Vacuum 85 (2010) 390e396

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Vacuum
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The effect of salt bath cementation on mechanical behavior

of hot-rolled and cold-drawn SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 steels
_
en, Metin Usta*
Ilyas
Yeg
Gebze Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, No: 101, 41400 Gebze, Turkey

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 4 June 2010
Received in revised form
22 July 2010
Accepted 24 July 2010

In this study, the effect of salt bath cementation on mechanical behavior of SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5
cementation steels, which are widely used in industry, was investigated. The experiments were carried
out with hot rolled and cold rolled specimens. The cementation processes were performed in NaCN salt
bath at 920
C temperature for 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. Abrasive wear tests of specimens were conducted with
Wolfram Carbide (WC) ball for 1 h. After cementation processes, a martensite phase on the surface of
specimens was conrmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. After cementation processes carried out with
different times, a different surface hardness and effective cementation depth values were obtained.
Experimental results showed that an effective cementation depth increased with increasing the
cementation time. Wear tests showed that the wear resistance of specimens increased by the cementation processes. Experimental results revealed that the surface hardness of specimen affects the wear
resistance of specimens.
2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Cementation
SAE 8620 steel
16MnCr5 steel
Mechanical behavior

1. Introduction
Steels are most useful engineering materials because of their
high mechanical properties, machining, rolling, forging capability
and lower cost than the alternative materials. Steels are widely
used for production of machine parts subjected to abrasive wear,
automotive industry, construction industry and the other engineering areas. Wear is the most common problem for steels used in
these engineering areas. Therefore, production of wear resistance
steels came into prominence [1e5].
As a consequence of wear, the shape, dimension and the surface
structure of machine parts changes. The result of these changes the
machine parts are not be able to do their functions. The materials
lost, exchanging the worn parts, the expensing time and the cost for
maintenance- repair of machines, human resource etc. cause a big
economical lost for world industry [1e5].
Machine components such as shaft, gears and cams often require
a very hard surface that can resist wear and a soft, tough core that
can withstand the impact stress that occurs during operation. An
established method for production of such a combination of hard
case and soft, tough core is case hardening of steels through carburizing and quenching called cementation. This procedure involves

* Corresponding author. Tel.: 90 262 605 17 82; fax: 90 262 6538490.

E-mail address: ustam@gyte.edu.tr (M. Usta).
0042-207X/$ e see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.vacuum.2010.07.013

rst the addition of carbon to the surface of a low-carbon steel (%

C < 0.25) to produce a composite consisting of high carbon steel case
and low-carbon steel core. During subsequent quenching the high
carbon austenitic surface layer transforms to martensite. The
microstructure of the core region is determined by the carbon
content and by the base hardenability of the steel. If steel has low
hardenability, the core may transform to ferrite and small amount of
pearlite, depending on the quenching rate. If the steel has high
hardenability, the core may transform to martensite [1e4].
Cementation is a remarkable method of enhancing the surface
properties of shafts, gears, high stressed machine parts to obtain
very high surface hardness, fatigue resistance and wear resistance.
Tempered martensite is the dominant microstructure constituent
of properly carburized steel. However, the martensite changes in
morphology, amount, and properties as a function of distance from
the surface. Other microstructural constituents may also be present
and signicantly affect the performance of carburized parts. These
other microstructural components include retained austenite,
massive carbides, prior austenite, grain boundaries carbides,
phosphorus segregation and surface oxides. Core microstructures
depending on hardenability may consist of tempered martensite,
bainite, or ferrite and pearlite. The case and core microstructures
affect residual stresses levels occurred in the microstructures,
fatigue resistance, rolling-contact fatigue, hardness and wear
resistance of steels. After carburizing processes, the carbon content
that is normally maximum level at the surface decreases with

_ Yegen, M. Usta / Vacuum 85 (2010) 390e396

I.

