London
(visiting fellow) University of London Institute of Education,

Developing Management in Schools.

1981
(Education Act) Desicion Mak.ing for Special
Educational Needs.

NVQ (National Vocational Qualification)

, , .

.

.
. EMAS

Business Consultants Ltd.

EMAS (European Management Advisory Services) 1971,
Unilever,
, ' .

1967

, .

Brighton Polytechnic Brunel University, '

, '
.

0 , Handbook of
Management Training, McGraw-Hill,
lndustal Training Intemational.

.
, q ,
.

13

17

23

lm

25

Q -r ; '-r-r, , -r-r;

-r;
;

; ; -rQ;

-rQ

-rQ Q

-r Q; -r : -r;

Q; -r-r;

QQ

-rQ

-r -r -r

QQ; Q; Q;

QQ; -r; Q-r;

Q Q

37

Q-r;

QQ -r;

Q -r; Q-r; QQ;

-r; -r; Q-r;

45

; Q Q;

-r

-r; QQ;

lQQ

Q Q

Qv Qv

v v

a v

67

: " "

'(5

81

6 ,

v v

97

Q v

v v v

119

v Q

" Q

v v 4&'Q

v "v

v v v

v Q

Q v

143

Q v

vw Q

v Q

lQQ vv-

'

169

100

191

11

209

12 , 221

13

237

'

14

247

Ofsted

15

257

16

265

17 275

293

18

10

19

r r

r r r

309

r r r

321

324

11

,
.

.

(. .

& ., 1994:17-23, -
. . ).

1990, '

.
,
.
, ,
.

(, , ' ),

(, , ,
).

.
""

, "" ,
,

,
. /
,
, , ,
, .

13


,

.
. 0/

,
, ,

. '
,
,
.

(
, , ),

(, ,
, ). ,

, Q
,

, ,
.
,

,
, .
,
,
"
".

' . ,

,

,
.
,
.
a

14

, ,
, ,

.
.
.
. '

" Management"
"style", "", "" "".
, . "facilitator",

"", "" "

",

stakeholders .

,
.

.

.
, ,

.
, ( ,
, , , )
, ,
.

,
.

'


.

(, , ) .
. ,

,
- , .

, ,

15

 .
.

,
" .

, , , ,
, ..
"" .

"" ,

-
. '
. "
'',

(a prio), "a",

,
'
,

,
.

,
,
.
""
.
-

16

(School Teachers Review Body, 1995, 167)

, , ,
.

, .
;

-
- , ,

. ,
,
.

(),

Unilever,

'

1971

. ()
,

ICI, 1982

,
. ,

, ,
,
.

CNAA ( a ..,

. ),

.
,

,
.
.
' ,
. "
" ( )

17

. ,

' ,
.

. ,
. '

(Everard, 1984)

. , ,
, ,

,
,
.

.
,
, .

,
. .

(Everard, 1980). :
, ,

,
.
, ,

,
.
,
,
.

, , ,
. ,

.

. ,
.
, ( ) . -

18

 .
,
.

, . ,
.

,
"", "", "", "".

,
.

1988

, , :

.

.

1543,

. a ,

GNVQ ( )
GCSE ( ) ''" level.
, C( ' ) :

. ',
,

' , , .
. -

. , .

,
.

( ) ,
.

: "", "", "". ,
:

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4)

19

(5)

(Everard, 1984)
'
, .
: , ,
, ..
'
(

). , .
'

. , , ,
:
, ,

. t
,
. ,

.

' ,
. '
-

,
. ' .
, ,
t 19 .

. a

(Kolb, 1984, . 33)

.
:
,
. , ,
. .

. ,
.
,
.

20

, ,
, , .
,
. '
:
.
,
.
,

(School Management Task

Force, 1990) Developing School Management- 1ie Way Forward, "
,
".

. ,
': "

". ,

' .

,
,

.

.
, ,
, .

1995

(Teacher Training Agency,

)
, . ,
' ,

HEADLAMP ,

5
.

, .
- , , , ,
- , a
, .
. -

21

 "".

, , ,
.
.

, r

ICI, r
ICI r . '

.
,
- ,
r r

BEMAS, r.

EMAS ('
~ , European Management Advisory Service)
, ,

Brighton Polytechnic,

.
,

Brunel University

Tockwith Primary School ',

Ofsted r

. , , (
), () () r
.
, , ,
, "" . ,

r .
l'~

' l

22

8.2 R. . Boyatzis, The Competent

Manager (1982) John Wiley & Sons Inc. All rights reserved.
9.4 The Learning Organization (1987)
Bob Gaatt Harper Collins Publishers Ltd.
( 11) Manual of Learning Styles Peter Honey
Alan Mumford (1986, 2 .) Peter Honey Publications Ltd
(Ardingly House, 10 Lindey Avenue, Maidenhead, Berkshire, SL6 6, tel.: 01628 633946).
10.2, 10 12
Butterworth Heinemann Publishers,
Reed Educational & Professional Publishing Ltd. R.
Meredith Belbin, ,
Management Teams: Why They Succeed or Fail (Oxford, Heinemann
1981).
16 Ten Good Schools (Crown copyright)
Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Fullan
Beckhard ' ,
. , Teachers
College Press Addison-Wesley Publishing Company,
: . G. Fullan S. . Stiegelbauer, The New Meaning of
Educational Change (2 . ), New York, Teachers College Press 1991 Teachers College,
Columbia University (all rights reserved), R. Beckhard R. Harris, Organizational
Transitions: Managing Complex Change 1987 Addison-Wesley Publishing Company lnc.
. G. Fullan S. . Stiegelbauer, The New Meaning of
Educational Change (2 .)
(New York, Teachers College Press 1991 by Teachers College, Columbia University. All
rights reserved).
McGraw-Hill Book Company (UK) Ltd
. Stewart Change: The Challenge for Management
(1983) 16 . HarperCollins
Publishers Inc In Search of
Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-run Companies Thomas J. Peters Robert
. Waterman Jr., Copyright 1982 by Thomas J. Peters Robert . Waterman Jr.,
Hierarchy of needs Motivation and Personality Abraham . Maslow. Copyright
1970 by Abraham . Maslow. Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Upper Saddle River, N.J. Fredeck
Herzberg Work and the Nature of Man
(1966). . Stewart Change: The Challenge for Management (1983)
16 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

23

Thomas J. Peters Robert Waterman Jr.

(1982) In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-run Companies
(, ).
19 University of
London Institute of Education, John Hogan, Steve Smith Sharon Smith.

1-4 7-10
EMAS Business Consultants Ltd EMAS Consultants Ltd.

, .
, .

24

;
;
; ' ,

. ,
.

( )

4 ( ),

.
6

10 1 5.
(1) ,
.

2.

(2)

1
2.
3
4
(3)
.

2.

(4)

1
2.
3
4
(5) .

1
2.
3
4
(6) , .

1
2.
3
4
(7) , ".

1
2.
3
4
(8) .

2.

(9) "

, .

2.

(10)
.

2.

25

\0

1 6, 2 7 . . . . ,

6 10, ,

.
, ,

"4" "
6),
, "3" "4", "
, " ( 1).
, " (

1.1.

,
.

(1) "

". ' -

a . a
.

(2) ''

.
( ,
a !),
". ,
.

10 : "
... " , , ,

.
, t, ' a.

1.1

1
2
3
4
5

7
8
9
10

26

', ,
' , , ""
. ,
, ,

, ,
.
' .
, . ,
,

. :

(1) ,
(2)

(3) .
,
"" .

, ""
"" .

; ;
,

.
,

' .
, . .
' ,
. ' ,
:

(1) , ,
(2) ,
(3) (, , )
,

(4) (.

(5) .

, .

"" .

27

.
"" .
, ""

, . ,
, .

"" -, , , ,

in toto-

"" ,

(1) ,
(2)
(3) .

- -
"" ,
- , ,

, .
' ,

, ,
.
.

,
. '
, . , ,
,

. ,
,
.
.

' .
,
,

28

.
' .
, ,
.

, ,
. ,
. ' ,

- , -

,
.
. ,
. , '
,
:

" "
,
. (: ", " .)

,
. "".

DfEEl.

'~ " ,
.

, ,
,
. , 1 6 6 c ,
6

(Department for Education and Employment, DfEE, . ), c

(Welsh Office -WO), . (Department of Educationfor
Northern Ireland- DEN/) (Department of
Education for Scottish).

6 .
6 c ,
c

(Welsh Office), 6, c
Scottish Enterprise Highlands Islands Enterprise c . Training and Employment Agency.

c 6

(Training and Enterprise Councils- TEC)

(Local Enterprise Companies -LEC).

29

c 6

. '
.

,
- - ,
"" "" .

" " .
;
; ;
;

, , ,
, . ' :

(1)

(2) ,

(

).

, ,

, "".
, .

!
' !

(1) ( ),
(2) ( )
(3) ( ).
, , ,

.
, ""
"". , -

- , , ,
, . . ,

. ""

30

' : , ,
; .
,
.

, "" "
"- , .
,
.

(1) - ,

, ,

, , , , ,

(2) - , ,
(3) - , , ,

/.

, .
;

; , , , ,
:
, ,
.

,
,
.

.
' .
.
:

(1) ,
(2)
(3) .
"" , " "
. a

, -

31

. ""
.
' , " " ""
- ,

, "".

, , a
' . a

" "
a

NVQ,

(NCVQ, 1995)

Q :
;

(. .

Paisey, 1981) ,

, ,
. ,
,
-
.

Education plc? [ ;],

(Maw .., 1984)

,
.
. ,

2 NVQ

(National Vocational Qualifications) yy ,

(General.National Vocational Qualifications-

GNVQ) yy ,

.
.

Qualifications- NVCQ),

(National Council for Vocational

'

. (

) yy .

32

a , '
:

(1) "" .
(2) a

(3)
.

(4)

- , ,

, ( )
.

(5)

a .

(6)

a .

(7)
.
, .

(8) (" ")

- ""
.

(9) ,

"

",
.

(10)
,
,
.

(11)

, "",
.

.
'

, . , ,
( ) ' .

33

. ,
,
, .

"", .

. ,
( ) .
'

(National Association for Values in Education and Training, VET)

'

" Managing

(Everard, 1995b)

Teachers as Professionals in Schools.

, ,
.

, .

, ,
, ,

.

Education

plc?, (Maw .., 1984)

- , ,

, , ,
.
, ,

. ' ,
:

(1)

""
.

(2)
.

(3)

, ,
a ,

" "

" "-,
, ,

34

"".

(4) '
,

(5) , ,
, - -, .
' ,

,
.

Davies, ., L. Ellison, . Osborne J. West-Bumham (1990) Education Managementfor
the 1990s, Longman, Harlow.

35

36

Q
,
. .

"" . ,
,
"", ,
. ,
: ""
"";
""
. ~ ,
,

.
,

, , ,
.

, ,
. ,
, 4 .

(1) (. "")
(2) (. "").
,
,

(Tannenbaum Schmidt, 1958)

. ' ,
, . ',
2.1.

37

2.1

~
W. .

R. Tannenbaum

Schmidt (1973).

()

()

()

()

,
("

;") , , .

, . . .

(Blake Mouton, 1964)

2.2 ,

. (:
. '

"" .)

2.2

,
J. .

R. R. Blake

Mouton (1964).

1/9

9/9

5/5

'

1/1

9/1

-- --

38

:
v

,
"" ,
,
,
""

,
- ,

" "" ", ,

,
,
" ' "
.

v v

,
,
,
,
,

(: '
, .

"" "" .)
:

, ,
,
"" ,
, " ", ,
.. a .

39

t t .

Qr~

,
t t,

, t
t.

'
:

(1) ( " t"), .

.

(2) , . t
t.

- "
"- t. '

"" , , t t

' , , -
- . ,

, , ' , .
, t, - -
t . ' ,
t'

t.

t ""
, , ,
"". ,
, t,

, : "
;", " ", '

". t .
, ,
,
t .
t, t . ,

40

, . ,
, ,

,

.

QQ QQ Q
, ,
, ' ,

.
" " " ".

(Reddin, 1971)

, ,
-

" ". ,
, (_t : "
, , ".
a
.

Q Q QQ
,
. '
:

(1)

(2) .
, " " "
", : "
" , , " ". ,
,
"", "".
" ",
. ,

"".

,
.

, -

41

.
. , ,
- "" ,
.
""
.

.
""
.

(Hersey Blanchard, 1977)

, ,
, .
.

"" . .,
,

.
(
). ,

,
.

'
v uu

(1) :

"

, ,
". ,

, .
: " , .
'

".

(2) ,
.

. , , a.

42

(3)

. ( ,

' , '

. .)
v

(1)

. '

. (7 )

(2) ,

"" ,

, . ,
.

. ,

. " , ;

"

.
. '

( ) !

~ ~ v~
,

,
. , ,
"" .
, " " a
. '
r , ,

, ! !

'~ ~ Q
,
, ,
. , ,

, ,
.
,

43

t - t
t . ' ,
,

. , t
.
, ,
t , ' ,
t .

(1) t
.
;

(2) t ;
t .

;
;

Adair, J. (1983) Effective Leadership: self-development manual, Gower, Aldershot.
Adair, J. (1988) Developing Leaders, Talbot Adair, Guilford. (
.)

Bush, ., R. Glatter, J. Goodey C. Riches (1980) Approaches to School Management,

re: "Leadership in schools", Paul Chapman Publishing, London.
Caldwell, . J. J. . Spinks (1992) Leading the Self-Managing School, Falmer, London.
Silver, . F. (1983) EducationalAdministration, Harper and Row, New York.

44

: "
" " ".
, " "
" " ' ,

' :

(Peters Waterman, 1982) "

".
,
.
,

, , . ,
, .
:

(1) ,
(2)
(3) "" (, ..) , , ,
.

,
, .
,

- . . ,
.

"" - .

. .

;
, .
,

. ,
,
, , ,
. ""

45

, ,
"" .

- - : " " ",

!"

,
. , .
,
:

(1)
(2) .

.

lQQ
,

(Maslow, 1943)
- . 3.1.

, ,

3.1

Motivation and Personality, 2

''Hierarchy ofNeeds", . . Maslow (1970)

by Abraham . Maslow.

, , , , ,

46

, . ',
,
. ' , ,

' .
,

, .
,
. ,
.

, ,

. ,
, , .

a , .
' ,
,
.

. , ,
, , , , ,
.

a
, a ,

.
, , ,

, , , ; '
, , ,
, .

