Professional Documents
Culture Documents
[ARC 2213]
FETTUCCINE TRUSS
BRIDGE ANALYSIS
REPORT
CHOO AI LIN
0317253
ELAINE BONG
0310432
LAU EE TIAN
0309596
SOH YOH SHING
0308010
S U R AY Y N S E LVA N
0309818
TA B L E O F C O N T E N T S
1 INTRODUCTION
01
2 METHODLOGY
2.1 PRECEDENT STUDY
2.2 MAKING OF FETTUCCINE BRIDGE
2.3 REQUIREMENT
02
02
03
3 PRECEDENT STUDY
04
4 A N A LY S I S
4 . 1 S T R E N G T H O F MAT E R I A L
4 . 2 A D H E S I V E A N A LY S I S
08
10
5 MODEL MAKING
5.1 METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION
5.2 JOINT
11
13
6 TESTING
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
FIRST BRIDGE
SECOND BRIDGE
THIRD BRIDGE
FINAL BRIDGE
14
16
18
20
7 D E S I G N M O D I F I C AT I O N
7 . 1 FA IL U R E R E A S O N IN G
7.2 SOLUTION
24
25
8 CONCLUSION
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9 APPENDIX
27
10 REFERENCES
28
1 INTRODUCTION
This project aims to develop our understanding of tensile and compressive strength of
construction materials by understanding the distribution of force in a truss.
In order to do achieve that, we were required carry out a precedent study on a truss
bridge of our choice, analyzing the connections, arrangements and orientations of the
members. Once that was completed, we were required to design and construct a truss
bridge made out of fettuccine.
The requirements for this bridge include it having a 750mm clear span and a maximum
weight of 200g. This bridge will then be tested to fail and we were required to analyze
the reasons of its failure and calculate its efficiency.
01
2 METHODOLOGY
2.1 PRECEDENT STUDY
By looking through precedent studies to have a better understanding of the types of trusses
available. Next, understanding the forces that would be exerted to the trusses;
compression and tension, would allow us to make adjustment to our bridge, that would best
can carry maximum load. For the tensile strength in the fettuccine is considerable low when
compare to aluminium which has the same amount of stiffness to the fettuccine.
PHASE 02 : ADHESIVE
Choosing the right type of adhesive is important as it plays a huge role in this assignment.
As there are many types of adhesive in the market that each has their own function and
characteristics. Not only the type of adhesive is important but the brand of adhesive is
important as well, for different brand has different quality and choosing one that suits
constructing the fettuccine bridge is primary.
02
2 METHODOLOGY
PHASE 04 : MODEL TESTING
Finished models are being tested after placing aside to allow the adhesive to sit on the model.
By placing weight on the middle of intermediate member to ensure that load is evenly
distributed. All these are being recorded to allow us to fix and analysis our bridge.
2.3 REQUIREMENTS
03
3 PRECEDENT STUDY
HESHBON BRIDGE, INDIANA (1941)
The Heshbon Bridge, located at Indiana, Pennsylvania state in the United State of America,
is one of the last state-standard truss bridges built. Many bridge were constructed across
the Pennsylvania state from the late 1920's through 1941. This bridge was constructed in
1941 by Paul Construction Company and Pennsylvania State Highway Department which
has a main span of 153ft(46.6m) with a total length of 158 ft(48.2m) and 26ft(7.9m)
r o a d w a y
w i d t h
o v e r
t h e
B l a c k
L i c k
C r e e k .
BUILDING STRUCTURES [ ARC 2213 ]
04
3 PRECEDENT STUDY
The map above shows the bridge is located over Black Lick Creek In Heshbon,
Indiana County, Pennsylvania.
This bridge is a relatively small example of Pennsylvania's very attractive standard plan of
1930s to 1940s truss bridge design. As such, it features a shallower portal bracing design
that other bridges built to this standard. In 2009, the government wanted to replaced the
bridge but fortunately they decided to rehabilitate it instead of replacing it. This will include a
deck replacement as well as structural steel repairs. So, the Heshbon bridge represents a
good preservation project and it became one of the tourist attraction in Pennsylvania.
