7.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The graphs of Peak-to-Peak value, RMS value and crest factor were plotted against with the
rotational speed of motor as below. We can observe the vibration waveform varies with time and
the effect of adding bearings with and without unbalanced load by monitoring the change in the
vibration response as to compare with the baseline data
Experiment A: Baseline Vibration

Experiment A : Baseline Vibration

(Peak-to-Peak vs Speed of Motor)
Peak-to-Peak (m)

0.002
0.0015
0.001
0.0005
0
630

810

1180

1320

1490

(rpm)

Graph 1- Experiment A : Baseline Vibration (Peak-to-Peak vs Speed of Motor)

Experiment A : Baseline Vibration

(RMS vs Speed of Motor)
0.00031
RMS (m)

0.0003
0.00029
0.00028
0.00027
0.00026
630

810

1180

1320

1490

(rpm)

Graph 2- Experiment A : Baseline Vibration (RMS vs Speed of Motor)

Crest Factor

Experiment A : Baseline Vibration

(Crest Factor vs Speed of Motor)
3
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2
630

810

1180

1320

1490

(rpm)

Graph 3- Experiment A : Baseline Vibration (Crest Factor vs Speed of Motor)

Experiment B1: Bearing Fault- without unbalanced mass

Peak-to-Peak (m)

Experiment B: Bearing Fault -without unbalance weight

(Peak-to-Peak vs Speed of Motor)
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
630

810

1180

1320

(rpm)

Graph 4- Experiment B1: Bearing Fault- without unbalanced mass

(Peak-to-Peak vs Speed of Motor)

1490

Experiment B: Bearing Fault -without unbalance weight

(RMS vs Speed of Motor)
RMS (m)

0.0004
0.0003
0.0002
0.0001
0
630

810

1180

1320

1490

(rpm)

Graph 5- Experiment B1: Bearing Fault- without unbalanced mass

(RMS vs Speed of Motor)

Crest Factor

Experiment B: Bearing Fault -without unbalance weight

(Crest Factor vs Speed of Motor)
6
4
2
0
630

810

1180

1320

(rpm)

Graph 6- Experiment B1: Bearing Fault- without unbalanced mass

(Crest Factor vs Speed of Motor)

1490

Exercise B2: Bearing Fault -with unbalanced mass

Peak-to-Peak (m)

Experiment B: Bearing Fault - with unbalanced mass

(Peak-to-Peak vs Speed of Motor)
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
630

810

1180

1320

1490

(rpm)

Graph 7- Experiment B2: Bearing Fault- with unbalanced mass

(Peak-to-Peak vs Speed of Motor)

Experiment B: Bearing Fault - with unbalanced mass

(RMS vs Speed of Motor)
RMS (m)

0.0006
0.0004
0.0002
0
630

810

1180

1320

1490

(rpm)

Graph 8- Experiment B2: Bearing Fault- with unbalanced mass

(RMS vs Speed of Motor)

Crest Factor

Experiment B: Bearing Fault - with unbalanced mass

(Crest Factor vs Speed of Motor)
5
4
3
2
1
0
630

810

1180

1320

(rpm)

Graph 9- Experiment B1: Bearing Fault- with unbalanced mass

(Crest Factor vs Speed of Motor)