,
,

,
.

(1)

.
, , ,

: "
. "; -

47

(2) , ""
. ,

- , .

(3) ,
. ,
. , ,

.
. '

, "t", .

(4) ""

, , ,
.

(5) .

,
. ,

, "" .

, , '
.
,

, ,
, ..
.

1. ,

, '
.

-

-
.

(McGregor, 1960)

" " :

(1) .

48

(2) ,
.

(3)

(4)
.

(5) , , ,
, .
" ", , :

(1) , ' .
(2) , ,
.

(3)

(4) ,
, a
.

(5) ,
.

QtQ QtQ

(Herzberg, 1966) ,

,
.

.
.
,

3.2

.
' :

(1)
, .
. ,
.

(2) .
,
.

49

3.2

F. Herzberg (1966)

40

20

30

10

10

20

30

40

I
~

I I
I

I
(3)
,

(4) , :
- .,

, "" . -

50

' .
, a
.

"", , "a
" , .
:

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4)
(5) , .

"". :

.
.

, ,
.

-
.

' ,
,
.

, , "" ,

1 .

, ''" . ,

,
' .

,
,
. .
""
.

51

' '

, , .
''
".
,

. ,
.
, .
,
.

'
.

Every

Employer Manager [ ] (Myers,

1970)
:

(1) ' ,
(2) '
(3) (. ) .
' , ,

.
,

.
. ,

.
:
. '

GCSE GNVQ -

.3

3GCSE,

'

16 .

GNVQ
1.

52

v
, ,
. , ,

(McClelland, 1961)

,
.

.
. ,
,

, .
, . ,

. '
, .
' , ,

, ..
.
. ' .
, , ,
. ,
,

~ .
,

.
, ,
, .

, .

,

,
.

, .
.
. -

53

, ' , ,
, ' . ,

.
. , . , . '

', .
,
. - ,
, ,
.
, . .

,
' . ' , , ,
,
.

,
, . .

, .

.
-

. ,
, , ,
.

,
.
.
, ,
. ,
.

; . , ,
.

-
, , ,
..
,

. -

54

, ,
'
. .
. ,

, , . ., ,

, .
,
.

,
(. Herzberg, .

29).

(1) "", .
, , ,

. '
. ,

' .

, .

(2)

. ""

. ,
.
,
,

. , ,
.
.
.

55

2,

. ,
a .

(3)
.
. !
' , ""

,
.
, a . ,

.
.

(1)

()

1.

, .

() ' .

.

(2)

" ".

, ;

Stewart V. . Stewart. (1982) Managing the Poor Performer, Gower, Aldershot.
Warwick D. (1984) Motivating the Staff(2 .), The Industrial Society, London.

1:

. .

56

Q
(1) .

'

(2)

(3) ,

(4) ;

(5) ;

(6)

(7) ' ;

57

(8) ;

(9)

(10)

(11)

), ;

(12) ;

(13)

()

58

(14)

'

(15) ,
;

(16)

(17)

, ,
.

,
.

1
3
11
13

-:-4=

()

-:-2=

()

7
8
12

-:-3=

()

16

()

5
6

59

2
4

14

-;.4=

()

-;.2=

()

15

9
10

t r
:

()

()

()

()

()

()

, ,
, r
, .

, ,
"" r .
,

, t
.

, ' .
'
()

()

()

()

()

3,1

3,0

2,9

3,2

3,6

()

3, 5
51,8
3,5 , . 2,5 3,0,
,

2,5

, , , .

(' ,
r ), , ,
.

55 .
45 55 .

t,

, , -"", "" "

"-, , 't
.

60

: '
!

.

2:

a v

) .
.
,
.

,
.

,
. ! ''".

,
, , a

, ,
. .

1,

1.

"" "" , ,
.

"1" , "2"

' .

,
. , ,
.

"",
.

-
.

~ 1,

2 .. ,
2
, 3

' .
, , ,

61

'vruo

1 ( 2)-
________________________

()
()

..........
..........

( )

..

.......... (

) .......... (

.......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... ( )
) .......... ( )

.......... (
.......... (
.......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (

).......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... ( )).......... ( )

) .......... (

) .......... (

()

()
()

..........

..........
..........

) .......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... ( )

()

1\)

()
()

..........
..........
..........

.......... (

) .......... (

.......... (
.......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

.......... (

) ..........
) ..........
) ..........
) ..........

) .......... (
) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... ( )

) .......... ( )
) .......... ( )

()

()
()
()

..........
..........
..........
..........

.......... (
.......... (

.......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

(
(

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (

) .......... (
) .......... (
) .......... (
) .......... (

)
)
)
)

)>

>

)>

'

2) -

1)

--..

()

()

()

()
()
>

()

()
()
()

()
()
() n

)>

>
)>

, .

, , ..
, t.
t .

2 t ' 2.

t t t

1.

2 t

.
:

(1)
1.
(2) 1 ' ' 2, t
t
, '

1
1 t

1,

' t '

1 t 2,

t t, t

t : t
.

(. ).

, , c t

1, .

, t .

t :

(1)

a , ,

""
.

(2) t .

1.

(:

.)
2.

,

:

(1) ""

t.

(2) ,

64

(3)

(4)
.
.

,
. ,
, .
, ,
.
, .
, ,
, ' , . ,

" " .
,

.
, ""
.

65

, ( a
)
. .
r , ,

,
.

, :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3)
(4) .
' , , ,

, :

(1)

(2)
.
,
' . ,

, " ".
" " " ",
: " , ".
, ,
,

. , , " ",

a '
.

. , ' ,
. , -

67

,
. 4.1.

4.1

(, , , )

& )

I
I

, .
, . ,
, , , _

, .
,
.

lo:

; ;

. ,
.
" "
. , ,

, , , ,

68

. ; (
, , , )
.

,
. ' , . ,
"

" : "
( )
" , , "

".
.

, ''

" : "
". , ,
: , ,

..

2: ;
,
. ,

. ,
:

(1) : , ,
.

(2) :

.
,
:

(1) .
(2) ' .

(1)

(2) .
(3)
, .

(4) .
(5) a.

69

3: u u

, ' . ,
a , ,
, , .
.
,

.
:

(1) ( ' ).
(2) (
).

4: u u

3 2 .

""

. , ,
"

".
:

(1) .
(2) .
(3)
.

(4)
.

(5)

, ,

,
.

(6)
.

(7) .
' , , "
" .

3, 4 6 .

5
1 2

"" ,
. , .

70

, "" , .

. ,

.
.

7
6 .
5: ;

""
. . ,

,

.

- .
, ,

. .
, . ,
:

(1)
(2) .

, ,

, . ,
:

(1) (;) ( ).
(2) .
(3) ' .
,

,
. , -

71

,
.

. ,
.
,

- - , ,
,
. "

" . a, ,
, : " ,
" " ".

.

" "
" ",
. ,
" ".

Qv
:

(!): , ,
.

(2) :

""

(3) :

(4): .

..

. ,
,
"". ,
, ,
.

(. .

LEA)4
t , "

" .

72

, ,

,
. . ,

, ,
. ""
. ,
, , ,
, . '
,
.

: ,

,
.
.

,
" ", .
.
" ' "

.
.

, :

(1) ""
.

(2) .
(3)
.

116 (Local Education Authorities- LEA)

6 .

LEA (Board ofEducation) 1;

, 6

LEA,

(Chief Education Officer),

(National Cuiculum).

6 6

6 6 . 6
6 LEA LEA, 6,

73

,
:

(1) ""

(. . )

(2) , "",
.

(3)

(4)

: " "

. , , ""

.

(1)
.

(2) ( )
, .

. (
, !) ,

(3)

(. ),

,
, . (

, , , -
!)

(4)

( ' )

.
' ,

(5) ,

, "" ,
, .s

""

74

"" .
:

(1)
.

(2) "t'' , .
(3)
. ", , ... "
.

(4) ,
. . "" .

(5) . (
() " " "

" ()
, t .)

(6) "'' .
,
,
. t, :

(1)

' , .

(2) a ,
,
.

(3) ,

.
:

(1)

"" ("

() ...

"- .

" ( ) ... ") .

(2)

"".

, -
- " ;" c
, : "
;"

(3) ""

c.

('' ... " "'

... "),
S'" 6 6
6

75

: ", ,
;"

(4)
(5) .

, a.

,

. 4.2
.
" ,

",
, ,

""
. :
, .

4.2

" ' "

"r"

.
-, , -

; ;

. , ;

76

Q
" , "
"" ,
. " ".

,
, :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3)

(4) .
,
,

. ' , (. 32)

" " ,

' .
,
.
:

(1) ,
(2)

(3) .

.
. ' :

(1) , y z.
(2) , .
(3)

(4) .
(5) .
't

(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
,
.

77

. , ,

.
'

(. .

6 .

).

, :

(1) ,
(2)
(3) .

(1) ,
(2)
(3)
.

(. . ,
, ).
,
. .

(1) ;
(2) a ;
(3) ;

'
:

78

Lawton, . . G. Rose (1994) Organzaton and Management n the Publc Sector (2

.), Pitman, London.
:

Owens, R. G. (1991) Organizational Behavior in Education (4 .), Allyn & Bacon,

Boston, Mass.
Trethowan, D. . (1989)Delegation (2 .), The Industal Society, London.
Warwick, D. (1989)Decson-makng (2 .), The Industal Society, London.

79

Q

,

, ,
.
, , .
.

.
. ,

, , ,
.
.

.
,
a.
, ,

-.; .

a
:

(1) ;
(2) ;
(3) ;
,
:

(1) ' ;
(2) ;

81

; ;)

(3) ;
(4) ;
(5) ;
(6) ;
(7) ;
(8)
() ,
()
() ;
.

- ,
' .
, ' , (

)
" "
.

(1) (. .

, ,

).

(2) ,

(. .

LEA

).

(3) , . . .
(4) (. .

).

(5)

" ", ""

. ( .)

(6)

, , ,
.
.
'
"" . , -

82

,
: "
;"

, :

" ;"
" ;"
" ;"

.
""
.

~ . a,
,
. ,
.

:

, ' ,
, .

,
. :

(1) , , .
(2) (, ..).
(3) (. . , ,
, ).

(4) , ..
(5) , , .. ,
. (:
,
, , .)

(6) .
, , : "
. , y

z;"

-
:

83

c .

, c , c , t

.
:

(1) .
(2) "" ( ).
(3) (
).

(4) ,

(5)

(. . ) .

", ,
c c .

,
c . , ,
,
c " ".

, , ,
. ., .

( , , ).

, (
c ).
,
.

( )

, c

,


( ,
, .

84

10
5

.)

40

( ,
.)

20

( ,

.)

15
5

(.

),
.

' , ""
, " ' ",

. ""
, ,
, ,
,

. ,
, .
, , ,
, ,

.

,
, .
, .
"" ,
4.1,
, .
, .

. ,
; ;

85

. ,
, .

,
.

, :

(. .
), , ,
"".
.
,
. ,

. ,
.

.
, . :

(1) ,
(2)
(3) .
t -
- ,
.

,

. ",
...

" "". ,

, , ,
.

. .

86

, ,
. ,
. ,
,
.
. :

, . "
", '' " " ".
, . ,
.
,

. . '
, .
. .
- , . .

.
' .
t -, !
.

. (
!)

.
"

"

,
, . '
:

(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
(4) .
(5) .
(6) .
(7) .
(8) .
(9) , . . .
,

, -

87

.
,
.

"".

. . :
, ,
.

, . , ,
.

,
5.1. ,
- . 5.2.
, "", , ,

"" " ".

.

- ,
. ,

,
. ,
, , .
, .

Buzan (1974).

(1)

(2) . t
, , .

,
. ,
.
:

(1) .

88

5.1

(2) , ", ... ".

(3) " ".
(4) ' , " ".
(5) : " ... ",
" , ... ". ,
.

(6) .
(7) .
(8) "" .
(9) .

, "".
vt :

, ,

,
.

89

<

)>

>
)>

'(j.

1'1-{,J. 't~~o)J:I'!'

Cll

5.2

, "f-.
: " ...

y. ' ... ; "

y,

' .

.

'
.

.

.

" "

.

.

, .
.
, ,

, : ,

.

"" : "
" '' ".

1 .

, rit ' ,
()
. , :

(1) ,
(2) ' "
, ",

(3) ,
(4) ,
(5)

91

(6) .
:

' .

' .

'

' .

;
;

' .

' ;

' .

' .

' a .

'

'

( );

' .

'

.
.
'

(1)

" ".

(2) ~

, , .
.
.

,
.

92

\1) c\ '\:v.
(2) ( ).
(3) .
(4) .
(5) , :
() ,
()
() .

(6).

(1) , , .
(2) .
(3) .
(4) .
(5)

~,

(1) .
(2) , .
(3) (. . , , ).
(4) .
(5) .
(6) .
(7) , .

(1) (, ,
(2) .
(3) .
(4) .
(5) .
(6) .

).

(1) , , ;
(2) .
(3) .

93

(1) ;
(2) "" ;
(3) ; , ; :
() .

() .

() ' .
() .

(4) :
() , ,
;

() , . . ;

()
"";

(1)

(. . , -

, , );

(2) ;
(3) a ;
(4) ;
(5) ;
(6) ;
(7) ;
(8) ;
(9) ;
(10) ;

(1) ;
(2) ;
;

;
;

Pemberton . (1988) Guide to Effectie Meetings
London.

94

(2 .),

The Industrial Society,

Trethowan, D. (1989) Communication in Schools (2 .), The Industrial Society, London.

Warwick, D. (1989) Effective Meetings (2 .), The lndustrial Society, London.

3:

1. -r
() . .
() .
() , ' .

() .
() .

2. -r
() .
. .
() .
,
.

() a.
() .
() .

3. -r
() ' . . '
. ' .

() .
() . .
() ,
. " .
() , .

4. ;
() .
() .
() .
.
() .

() ,
.

5.
() ,
.

95

() .
.

() .
() .
() . .

6.
() .
() .

.

() , " "-
.
() : "" "" .

() .

7.
() . , .
() , .
() a .

() .
()
. ' a .

8.
() (.. , ,
, ).
() .
()
.

() .
() (. .

v ).

96

,
v

13 - ,
. ,
. ,
,
, -
-, .

: , ,
,
, , . ,
,

""
.

,
.

"

". , :

(

6.1);

; , ,

,
, ; '
, ,
"" , , ""
"" ;

6.1

"

97

\0

;
. , ;

, .
' . ,

,

,
.