391

Table 1
The chemical composition of the SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 test specimens (written in bold) and the standard chemical analysis of SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 cementation steels.
Chemical Analysis (wt.%)

DIN 16MnCr5
16MnCr5 Test Specimen
SAE 8620
8620 Test Specimen

Si

Mn

Cr

Mo

Ni

0.14e0.19
0.16
0.17e0.23
0.19

0e0.40
0.26
0e0.40
0.25

1.00e1.30
1.13
0.65e0.95
0.85

0e0.035
0.01
0e0.035
0.01

0e0.035
0.009
0e0.035
0.004

0.80e1.10
0.95
0.40e0.70
0.54

e
0.03
0.15e0.25
0.19

e
0.12
0.40e0.70
0.46

distance into the specimen. Hardness level in the microstructure

also changes with carbon contents of the specimens. The effective
case depth is inuenced by carburizing time, temperature, carbon
content of carburizing atmospheres, chemical composition of steel,
product shape and size, and the rate of cooling [1e4].
Case depth of carburized steel is a function of carburizing time
and the available carbon potential at the surface. When prolonged
carburizing times are used for deep case depths, a high carbon
potential produces a high surface-carbon content, which may thus
result in excessive retained austenite or free carbides. These two
microstructural elements both have adverse effects on the distribution of residual stress in the case-hardened part. Consequently,
a high carbon potential may be suitable for short carburizing times
but not for prolonged carburizing [1e8].
Carburizing steels for case hardening usually have base-carbon
contents of about 0.2%, with the carbon content of the carburized
layer generally being controlled at between 0.8 and 1% C. However,
surface carbon is often limited to 0.8% because too high a carbon
content can result in retained austenite and brittle martensite.
Retained austenite reduces the hardness of the carburized surface
[1e8].

The aim of this study is to investigate the mechanical behavior of

hot rolled and cold-drawn SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 cementation
steels exposed to carburizing processes. SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5
cementation steels have high mechanical and hardenability properties and the lower cost than the other cementation steels.
Therefore, SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 cementation steels are widely
used in industry. Although these steels are widely used, there is not
enough study that compares the carburizing properties and wear
resistances of both steels in the same study. Most of the studies
were carried out with SAE 8620 steel, and most of those studies
widely focused on fatigue performance, retained austenite and
residual stresses affected by carburizing practices [1e16]. Therefore, this study is important to compare the carburizing and wear
properties of SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 steels at the same conditions.

2. Experimental studies
The experiments were carried out with hot rolled and cold rolled
specimens. Hot-rolled 22 mm. diameter specimens were cold drawn
to the 20 mm. diameter. After the cold-drawn process for two quality

Fig. 1. X-ray analysis of test specimens a) Hot-rolled SAE 8620 specimens b) Cold-drawn SAE 8620 specimens c) Hot-rolled 16MnCr5 specimes d) Cold-drawn 16MnCr5 specimens.