05
3 PRECEDENT STUDY
The 1941, skewed, 158ft long, riveted Parker truss bridge is supported on ashlar
abutments with concrete caps. The trusses are traditionally composed with the upper
and lower chords being built up box sections, and the verticals and diagonals rolled I
sections. Lateral and sway bracing are laced channels. The deck is reinforced
c o n cr e t e , a n d t h e s t e e l r a i l i n g s i n si d e t h e t r u s s l i n e s a r e o r i g i n a l .
06
3 PRECEDENT STUDY
Abutments
Railing
End Post
Ashlar abutment
Railing detail
07
4 A N A LY S I S
4 . 1 S T R E N G T H O F M AT E R I A L
WEIGHT
With the requirement of only 200G, we had to creative solution, to reinforce our bridge
while making sure that the weight of bridge does not exceed the requirement. Thus we
came our with solution by selecting parts that holds load and reinforce it by adding layers
to it. But bearing in mind that the more layers added, the more weight it holds.
Before we started our model making, we did a little experiment of the maximum weight the
fettuccine can carry. We tried out with 4 different layers to carry out this experiment.
Experiment (left to right):
I. One Layer
II. Two Layers
III. Three Layers
IV. Four Layers
08
4 A N A LY S I S
4 . 1 S T R E N G T H O F M AT E R I A L
ORIENTATION
V
S
Method 01
Method 02
09
4 A N A LY S I S
4 . 2 A D H E S I V E A N A LY S I S
Three different kinds of glue used to ensure the joints are strong and thus strengthen
the bridge.
Type of Adhesive
UHU Glue
Advantages
High efficiency
Fast solidify time
Easy to use
Easy to bend fettuccine
when applied
Disadvantages
Cracked joint after
dried for few days
High efficiency
Fastest solidify time
Easy to use
Easy to use
Low efficiency
Causes flexible joints
Longer solidify time
Causes bridge to
weigh more
Selleys Supa Glue was used the most while constructing our fettuccine bridge. It has
high efficiency and it dried faster compared to the other adhesives, as it is more
concentrated when compare to Xtraseals Super Glue. To make sure the glue worked
at its best, allow the glue to settle in the bridge to make sure it is dry before the
testing it. This is to ensure the bridge perform at its best.
The Xtraseal super glue is only used on the arch where slower solidify of glue is
needed in order to buy some time while constructing the arch, for better precision.
UHU Glue is avoided if possible, as it causes the joints to be flexible. It also requires
longer time to dry. Making it the worst option, for joints should be rigid.
10
5 MODEL MAKING
5.1METHODOFCONSTRUCTION
Joint
vertical
bridge.
bridge,
for the
11
5 MODEL MAKING
5.1METHODOFCONSTRUCTION
12
5 MODEL MAKING
5.2 JOINT
PLAIN BUTT JOINT
1.
Two
fettuccine
doubled-layer to make it
stronger
Final Product
OVERLAID JOINT
1. Randomly choose 2
fettuccine.
2. Place a fettuccine
horizontally in between of
the 2 fettucine.
Final Product
13
6 TESTING
6.1 FIRST BRIDGE
For our first bridge we used the
precedent study as a guideline for our
first bridge. By changing it to an arch to
allow the bridge to increase the
compression member. On our first trial
we did not focus much on the weight of
our bridge but more our reinforcing it and
understanding the adhesive and the orientation of the trusses. Although our required clear
span is just 750MM we added an additional 74MM on each sides of our bridge to allow it to
rest on the table, in order to spread the load applied on bridge. Each segments having a
total length of 80MM allowing us to produce total of an odd 11segments where we produce
just one X truss on the middle segments. This is part of our technique in order to produce
as little weight than producing an even number of segments where we would be force to
produce two X truss in order to be centralized.
Model Testing
14
6 TESTING
6.1 FIRST BRIDGE
Compression
Tension
209MM
L
O
A
D
908MM
90MM
FAILURE
Length:
Width:
Height:
Weight:
908MM
90MM
209MM
225G
Max. Load
Efficiency
6KG
0.16
Two layers
Four layers
15
6 TESTING
6.2 SECOND BRIDGE
The
second
bridge
also
followed the design of the
precedent study - Heshbon
Bridge similar to the first bridge.