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) ,
(5)
(6) .

. ,
, .
(. .

),
.

.
. ,
,
, ,

.
, "" .
:

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3)
(4) .
' :

(5)

, . (

) .

98

, ' ,

, , :

(6) .
,

, .
, , :

(1) ;

(2)

(3) ;
(4) ;
,
. :

(1) ;

(2) ;
(3) ;
(4) ;

,
, .

,
. ' ,

"" "". :

(1) - . . , ,
.

(2) ,

, .., ,

, .

(3) : , , , .
(4) : , , .
(5) : , , .
' , "",
.
.
, , ""

, . ' , .

,
, .

99

, ( )
(.

1 ).

, , .

1985, re

, . re ,

1990,

. , ' ,

, .
, . ,
,

2000;

,
.
, .

:

(1)
.

(2)

(3)

(4)

,
. , - -

. . ,

, , .

. ,

- , ,
.

' (

"" ). , ,
,
. -

100

, .
, , .

,

, .
t
, ,
,

, a,
.
-

. ' , "" " "

, ,
t
. ',
,

, , .
t ,

-, ,
- :

, . ,
.

,
.

.
- :

(1) ,
(2) ,

(3) ,
(4)

, e

(5) .
, ,
,

Times Educational Supplement

101

. ,
.

, : , t
' . ,
.

,
a ,

,
,

. ,

, " " .
"", ,

- , , .
,

,
- , ,
!
, .

, ,
, (.

Herzberg, . 29) .

( ) ,
.

, ( ""
). ' , ,
.

'

102

. '
, , ,
, ,
. ,
. ( )

: , (
) , (
) , ,
. ,

.
.

, a "" ""

. ''" ,
' . ,
" "
.

' , .

, , ~
.
- -
,
. , " ; ".

;
, .
a , ,
,

. ,
.
,
. ,

"" ""
. ' ,
"". ,
. ,

-

103

, .

'
. , ,
. '

.

, ,

.

( 3)

6.2.

, ,
.

,

. -

6.2

................................... .

................................... .

()

=
=

()
................................................... ()
()

....................................................................... .

104

, , ,
, . '

,
.
.
.
"" " ":

(1)

, . (

, .)

(2) ""

"" "",

(
).

(3) , .
(4) - ' : " ... ", " ...
; " ", ... " (
, .)

(5) .
(6) .

(1) ,
, (

).

(2)

, "", "" ""

:
" ... "
" ... ;"

" ... ;"

" ... ;"

" ... ;"

(3) ,
..

(4) .
(5)
.

(6)

: ",

. ... ".
(7) .

105

(8)

(9) ( ..).
(10) , ,
, .
, a .. (

.)

(11)

(, , ,

, , ..)

(12)

(
..).

(13) .
(14) .
(15) ( ) , ,
.

,
. ,
, ,

.
' .

, ''
" ( , ..),
.

, , .

. . ,

" " "

"
"
".

, ,
, ..,
. ,
, , .. (
.)

106

" , a
.

, ,

' .

, , ,

'60

, , ,

. ,
,

,
,
.

6.3

. .

. , ,
, , .
re .

6.3

107

/<

,
. , .

, ,

(Barber .., 1995)

,
.
.

,

.
, ,

. :

(1) ,
(2)
(3) .

. ,
. ,
, :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4)
(5)
.

. , , ,
,
, ,
.

' c
. , , - -

. ,
(. 7
). , c
. , -

108

. ,

, (. re ).

.
-

. ,
, ,

''". a
.

, .

, ,
, ,
.

,
, ,
. .

;

.

' :

(1)
.

(2) .
(3) (2). (

!)

(4) .
(5) .
(6) , ,
.

(7)

(8) ( ).
, .

109

(1) ;
(2) ;

.
, ,

. :

( 1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) ( ),
(5) ( ),
(6) ,
(7)
(8) .

' ,
,

.

. a
,

, : ''
. !"

. . ,

,
.

(1) , (
!) ,

(2)

, , ,

,
. '-

110

,
. ,
,

Q

, "
" . 6,

" ".

6.4 .
6.4

' + '
+'

!C

(1) ,
(2) , ,

(Local Management of Schools),

(LEA)

, , ,
. LEA .

111

(3) ,
(4)
(5)
.

- . .
:

(1) .
(2)
.

""

" " .

Q Q
,
,
, - .

(. 11 13 ).
,

, , ,
.

(School Management Task Force,

1990).
, ,
, . ' :

(1) /
, ipso facto ( ),
, "".

(2) .
(3) " ".
(4)

(5)

(6) '

" (

112

).

(7) ,

,
.

' , ,
, ,

.
, ,

(). 7 " , . .

HEADLAMP.

(.. , , ..)

NVQ (TDLB 31)

. (

) '' "
. " ",
,

.

.

, "" , ,
.

,
.

.
, , ,
,

, ,
.
( ,

1978)

' ,

7 , '
, ' ,
.

113

" ".

, .
' ,
:

(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
(4)

(. .

).

(5) .
, .
.

ACAS ,

, , ,
""

,
.

, ( )

, ,
:

(!)
. (
, ,
.)

(2) ,

. ,
.

(3)

,
, .


.
, , .

114

. ,

Ofsted8

t , "

" .
a ,

,
. , " ",
,
.
; ;

(, ,

LEA,

) ,
, .
(. . )

, ,
, , "
".

. , , ( )
. t,
:

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) (!)
(4) - " ".
.
:

(1)

. (
. , , -

.
,

OFSTED (The Office for Standards

(Her Majesty' s Chief

n Educaton),

Inspector of Schools- HMCI).

1993

2).

OFSTED .

220

,
, .
.

115

. ,

.)

(2) ,
, , ,

,
, , .

(3) - .
(4) . ,
,
.

(5)

"" . ,

- . . "
. ' ,
, ...

"

(6) ""

( ;), (

;), ,
. . ,

: " !

"

(" ")
,
.

(7) ,

.. ,
.

, ,
.

(8)

, ..

, .

.

(9)

,
"".

116

. ,
, ' ,

. ,
.
.
,
. , ,

, ,
. ,
.
, .

. .
(. ,
). , , ,
: " ".
"". '

,
. , ,
;

a
.
, . .
.
, ,
.

. ,

. '
.
.
' ,

.
.

, .
a , ,
. !

117

, ,
t
.

Everard, . . (1986) Developing Management in Schools, Blackwell, Oxford.
Fidler, . R. Cooper ( . ). (1992) StaffAppraisal and Staff Management in Schools and
Colleges: Guide to Implementation, Longman, Harlow.
Kalinauckas, . (1994) Coaching: Realising the Potential, Institute of Personnel and
Development, London.
Macay, . (1995)Asking Questions and Listening Skills (2 .), Institute of Personnel and
Development, London.
Parsloe, . (1995) Coaching, Mentoring and Assessing: Practical Guide to Developing
Competence, Kogan Page, London.
Trethowan, D. . (1989) Target Setting (2 .), The Industrial Society, London.
Trethowan, D. . D. L. Smith. (1984) Induction, The Industrial Society, London.
Warwick, D. (1989)Appraisal and Interviewing (2 .), The Industrial Society, London.
West-Burnham, J. (1995) Management Development in Schools, Pitman, London.

118

u . t

t, . , c
t c .

uy : ,

D., "'',
:t . t t, u

, n . ', t. ,
' , :
t ut "" , ,
, r tc t

tu .
tc m .
,
. ,
.

,
.-
, , ,

. ,

General Motors,

. '

(Sloan, 1990)

, .

119

, . .,
, .
,
.

, , .
:

(1)

). ,
.

(2) .

' ' ;

(3)
.

, , ,
.

, ""
, , .
, " ", ,
,
, .

; ;

"". , "
" , .
,
( )
.
" ",
. , "
",
. -
""- - ""-
.

, ,
,
. , a
. .

120

, , .
, .

7.1.

"

", .
" "
a.
, 7.1, " " a
.
. ,

,
. ,

. , ,
"" . "

!"

7.1

""

""

" "

121

, ,
.

.
7.2.
.
"", ,
. ,
" ", " ". ,

, .
,

. ""
.
.
; ' ;

,
,
. '

, , ,
, ,
. ,
.
(
) , .
.

. , , ,
"". , "
,
.

, "",
.

4.

.
. ,
,

122

vt

)>

""
/\)

>
)>

"",

""

vt

7.2

.....

j.

,
.

"

7.2,

. ,
'' " (

4)

. ,
.

, ,
.

1, 2 3 7.2,

. .
" ", ,
(
!)
.

' ,
. , ,

.
,
.

,
' . "
, ,

,
"" " ".
, , , ,
" ",
"

" .
,
:

(1) .
(2) , .
, .

(3) -

124

. ,
.

(4) , .
(5)
. ,

, , .

(6) .
(7) .
(8) .

(.

" ", 8 )

(9)

. ( ,

!)

(10) .
" " ,
(: !),
.

.
:

(1)

. ,
, ( )

(2) " ", . ,

.
' , :

(1) ( 5)
(2) ( 6).

Q "Q" Q

, , . " ".

. ,
. ,
.

, -

125

r. .
, r .
r

. r, ,
,
, , r
.

, r r
.

7 r ,

, .

r , r
, . "
" .

(1) "" --

r r . ( r
"" .)

(2) ,

. ,
r
.

(3)

r t "").

.
r , ,

. ' ,
,
. ,

, ,

. r, ,
r r .
, r
- . .
, r

. r , ,
, ,

, " r " ..

126

t .
' ' - -

"a " " "

. :

(1)

. "

,
":

.
( ),
.

(2) ,
, ""
, , .
, , :

(1)

(2)
. (. 4 ) "

.

,
:

(1)

-
.

(2) .
.
.

(3)

, ,
. ,
.
. -

127

-, , , ..
, -,

, ,
, ,
. ,
.

(4) " " , ,

,

.

(5)
"a" , , .
,

"" . ,
.
, "".

,
,
.
.

, , "'",

. ,
. ,

, , .
, .
. ,
, a,

(' )
. , a
,

. ,

,
,
.
PATHPIOlliTA

: -

128

. ; ; ; ;

;
. ' .

, ;
;

Fisher, R. S. Brown (1989) Getting Together, Hutchinson, London.
Fisher, R. W. Ury (1981) Getting to Yes, Hutchinson, London.
Katz, . . J. W. Lawyer (1994) Preventing and Managing Conflict, Corwin Press,
Thousand Oaks, Calif.
Sloan, . . (1980) My Years with General Motors, Sidgwick Jackson, London.

4:

Q Q Q

) ,

4 ( )

1 ( ).

' ,
, ,
.
' :

(1)

(2)

(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

;
;

;
;
;

;
;
;

129

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)

;
;
;

;
;
;

;
;
;
;
;
;

4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

,
:

3
4
17
19
23

2
7
12
18
22

1
5
9
14
21

6
13
16
24
25

8
10
11
15
20

' ,

7.2.
2.2. . 2.
,
(
). ' "" ' ""

;
; ;

130

,
. ' :

'

--------- --

uy

, ,

.
.
"Qv". , :

(1) " "

(2)

, ,

(3) .
(4)
.

, ,
. -

, , ..

. , "-

131

" , a ,
. , :

(1) .
(2) .
(3)

.

. '

. ,
. ,
. , :

(1) .
(2)
.

(3)

. , t ,
. ,
. ,
:

(1) .
(2) ,
. .

, , .

.

.

(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
(4) '
,
.

132

5: v v Q

. , .
t , :

~ }
: }

~ }
]

' :

(1) (~) ( ).
(2) () ( ).
(3) () ()
( ).
.

.
.
2

.
3

. ,
.
: "

;"
4

"+" ' "-" '

.

status quo (,

, ),
. , '
. , . ,

133

(.
17 ), .
.

- . . .

. : "

" ,

' .
S

- -,
,

'
:

t.
7

. ,
.

.

.

6:

.
, .

, ~
. ,
.
( , ) .
, , , -

134

\0

. , ,
.
2

, , ,
, .

(1) ' ( )
- , , modus operandi
... .

(2) '

'

, , .
:
.
, (

) .
3

, , ,

.
, ' , .
. '
.

.
,
, :
", ' ! " . ,

,
- ,
, .
.
5

, ,

"" ()
, .
.
6

- . . ,

135

, ,

.

- , . , ""
, ,

1, .

.
. ,

,
"":

3, 5 6

( , . .),
. , ,

6,

,
.

7:

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3)
(4) ( )
.

(. ,
)

.
, ,
.

.
, . ,

\
,

. .

136

. , ,
.

1 5.

(1) (.
)

(2) .

1. .
:

()
.

() .
()

.
() .

"".

()
.

2.
()

.
()
.
.

()
"", . .

.

() ''".

137

,

.

()

,

.

3.
()

status quo.

.
() ,
.
() '

.

() '

.
()
' .
.

4.
() ,
' .
,
.
() ,

.


. '
.

138

........ .

()

()

.
()
.

5. y
()
.
.

()


,

,

.
() ,

.
()

.

.
.
() ' ,

.
.

6. -r
()
. ,'
.

139

vt

vt .
() vt
,

.
vt, .

() vt . ,
vt ,
,

vt .

()
vt
, ,

vt vt

.

()

7.
() vt,
vt.
()
, vt .

' . ',

.

() vt
vt .
()
.

()
.
8.

() ' vt

140

.
()
, .
()
.
()
.

()
.

9. Q
()
. ,

.
()

' .
()


.

()
.
()
.

10.

() , ,

.

.

() ,
.
() .

141

()
.
, ,
.

()

.

(1) ,

(2) , :
() ,

() .

(3) :
() ;
() ;

(1) ;
(2)
;

(3) ' , a
.

(4) ;

142

EAYfOY

Q v
' ,
. ,
. ,
, , ,

, . ., , ,
.

Q Q
c
. '
. "",

, .
, -,
, -
. ,
, "". ""
-

c .
- - ,

- ~ .
.

,
, '
,

. ,
, .
. c

,
.

143

, "" ,
, , , "
" (

7, . 7)

' . ,

.

,
; .

. ,

.

lQQ QQ
'
.

. .

,
.
"" ;

,
,
, ,

;
( )

,
;

, "", "

" "~",
. ,
.
.

QQ
:

; 6
.

144

,
.
:

(1)
;

(2)

( ,
, ;)

v Q

, , ,
.

. '
, :

(1)

9 ),

(2) ( 10 ),
.
.