14.2
6.2
6.4
6.5
845
800

813

822

310

463

460

460

462

270

0.8

0.9

1.1

1.2

5.6

16.2
6.8
6.7
7.9
830
639

767

773

268

456

461

458

455

265

0.9

1.1

1.3

14.8
6
6.3
6.4
787
804

813

833

290

435

446

442

446

250

0.8

0.9

1.4

7.2

16.8
7.7
7
5.8
6.4
e
1.6
1.1
1
0.8
240
446
442
445
442

The XRD analysis of carburized and non-carburized specimens

are given in Fig. 1. In Fig. 1, the specimens that were not carburized
named as Base Specimen, and the carburized specimens were
marked by 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h according to carburizing times.
The result of X-ray analysis showed that only iron phase was
determined on the non-carburized specimen surfaces as expected.
Martensite phase was determined on the carburized specimen
surfaces as expected. Determination of martensite phase on
carburized surfaces proved that the cementation processes were
effectively carried out. In addition to the martensite phase austenite
phase (retained austenite), oxide phases and iron carbide phase
were determined on the carburized specimen surfaces.
Increasing the carbon content of the austenite also depresses the
martensite start (Ms) temperature and the martensite nish (Mf)
temperature, which leads the difculties in converting whole
austenite to martensite [2e4,6,7].
In steels, austenite is stable at temperatures above the A3 and
Acm phase lines. On cooling from such temperatures, it becomes
unstable and decomposes to some new constituent such as ferrite,
pearlite, or bainite depending on the chemical composition of the
steel and the rate of cooling. These resulting products are referred
as high temperature transformation products. In low-carbon steels,
these transformations take place at temperatures between the A3
and about 400
C. Martensite is formed by quenching at a rate
above cooling rate. If Mf temperature is lowered below the
quenching temperature, austenite does not transform to
martensite. Steel which contains above % 0.8 C must be quenched to
subzero temperatures to form all martensite microstructure
[2e4,6e16].
Increasing the carbon content on the carburized specimen
surfaces leads to carbon atoms combined with iron to form iron

Table 2
Surface hardness, effective cementation depths and wear rate of carburized and non-carburized specimens.

3.1. X-ray diffraction analysis

250

3. Results and discussions

697

Where Wa: wear rate (mm3/Nm), G: weight lost (mg), M: load (N),
S: wear distance (m), d density (g/cm3)

793

(1)

848



G
mm3 =Nm
d$M$S

808

Wa

Hot Rolled
SAE 8620
Cold Drawn
SAE 8620
Hot Rolled
16MnCr5
Cold Drawn
16MnCr5

steels (SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5), the hot rolled (22 mm. diameter)
and the cold-drawn (20 mm. diameter) specimens were obtained.
The chemical compositions of the SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 test
specimens and the standard chemical analysis of SAE 8620 and
16MnCr5 cementation steels are given in Table 1.
The cementation processes were carried out in NaCN salt bath
called Durferrit at 920
C temperature for 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. During
carburizing process, the carbon potential of salt bath was % 1 C.
Specimens were processed to the direct quenched from carburizing
temperature. The specimens quenched into salt bath named AS 160
were tempered 180
C for 2 h.
X-ray diffraction analyses were performed for determination of
the phases on the surfaces after the cementation processes. The
analysis with Cu Ka radiation source has 1541 Angstron wavelength
and the scanning angles (2q) ranged 2q from 20
to 100
.
The microhardness values were measured by the Vickers
hardness method with the load of 20 g.
Wear experiments were conducted with wolfram carbide (WC)
ball for 1 h with the load of 10 N. Prior to the experiment, the
samples were cleaned with alcohol and the mass of the samples
was measured gravimetrically with 104 mg sensitivity. Then, the
wear rates of the specimens were calculated according to the
equation below.

Carburizing Surface hardness (HV)

Core Hardnes (HV)
Effective Case Depth (mm)
Wear Rate (mm3/Nm)
condition
1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Base Specimen 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Base Specimen 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Base Specimen 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours Base Specimen

_ Yegen, M. Usta / Vacuum 85 (2010) 390e396

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392

_ Yegen, M. Usta / Vacuum 85 (2010) 390e396

I.

b 900

Hot Rollled SAE 8620

900

Cold Drawn SAE 8620

800

800
700

700

600

600

Hardness (HV)

Hardness (HV)

393

500
400
300

Base Specimen
1 hour

200

500
400
300
Base Specimen
1 hour
2 hours
3 hours
4 hours

200

2 hours
3 hours

100

100

4 hours
0

0
0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

Distance from surface (mm)

Hot Rolled 16MnCr5

900

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

Cold Drawn 16MnCr5

1000
900

800

800

700

700

600

Hardness (HV)

Hardness (HV)

0,8

Distance from surface (mm)

500
400
300

600
500
400
300

Base Specimen
1 hour
2 hours
3 hours
4 hours

200
100

Base Specimen
1 hour
2 hours
3 hours
4 hours

200
100

0
0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

Distance from surface (mm)

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

1,2

1,4

1,6

1,8

2,0

2,2

Distance from surface (mm)

