Ram Modeler

RAM Structural System
V8i (SELECTseries 6)
RAM Modeler User Manual

Last Updated: October 10, 2013
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Acknowledgements
Objective Grid C++ Library Copyright Rogue Wave Software, Inc.
Virtual Print Engine (VPE) Copyright IDEAL Software
Contains CM2 MeshTools by Computing Objects
Math Kernel Library (MKL) Intel Corporation
The Boost Graph Library (BGL) Siek, J.G., Lee, L., and Lumsdaine, A.
Ultimate Toolbox Dundas Software Ltd.
TurboDXF Ideal Engineering
Portions Copyright Microsoft Corporation
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Clipper library Angus Johnson
zlib software Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler.
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................................................................9
Chapter 2: RAM Modeler Basics ........................................................................................ 11
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
Invoking the RAM Modeler .................................................................................................................................................. 11

Getting the Current Version and Copyright Information. ....................................................................................... 11
Gravity Versus Lateral Members ....................................................................................................................................... 11
Model Types ................................................................................................................................................................................12
Materials .......................................................................................................................................................................................12
Layout Types .............................................................................................................................................................................. 13
Story Data .................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Grids and Grid Systems ..........................................................................................................................................................14
Creating and Using Grids Systems .................................................................................................................14
2.8.1
Creating and Using Grids in a Grid System ................................................................................................ 15
2.8.2
Moving Grids in a Grid System ......................................................................................................................... 16
2.8.3
Selecting Grid Systems ........................................................................................................................................17
2.8.4
Creating and Using Construction Grids ....................................................................................................... 17
2.8.5
Basic Features of the Modeler .............................................................................................................................................18
The Toolbars ........................................................................................................................................................... 18
2.9.1
The Status Bar ........................................................................................................................................................ 24
2.9.2
Undo Command ..................................................................................................................................................... 25
2.9.3
Zooming and Scrolling ........................................................................................................................................ 25
2.9.4
The Cursor ................................................................................................................................................................25
2.9.5
Reference Layout Types .....................................................................................................................................26
2.9.6
Snap Points ............................................................................................................................................................... 26
2.9.7
Hot Keys and the Right Mouse Button ......................................................................................................... 27
2.9.8
Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry .................................................................................................................27
2.9.9
Display Options ......................................................................................................................................................28
2.9.10
RAM Modeler Units .............................................................................................................................................. 28
2.9.11
Plan and Elevation Modeling ...............................................................................................................................................29
3-D View ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Member Numbers .................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Find Member .............................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Measure Distance ..................................................................................................................................................................... 31
Frame Numbers ........................................................................................................................................................................ 31
Model Notes ................................................................................................................................................................................. 32
Data Checking a Model ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
Align Members ...........................................................................................................................................................................33
Update Beam Supports ........................................................................................................................................................... 33
Saving a Model ........................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Copying a Model ........................................................................................................................................................................35
Exiting the RAM Modeler ...................................................................................................................................................... 35
Chapter 3: Modeling in Plan Mode .................................................................................... 37

3.1
3.2
Overview: The Recommended Sequence of Operations ..........................................................................................37

Copying Floor Types ............................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
Importing a DXF file ................................................................................................................................................................ 39