1490

Comparison between Experiment A with Experiment B1 and Experiment B2

(a) Peak-to-Peak value
By observing the results from Graph 1 for baseline vibration, we can conclude that with
increasing speed, the peak-to-peak value increases and it reached a maximum amplitude of
0.001695 m where the speed of motors, =1490 rpm. By observing the results from Graph 4 for
bearing fault without unbalanced mass, the peak-to-peak value increases and reached a maximum
amplitude of 0.002865 m where the speed of motors, =1320 rpm and then it decreased. By
observing the results from Graph 7 for bearing fault with unbalanced mass, the peak-to-peak
value increases and reached maximum amplitude of 0.003074 m where the speed of motors,
=1320 rpm and decreases.
(b) RMS value
By observing the results from Graph 2 for baseline vibration, we can conclude that with
increasing speed, the RMS value increases but decreased at the speed of motors, =1320 rpm and
increased and reached a maximum amplitude of 0.000307348 m at the speed of motors, =1490
rpm. By observing the results from Graph 5 for bearing fault without unbalanced mass, the RMS
value increased and reached a maximum 0.000359 m at the speed of motors, =1320 rpm before
it decreased. By observing the results from Graph 8 for bearing fault with unbalanced mass, the
RMS value increased and reached a maximum 0.000383 m at the speed of motors, =1320 rpm
before it decreased.
(c) Crest Factor
By observing the results from Graph 3 for baseline vibration, with increasing speed, the
crest factor increases and reached a maximum of 2.811149 at the speed of motors, =1490 rpm .
By observing the results from Graph 6 for bearing fault without unbalanced mass, the crest factor
increased but decreased at the speed of motor, =810 rpm but it was then increased to maximum
of 4.31621 at the speed of motor, =1320 rpm before it decreased again. By observing the results
from Graph 9 for bearing fault with unbalanced mass, the crest factor increased and reached a
maximum 3.982582 at the speed of motors, =1320 rpm before it decreased.
Effects of Motor Speed on Experiment A
By observing the results from Graph 1 for baseline vibration, we can conclude that with
the speed of motor increases, peak-to-peak value also increases as until =1490 rpm where the
maximum peak-to-peak value is observed. This represent that at this speed, the amount of lateral
movement of machine is the highest and vibrates the most. For RMS value as it has a directly
proportional relationship between peak-to-peak and RMS values, where highest RMS is found at
about =1320 rpm which tell us that the vibration energy is at the maximum at this speed.
Meanwhile for the crest factor, at =1320 rpm, maximum impact is exerted on the machine
because of the highest crest factor obtained.

Effects of Bearing Fault Without and With Unbalance Mass on Vibration Response
When the bearing fault is mounted, the overall peak-to-peak value seems to be higher for
all the motor speed compare to the baseline vibration of Experiment A. The vibration is
intensified because of the unsuitable alignment between the abnormal bearing and the shaft when
the faulty bearing is mounted on the shaft. Hence, it results in more lateral movement of the
machine. However, for bearing fault with unbalanced mass, this only occurs at small speed.
When the bearing fault is mounted, the overall RMS value is increased for all the motor
speed compare to the baseline vibration of Experiment A because of the unsuitable alignment
between bearing and shaft and caused it to vibrate with higher energy and intensity. It generates
noisier operating sounds as a result of the vibration during the experiment. But when a screw is
mounted to the rotor, the RMS value drops to a lower speed but it becomes even higher at higher
speed.
When the bearing fault is mounted, the overall crest factor is smaller compared to the
baseline vibration at low motor speed. However, the crest factor is increased when the speed of
the motor is increased as the impact wear is intensified at high speed for the vibration of bearing
fault without the unbalanced mass. When an unbalanced mass is mounted, the crest factor
decreased for almost all motor speed this means that the screw is effective in minimizing the
impact of wear on the bearing due to the oscillating waveform.
Exercise C: Resonance Test
Effect of Rotor Location on Critical Speed
The critical motor speed for the occurrence of resonance increased to =2335 rpm when
the rotors were shifted to the left side of the shaft. There is a decrease in the speed required to
result in resonance compared to =2160 rpm if the rotor were to be placed in the middle because
of the imbalance position of the rotor increases the equivalent mass of the system. We can also
observe that with lower natural frequency will lead to lower critical speed for resonance.
Effect of Unbalanced Mass on Resonance
The critical speed for the occurrence of resonance decreased to =2120 rpm when the
unbalanced mass (a screw) was added to the rotor. There is a decrease in the speed required to
result in resonance when compared to =2160 rpm without the adding of unbalanced mass. This
is because the unbalanced force induced on the rotor, acting as resistance to the shaft rotation.
Hence, higher operating speed was applied in order to have resonance effect since some of the
speed had been converted to cancel out the unbalanced force.

Damaging Effect of Resonance and Possible Remedial Actions

Resonance has a great impact on the amplitude of oscillation of a system. Therefore it produces
more vibration when the system is subjected to a speed equivalent to its natural frequency.
Among the undesirable effects of resonance include:

Machines failure due to unaccounted fatigue load

Undesirable wear of machines parts
Undesirable noises generated

In order to cut down the effect of resonance, we can introduce a damper system to dissipate the
energy generated from a system such as springy material or absorber. The damping system will
be able to dissipate the amplitude of vibration. Since natural frequency, n =

, we can also

modify the natural frequency of the system by increasing the spring constant (k) of the system in
order to increase its natural frequency to avoid disturbance due to external excitation that might
cause to resonance.