, ' ,
. "
" ,

)- . ,
.
, :

(1) ,
(2)
(3) .
.
, , ,

,
: ( ) -

145

(, ,
) ,
. ,
,
: " ", "

", " " , , "

".

.
.
:

(1) , ,
(2) , ,
(3) " (.
),

(4)

( , )

;
.
, ,
:

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) .
/

.
a,
.
, . , ,
.

(Kyriakou, 1980) (Dunham, 1986).

: ,
. , ,

.
, -

146

. ,

, , . ,
, , .
, ,

,
. ,
.

,
, " " ( ,
, ). : ,

, , .
. , ( )

: , ,
, . .

. (,
) , , ,
, :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) ,
(5) ,
(6) ~ .
, ,

,
, ,

: r
, , . '

, :

, , , , ,
.

8.1

, , ,
. ,
. :
.

147

8.1

----

. , ' .
.

,
. ,

.
,
. ,
. -

148

. ,
, .
, .
.
. :

(1)
(2) a
,

(3) , , ,
'

(4)

- .. (

),

(5) .
.

. '
, , .

. ,
. ,

, ,
. . ,
, .
, .

.
,

, .

(Baron & Thomson, 1989)

"" . "
",

. , ,

, ' , .
"" ""

", ". "" :

, , ,
,

149

t ,
.

.

. , "" :

,
(
),

"" .
, ,

"" , ' ,
.

'
, " ".

"
"

("Management Charter Initiative").

( )

, .

(Everard,

1989a) , ,
. ,

. :

(1) ,
(2)
,

(3)

(, )

(4) -

, .

(5) ,
(6) ,
, .

150

8.2

,
R. . Boyatzis, he Competent Manager,
copyright 1982 ( John Wiley & Sons Inc.)

1.

(
,

2.

, ,

( )

(a )
( )

)*

3.

(
, ,

( )*

()*

(
)

4.
(

(
)*

5.

(
)

)
)

6. *
*

, . , '

151

1 5,

, .
,

. , ,

.

(..

LEA). ,

, (

, . 6 ).
,

, .
.

(Everard, 1986)

, ,

(Burgoyne, 1976). (Boyatzis, 1982)

( 8.2).
, , ,
. ,
" ",

.

u.

.
,
.

Q Q

.

( , , ,
). ,

. " ".

(Kolb, 1984)

(Honey Mumford, 1982) "

", "", "" ""

.
(.

152

11 -

), .

Usng Your Learnng Styles,
,
, :

Dr Peter Honey, 10 Linden Avenue,

Maidenhead, SL6 6, United ingdom. 11

(Kelly, 1995)

, .
-

(Seymour West-Barnham, 1989/1990)

(Butcher, 1995)

9,0

12,6

10,5

11,5

8,3
10,6
8,9

13,9
9,0
13,9

12,7
10,0
12,9

13,1
10,6
12,8

()

()
()

()

. ', ,
. ,

, , ,
. ,

.
(

11 12)

a
.

. (. )
. ,
,

Myers-Briggs,

16PF, OPQ Firo ,

" , ', ""
. , -

153

, ,

. ,
,
.

,
.
. (
)
,

(Berne 1967)

, :

(1) - , , , , .
(2) - , , .
(3) -- , -, -,
.

, ,

- ,

.
;

. , ( )
,
. (Hars,

1973)

.
""
(

8.3)

. ,
"", .

. , ""
. ""
. ""
. .
, "",

.
, -
,
, , ,
" .
, , , -

154

, .

.
, , .

, ' . ,

, ,
, , ,

. ,
.

8.3

Harris (1973),
Cape Ltd

Jonathan

'

"". ,

""
"".
"",

.

"", "".
.
. ,
-
. ,

.

- ,
.

155

,
, .
"",
.

, , ""

.
. ,
" "
"- """, ! (Hars,

1973)

: .

,
. ,
,

. ,
. , ,

. ., .

. ,

" "
.

, , .
(, !) ,
. , '

, , . .,

"". ,
" ",
.
. ' ,
" "
. " ".

,
a .

156

8.4

8.4

'

8.4

.
.

" , ""
. ". ;
, ;

Adair, J. (1987) How to Manage Your Time, Talbot Adair, Guilford.
Brown, . S. Ralph (1994) Managing Stress in Schools, Northcore House, Plymouth.
Cooper, C. L. R. Paine (.) (1994) Causes, Copingand ConsequencesofStressat Work,
Wiley, London.
Dunham, J. ''Helping with Stress", Marland, . ( .). (1986) School Management
Skills, Heinemann, Oxford.

157

Esp, D. (1987) Competencesfor School Managers, Kogan Page, London.

Gray, . . Freeman (1987) Teaching Without Stress, Paul Chapman Publishing,
London.
Honey, . . Mumford. (1982) Manual ofLearning Styles, Honey, Maidenhead.
Mumford, . (1980) Making Experience Pay, McGraw-Hill, London.
Pedler, ., J. Burgoyne . Boydell. (1994) Manager's Guide to Self-Development (3
. ), McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead.
Pedler, . . Boydell. (1994)Managing Yourselj, Harper Collins, London.
Rogers, . (1995) Managing Teacher Stress, Pitman, London.
Stewart, R. (1982) Choicesfor the Manager, McGraw-Hill, London.

8:

"
"

(1)

(2)

(3) a .

9:

,
.

(1)

. ("").

(2)

("")

(3) ( )

"" "" ;
.

(4) ( )
;

(5)

158

; .

(6) ( )
; .

()

()

()

()

, ,

()

()

(
)

, ,

(
, , ,
-

() ( )

159

10:

................................... .

- , , , , .
. , 6v . .
'

08.00
08.30
-08.30
09.00
-

......
>

9.00
9.30

9.30
10.00
-10.00
10.30
--

10.30
11.00

--

11.00
11.30
-

11.30
12.00

)>

>
)>

'

12.00
12.30

--

12.30
13.00
-

13.00
13.30

-13.30
14.00

-14.00
......
>
......

14.30

-14.30
15.00
-

15.00
15.30

-16.30
16.00

-16.00
16.30

-16.30
17.00

--

17.00
17.30

)>

>
)>

CD

11:

(
) . , ,

"", .
.
,
.

10 15

. .
.
, (). ,
(). () () .

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

, .
.
.
.
.

(7)

(8)
(9)
. (10)
' (11)

(12)

- , a ,

(13)
(14)

.
.

,
.

..

.
, ,
a "".

(15)
(16)
- (17)
(18)

(19)

(20)

.
, .

.
.
, .

162

(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)

't .

, .
, .
. a .
, .

. .
.

.
-
, .

(30)

, .

(31)
(32)
(33)
(34) ;

(35)

(36)

(37) .
(38) , .
(39) .
(40) a ,

.>

.
,
.
, ,

..

(41)

' .

(42) .
(43) , .
(44) .
(45) -- .
(46) . a
.

(47)
(48)
(49)
(50) ,
(51) ,.
(52)

.
, .

.
.
.

163

(53)

(54) " .
(55) ' ,
.
(56) . .
(57) .
(58) . (59)

.
.

(60) , .
(61)
.

(62)

.
' .

(63)

,
.

(64)

' ,
.

(65)
(66) /
(67)
(68)

a .

(69)
(70)
(71) ;
(72)
(73)
(74) ,
(75)

.
, .

, .
.
u .

.
.

,
.

(76) "
(77)

.
,
..

(78)
(79)
(80)

.
.

() . ()

164

2
4
6
10
17
23
24
32
34
38
40
43
45
48
58
64
71
72
74
79

7
13
15
16
25
28
29
31
33
36
39
41
46
52
55
60
62
66
67
76

1
3
8
12
14
18
20
22
26
30
42
47
51
57
61
63
68
75
77
78

5
9
11
19
21
27
35
37
44
49
50
53
54
56
59
65
69
70
73
80

20
15

165

. ().

. (.
.

- ; ;

t.
.
.

, .
.

, .
.

.
.
.

.
.

, .
, ..

"" .
.
.
.

166

"" .

, .
.

"".

.
, , .
- .

, .
.

.
.
, .

Honey Mumford (1986), .141-146.

167

168

Are :

. ,

. (

9.1). '.

. ',

lOo , .

, . -
, -

. ( )
. .

0Q
, ,
; ,
, a
. ~

.
"" " ", , ,

. "" , ,
, " ", " "
" " .

.
, "
" ""
, .

( )
, .

, .

. '' , ",
.
, ,

169

In Search ofExcellence. (Peters Waterman, 1982, .119)

, Cadbury's t: " , , tt".
, ...
, t

...
r t, .
, -,

ICI,

, '

: " ,
, . ,
. ".

(Huxley, 1984)

, : " t !

. ".
, t
t .
t, t t

t . ,

9.1

_ _ _ _ _ _...,.

---~ ---~

- -...~

LEA

DfEE
SED

' 9

SHA

..

..

..

..

..

9 - 6

16 . 6 (sixth form
college) 6 .
.

170

,
.

.
, , '
, ,

re . , v
.
:
, .
. ,

(. ),
. ,

: "
".

(DfE, 1995) ' (Peters Waterman,

1982, . 85): ' ,

, ,
."

. ,

,
.

Shell, Zeneca Securitor, , ,

. , ,

9.2.

. ' ,
, , ,
. "". ,
, , ,
,
. , "" , ,

LEA,

, , ,
, .
"
. ( )

171

. ,

LEA DfEE.

.
. ,
, .

9.2

' " ".

, ,
, .

.
. , ,
, . ,
!

9.2

, .

,
.

, ,
.

, ,
.

,
:

.
.

172

.
6.
t .

6 .
"

,
.

() ()

, , ,
,
.

,
, ,
.

-
.

, , ,
.

,
.

, ' .
-, , ,
-
.

"" . ;

;
; ;
;

173

Q
.

, ,
.

' .

-

, , , . ,
,
.

.
a.

, ,
,

DfEE

. ,
, .

- -

9.3. ' ,

, ,
. (

- , , )
: , ,

..

""
( ,
).

.
. , ,

.

: , ,

,
.

174

9.3

(
&)

,
.

" " (14 ): .
.
,
.

(Garratt, 1987)

9.4, ).

" "
- .

175

9.4

(Garratt, 1987)

.
,

.
,
.
, ,
"" - .

176

9.5

r:

r:

r:

'

-....
-....

'

r:

(NTL)

r:)

1900-1940

1950-1970

1950-1972

1960

1950-1955

Utwick
Fayol
Taylor

Beckhard
Argys

Rice
Emery
Trist
Beer

March
Cyert

Woodward, Bums
Stalker
Lawrence Lorsch
Reddin

Likert
Blake
McGregor

Patersn

Peow

)>

>
)>

,
t

. ' t

9.5.

t , t
, , , t ,

, t , a
-
: " ...

t
t ".

(Peters Waterman, 1982, . 51)

t
, , , , ,
, ,
, t .

, , , t
. t, ,
,
. ,
.

, t t
, t
. , "" t
. "", "", "",
t, a t. ,
,

t .

, t t . ,
.

t
.

t . ,
, ,

:
, t
. -

178

,
.
,

Brain ofthe Firm

1971),

[ ]

(Stafford Beer,

,
, .
,

.
.

,
.

5, 3 1)

9.6).

: ,
.
- , ,

, ..-,
"": , , ,
, , .. ,

, , ' ,
.
. ' , .

(2 9.6), , ,

, :
. ,
.

!I .

, . '
, . ' ,
. '
.

5, 3, 2 1

. , .
4, :
, , ,

d ' .

. , ,
. "", ,

179

9.6

(Beer, 1971)

" "

.................. '

""

..........
........
1

""

""

,,,,

180

.
. ,
. .
.
,

,
"",
.

. , , , ,

. , ,
. ,

, "
" ( , )
' ,
"" .

5 - -
. LEA, . .,

LEA . ,
5 3 4.

.

, .

, . '

, , ,
.
, . .

9.6 . ,
i (. . )
, . ,
5.
,

. ,

1 ,
5 .

.
:

181

(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
, , , ,
, .

.
. ;

4,

.
; ' "
; ;

,
,
,

Glacier Metal Company. (Brown, 1971)

,
.
' .

,

, . ,
.. (
). :
. "
":
, , , ,
"", ;

, ;

, , ,
,

. , ' ,
. ,

,
,

. ',
, a , -

182

"", ,

.
,
.

. ,

.

,
,
.
- .
, ,
(7 ).
,
:

(1) (. .
), "" (
).

(2)

- , .. -, ,

,
, .

(3) "

",

(.

(4)

6).

, ,
.

, 1,

, .

(Peters Waterman, 1982, . 117) : " [

]
[]
".

; -

183

;
; ;

. , ,

. ' ( 9.7). :
"" -

, ( ,
, , ..) .
, -

9.7

184

, , , , ,
..
,

, , ,
, .
( ) ,

, (. .

11 .

) , , ,
.

.
,
.

, , ,

. ,
. ' vt
,

(Goldsmith Clutterback, 1984, . 162)

, r , :
vt. vt
. ', vt , vt
,
. : "

r ".

t ,

(Rutter .., 1980)

[Inner London Education Authority]
. r
'

r .
, ,

("School for Scoundrels") r . (Mant, 1983) ' , r

: ;
. ,
. ,
r .

. ,
r, r r
, . ,
, .

185

. ,
.
, "".
, "' ",
.
,

,
.
, ,
. a
.
. , ,
. ' ,
.
.
,
,

. .

" ",

(Harrison, 1972) ,
(Handy, 1993). "

", " " " ".

. ,
. '
. , .
.

" " .
.

'
, . (Peters
Waterman, 1982). ,

. , . .,
.

;
; ;

; ;
;

186

(Tst,

1960 Rice, 1963)

, ,
. ,

, 9.8.
: ,
( ..)
, ( , . .)
, ,
.
.

. , . .

, ,

.
,
. .
, "
" . ' ,
. ,

, , ,
.

. ,
, ,
,
.

,
, , .
.

. ,
.

.

' .

187

! ' a ,
,

,
.

. ( )
.

""
,

.
. , ,
.

9.8

188

(1) " - "- .
' ;

(2) . 11 . ,
1988.
.
; ;

(3) ,

. ; ' ;

(4)

"

".

;

Child, J. (1984) Organization: Guide to Problems and Practice (2 .), Paul Chapman
Publishing, London.
Handy, C. . (1984) Takenfor Granted: Looking at Schools as Organizations, Longman,
Harlow.
Handy, C. . (1993) Understanding Organizations (4 . ), Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Handy, C. R. Aitken. (1986) Understanding Schools as Organizations, Penguin,
Harmondsworth.