Sloping Framing ........................................................................................................................................................................ 41
Modeling Sloping Framing ................................................................................................................................ 41
3.4.1
Working with Different Materials ..................................................................................................................................... 43
Working with PropTables .....................................................................................................................................................44
Beam, Column, and Brace Section Properties ............................................................................................44
3.6.1
Deck Properties ...................................................................................................................................................... 45
3.6.2
Gravity Load Properties ...................................................................................................................................... 46
3.6.3
Snow Load Properties ..........................................................................................................................................47
3.6.4
Working with Columns .......................................................................................................................................................... 48
Working with Beams ...............................................................................................................................................................51
Working with Joists ................................................................................................................................................................. 56
Working with Smartbeams ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Working with Westok Cellular Beams ............................................................................................................................ 57
Working with Horizontal Braces ....................................................................................................................................... 58
Working with Walls .................................................................................................................................................................58
Working with Foundations .................................................................................................................................................. 59
Single Column Footings ......................................................................................................................................59
3.14.1
Continuous Footings ............................................................................................................................................60
3.14.2
Mat Foundations ....................................................................................................................................................61
3.14.3
Working with Slabs ..................................................................................................................................................................63
One-Way and Two-way Slabs .......................................................................................................................... 63
3.15.1
Slab Edges ................................................................................................................................................................ 63
3.15.2
Slab Openings ......................................................................................................................................................... 66
3.15.3
Penetrations ............................................................................................................................................................ 67
3.15.4
Deck Assignment ...................................................................................................................................................67
3.15.5
Drop Caps ................................................................................................................................................................. 69
3.15.6
Decks on Sloping Framing .................................................................................................................................70
3.15.7
Working with Gravity Loads ................................................................................................................................................70
Point Loads .............................................................................................................................................................. 71
3.16.1
Line Loads ................................................................................................................................................................ 71
3.16.2
Surface Loads ..........................................................................................................................................................72
3.16.3
Loads on Sloping Framing .................................................................................................................................74
3.16.4
Working with Snow Loads ................................................................................................................................................... 75
Making Assignments in Plan Mode ................................................................................................................................... 77
Chapter 4: Modeling in Elevation Mode ............................................................................ 79

4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
Getting into Elevation Mode ................................................................................................................................................ 79

Working with Different Materials ..................................................................................................................................... 79
Working with Nodal Loads ...................................................................................................................................................79
Working with Columns and Beams .................................................................................................................................. 80
Working with Walls .................................................................................................................................................................80
Working with Wall Openings ...........................................................................................................................81
4.5.1
Working with Braces .............................................................................................................................................................. 81
Making Assignments in Elevation Mode .........................................................................................................................82
Exiting Elevation Mode .......................................................................................................................................................... 82
Introduction
The RAM Modeler allows the user to quickly create the database of even the most complex building
structures. Its intuitive interface and methodology makes it easy to learn. By utilizing a graphical
modeler, the user immediately sees what is being modeled. Modeling errors are visually apparent and
can be easily corrected. Changes to the structure required by the Architect, Owner, or Client can be
quickly and easily accommodated.
Chapter 2 explains the basics of using the RAM Modeler. Concepts necessary to understand how the
RAM Modeler functions are discussed.
Chapter 3 provides an in-depth look at the Plan Mode modeler. Modeling commands are explained as
they pertain to each of the RAM Structural System analysis and design modules.
Chapter 4 investigates the Elevation Mode modeler. While RAM Steel Beam and RAM Steel Column users
have access to the Elevation Mode modeler, this chapter is of primary concern to RAM Frame users.
The on-line help provides detailed information on the use of each individual RAM Modeler command.
The example problem found in the Tutorial manual provides helpful step-by-step instructions on basic
modeling techniques as well as on more advanced modeling issues. Completion of the Tutorial example
is highly encouraged.
Introduction
10
RAM Modeler Basics
The RAM Modeler is used to create, view, and revise the structural models used in the RAM Structural
System. This chapter explains the important concepts necessary to become comfortable working with
the RAM Modeler.
2.1 Invoking the RAM Modeler

Image
Description
The RAM Modeler is invoked by selecting Model from the RAM Manager menu or
by clicking on the RAM Modeler toolbar button.
2.2 Getting the Current Version and Copyright Information.