Fig. 2. The hardness proles and the effective cementation depths of specimens a) Hot-rolled SAE 8620 Specimens b) Cold-drawn SAE 8620 specimens c) Hot-rolled 16MnCr5
specimens d) Cold-drawn 16MnCr5 specimens.

carbide. When carbon content on surfaces increases, more carbon

atoms combine with iron atoms and form iron carbide phases
[2e4].
In the oxidation process, oxygen atoms, released by the
gasemetal reactions that take place during carburizing, are adsorbed onto the metallic surface. From there, the oxygen atoms diffuse
inward along grain and subgrain boundaries and into the lattice.
They can chemically combine with available substitutional
elements that have high oxidation potential and form oxides. In
commercial case hardening steels, the depths at which the oxides
are detected by conventional optical microscopy are typically less
than 25 mm. Deeper cases will produce deeper penetrating oxides.
When oxidation takes place, the amounts of alloying elements are
reduced due to the chemically combining of oxygen to the alloying
elements such as Mn, Cr providing hardenability of steels. This
reducing causes the non-martensitic transformation in steels.
A consequence of forming oxides phases or increasing the amount
of oxide phases leads to non-martensitic transformation, resulting
in reducing the amount of martensite and increasing the amount of
retained austenite [17,18].
The chemical compositions of test specimens given Table 1 have
alloying elements that have high oxidation potential such as Mn, Cr,
Si, Ni. Due to the chemical compositions of specimens, oxides
phases were determined on all of the carburized specimen surfaces.
X-ray analysis in Fig. 1 showed that the specimens that have the
highest intensity of oxide phases peaks, have the highest intensity

of austenite phase peaks and the lowest intensity of martensite

phase peaks. X-ray analysis revealed that the oxides phases lead to
non-martensitic transformation by reducing the amount of alloying
elements providing hardenability.
In hot-rolled carburized SAE 8620 specimens, the specimen
carburized for 4 h has the highest intensity of oxides phase peaks
and has the highest intensity of austenite phase peaks. The highest
intensity of oxides phases and austenite phase caused the lowest
intensity of martensite phase in hot-rolled carburized SAE 8620
specimens. The specimen carburized for 2 h has the lowest intensity of oxides phase peaks and has the lowest intensity of austenite
phase peaks. The lowest intensity of oxides phases and austenite
phase caused the highest intensity of martensite phase in hot-rolled carburized SAE 8620 specimens.
In cold-drawn carburized SAE 8620 specimens, the specimen
carburized for 2 h has the highest intensity of oxides phase peaks
and has the highest intensity of austenite phase peaks. The highest
intensity of oxides phases and austenite phase caused the lowest
intensity of martensite phase peaks in cold-drawn carburized SAE
8620 specimens. The specimen carburized for 4 h has the lowest
intensity of oxides phases and has the lowest intensity of austenite
phase. The lowest intensity of oxides phases and austenite phase
caused the highest intensity of martensite phase in cold-drawn
carburized SAE 8620 specimens.
These results are valid for 16MnCr5 hot-rolled and cold-drawn
carburized specimens. In hot-rolled carburized 16MnCr5

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_ Yegen, M. Usta / Vacuum 85 (2010) 390e396

I.

Fig. 3. The SEM micrograph shows the microhardnesses of carburized SAE 8620
specimen carburized for 2 h.