The first bridge was too heavy
as we have a weight limit stated
by the brief which was 200g.
We decided to maintain the
height and the bottom chord
chord because these two were the most important members in a truss. So we reduced the
layers of the zero force members which were the horizontal members holding both truss
together. Two intermediate members were place in the middle where the load would be
hung. One, which had four layers, was placed in the centre of the whole truss to hold the
both trusses together. The other, which had eight layers, was placed diagonally on the
bottom chord intersecting with the middle member.
16
6 TESTING
6.2 SECOND BRIDGE
Compression
Tension
209MM
L
O
A
D
900MM
90MM
FAILURE
Length:
Height:
Width:
Weight:
908MM
90MM
209MM
225G
Max. Load:
Efficiency:
5KG
0.12
Two layers
Four layers
One layer
17
6 TESTING
6.3 THIRD BRIDGE
Model testing.
18
6 TESTING
6.3 THIRD BRIDGE
Compression
Tension
FAILURE
178MM
L
O
A
D
908MM
90MM
FAILURE
Length
Width
Height
Weight
908MM
90MM
178MM
200G
Two layers
Four layers
One layer
19
6 TESTING
6.4 FINAL BRIDGE
By rearranging and adding the additional layer of to the horizontal fettuccine members, it
managed to increased the efficiency of our bridge. During the final testing of our bridge, the
middle of the immediate member of our bridge broke under the force exerted by the load.
20
6 TESTING
6.4 FINAL BRIDGE
Compression
Tension
178MM
L
O
A
D
908MM
90MM
FAILURE
Two layers
Four layers
One layer
21
6 TESTING
6.4 FINAL BRIDGE
MODEL TESTING
Weight: ~ 500g
Weight: ~ 1000g
Weight: ~ 1500g
Weight: ~ 2000g
Weight: ~ 2500g
Weight: ~ 3000g
22
6 TESTING
6.4 FINAL BRIDGE
Weight: ~ 3500g
Weight: ~ 4000g
Weight: ~ 4500g
Weight: ~ 4700g
Length:
Width:
Height:
Weight:
908mm
90mm
178mm
202g
Max. Load:
Efficiency:
4.7kg
0.109
23
7 D E S I G N M O D I F I C AT I O N
7.1 FAILURE REASONING
Reason 01:
The bottom chord of our bridges arent completely touching the base at both sides, as it is
only partially touching the base. This is due to the lack of precision in our workmanship.
This cause our bridge to be unbalance and not stable. Our models could have slipped off
when load is being exerted towards bridge. Causing our bridge to be twisted.
Reason 02:
As some of the is slanted and not 180 flat, for nothing is perfect. As it is crucial to use a flat
fettuccine pasta for when layering the width of layered fettuccine would be uneven at
slanted area. And with the slanted part the load distribution would be disturb and unstable
24
7 D E S I G N M O D I F I C AT I O N
7.2 SOLUTION
Solution 01:
Using masking tape on the members onto the printed drawing, to ensure that members
does not slipped off. Thus member would remain constant and provide precision. But one
would need to make take into consideration that masking tape is not as strong as we want
t h e m t o , s o me mb e r s wo u l d s h i f t wh e n wo r k i n g on o t h e r me mb e r s .
Solution 02:
Using UHU Glue to fill the gaps in between joints would help Reason 01, but bearing in
mind that weight of bridge would increase and aesthetic value of the bridge would fall. By
reinforcing both Super Glue and UHU Glue, structure seems to work just fine with it.
25
8 CONCLUSION
From this assignment we were able to have a better grasp of understanding
26
9 APPENDIX
As for our individual part, we were assigned to further analyse total of 5 trusses. Each
were distributed to following :
First Case:
Second Case:
Lau Ee Tian
Third Case:
Surayyn Selvan
Fourth Case:
Choo Ai Lin
Fifth Case:
The analysis and calculations of trusses are attached after this page.
27
10 REFERENCES
Historic Bridges.org.(2012,January 11)..Retrived September
20,2014,from http://www.historicbridges.org/info/about.htm
28