To get the current version and Copyright information for the RAM Modeler, select the Help - About
RAM Modeler command.
2.3 Gravity Versus Lateral Members

When generating a structural model, gravity members and lateral frame members must be
differentiated. This is done by setting the Framing option to either Gravity or Lateral when first laying
down a member or by using the Layout - <Member Type> - Change Properties command to modify an
existing member.
Gravity steel members can be designed for gravity loads using the RAM Steel Beam and RAM Steel
Column Design modules. These design modules optimize member sizes for the gravity loads, choosing
the lightest member that conforms to Code Specifications and user-specified criteria. Optimal sizes can
be overridden and different sizes assigned.
If steel frame beams or columns are modeled but not assigned a size in the RAM Modeler, the RAM Steel
Beam Design and RAM Steel Column Design modules will perform a gravity design on them, but will not
include those frame members in the program output. This is useful for obtaining preliminary sizes for
frame members based on gravity loads assuming pinned end conditions.
Gravity and lateral concrete members can be designed for both gravity and lateral loads using the RAM
Concrete Beam and RAM Concrete Column Design modules. The Concrete design modules optimize
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RAM Modeler Basics

Model Types
member reinforcement for the gravity and lateral loads, choosing reinforcement per Code and user
specifications. Optimal reinforcement can be overridden and different reinforcement assigned.
Lateral frame members of any material can be analyzed using RAM Frame. Lateral member sizes can be
assigned in the RAM Modeler, or for steel members, can be automatically designed for gravity loads in
RAM Steel, prior to entering RAM Frame. The effects of gravity members supported on lateral frame
members, including loads and compression flange bracing, are considered in the analysis performed by
RAM Frame. RAM Frame does not analyze the gravity members themselves.
2.4 Model Types

Generally a model will contain both Frame and Gravity members. This is not required, however,
depending on the type of analysis desired. If only a Gravity design is desired all of the members could be
modeled as Gravity members, and they would all be designed as such, including those members that are
actually Frame members. Generally, however, it is more convenient to model the Frame members as
such, even if only a Gravity design is going to be performed.
It is also acceptable to only model the Frame members, without any Gravity members, for analysis in
RAM Frame. This type of model would be analogous to the type of model analyzed by traditional frame
analysis programs, which only include Frame members. This type of model does not take full advantage
of the capabilities of the RAM Structural System, but provides a convenient method of quickly modeling
and analyzing the 2-D or 3-D lateral frames. It is especially useful when trying to determine a
preliminary lateral framing scheme, especially if precise gravity loads are not necessary.
2.5 Materials
Six Material Types are allowed in the Modeler to model various structural members:
Steel
Steel Beams, Columns and Braces
Steel Joist
Steel Joists and Joist Girders
SMARTBEAM
CMC SMARTBEAM (available only in the US)
Westok Cellular Beam
Westok Cellular Beams (available only in the UK)
Concrete
Concrete Beams, Columns, Braces and Walls
Other
Beams, Columns, Braces and Walls
"Other" can represent any material, such as wood or masonry. Steel and concrete sections can also be
entered as "Other" if desired, such as those with unusual cross-sections.
Note that the RAM Steel Beam Design module can only be used to design Steel, Steel Joist, SMARTBEAM
and Westok Cellular Beam members and the RAM Steel Column Design module can only be used to
design Steel members. RAM Concrete is only used to design Concrete beams, columns and walls.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Layout Types
Material Mode can be easily changed with the Material Command in the Modeler main menu or by
selecting a material from the combo box on the toolbar. Generally speaking, layout commands will only
affect members of the currently selected material. If the current Material Mode is set to Concrete, for
example, performing a command such as Layout - Beams - Change Properties will only affect concrete
beams.
The current Material Mode is shown in the Material Window on the Status Bar, and is also shown as
being the checked material under the Material Menu Item.
Materials are discussed in more depth in Chapter 3, Modeling in Plan Mode.
2.6 Layout Types