189

10

"".
. ""
, ,

( ) .
. ,
.

,
.

, ,
, , t .
. ,

(.. ) "". ',

. '
(, ,

..) ,
. ,
.

'
.

""
. (""
,
). ,

.
:
.

.
' . ',

.
. ',
(

10.1)

191

10.1

~;..Q

((..

~Q

+?d

~q

Oz.Q

op

, (. )

.
, , ,
,

Management Teams: Why hey Succeed or Fail [

: ] (Belbin, 1981) .
ICI
. Marks & Spencer
BBC .

.
-

192

10

-, . ,
,
. (

College ),

Management

.

.

,
,
. '

.
( )
, .

,
, , , ,
, .. ,
, , ,
. ,

. ,
.
, "
": . ,

. ' .
,

. (
, "").
, ,

(Belbin, 1993)
10.2, ,

.
.

. :
.

. .

.
: , ;, .

.
.

193

10

10.2

vr,

t,

a,

194

10

""

. :
, , .

.
: , , .

.
. : , , .
,

. : , ,
.

(. . ,
). .
, .
: , , .

( ),
. : ,
.

.
,

195

10

. (

)
,
a .

,
, .
.
.
,
. ,
. ,
, , .
- -

(Bowring-Carr West-Burnham, 1994)

. ' , ,
!

: ,
, .
,
,
. , ,
, . (
;) .

.
,
.
.

a (.
), (
) ,
.

. ' ,
.
"
" .
'
-

196

10

. , ,
.

' ,
''",

. " " ,
, ( ),

.
' .

.
. , ' ,

.
, .
. ,
, .
, . .
, , ,

. ,
.
,

12.

Henley,

. :
"", .
- .. .

, :
, , .
, ,
.

(Everard, 1995a)

" ",

197

(Babington Smith Sharp, 1990)

10

LEA. "

.
" ", .

Hall, ", ,

Brathay

. ,
.

,
. ,
.
, ,
. '

.
"" .

.
' .

" ,
.

(Tuckman, 1965)
10.3. ,

. :

(1) . "" "

" ""
.

(~) , , ,
- , ,

(3) ' ,
"",
.

, ,

. , .

' . ,

.

. , ,

.

.
' -

198

10.3

()

(a)

()

()

( & )

m
c.o
c.o

, ,

, -

, ,

, ,

, ,

a,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

"

, -

"

)>

>
)>

..

10

,
.
. '
6 .

.
,
4 .
.

(1) , .

(2) . ...
(3) .
(4) w .
(5) 'v .
(6) .
a :
,
,
,

,
,
,

.
.
'
.
.

. "
", ,
(. . ),
. '
, , . .

.
, .
.

( ) ' ,
.

200

\0

10

, ,
,
,
.

, ,
, , .

, ,
. '
. ' , ,

, .
' " ;
" ;

"

"

.
"
".
.

: " ".
: "'
.

"

: "
."

13

- -

,
. ', .

, a
(.

Rackham .., 1971 ).

.
,
.

: " ",

" ", " ,

y z;", "

;"

,
.
-

201

10

, . (", !"),
, : " ' ...

"

" ".

'
, . . " ... ; " "
;"

, a

.

.

. , ,
.

,

, .
, ,

. ,

, ,
, , . . ,

, ,
..

, :

, , , ,
, ,
, a , ,
.
( )

, .
,
, ,

,
.

. ,
,

. ,
.

202

10

,
. ,
; ;
; ;
; ;
; ; ; ,

(1) '' . ' .
; "

;

(2)

.
' ;

(3)

,
;

Adair, J. (1987)Effective Teambuilding, Pan, London.
Belbin, . (1981) Management Teams: Why hey Succeed or Fail, Heinemann, Oxford.
Bell, L. (1992) Managing Teams in Secondary Schools, Routledge, London.
Hastings, C., . Bixby R. Chaudhry-Lawton. (1986) Superteams, Fontana, London.
Trethowan, D. . (1989) Teamwork in Schools (2 .), The lndustrial Society, London.

12: Qt
Q

Belbin (1981) Management Teams: Why They

Succeed or Fail, Heinemann, Oxford Belbin, 1981.

203

10

:
.
.

.

.
.
, ' ,
.

10.2.

(1) :
() a .
() .

() .
() :
.
() ,
.
() ,
.
() .

()
, .

(2) c ,

() , ,

.
()
.
() .
() ,
.

() , ,
.

() , .
()
.

()
.

204

10

(3) ' :
() .

() , .
() , -

.
() .
() .

() .
()
.

() .

(4) :
() .
() .

() a .

() .
() a .

() .
() .
() ,
.

(5) :
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
() .
() a .
() .

(6)
:

() a
.

()
.

() ,

.
() ,
.

205

10

() t .
() t t, ' .
() , t .
()
t .

(7) , :
() ' .
()

' .
() t .

() .

() .
() .
()
.

() t t t.

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

1
2

3
4

5
6
7

t .

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

.......

2
3
4
5
6
7

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

...... .

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

.......
.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

...... .
...... .

.......

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

206

.......

.......

.......

.......

...... .

...... ,

...... .
...... .

.......

10

13:

, , :

(1) ,
,

(2)

,
.

', , :

(1) ,
(2) ,
( ),
. :
, ,

(3) ,

(4) ,

, ,

(5) ,

,
.

207

11

"" ""

1988

'

1904,

" " , " ", " "

" " ,

. ,

, , , -

10 1944

1988 , ,

.
"",
, , , , ,
, .
,
.

11 1988, ,
(key Stages) : Key Stage 1( 5-7), Key Stage 2 ( 7-11), Key
Stage 3 ( 11-14) Key Stage 4 ( 14-16). 1 2

.
LEA.
-

(preparatoy)

(pre- preparatoy) 5-8

8 .

infant junior .

LEA ( )

( first,

middle ).

- .

16 . , Key Stages 3 4

90% (comprehensive)

Grammar schools,

( ),

11 18-19 ,

- .

modem schools

( ),

209

16 ,

11

.

,
.
, ,

(2) ,

, :
() , , ,

() ,

.
, "
, ", "
, , , ".

. ,

(, . .),

, .

Q Q
'
, . ,
:

(1) ""

. , ,

.

(2)

"" .

,
.
,

210

11

,
.

(3) .

.)
.

, a (
) (. .
, , , ,
), . ' ,
, .
""

, .

( , ,
, "
"). ,

CBI, Towards Sklls Reoluton - Youth Charter [

- ] (CBI, 1989) :
'
.
.
...
.

, ,
, , , .

:
, , ,

, ,
, , .
: "

."

1995). '

(Dearing,

, (C,
' : "'

1995).
[

] , ,
". ,
, , -

211

11

GNVQ,

GCSE A-level.12
(NCE, 1995) .
1997.

,

,
,

NVQ, 1987, GNVQ, 1992.

1996, ,

Q vQ
, (. .

8 . ' )

, ,
. ,

""- , ,

LEA

" " ,

11.1. Ofsted,

. ,

. , ,
.

,
, , , ""

. , ,
.

, (.

12.2).

12
(General Certificate ofEducationAdanced Leel- GCE LeelA),
(Adanced Supplementay- AS),
(Business and Technology Education Council- BTEC).
AS 1;
(GCE Examining Groups),

212

11

11.1

11.2

---

......

.......

Q.
9

, , ,

213

11

11.3

,j

..

..

..

..

..

.. ..
..

..

..

-
--

(Bartlett, 1980)

, , ,
.

- -
' , , ,

, .
,
.

.
, :

(1) .
(2) ,
a. ( . '
, a

214

11

.)

(3) "' (
, -

).

: ,

, .

(4) .

, ' . (

.)

, , . ,
,
,
, . ,
, , ,
, .
, .
, ,

. "
", , ,
, .
.

(1) ;
(2) ;
(3) ,

(4) ;
;

(5) ;
(6) , ;

215

11

t ;

(7) t ;
(8) ;
,

(. .

1),

(. .

3 4).

. , ,

, .
' "", . ,

.

.

. ,
. ,

(
, ),
. ' ,

,
, , ,

, , ,
; ,
.

. ,

,
. , , ""
a . ,
, .
, ,

.
, , , ;
, ,
, , ,
;

216

11

""
,
, .

, ,
, .
.
,

,

.

.
: "
' ... "

(Everard, 1993)
Beck. (Beck, 1990)

"" .
;
;

~
, ,

,
.

,
.

(1)

1, 2

5.
(2)

, , .

,
.

217

(3)

11

( "")

(. .
) .
, , ,

, .
.

(4)

,
.
,
. .

, , , :

(1) , ,
(2)
(3) .
,

,
. , .

, . ,
,

11.4.

11.4

yp

, . , -

218

11

. (. 13
)

Davies, . L. Ellison. (1991) School Development Planning, Pitman, London.
Everard, . . (1993) Guide to Handling Some Value Issues, VET, Aberdeen.
Galton, . R. Moon. (1983) Changing Schools ... Changing Curriculum, Paul Chapman
Publishing, London.
Hargreaves, D. . D. Hopkins. (1991) he Empowered School, Cassell, London.

219

12

- - . ' , "
".

' , ,
. , , , ,
, , t,
,

, . ,
,

, ,
, .
,
. '

.
,

.
- ,
. .

.
"".

'80
'80

: " ".

: "

".
' .

" " -" ,

"- -

221

12

' .
"a".
.

1985

( )

. :
. ,
.
,
, ,
.
, , a
.

. , ,

,

'80,

" " ().

,

"" , , . .
. ' . "" ,

. ,
.

, , ,
. :

" ". ,
, , ,

. ' , "" "

" -, , , .

, , , ,
.

"".

. ,
.

, "" " -

222

12

", "" "

". , ,
-. ""
. ,
,
. ,

,
a , .

"" , , "",

, .
"". , :

, "" "", :

(1) "" ""

(2) "" ""
. ,
, "" "''.

.
, ,
. ,

, ,
,
, ,
.
' , ,
. , ,
.
" "; .
, ,
, " ", " ' ".

.

"". ,
. .

,
, ,

, .
,
" " . -

223

12

' ,
. , '
"". ,
' ,
.

"" '

. ,
. "". ,

.

,
, , ,
.

,
,

,
, .

, (
"" ) . ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, :

(1)
(2) t
.

, ,
,
. ',
. ""
, .

BS5750 IS09000
BS5750 IS09000
: , , ,

. ' , ,
13!

13 ,
.

224

12

'

. ,
, ,

, ,

ISO

BSI.

""

.
,
, ,

' , , .

. .
- - ' :

(1) : ,
(2)
(3) .
' :

(1) , , . ,
, ,
, , ..

. , ,

BS5750 IS09000

,
,
.
.

(2)

: ,
. (.
.

8 . )

(3) . ,
. , :
() ,
() ,
() , ,

225

12

() .
- - -

. , '
,
.
.
, ,

.
,

Ofsted,

, !

(1)

() " " (.
' , , '
).

() ' "",
,
, (, ,

..) ""
' .

() "" .
.

(2)

() "" (.
' ).
() '
"'" .
() "" .

(3)

"" (. .

) (. .
, ).
"" .

"". ""
.
"";

226

12

.
.
Health
,

and Safety in Schools [ ]

(Brierly, 1991)

.
.
; ;

,
,
, .

, ""
/ " " .
""

.
,
, .
" "

, ,

.
,

.
,

(" ").
- - ,

, ,
, (.

LEA,

), ,
, ,
.

; ;

1974

, , ,
.
, -

227

12

,
, ,
. ,
.
"

, ,

' ". ,

(S.3)

,
.

, 4

" , , ,

LEA.

7 , , , "

"

"" .

/ ,
, .

, .
"" "",
.

" ,

,

. ,
, . . .

" ,
.
, :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) ,
(5)
(6) .

228

12

. , r

Ofsted (. ' 12
ofSchools, 1993).

' Handbookfor the Inspection

.
-r

' :

( )
:
()

()
.
' . t

LEA,

.
,

r "" .
-r

. ,

Ofsted .
1975 .

'

2508

(..

). , " "
.

, :

(1) ,
(2)
(3) .
,

229

12

.
.
; ;

.
,
:

(1)

(, , , -

, ),

(2) (,
(3) .

, )

(. .
) , ,
(, ..) ,

LEA,

.
' ,
tvr
.

Ofsted vrt t ' .

vr vr
. "vr "
.
:

(1) ( , , ).
(2) ( vr,
.. ).

,
.

.
,
- !

t :

(1) .
(2) .
,
.

230

1992,

12

, "
" .
() :

(1)

(. .

).

(2) , , .
(3) ( ,
).

(4)

, ).

(5) ,

(. . )

, , !

12.1 . ,

.
; ;

, ,

. :

12.1

(:

1 ()

.)

231

10 (),

12

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) ( ;),
(5)
(6) (
).

, , .

,
; .

(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
"
u

1988 u

, , , , .

u u (. . ).
" "
.
, :

(1) ; ;
(2) ;
(3) ;
(4) ..;
(5) , ;
(6) ;
(7) ;
(8)
;

.
,
.
( )

1992

, -

232

12

,
.

, .
' : , ,
,

, ,
.
"
" -. , , ,
, , , a,

. , , ,
.
,

" "
. (. .
, .)
, , , "
".

(1) :
() ,
)
() .

(2) "" .
(3) (), () () , :
()

()

(4) .
; ;

LEA.

,
2 . ,

233

12

. ,
,
.

. , .
,

LEA

, .

,
,

1974 1992.
22/94 DES

LEA . ,

(
' )

NGB,

, , , .
.

BEd PGCE

. ,

G.

, ,
,
.
' (

) (

)

(1994)

1996,

1995,

, .
, , .
.
, ,

,

234

12

,
.
, .

, .
, .

,
. "

" - .

(1) '

, ".
;

(2)
;

(3)

.
;

Brierley, D. (1991) Health and Safety in Schools, Paul Chapman Publishing, London.
Crosby, . . (1993) Quality is Free: he Art ofMaking Quality Certain, Signet, London.
Crosby, . . (1995a) Quality without Tears: ArtofHassle-free Management, McGraw-Hill,
Maidenhead.
Crosby, . . (1995b)Rejlectionson Quality, McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead.
Department for Education. (1994) Safety in Outdoor Actiity Centres: Guidance, (Circular
. 22/94), DfE, London.
Health and Safety Executive. (1995) Managing Health and Safety in Schools, HSE Books,
Sudbury.
J uran, J. . ( 1994) Managerial Breakthrough: he Classic Book on lmproing Management
Performance, McGraw-Hill, Maidenhead.
Ofsted. (1993 ) Handbookfor the lnspection ofSchools, HMSO, Sudbury.
Stock, . (1993) Health and Safety in Schools (2 .), Croner, London.
West-Burnham, J. (1992)Managing Quality in Schools (2 .), Longman, Harlow.