specimens, the specimen carburized for 2 h has the lowest intensity

of austenite phase and the highest intensity of martensite phase. In
cold-drawn 16MnCr5 specimens, the specimen carburized for 2 h
has the lowest intensity of austenite phase and the highest intensity of martensite phase.
In comparison of the cold-drawn with the hot-rolled carburized
specimens, the cold-drawn specimens have the higher intensity of
martensite phase rather than hot-rolled specimens, because of
their different diameters leading to probable different cooling rate.
The chemical composition of 16MnCr5 specimens have higher
amount of Mn, Cr alloying elements, forming oxide phases, than
SAE 8620 specimens. Therefore, highest intensity of oxide phases
was obtained in 16MnCr5 specimens.
In addition to the chemical composition of 16MnCr5 specimens,
SAE 8620 specimens have Mo and Ni alloying elements that provide
hardenability of steels. Therefore, the highest intensity of martensite
phases was obtained in SAE 8620 specimens.
3.2. The hardness and the effective cementation depth results
The hardness proles and the effective cementation depths are
given in Fig. 2. The SEM pictures show the microhardness values of
hot-rolled carburized SAE 8620 and 16MnCr5 for 2 h given in
Figs. 3 and 4. The SEM photos were taken for each hardness values
from surface to the core. After that, each SEM photos was combined
and Figures 3, 4 were obtained. Surface hardness, effective
cementation depths and wear rate of carburized and non-carburized specimens given in Table 2.
The hardness tests showed that the hardnesses of carburized
specimens decreased from the surface to the core depending on the
carbon prole that reaches maximum content at surface and

Fig. 4. The SEM micrograph shows the microhardnesses of carburized 16MnCr5

specimen carburized for 2 h.

decreases in the core. The core hardness of carburized specimens

increased by the quench process performed after the carburizing.
The chemical composition of carburized specimens consists of Mn,
Cr, Ni, Mo alloying elements that provides the hardenability.
Therefore, the specimens could be hardened by the quench process.
Effective cementation depths increased depending on the carbon
diffusion that increased with time. While carburizing time increases,
the carbon atoms can diffuse deeper distances from the surface. As
a consequence of increasing carbon diffusion, the effective cementation depth increases as well.
The hardness test showed that surface hardnesses of carburized
specimens varied depending on the intensity of phases obtained by
X-ray diffraction analysis. In all of the steel quality groups (SAE
8620-16MnCr5 hot rolled-cold drawn) the specimens that have the
highest intensity of martensite phase peaks have the highest
surface hardnesses. The specimens that have the highest intensity
of oxide phases peaks, causing the highest intensity of austenite
phase peaks, have the lowest surface hardnesses. When oxidation
occurs, the amounts of alloying elements are reduced due to the
chemically combining of oxygen to the alloying elements such as
Mn, Cr that providing the hardenability of steels. This reducing
causes the non-martensitic transformation in steels. This results in
decreasing the surface hardness by reducing the amount of
martensite and increasing the amount of retained austenite.
In cold-drawn materials, the degree of the plastic deformation
on the surfaces is greater than the one on the core. Therefore, the
dislocation density of surfaces is greater than the cores in colddrawn materials. In addition, the dislocation density is greater in
cold-drawn materials than in the hot-rolled materials. Thus, the
surface hardnesses of cold-drawn materials are greater than the
core hardnesses and also hot-rolled materials. As shown in Table 2,
the surface hardnesses of cold-drawn non-carburized specimens

_ Yegen, M. Usta / Vacuum 85 (2010) 390e396

I.

395

Hot Rolled SAE 8620

18,0

Cold Drawn SAE 8620

16,0

251 HV

16,0

290 HV

14,0

12,0
Wear Rat e ( mm 3/Nm)x10-5

Wear rat e ( mm 3/Nm)x10-5

14,0

12,0
10,0
8,0
808 HV
6,0

793 HV

697 HV

848 HV
Base Specimen

4,0

10,0

8,0

787 HV
804 HV

813 HV

6,0

Base Specimen

4,0

1 hour

1 hour
2 hours

2,0

3 hours
4 hours

4 hours

0,0

2 hours

2,0

3 hours

833 HV

0,0

Carburizing time (hour)

Carburizing time (hour)