Each unique floor framing plan in a building is represented by a Layout Type. A Layout Type describes a
flooring configuration for one or more identical levels of a structure, consisting of beams, columns,
decks, loads, etc.
A multi-level structure may consist of several Layout Types. A Layout Type is defined for each unique
flooring configuration, and the level or levels at which each Layout Type is located are described in the
Story Data. Although modeling is done with two-dimensional Layout Types for ease of modeling, Layout
Types are stacked automatically by the program using the Story data, thereby providing the threedimensional representation of the structure (See Story Data on page 13).
When a structure has a floor level or levels that are identical to another level, the same Layout Type can
be assigned to each level that is identical. Identical layout types must be located on adjacent stories;
otherwise, a different layout type must be created.
The use of Layout types serves three main purposes:
It frees the User from entering repetitive data.
It frees the User from reviewing repetitive output.
It decreases the computational time required for the design of the structural members.
Because several Layout Types may be nearly identical in a structure, the Layout - Copy command is
available to copy the data in one Layout Type to another, making it unnecessary to re input similar
Layout Types from scratch. Layout Types thus created can then be modified to reflect the conditions of
that particular level.
Initially, in the Layout Type Select command the layout types are listed in the order that they are
created. After layout types have been assigned to the Story Data the layout types are listed in the same
order as they appear in the Story Data, in bold font. Layout types not currently included in the Story
Data are listed in normal (not bold) font.
RAM Modeler tags the most recently used layout type inside the model file when the model file is saved.
That layout type will automatically be selected the next time Modeler opens the model.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Grids and Grid Systems
2.7 Story Data

The Story command is used to assign Layout Types to the various levels and to indicate story labels and
story heights.
Each story is assigned a Layout Type and a story label. A Layout Type may be used on multiple levels,
but the story label must be unique for each level. If an individual Layout Type is used on more than one
level, they must be adjacent levels; it is not permitted to use the same Layout Type at two different
levels separated by another Layout Type. This limitation can be dealt with by creating a new Layout
Type identical to the other using the Layout - Copy command.
The floor-to-floor height (the difference between the current level and the level below), not the story
elevation, is input. This information is used to determine column lengths for the RAM Steel Column
Design module, and to determine story heights, joint node locations and column lengths for RAM Frame.
In the RAM Steel Column Design module, the Splice Level flag is used by the RAM Steel Column Design
module to indicate levels at which column sizes can change (there can be a splice). If No is selected, the
column at (below) this level and the column above will be assigned the same size based on the
controlling condition of the two levels. If Yes is selected, the column at (below) this level and the column
above may be assigned different sizes. This is the only significance of the Splice Level flag; the fact that
in reality the column splices may actually occur at some height above the floor is irrelevant to the
program.
In the RAM Concrete Column Design module the Splice Level flag is used to determine where the bar
splices occur for the purpose of calculating the reinforcing steel quantities for the Takeoff report.
2.8 Grids and Grid Systems

There are two types of grids or grid lines in RAM Modeler: standard grids and construction grids.
Standard grids are the primary reference points for both the engineer and the program in defining the
structural model. These grid lines can usually be obtained from the architectural drawings. The engineer
may also add grid lines anywhere necessary to assist in creating the model. Grid lines and grid labels
will be included in an exported DXF File. Standard grids are always part of a grid system.
Construction grids are free form grids that are used solely for modeling purposes. They are not labeled,
do not affect the labeling of columns and are not part of the standard grid systems.
Grid Systems are groups of related grids. There are two types of Grid Systems: Orthogonal and Radial.
Orthogonal Grid Systems consist of X Grids and Y Grids; these grids are at 90 degrees to each other.
Radial Grid Systems consist of Radial Grids and Circular Grids.
Grid Systems can be offset and rotated with respect to the global axes.
Grid intersections between grid lines (both standard and construction) become modeling nodes, or
SnapTo points. These points are used by some modeling commands where the cursor "snaps" from node
to node. This simplifies the process of laying down elements graphically. Member locations and
intersections, such as beam ends, also create SnapTo points.
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RAM Modeler Basics