235

13

,
. ,
:
, .
, .
, r

. ,
,
, , ,
. ',

.
, t
. '
, ' ,
;

.
. '
, ,
"". ' ,

, r .
' ,
, ' , .

t,

. ' r
,
, .

' t
. re , "t "
, r

237

13

.
,
, , . ,
, ,
.

, .

(Adler .., 1993)

(Ouston, 1993)

:
, , ,
, , "".

, , ,

,
. (
)

. ' ,
"", "" .
.

, , .

(1) a,
(2)
(3) .

,

.
, , . ,
. , ,

. ,

, , ,
. ,
. ,

238

13

. ,
, .

(
) . " " ()

. ',
.

(1) ,
(2) , ,
(3) , , ,
(4)
(5) .
' ,

- -
.

LEA

(1)

( -

),

(2) (. . ),
(3)
(4) (. . ).
LEA :
(1) "" (..

.. ),

(2) , ,
(3)
(4) .
,

, , ,
.
, ,

, .

239

13

/
:

(1) , a ;
(2) ,
;

""
, , ,
.

/ :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) .

. , :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) (, , .. ),
(4) , .. ,
(5) ( ) ..
(6) ( ..).
,

1,5 2.

,
,
.
,

20.000 ,

20 25 . ,
800 1.000 . , , ,

. ,

a
' .
,

,
"" . ' ,

240

13

. .t,
,

,
. , .
, ,
.

' ,
/. ,

;
, a ; , ,
, ,

, . "" (,
) .
, ,

. ,
,

.
; v;

. , a

, , ,
.

, /
.
, a
.

Ofsted .

tQt Q

.
(.

llo

):

(1) ;
(2) ;
(3) ;
' "".
, -

241

13

, ,

.
,
.

.

, . . "
" "
, ... "
,

(1) ,
(2) t
(3) (
).

,
. (. )
, .

13.1

. (. .
).
,

, .,
,
.
,
.

, , ,

,
.

'

1, 6 13. ,
:

(1) ,
.

242

13.1

1\)
~

e)>

)>

...

>

(2)

13

(3) . :
() ,
() (
, )

()
.

'
.

. /,

. ,
. .

Are.

, ,
.

. :

(1) ,
(2) ,
.
,

(3) ,
(4)
(5) .
' Ofsted, '
. , ,
, ,
.
"",
:

.

.

, .

244

13

"",
.

""

' .
:

(1) .

,
;)

(2)

. ('

,
.)

(3) ' .

(,

, , ""

-. , -
, , "
" .

. ,
,
""
.

(1)
,

(2)
(3)
.

,
,
.

;
;

245

13

v v vv
,
, ,
.
:

(1) ,
(2) , , ,

(3)
(4) .
:

(1) ,

(2)
(3) .
,
.

, ,
. ,
, /.
,

,
. ,

, .
, , ,
"" .

Adler, S., J. Lang . Packer (1993) Managng Women, Open University Press,
Buckingham.
Fidler, . G. Bowles (.) (1991) Effecte Local Management ofSchools, Longman,
Harlow.
Hywel, . J. Martin (1995) Effectveness of Schools and Educaton Resource Management,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham.
night, . (1993) FnancalManagementfor Schools, Heinemann, Oxford.
Ouston, J. (.) (1994) Women nEducatonManagement, Longman, Harlow.
EFFECVE SCHOOL MANAGEMENT

246

14

9 vt
vt . (

9.3) vt

vt .
. ,
.

LEA ,

,
. ' vt

,
. , vt
,
vt .
vt ,
.
vt

1987
(Jones, 1987) (

) ,
LEA vtvt
, . '

Ofsted.

, vt

, vt .
vt . , ,
. ,
vtvt vt. vt

,
.
, ,

LEA vt .

, .
: ,

vt . vt
,
, vt , .
.
, .

, , -

247

14

. ,

( ) .
"

" . '
,

. t
.

,
. 7 (
)
. ,
" ",
.
, .
,
, ,
.

.
, ,
a . ,

, ,
. , .
.

: ''
". (

1944) 1981
1/83

( ,
).

1988

.
,
.
, .
. ,

248

14

. ,
, ,
,
. ' ,
.

(Mortimore .., 1988)

. "
": ,

(Glatter .., 1988, . 150)

. ' '

, ""
, .
,
.

(Dean, 1985)

' :

(1)

(Hargreaves Report, 1984)

(2) /

, , ,
,

.
:

Marks & Spencer .

, , .
(

1986 1988):

"

".

(DES, 1988)

LEA, .

.
. ,
.

249

14

. ,

. .
, .
'
.
,

.
" a a
.
,
a (5 ).
,
a .
, , ,
' , . ,

. ,
,

(Jones, 1987) :

"

".

v v ,
v
,


' - . , .

,
.
. .
.
.

( ).
.
, .

" ;

"

. ,

250

14

. , ,

. .

.
,
, .

.
.
(. . ),
,

. .
, . , .

,
(. 7 ).

. , ,
.
, ,
, .
,

, , .

, ,
.

( )
.
. '
; ;

Ofsted

Ofsted

.
.

Ofsted .
' .

:

(Babington, Smith Sharp, 1990)

251

14

(1) .

(2)
.

(3)
(. . ).

(4) ,

(5) ,

(6) ,
, .

(Ofsted, 1995)

-
-,
. ,
.
, (.

162) , .

' .
(, 1 ),
(2, 3 4 ).
,
. ,

"" .
,
. ,

Ofsted

. ,
, .

,

, , ,

. '

(Ormston Shaw, 1994) : " ,

,

,
".

252

14

, !
, ( 16)
, , ,
.
, .

,
.
,

. ', .

.

,
, .

, ,
. ,

.

' (. .

NVQ),

"" '

"". , .

,
a .
, . "
"

NVQ ('), !

'' " , " "
, ,

. ;
;

Clegg, D. S. Billington (1994) Making the Most ofYour Inspection, Falmer, London.
Dean, J. (1993) Managing the Secondary School (2 . ), Routledge, London (
).

253

12

14

Dean, J. (1995) Managing the Primary School (2 .), Routledge, London.

Foskett, . (.) (1992)Managing ExternalRelations in Schools, Routledge, London.
Glatter, R. (1989) Educational Institutions and their Enironments: Managing the
Boundaries, Open University, Milton Keynes.
Jones, . (1987) Leadership for Tomoow's Schools, Blackwell, Oxford.
Ormston, . (1994) Inspection: Preparation Guidefor Schools (2 .), Longman,
Harlow.
.

Woods, D. S. Orlick. (1994) School Reiew and Inspection, Kogan Page, London.
Yates, . (1995) "Managing School Inspection", . Green ( .) The School
Management Handbook (4 . ), Kogan Page, London.

254

-,
. , ,

, .
: ' .
( ,

256

1971, BBC)

15

, ,
, " " ;

,
, ;

, , .
,
, . ,

status

quo, , ,
, .
a .
,

,
, . ' ",
''".

(Schmack .., 1977)

, . ,
, :

(Fullan .., 1980)

,
,

, ,
.

,
.
,

(Everard, 1989b)

" " ,

, " ".

(Weindling, 1989)

.
, , ,
:

, , ,
.

,
,
, .

(Peter, 1978)

257

15

, ,

ICI, (Pettigrew, 1985)

, ' -,

1984: " ~ . '

ICI ,
". ICI

,
.

(Heller, 1982 Everard, 1984)

;
;
, ,

""
. , ' ,

,
:
. , ,

, ""
"" "". ,
.
:

(1) ().
(2) .
(3) .
(4) .
(5) .
(6) .
(7) LEA.
(8) .
(9) .
(1 ) . .

' ;
'

.
.

, ,
. , ,

258

15

. ,

(Beckhard Hais, 1987, . 116)

,
:

... , t
,
"" ... ,
, ,

. '
, ""
.

R. Beckhard/R. Harris, ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSITIONS, (page

116), 1987, 1977 Addison Wesley Longman Inc., Addison
Wesley Longman.
,
, ,
. ,
, .
' (
), (
), (
) ( ).

.

.

[ ],
, ,

. , ,
: ,
( )

. '
. , ,
, .

(1)

- ,

.
.
" ".

, .

259

15

(2)
. .

(3) :
, (.. )
(.. ).

(4)

: ~

(. .
).

(5) :
, LEA . .,
.

(6)

, , ,

:
.

(7)

: ' ,

. ,

, , , a

,
.

(8) :

, ,

, .
.

(9)

, . ,
.

. .

, , , (
. ,
,
y.

.
; ;
;

260

15

u
.
r ,

, ,
.

. a .
:
. , ,
.
,
. , ,

:

. (, ,
.) ,
, ' .
, .
, .

, ,

.
, , - - , ,

.
. .

. ' ( )
- ,
.
,

,
: , .

, . (..

TVEI )
,

. ,

261

15

. , ' ,

.

, -

QQ

.
,
,
.

,

. ' : "

".
'

1981,

(1) '

(2) .

(3) , , .
(4)
.

(5) .
(6)
.

,
,
,
,
.

. ,
.

262

15

,
. . ,

,
,
, .
,
: , ,
, , , ,
, , , a,
. , ,
, , ,

'
(, , ).
,
.

, -

". , ,
.
,
: .
a
. (

.)

.
, .
.

. '
, , ,
,
, , .

'
, .

"Felix qui potuit rerum cognoscere causas",

263

15

(" ").
.

, , ,
:
, .
: .

(1) '

:
, ""
".

(2) "'

,
".

Fullan, D. (1991) e New Meanng ofEducatonal Change (2 . ), Cassell, London.
Fullan, D. (1993) Changng Forces: Probng the Depths of Educatonal Reform, Falmer,
London.
Newton, C. . Tarrant (1992) Managng Change n Schools, Routledge, London.
Wallace, . . McMahon (1994) Plannngfor Change n Turbulent Tmes, Cassell,
London.

264

16

ffi~
y y
,

.
, .

, .
: Ten Good Schools , (1977) In Search of
Excellence , (1982) he Wnnng Streak
, (1984) Success Aganst the Odds . (1995b)
, (Peters Waterman, 1982, . 110)

" ":

a.

. ,
,

(Goldsmith Clutterbuck, 1984, . 10)

: ''

, , ".

.

,
.

, , , , .

. ,

a
. ,
.

, ,
. .
, . -

265

16

. ,

.
- . .,
, , , .

.
, . , t
. ,
. - -
( ).

, . ,
. . '

,
.
vv:
, ,
. a

( , . ., ).
. a
.
.

' :

(Peters Waterman, 1982, . 277) "

, , : "
", " ", " ", "

". ,
:
' . (.

) . ,
.

', ,

.

( , . 322)
(Goldsmith Clutterback, 1984)

. ,

- "' "- .

(Lavelle, 1984, . 161)

, '
",

266

16

,
. .

(Mant, 1983)

""
. "" , .
, .
,
, . ""

, ,
.

.
.

. ,
.
, .

' .
, '

ICI, " ".

, , :

(1) ,

(2) ,

, , .


.

(Fullan, 1982, . 97 112) ,

,
.
.
.

'
' :
. , -

267

16

.
, ,

1982, . 97 112), "

(Fullan,

" .

, ,
, ,
.

'

, .
" ". ,

, , ,
, .
.
.
,

, ,
.

,
. ,
, .
,
, ,

(Fullan .., 1980)

.
, ,

, ,
.
,

(Fullan, 1991)

i
" ":

(1)

(2)
.

(3) , ,
.

(4)

" " a

268

16

,
' .

(5) .

(Fullan, 1993) ,

(4) .
(1) "
" ( , ).

(2)

, ( ,

, , , ).

(3)

).

(4) (
).

(5) a

" " ).

( 6)

a ).

(7) (
).

(8)

).

, , ,

,
.

(DfE, 1995)

, , .

(NC, 1985b)

,
, ,
. .

. ,

Ten Good Schools

[ ] (,

1977)

.

.
.

, , ,
,
. , , -

269

16

,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,

, ,
, .
,

.
.
.

[
~

Ten Good Scools (Crown Copyright)

Controller og Her Majesty 's stationery office ).

, (l= , 5=
):

.
(;) ,
;

'

".

(Harvey-Jones, 1988, . 96)

, , , ,
,
. ,
-

. , ,
. ,
, ,
. ,

,
, -

270

16

(Peters Waterman, 1982)

, .

. , ,
''".
.
. ' : "
". ,

. ,
:

'.
. ,
".

(Peters Waterman, 1982, . 282)

, .

. '
.

!

!
, he Leaders

We Deserve

[ ']

(Mant, 1983)

.
,

(Stewart, 1983) ,

(1) .
(2) .
(3) ,
.

(4) .
(5) , .
(6) ,
.

(7) .
(8) .
(9) .

271

16

(10)
.

(11) , .

(12) .
(13) , , a .
(14) .
(15) .
(16) ' .
, ( )

t.
: - -
.
.

16.1 ,
5 - - 1 -

. (
.)

16.2

16.1

(1)
- .

(2)
- a,
.

(3) -
' .

(4) .
(5) .
(6) ,
, , ,
a.

(7) .
(8) .
(9) .
(10) .

272

 16

16.2

(1) .
(2) .
.

(3) .
(4) .
(5) .
(6) .
(7) .
(8) .
(9) .
(10) .
. ' ,
, , .
, ,

16.3,

16.3

(1) , .
(2) , .
(3) .
(4) ,
.

(5)
, .

(6)
.

(7) ' .
(8) - .
(9) .
(10)
, .

(11)

273

16

. , 6
.
' ,
.

, ,
:

.
"".
. (2 )

,
.
;

(1) "

, "-

.
;

(2)
;

Bennett, ., . Crawford C. Riches (.) (1992) Managing Change in Education, Paul
Chapman Publishing, London, and the Open University.

274

17

" , ,

.

. , , , "
" ,
.
.
, ,
, .

. ,
.

.

(Beckhard Harris, 1987)

ICI ( ICI
) . (Fullan, 1982, 1991)
,

1981, (Decision-makingfor Special Education

LEA

Needs, Evans .., 1989)

1988-89. ,

(, , , ..)
.