Hot Rolled 16MnCr5

Cold Drawn 16MnCr5

18,0

16,0
268 HV

16,0

14,0

d
12,0
Wear Rat e ( mm 3/Nm)x10-5

Wear Rat e ( mm 3/Nm)x10-5

310 HV

14,0

12,0
10,0
639 HV

8,0

830 HV

6,0

767 HV

773 HV

Base Specimen
4,0

10,0

8,0
800 HV

813 HV
845 HV

6,0

822 HV

Base Specimen

4,0

1 hour

1 hour

2 hours
2,0

2 hours

2,0

3 hours

3 hours

4 hours
0,0

4 hours

0,0
0

Carburizing time (hour)

Carburizing time (hour)

Fig. 5. The wear rates of test specimens a) Hot-rolled SAE 8620 Specimens b) Cold-drawn SAE 8620 specimens c) Hot-rolled 16MnCr5 specimens d) Cold-drawn 16MnCr5
specimens.

are greater than core hardnesses, and hot-rolled non-carburized

specimens by the greater dislocation density forming on the
surfaces.
It can be expected that the surface hardnesses of cold-drawn
carburized specimens are greater than the hot-rolled carburized
specimens. However, the hardness tests showed that there were no
distinct differences between the cold-drawn and hot-rolled specimens. This results from the carburizing process carried out at 920
C
in austenite phase zone which is higher than the recrystallization
temperature. The carburizing process carried out above the recrystallization temperature softened the cold-drawn specimens by
eliminating the dislocation density and rearranging the dislocation
array. Therefore, there is no distinct difference determined on the
surface hardnesses of the cold-drawn and hot-rolled specimens.
The chemical composition of 16MnCr5 specimens have more
Mn, Cr alloying elements, providing solid solution hardening.
Therefore, 16MnCr5 specimens are harder than SAE 8620 specimens due the solid solution hardening.

The wear rates of carburized and non-carburized test specimens

are given in Table 2 and Fig. 5.
As shown in Table 2, the wear rate of test specimens decreased
after the cementation processes. The abrasive wear test results
showed that the wear rate of materials varies with the specimen
surface hardnesses. The specimens which have greater surface
hardnesses are worn less than the others. As shown in Table 2, the
highest wear rates or the highest material loses are obtained in
non-carburized specimens.
The carburizing process carried out above the recrystallization
temperature softened the cold-drawn specimens by eliminating
the dislocation density and rearranging the dislocation array.
Therefore, there is no distinct difference determined on the surface
hardnesses. Thus, there are no distinct wear rate differences
determined between hot rolled and cold-drawn carburized specimens. The differences were found in non-carburized specimens. As
a result of increasing the surface hardness by cold-drawn process,
cold-drawn non-carburized specimens have lesser wear rate than
the hot-rolled non-carburized specimens.

3.3. Abrasive wear tests

4. Conclusions
Hardness is the most important factor that inuences wear
resistance of materials. As a result of increasing hardness, the
wear resistance of materials increases. It is concluded that the
wear resistance of low-carbon steel is increased by the cementation process [5,19,20].

 Martensite phase was determined on all of the carburized

specimen surfaces by X-ray diffraction analysis. Determination of
martensite phase on carburized surfaces is the sign of cementation processes carried out effectively.

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_ Yegen, M. Usta / Vacuum 85 (2010) 390e396

I.

 Martensite phase, austenite phase and oxide phases were

determined on all of the carburized specimen surfaces.
 The surface and the core hardnesses of carburized specimens
were increased by the cementation which consists of carburizing
and quenching processes. The hardness test showed that the
surface hardnesses of carburized specimens varied depending on
the intensity of phases obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis.
 Effective cementation depths increased depending on the
carbon diffusion that increased with time as expected.
 The abrasive wear test results showed that the wear rate of
specimens varied depending on the specimen surface hardnesses.
 The abrasive wear test results showed that cold-drawn noncarburized specimens have lesser wear rate than the hot-rolled
non-carburized specimens.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Mr. Adem Sen for running the X-ray diffractometer, Mr. O. Faruk Deniz for helping hardness measurements,
Mr. Ahmet Nazm for helping with SEM study at Gebze Institute of
Technology and the company of Akelik Iron and Steel for their
support during this study.
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