2.8.1 Creating and Using Grids Systems

Image
Description
Grid Systems are created using the Layout-Grids-Create/Edit command. Only
unique Grid Systems need be created. It is not necessary to create a separate Grid
System for each Layout Type if the Grids are identical between levels. A Grid
System may be used by more than one Layout Type. For example, a Roof layout
and a Floor layout can use the same Grid System. Any changes made to the Grid
System affect simultaneously all layout types that use that Grid System.
A Layout Type may use more than one Grid System. For example, a layout could consist of an orthogonal
grid system, a rotated orthogonal grid system and a radial grid system. Grid systems can be added to
and removed from layout types as needed to facilitate modeling.
To create a Grid System, specify the Grid System Label, the Grid System Type (Orthogonal or Radial), the
X and Y offset (the distance of the local Grid System origin from the global origin) and the Rotation angle
(the angle between the local Grid System and the global coordinate system), and select Add. In most
cases where there is only a single Grid System associated with the Layout Type, the X and Y offset and
the Rotation angle are 0.0.
To delete a Grid System, select it from the Grid System list and select Delete. If it is currently assigned to
a Layout Type, an error message will be given, and the Grid System will not be deleted. In that case, use
the Layout-Grids-Select command to deselect the Grid System from the layout types, and repeat the
Delete command.
To change a Grid System, select it from the Grid System list, modify the value or values desired and
select Change. If the offset or rotation values are changed, the entire Grid System will move, and any
structural elements associated with those grids will move as well. See Section 2.8.3, Moving Grids, for
more information.
When databases are converted from versions of the program prior to V7.0, the Grid Systems are
automatically created from the Grids in the model. A separate Grid System is created for each layout
type, and the label Converted From:, with the layout type name, is given. If desired, any one of those
grid systems can be assigned to all layout types using the Layout Grids Select command.
Each Grid System consists of a series of grids. To Add, Delete, or Edit the Grids that compose the Grid
System, select the Grid System from the Grid System list and select the Edit Grids button, or doubleclick on the Grid System in the Grid System list.
2.8.2 Creating and Using Grids in a Grid System

Grids can be entered individually or they can be generated. As grids are added to the grid system, they
are listed on the tabs to the right. For orthogonal grid system, the tabs will be labeled X Grids and Y
Grids. For radial grid systems, they will be labeled Radial Grids and Circular Grids.
Several commands are available to control the display and use of the grids. The Extents command is
used to specify the end limits within which the grid lines will be drawn on-screen. Limits on either,
15
RAM Modeler Basics

neither, or both ends of the grid line may be specified. If no limit is specified for a particular end the
extent will automatically be limited by the extreme grid in the opposite direction.
Grids are added to the grid system by first selecting the tab that indicates the direction of the grids.
Information about the grids is then entered and the Add button is clicked. The created grid or grids will
appear in the list box on the tab.
Grids may be deleted by clicking on a grid in the list box and clicking the Delete button.
Properties of the grid can be modified by first selecting the grid, making the modifications to the
controls in the dialog and then clicking the Change button.
2.8.3 Moving Grids in a Grid System

Grids can be moved a specified increment using the Move command in the Edit Grids command. When
the Move command is used, the resulting grid coordinate is the initial coordinate plus the specified
increment. For Orthogonal grids (X and Y), Increment is the distance to be added to or subtracted from
the grid coordinate. For Radial grids, Increment is the angle to be added to or subtracted from the
current grid angle. For Circular grids, Increment is the distance to be added or subtracted from the
radial distance.
Grids are moved by first selecting the grid, entering an increment by which the grid will be moved and
then clicking the Move button. Multiple grids can be moved simultaneously by selecting more than one
grid from this list before issuing the Move command. Multiple grid selection is done by holding down
the <Ctrl> or <Shift> keys while selecting grids from the list. <Ctrl> selects only the individual grids
that are clicked on; <Shift >selects all grids between the previous selection and the current selection.
Grids can also be moved using the Change command described previously: select the grid, enter a new
coordinate, and select Change.
Entire Grid Systems may also be translated or rotated using the Create / Edit Grid Systems command.
To translate a grid system from its current position relative to the global coordinate system, enter the
desired value in the X-Offset and/or Y-Offset edit fields. To rotate a grid system from its current position
relative to the global coordinate system, enter the desired value in the Rotation edit field.
When grids are moved, any columns associated with those grids are automatically moved as well. In
turn, any beams framing into those columns are moved, and any beams framing into those beams are
moved. Thus beams are stretched and rotated as necessary to maintain their connection to the
supporting members. When a girder is stretched or shortened in this way, the spacing of the supported
beams is modified to maintain the relative spacing. For example, if a girder supporting beams at third
points of its original length is shortened or elongated, the beams will be repositioned so that they are
supported at the third points of the new length. They keep their relative spacing rather than their
absolute spacing.
It is important to note that if a column does not fall on a grid, it will not move, even if the entire grid
system is moved. Also, items such as point loads, surface load polygon vertices and deck polygon
vertices that do not fall directly on a beam or column will not move. Those that fall on beams or columns
will move. After a grid or grids have been moved it is important to verify that the resulting configuration
of members, decks, loads, etc., is correct. The DataCheck is useful in finding any problems that may have
occurred due to a move.
Since grid systems can be used by more than one layout type, any changes made to the grid system
affects the framing in every layout type that uses that grid system.
16
RAM Modeler Basics