17.1 .

,
. :

(1)

: ;
;

(2) :

(3) :

; ; ;

(4)

275

17

17.1

~~ J /

/wJ

( )

( )

:

a

/a

.............._

-.............
..,_

_____

vt,
~

.........__

..~~---

u,

~~

""

~
~

~ _ '

r
i
4~ -
.
,

'-.

276

17

. ;
; ;

(5) :

; ;
(6) : ; ; ;
:
. .

.

.
, . ,
. ,

,
,

(Havelock, 1973) , (Schmuck .., 1977)

(Bolam .., 1978) (Stewart, 1983) , (Plant, 1987)

.
.

Q Q
, ,
:
, .

, , ,
, .
a
, , '
.

, v
(
). ,
, ,

. ' ,
, .

, .
19 .
. . ,
a!

, ,

277

17

,
.

a ; ' ,
; ,
- - , ,

.
, .

( )
' . ' ,

(Lavelle, 1984)
.
,

.
, '

,
.

,
.

( , .
: .

lOo

),

. ,

,
.

DfEE;

LEA;

, .
.

, ,:~~

, , , , t
.

,
, ~
6
' . ' ,

TVEI

. ,

,
( -

278

17

1944). ' , , ,
.

.
,

, ,
, ' , ,
, .

.

.

. ' ; ;
;

, .
.
,

,
,
.

, .
;

' , : ;
; ; ;

; ; ,
;
.

(
) . '

. '
. '

LEA

-. ., ,
, -
,
.., -

279

17

6 .

1988 . ,

.
,
. '

' :
; ' .

,

. , ,
.
c . '
. '

" c".
,

. ,
,
. , .
. r ,

;
,

;
; ,
,
.

. .

LEA

, a a;

;
;
, ; c ;

;
,
. ,
.

280

17

; , ,

,
. .

', :

.
,
.
, .

; ;

; ;
;

, ' , ,
,
"", .

QQ
, ,
: " ; "
: " ,~ a ;"

(. 9 ),

,
. ,
, "
". - - ,

.
(
),

. : "
".

, ,

a
.

-, , , , ,

LEA .. -

. ;
; .

281

17

, :

. ,
. ,
, ..
Leadership for Tomoow's Schools [ ].

(Jones, 1987)

:
; ; ,

GNVQ

;
; -
!

, .
,
.
.
(. .

),
, ,

.
(Fullan, 1993)

, ,
.

, , ,
, .
"" ,
,

.
"".

, " " " "

, .
.

. "
"".

282

17

. a

2
3

. :

(1) ;
(2) ;
(3) , , ;
.

:
. ; ,

" " ;
. .

, . .
, :

(1)
(2) d. ,
(3)
, ,

(4) .

. '

, .
, , ,
.

, . '
, (. 9
). ,

.
,

- ,
.

283

17

17.2

11

16-18

'

. ,
,

, .
"

17.2 "

, ,
. ',
:
;

, ,

LEA

. , ,
,

. ,
, ,

284

17

, ,
( "").
- !
.

. '
, ,
,
.

, .

" ", . : "

;"
,

. ,

, . "
.
, .

, .

" ",
.
, .
.

,
.
, , ,
..
,
.
, ,
, :

285

17

17.3

"

(1) (,
, ); ,
. ,

(2) ,
; , ,
.

17.3

.
. ,
, " "

. " a"
" ". , "
", .

17.4. .. . -

286

17

17.4

1
2
3
4
5
6

. " " (.
) (. 18 ).

,
.14 ,
" " (

),
a .
, , ,

,
.

.

14
. ,
( Lewin

1939).

, ,
. .
(
" "),

. . (. :
.

Gutenberg 1996).

287

17

17.5

' v
r. .
r r , .

r , r

17.5. ' ,

.
r r , ,
r

. ,
,
.

,
. :

(1) ,
(2) r r.
.

(3)

288

17

,
.

Qt Q
,
,

. .

; (. .

, A-level,
.) - , -,

: ,
.
,

a .
, ,
.

. .
, "

" " a t
". " ":
,
. ,

,
.

. . . :

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3)
(4) , ..
.
. ,

289

17

.
, .

, t
a ( ).
,
.

Q
,

,
. ,
. ,

,
.
.

' .
.
(15 ), . , ,
, , ..
.

, .
:

(1) ;
(2) ;
(3) , ' ;
(4) a (. . );
(5) ;
(6) :
() u
;
;
;
;
()
;
;

;
;

290

17.6

(. ., -

( ,

(. .

(. .

..)

a -..

, )

-,

(. .

(. .

, ""

1\)

c.o

(. .

(. .

(. . "
"

(. .

(. .

(..

(. .

pQ

(.. -

(.. -

)>

>
)>

....._.

17

- () ()-

. ( )
, .
:

(7) a ,
; , ; ; ,
;

"".
-. .,

TVEI-

, . .

17.6

"".

(1)

. ,

(2)
; ;

(3)

. '

Gray, . L. ( .) (1985) Organization Deelopment (OD) in Education, Deanhouse, Betley.

Heller, . (1985) Helping Schools Change, CSCS, University ofLeicester, Northampton.
Plant, R. (1987) Managing Change and Making it Stick, Fontana, London.

292

18

, ..
'

status quo.

, .

. ,
,
.

.
, .
:

(1) , ,
(2) ,
(3)
(4) .
.
:

(1)

.
,
. ,
,
,
.

(2) , .
.

(3) ,
, ,

. .

(4) , . .

.
.

(5) . ,
, , -

293

18

. ,
.

(6) '

. , . .,
.

(7)
- ""
.

,
. , .

, .

1981

,
. , a,
,
.

:
,
.
:

, .
.

. 19 .

,
, . .

LEA,

(Holmes, 1985 Gray, 1988, Weindling, 1989)

ICI, .
LEA (. . . ",
, . Heller, 1982 Lavelle, 1984 Taylor, 1984).
,

(Fullan, 1982)

,
. ,

294

18

. ,
.

,
,

. .
, "
" .
,
. ,

( )
.

' .
" " , ,

.

.
; ;

. , , ,

LEA.
(1) :
() ,
() (. .
),
()

(. " ")
() , .

(2)

.
,
.

(3)

, ,

, .

a . '
.

295

18

(4)
, .
(, , , )
, .

(5) .
,

. ,
.

(6)
, ()
, ()

() ,
.
a.

(7)

: "

"
. a
.
.

,
.
,

, . ,

(Fullan, 1982, . 20)

,
. .

.

. ,
.

" " ,
.
. ,

1992)

(Burnes,

296

18

.
,
.

, .
.
.

.
.
.
:

(1)

(2) { :
,
,

(3) :

(4) {: .
(5) :
,

(6) : .
: '

.
.

.
,
. ,
a ,

, . . .

a .
,
.

. ;

297

18

; ,
; ;

. .
a
, , ,
.
. ,

.
,
.

:

. .

0-level GCE

GCSE.

( , )
. '

, .

. ,
.

, . .
.

,
, .

.

a
,
,

298

18

, .
, "

", " ", "

" "
". ,

,
,
,

(. . ) .

" ", "
".

a :

(1) .
(2) " " , .
.

(3)
.

(4)
.

(5) .
3 ,
a:

( 1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4) .
, ,
. (

18.1 ).

18.1

---------

LEA

299

18

4 . .
. '

,
:

=J() >

(t) :

= status quo ( ),

= ( ),
=
= , .

status quo " "

status quo . ,

,
. , ,
,
.
'
. .

(1) ,
.
, ,

.

(2)

.
: ,

.
.

(3)

.
,

, ,
.

(4)

300

18

, .

(5)

"" '

"".
" ".

(6) a a
a,
.

(7)

(8) ,
,

(9)

, (.14 .

, ..).

. ,
,
, ' ,
. ,
.

, ,
a ,
. ,

ILEA, ,

18.2)

.
.

18.2

( )

(1) .
(2) ,

(3)

(, /,

/) .

(4) ( , , ) .

301

(5)

18

( ..)

(6) , ;

(7) !
(8) ' ;
(9) ;
(10) !
(11) , .
;

(12)

'60

(13) . ; ;
(14) , -
;

(15) !
(16) !
(17) , ;
(18) . J. ;
(19) !
(20) ;
(21) , ,
.

(22) .
(23) .
(24) ,
.

(25) '
!

(26) .
(27) ' !
(28) , !
(29) ;
(30) , , .

(31) , ;
(32) !
(33) ! (
, !)

302

18

vv v

, ( "")

.
" ".
, , , ,

.
:
.

18.3,
(..
) ,
(.. , ,

) .

2.
, , ""

. :

(1) ,
(2) ' ,
(3) (. . )
(4) (. . ).
3. '
, ,

,
:

= .
= "' , .

, .

= , .

4.
' ( ), ,
,
. ,

.
.
: .
.

303

18.3

= ()
= ( )

= ( )

= ( )

'f

__.

)>

>
)>

...

18

,
.
, (

) /J..m .
, :

(1) .
(2)
.

(3) .
, . ~

.
,
, . ,

,
. ,
.

5.
,
( )
.

6.

',
,

.

, .

305

18

v
'
. , ,

" "- .
,

, .

.

,
. '

(1988, . 114):

, .

.
,

.

a
. " ", ,
.

( )
.
,

.
: ,

,
' -
.
.
:

, .

.
.
,

,
.
, -

306

18

" ".
' . ,
.

,
.
,
.
,
,
.

'
.
.

a,

.

, ,
. . .

Ofsted

. , ,
. ,

,
a ; ,

' ;

Aspinwall, ., . Simkins, J. F. Wilkinson . J. McAuley (1992)Managing) Education in
Education, Routledge, London.

307

19

, .

, ,

, .
' .

.
.

, .
.

1993 , s

, .
,
.

.
, (

1992)

, -

15 , :
(county schools), (voluntary schools) -
(self- govemng grant- mantaned schools).

. .
,
.
.
- ,

1988. ,

(Fundng Agency for

Schools- FAS).

309

19

.
,

.
, ,
, 11
.

, , '
1993, . :
(1) .
(2) .

(3) .
(4) .

ptp!'} r erj; :

(1)

{{
", .

(2) ,
.

(3) .
(4) ,
.

(5)
.

(6)

. '
: " ,
'
". ,
.

.
,

. ,

,
.
,

,
. ,

.

310

19

16 .
.

.

, . ,
. ,
.

.

.
. " "

, . ,

. , (.

18

. )

. ', .

, (" a
"),

( ) ,

, ,

.
, , ' ,

.
, :

16 LEA.
(Local Management of Schools- LMS), 1988
LEA .
(board ofgovemors),
(Headteacher), (deputy) (senior management
team) .

. ,
(. , ,

, , 6 - ),

(Assistant Head Teacher)

(Director of Finances andAdministration).
(Head ofYear) (tutors),

,
, , .
pastoral management team.

311

19

(1)
,

(2)
,
- . .
,

(3)
-
, ' ,
, ,

(4)
-
.

( ..);
a ;

;
( );

Denmark Forest School 1990.

: ,
, ,

.

.

. (
), ,

. : ,
, ,
.

.
. , ,
.
. .

312

19

, ,
.

1990

1992

, , .

1993 .
,

'' ",

.
.

,
.
.

1990. ,

.
.
",

1991

.

,

. ,
, !
, ,

, .
, ,
. ,

, . '
.
.

,
.

.
, .
"
.

( )
. "
, , , .

313

19

, ,
.
'
. ' ,

"ad hoc,

". " , ,

(
)".

. .

,
.

, .

.
.
, " ".
,
.
.

,
. .
.

, , ,
.
" "

" ".
,

; ,
, -:r

; .
a
, .
, , ,
.

.
,

,
.

314

19

LEA. , ,

.

, . '
,
.
w

,
. ' , ( 9.7, .

9).

,
. ' : "

,
". (.

9 . ).

,
.

(Jonshon Scholes, 1988 Fidler Bowles, 1989)

-,

- ,
(Owens, 1991)

, , , , r,
.

(Fullan, 1993)

. ( )

r . :
'

":
. " - -
": ,
. '
":

, , ,
.

Denmark Forest School. ,

315

19

: ,
, ,
. , (
) (
).

, ,
.

' ;
" ;
,

.
;

,
(. ).

1985,

,
, .. ,
:

.
,
,
.
.
" " " ".

.

, ,
.
, ,
,

316

19

, ,
.

1985. ,

" " ()

1990.

(1) ,
(2) ,
(3) ,
(4)
(5) .
1985 1986 3.

: " ".
, " ".
. , . ., "
, ", "
" " , ,
".

.
, .
: () , ()
() , .
,

,
, . ,
.

.
, ,
'' ", "
".

1987

, ,
.

. ,
.

( 4 ),

317

19

.
, . .
. ,

1988

, .
, (

17.6) ,

. .

: "
, ,
, ,

". : "

, , , ,
".

1989

,
, , .
: , , ..
,
, , ,

. "
,
.

1990 :

"

". ,
.

1990 ,

1991.

,
' ,
:

(1)
,

(2)

318

19

(3) .
(4) , .
(5) ' , ,
, , .

(6) a
.

(7)
, . .
.

(8)

..

,

, , .
. ,
. ,
.
, :

"ecclesia reformata, reformandum est" -

"

". .

,
. ,
: , , ,
, , , , .

.
. ; ,
;

Preedy, . (.) (1992) Teachers' Case Studies in Educational Management, Paul
Chapman Publishing, London.

319

( a
.)

BEMAS [British Education Management

and Administration Society].
.

CNAA ' [Council for National Academic

Awards ]. '
.

CSCS [Centre for the Study of

Comprehensive Schools]. 1980 ,
.

DfEE ( DfE, Department of

Education, DES, Department of Education and Science)
( ,

).

ERA 1988 [Education Reform Act ].

, ,
, () a
LEA .
GNVQ [General National Vocational
Qualifications]. , ,

HEADLAMP
[Headteachers' Leadership and Management Development Programme].
.

HoD [Head ofDepartment].

.
.
. ,
.

ICI Imperial Chemical Industries plc.

. ,
.

ILEA [Inner London Education Authority].

321

ILEA

.
.

INSET [in-serviice
education and training]
, , LEA DfEE.
LEA [Local Educational Authority].
.

LEA. LEA ERA.

LEA .
tMS [local management of schools]. ERA,
LEA . .
MCI [Management Charter Initiative]
,

SC.

NVQ.

TEED.

Teachers]

[National Association of Head

. .