Important: Since the process of moving or changing grids may produce unexpected results, it is highly
recommended that before moving or changing grids that the model be saved so that if unexpected
results occur, the original model may be retrieved.
2.8.4 Selecting Grid Systems

After one or more Grid Systems and Layout Types have been created, one or more of the grid systems
must be assigned to each layout type. A grid system may be used by more than one layout type, and a
layout type may use more than one grid system.
Image
Description
Grid Systems are applied to a layout type by using the Layout Grids Select
command. A floor layout type is selected from the list of available floor types. For
the selected layout type, each grid system that will be associated with that floor
type is checked and those that will not be associated with that floor type are left
unchecked.
Grid systems can be assigned to or removed from a layout type at any time without affecting the data
already modeled.
2.8.5 Creating and Using Construction Grids

Image
Description
To create new construction grids select the Layout Grids Construction Grids
command. Construction grids can be added one of four ways: parallel to a beam
or wall, parallel to a grid, at a given angle (and optionally offset) from a specified
point, or through two points.
To add a construction grid parallel to a beam or wall, select Parallel-To-Beam/Wall, then enter the
offset distance between a reference beam or wall and the construction grid. Note that a value of 0.00 for
the distance is permissible; that would be used to add a construction grid exactly in line with an existing
beam. Click the Add button and then click on a beam or wall. If zero was used for the offset, the
construction grid will be added in line with the selected beam or wall. If a non-zero offset was used, two
parallel guide lines will appear, parallel to the reference beam or wall, at the offset distance specified.
Click on either of the parallel guide lines to identify on which side of the beam the construction grid
should be added.
To add a construction grid parallel to a grid, follow the same steps as for adding one parallel to a beam
or wall, but select Parallel-To-Grid instead of Parallel-To-Beam/Wall, and select an existing grid line
when prompted instead of selecting a beam or wall.
To add a construction grid at a specified angle through a point, select Point-Angle, then enter the angle
at which the construction grid should be added and the offset distance from that point. Use zero as the
distance to make the construction grid to pass through the point. Use a value greater than zero to create
17
RAM Modeler Basics

Basic Features of the Modeler
an offset from the point. Click Add and then click on the point through which the grid is to be added. If
zero was used as the offset distance, crosshairs that indicate the angle will appear. If a non-zero offset
was used, four lines will be drawn at the specified angle and offset distance. Click near the line
representing your desired construction grid.
To add a construction grid between two points, select Two Points. No numeric input is. This option
simply allows two existing SnapTo points to define a new construction grid. Click Add and then click on
the two points through which the construction grid is to be added.
Construction grids can be deleted singly by clicking the Delete Single option in the Construction Grids
dialog, then clicking on the construction grid to be removed. To delete all construction grids, select the
Delete All option.
Image
Description
Only one set of construction grids can be defined for the model, and their display
can be turned on or off for any layout type. Select Layout Grids Show
Construction Grids from the menu to turn on or off the display of construction
grids. Construction grid display is automatically turned on when adding new
construction grids. Construction grids create SnapTo points at intersections with
each other and at intersections with grids in standard grid systems. To remove
these SnapTo points, simply turn off the display of the construction grids.
2.9 Basic Features of the Modeler

There are several basic features of the RAM Modeler which aid in creating the model.
2.9.1 The Toolbars

Several toolbars exist in the RAM Modeler. These toolbars are initially located at the top of the window
just below the menu but can be docked anywhere in the window. The toolbar provides a convenient and
graphical means of executing the commands.
The primary toolbar

Image
Description
File Save saves the current model.
Model Notes opens the text file used for storing notes on the current model.
Data Check checks the validity and completeness of the database.
18
RAM Modeler Basics

Image
Description
Align Columns launches the Align Members dialog via a column.
Align Walls launches the Align Members dialog via a wall.
View 3D displays the current model in 3D view.
View Elevation turns the cursor into a target cursor. Click on a beam or wall in
the frame to view in elevation.
View Plan returns to the previously selected plan view.
Set Show Options displays the Set Show Options dialog.
Find Member displays the Find member dialog.
Measure Distance measures the distance between two points.
Show Beam Numbers displays the beam numbers to the screen.
Show Wall Numbers displays the wall numbers to the screen.
Show Column Numbers displays the column numbers to the screen.
Show Foundation Numbers displays the foundation numbers to the screen.
Show Brace Numbers (Available in elevation mode only) displays the vertical
brace numbers to the screen.
Show Frame Numbers displays the frame numbers to the screen.
Show Wall Opening Numbers (available in elevation mode only) displays the
wall opening numbers.
Show Sizes displays the sizes of members.
Show Size Restrictions displays size restrictions on beams.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Image
Description
Options Show Member Lengths Projected can be used to display beam,
horizontal brace, and wall lengths projected in plan.
Options Show Member Lengths Actual can be used to display actual beam,
horizontal brace, and top of wall lengths, taking into account sloping members.
Options - Show Live Load Reduction Columns displays the user assigned live
load reduction setting.
Options - Show Live Load Reduction Beams displays the user assigned live
load reduction setting.
Show Web Openings displays user assigned web openings on screen
Show Brace Points displays the user defined brace points on screen
Show Fixity displays the fixity flags on the ends of all lateral members.
Show Column and Wall Elevation displays elevations of columns and walls.
Show Foundation Elevations displays elevations of foundations.
Show Stub Cantilever Elevations displays elevations of the tips of stub
cantilevers.
Renumber Members renumbers the members starting in the lower right hand
corner of the model, moving up and to the left.
Zoom Full automatically zooms to full screen view
Zoom Fence allows the user to select an area of the screen to zoom in on
Zoom In incrementally zooms in on the area currently displayed on screen
Zoom Out incrementally zooms out on the area currently displayed on screen.
Zoom Previous returns to the most recent (previous) zoom location.
Pen Colors displays a dialog to modify the default colors assigned to each of the
on screen elements.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Image
Description
Scale Text displays a dialog to adjust the size of the text displayed on screen.
Scale Text Up increases the scale of the text on the screen by a given increment.
Scale Text Down decreases the scale of the text on the screen by a given
increment.
Undo undoes the previous action.
Redo redoes the previous action.
Print Screen prints the current screen display to the printer.
Help About displays the Help About dialog which has the current copyright
information.
The Layout toolbar
Material combo box can be used to

change the currently selected material.
Image
Floor Layout Type combo box can be used to select a