NTL [National Training Laboratories]:

Bre
( )
. '

[Tavistock Institute for Human Relations].

- ""-
.

NUT [National Union ofTeachers]

[Trades Union Congress].

NVQ [National Vocational Qualifications,
Scottish Vocational Qualifications]
.

[National Council for Vocational Qualifications],

[Scottish Vocational
Educational Council, SCOTVEC]. 1997
[Qualifications and Assessment Authority, QCA].
OD [organizational development] .

322

 .
[ , ,
..]
. , .

Ofsted [Office for Standards in Education]

. (

[Her Majesty's Inspectorate]).

ROSLA [raising of the schoolleaving age].
.
, .

SED [Scottish Education Department]

DfEE.
. ,
"" .

SHA " [Secondary Heads Association].

.

TEED , [Training, Enterprise

and Education Directorate] (
) [Training
Agency],
[Manpower Services Commission].
.

[Teacher Training Agency].

1994

[Training and Vocational

Education Initiative],

, "" "

1917,

323

Adair, J. (1987) E.ffectie Teambuilding, Pan, London.

Adair, J. (1988) Deeloping Leaders, Talbot Adair, Guilford.
Adler, S., J. Lang . Packer (1993) Managing Women, Open University Press,
Buckingham.
Argyris, C. (1970) Understanding Organizational Behaior, Dorsey Press, Homewood, 11.
Babington Smith, . . Sharp (1990) Manager and Team Deelopment, Heinemann,
Oxford.
Barmer, ., . Evans . Jonhson (1995)n Ealuation ofthe National Scheme ofSchool
Teacher Appraisal, HMSO, London.
Baron, C. . Thomson (1989) Stress and You, Gower, Aldershot.
Bartlett, J. (1980) Familiar Quotations (15 .), Little Brown, Toronto.
Beck, C. (1990) Better Schools: Values Perspectie, Falmer Press, Lewes.
Bekchard, R. R. . Hais (1987) Organizational Transitions. Managing Complex Change
(2 .), Addison-Wesley, Woking.
Beer, S. (1971) Brain ofthe Firm, Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Belbin, R. . (1981) Management Teams: Why hey Succeed or Fail, Heinemann, Oxford.
Belbin, R. . (1993) Team Roles at Work, Butterworth-Heinemann, London.
Berne, . (1967) Game People Play: The Psychology of Human Relationships, Penguin,
Harmondsworth.
Blake, R. R. J. S. Mouton (1964) he Managerial Grid, GulfPublishing, Houston, Tex.
Bolam, ., G. Smith . Cantor (1978) L disers and the Mechanisms of lnnoation,
NFER, Slough.
Bowring-Carr, C. J. West-Burnham (1994) Managing Quality in Schools: Training
Manual, Longman, Harlow.
Boyatzis, R. . (1982) he Competent Manager, Wiley, New York.
Boydell, . . Leary (1994) "From management development to managing
development", Transition, . 94, . 9, . 8.
Brown, W. (1971) Organization, Heinemann, Oxford.
Burgoyne, J. G. (1976) Taxonomy ofManagerial Qualities as Learning Goalsfor
Management Education. Deelopment and Initial Testing, Centre for the Study of
Management Learning, Lancaster.
Bumes, . (1992) Managing Change, .Pitman, London.
Bums, . G. . Stalker (1961) he Management ofInnoation, Tavistock, London.
Bush, ., R. Glatter, J. Goodey C. Riches (.) (1980)pproaches to School
Management, Paul Chapman Publishing, London.

324 .

Buzan, . (1974) Use Your Head, BBC Publications, London.

CBI (1989) Towards Skills Revolution - Youth Charter, Confederation ofBritish lndustry,
London.
Child, J. (1984) Organzation: Gude to Problems and Practice (2 .), Paul Chapman
Publishing, London.
Council for National Academic Awards (1984) Handbook, CNAA, London.
Cyert, R. . J. G. March (1963) Behaoral Theory ofthe Firm, Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Dean, J. (1993) Managng the Secondary School (2 .), Routledge, London ( 12
).

Dearing, R. (1995) Reiew of 16-19 Qualijicatons: Interm Report, School Curriculum and
Assessment Authority, London.
DES (1988) School Goernors. Guide to the Law, HMSO, London.
DfE (1995) Schoolteachers' Pay and Conditons of Serce Document, HMSO, London.
Dunhmam, J. (1986) ''Helping with stress", . Marland (.) School Management
Sklls, Heinemann, Oxford.
Emery, F. . (1969) Systems hnkng, Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Esp, D. (1993) Competences for School Managers, Kogan Page, London.
Evans, J., . . Everard, J. Friend, . Glacer, . Norwich J. Welton (1989) Decisonmakngfor Special Educational Needs, Tecmedia, Loughborough.
Everard, . . (1980) "The Christian layman in management", Industral and Commercial
Tranng, . 12, . 4, . 140.
Everard, . . (1984) Management in Comprehense Schools: What Can Be Learnedfrom
Industry? (2 .), Centre for the Study of Comprehensive Schools, University of
Leicester, Northampton.
Everard, . . (1986) Developing Management n Schools, Blackwell, Oxford.
Everard, . . (1989a) "Competences in education and education management",
Management n Educaton, . 3, . 3, . 14-20.
Everard, . . (1989b) "Organizational development in educational institutions", .
Entwistle ( .) Handbook ofEducatonal Ideas and Practces, Routledge, London.
Everard, . . (1993) Gude to Handlng Some Value Issues, National Association for
Values in Education and Training (VET), 85 Argyll Street, Aberdeen.
Everard, . . (1995a) "Teambuilding- a powerful tool for educational development",
Educational Change and Deelopment, . 15, . 2, . 21-4.
Everard, . . (1995b) "Values as central to competent professional practice", . Busher
R. Saran (.) Managing Teachers as Professonals n Schools, Kogan Page,
London.
Fayol, . (1930) Industrial and Generaldministraton, Pitman, New York.
Fidler, . G. Bowles (.) (1989) Effecte LocalManagementofSchools: Strategc
pproach, Longman, Harlow.

325

Fidler, . R. Cooper ( .) (1992) StajJppraisal and Staff Management in Schools and

Colleges: Guide to lmplementation, Longman, Harlow.
Fullan, . (1982) he MeaningofEducational Change, Teachers College Press, New York,
Institute for Studies in Education, Ontao.
Fullan, . (1991) he New Meaning ofEducational Change, Cassell, London.
Fullan, . (1993) Changing Forces, Falmer, London.
Fullan, ., . . Miles . Taylor (1980) "Organizational development in schools: the
state of the art", Review ofEducational Research, . 50, . 1, . 121-84.
Galton, . R. Moon. (1983) Changing Schools ... Changing Curriculum, Paul Chapman
Publishing, London.
Gaatt, . (1987) he Learning Organization, Fontana, London.
Glatter, R., . Preedy, C. Riches . Masterton (.) (1988) Understanding School
Management, Open University Press, Milton Keynes.
Goldsmith, W. D. Clutterbuck (1984) The Winning Streak: Britain's Top Companies
Reeal their Formulasfor Success, Weinenfeld & Nicolson, London.
Gray, . L. ( .) (1982) he Management ofEducational Institutions: heory, Research and
Consultancy, Falmer Press, Lewes.
Gray, . L. (.) (1988)Management Consultancy in Schools, Cassell, London.
Handy, C. . (1984) Takenfor Granted: Looking at Schools as Organizations, Longman,
Harlow.
Handy, C. . (1993) UnderstandingOrganizations (4 .), Penguin, Harmondsworth.
Handy, C. R. Aitken. (1986) Understanding Schools as Organizations, Penguin,
Harmondsworth.
Hargreaves, D. (1984) Improing Secondary Schools, ILEA, London.
Hais, . . (1973) l'm , You're , Pan, London.
Haison, R. (1972) ''How to describe your organization", Harard Business Reiew, -.

Harvey-Jones, J. . (1988) Making it Happen, Collins, London.

Hastings, C., . Bixby R. Chaudhry-Lawton. (1986) Superteams, Fontana, London.
Havelock, R. G. (1973) he Change Agents' Guide to Innoation in Education, Educational
Technology Publication, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Heller, . (1982) "Management development for headteachers", Gray . L. (.), ..
Health and Safety Executive (1992) Safety Assessment Principlesfor Nuclear Plants, HMSO,
London.
Her Majesty's Inspectorate (1977) Ten Good Schools, HMSO, London.
Hersey, . . . Blanchard (1977) Management of Organizational Resources Utilizing
Human Resources, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Herzberg, F. (1966) WorkandtheNatureofMan, WorldPublishing, Cleveland, .
Holmes, S. (1985) "Using Industrial Managers as a Resource for INSET", . Jamieson
(.) Industry in Education, Longman, Harlow.

326

Honey, . . Mumford. (1982, 2 . 1986) Manual of Learning Styles, Honey,

Maidenhead.
Hughes, . G., J. Carter . Fidler (1981)ProfessionalDeelopment Proisionfor Senior
Staffin Schools and Colleges, University ofBirmingham.
Huxley, J. (1984) ''How the ICI pulled itselfinto shape", he Sunday Times, 29 , .
57.
Johnson, G. . Scholes (1988) Exploring Corporate Strategy (2 .), Prentice-Hall,
London.
Jones, . (1987) Leadershipfor Tomoow's Schools, Blackwell, Oxford.
Kelly, . (1995) "Action first- thinking 1ater",Management in Education, . 9, . 2, . 1012.
Kolb, D. . (1984) Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and
Deelopment, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Kyriacou, C. (1980) "Coping actions and occupational stress among schoolteachers",
Research in Education, . 24, . 57-61.
Lavelle, . (1984) "The role of consultancy and OD in innovation in education", School
Organization, . 4, . 2, . 161.
Lawrence, . R. J. W. Lorsch (1967) Organization and Enironment, Harvard Business
School Division of Research, Harvard, Mass.
Likert, R. (1967) he Human Organization, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mant, . (1983) he Leaders We Desere, Martin Robertson, Oxford.
Maslow, . . (1943) " theory of human motivation", Psychological Reiew, . 50, . 37096.
Maw, J., . Fielding, . Mitchell, J. White, . Young, J. Ouston . White (1984)
Education plc?, Institute ofEducation, University ofLondon.
McClelland, D. C. (1961) heAchieing Society, Van Nostrand, Princeton, NJ.
McGregor, D. (1960) he Human Side ofEnterprise, McGraw-Hill, New York.
Mortimore, ., . Sammons, L. Stoll, D. Lewis R. Ecob (1988) "Key factors in effective
junior schooling", Glatter .. ( . ), ..
Myers, S. . (1970) Eery Employee Manager, McGraw-Hill, New York.
C (1995) Report on Progress toward the National Targets, National Advisory Council
for Education and Training Targets, London.
NCE (1995a) Learning to Succeed, National Commission on Education, London.
NCE (1995b) Success Against the Odds, National Commission on Education, London.
NCVQ (1995)NCVQ Criteria and Guidance, National Council for Vocational Qualifications,
London.
Ofsted (1995) Inspection Quality 1994/1995, Office for Standards in Education, London.
Ormston, . . Shaw (1994) Inspection: Preparation Guidefor Schools (2 .),
Longman, Harlow.
Ouston, J. ( .) (1993) Women in Education Management, Longman, Harlow.

327

Owens, R. G. (1991) Organizational Behavior in Education ( 4 . ), Allyn & Bacon,

Boston, Mass.
Paisey, . (1981) School Management: Case Approach, Paul Chapman Publishing, London.
Paisey, . (1984) Organization and Management in Schools, Longman, Harlow.
Peow, C. (1970) OrganizationalAnalysis, Tavistocklnstitute ofHuman Relations, London.
Peter, R. (1978) Quotationsforour Times, Souvenir Press, London.
Peters, . J. R. . Waterman (1982) ln Search ofExcellence, Harper & Row, New York.
Pettigrew, . . (1985) he Awakening Giant: Continuity and Change in lmperial Chemical
Industries, Blackwell, Oxford.
Plant, R. (1987) Managing Change and Making it Stick, Fontana, London.
Rackham, ., . Honey . Colbert (1971) Developing Interactive Skills, Wellens
Publishing, Northampton.
Reddin, W. J. (1971)ManagerialEffectiveness, McGraw-Hill, NewYork.
Rice, . . (1963) he Enterprise and the Environment, Tavistock, London.
Rutter, ., . Maugham, . Mortimore J. Ouston (1979) Fifteen housand Hours, Paul
Chapman, London.
Schmuck, R., . Runkel, J. Arends R. Arends (1977) The Second Handbook of
Organizational Development in Schools, Mayfield, Palo Almo, Calif.
School Management Task Force (1990) Developing School Management- he Way Forward,
HMSO, London.
School Teachers Review Body (1995) Fourth Report, HMSO, London.
Seymour, R. West-Burnham (1989/90) "Learning styles and education management,
parts 1 and 2", International Journal of Educational Management, . 3, . 4, . 19-25,
. 4, . 4, . 22-6.
Sloan, . . (1980) My Years with General Motors, Sidgwick Jackson, London.
Stewart V. (1983) Change: he Challenge for Management, McGraw-Hill, London.
Tannenbaum, R. W. . Smith (1973) "How to choose a leadership pattern",Harvard
Business Review, . 36, . 95-101.
Taylor, F. W. (1947) Principles of Scientific Management, Harper & Row, New York.
Taylor, J. (1984) "Bridging the gap: a county council's approach to the management
development of head teachers", BACIE Journal, /, Oxford.
Taylor, . (1992) CoverdaleonManagement (2 .), Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Trist, . L. (1960) Socio-technical Systems, Tavistock Institute ofHuman Relations, London.
(1995) HEADLAMP: An Initiative to Support Newly Appointed Headteachers, Teacher
Training Agency, Central Office of Information, London.
Tuckman, . W. (1965) "Development sequences in small groups",PsychologicalBulletin, .
63, . 384-99.
Urwick, L. (1952) Notes on the heory ofOrganization, American Management Association,
NewYork.
Weindling, D. (1989) "The process of school improvement", School Organization, . 9, . 1.

328

. 53-64.
Woods, D. S. Orlick. (1994) School Review and Inspection, Kogan Page, London.
Woodward, J. (1965) Industrial Organization, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Yates, . (1995) "Managing School Inspection", . Green (.) The School
Management Handbook (4 . ), Kogan Page, London.

329

&

'

11!:::::
=

: n

nn, n , / .

ISBN 960-538-039-0

189605

380397 >