floor layout type to view in Plan Mode.
Description
Grids - Create/Edit displays the grid system definition dialog box from which the
grid systems and grids are defined.
Grids - Select displays the grid select dialog.
Construction Grids displays the construction grid dialog box from which
construction grids can be added or deleted.
Display Construction Grids displays the construction grids on screen.
Set Snap Points allows the user to select which element types create cursor snap
points.
Layout Columns places the user in layout column mode and causes the Layout Column Toolbar to be displayed.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Image
Description
Layout Beams places the user in layout beam mode and causes the Layout - Beam
Toolbar to be displayed.
Layout Horizontal Braces places the user in layout horizontal brace mode and
causes the Layout - Horizontal Brace Toolbar to be displayed.
Layout Walls places the user in layout wall mode and causes the Layout - Wall
Toolbar to be displayed.
Layout Foundations places the user in layout foundation mode and causes the
Layout - Foundation Toolbar to be displayed.
Layout Braces (only available in elevation mode) places the user in layout braces
mode and causes the Layout - Braces Toolbar to be displayed.
Layout Slab causes the Layout - Slab Toolbar to be displayed. This toolbar is used
to define deck properties and to layout deck, slab edges and slab openings.
Layout Loads causes the Layout - Loads Toolbar to be displayed. This toolbar is
used to define and layout surface, point and line loads.
The Member Specific Toolbars

Member Specific toolbars are all very similar. The Layout - Column Toolbar for plan view is shown here.
Image
Description
Section Properties is only available when working with concrete or other
material. Clicking this button displays the section property definition dialog.
Add On-Grid displays the Add On-Grid dialog.
Add Off-Grid displays the Add Off-Grid dialog.
Move displays the Move Member dialog to reposition a member.
Offset displays the Offset Member dialog to offset a member.
Assign Rigid Links displays the Assign Rigid Links dialog to assign rigid links.
Delete displays the Delete Member dialog from which a fence or single delete can
be selected.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Image
Description
Change Properties displays the Change Properties dialog from which member
shape, orientation, framing or strength can changed.
Change Material displays the Change Material Property dialog for the currently
selected material.
Show provides a target cursor which when clicked on a member displays the data
associated with that member.
LL Reduction displays the Live Load Reduction dialog. From this dialog special
limits for maximum live load reduction factors can be placed on members.
Modify Elevation displays the Modify Elevation dialog. It is only available for
columns, walls and foundations.
Fixity displays the member end fixity flags on the ends of all lateral members.
Assign Column Eccentricity displays the Assign Column Eccentricity dialog from
which the user can set eccentricity for strong and weak axes.
Assign Size displays the Assign Size Dialog from which a member size can be
selected and assigned to members in a single or fence mode.
Clear Size displays the Clear Size dialog from which sizes can be cleared from
members in either single or fence mode.
Steel Column Text Layout displays the Steel Column Text Layout dialog which
gives the user the ability to model and modify columns textually.
The Layout - Slab toolbar

Image
Description
Deck Properties displays the PropTable Deck Properties dialog.
Layout Slab Edge displays the Layout Slab Edge dialog.
Layout Slab Opening displays the Layout Slab Opening dialog
Layout Slab Penetration displays the Layout Penetration dialog.
Layout Deck Assign displays the Layout Deck Assign dialog.
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RAM Modeler Basics

The Layout - Loads toolbar

Image
Description
Surface Load Properties displays the Surface Load Properties dialog where
surface loads can be defined.
Line Load Properties displays the Line Load Properties dialog where line loads
can be defined.
Point Load Properties displays the Point Load Properties dialog where point
loads can be defined.
Snow Load Properties displays the Snow Load Properties dialog where snow
loads can be defined.
Layout Surface Loads displays the Surface Load Layout dialog.
Layout Line Loads displays the Line Load Layout dialog.
Layout Point Loads displays the Point Load Layout dialog.
Layout Snow Loads displays the Snow Load Layout dialog
2.9.2 The Status Bar

The status bar is located at the bottom of the RAM Modeler window. On the status bar are smaller
"windows" that provide information pertinent to the model.
The Message
Window:
The Message Window is located on the left side of the status bar. Brief instructions
that will assist in modeling are displayed in this window. The Message Window is
particularly useful when using Layout Mode commands requiring multiple
keystrokes or selections, as it will provide step-by-step instructions for
accomplishing each task. When there are no current instructions required, the
current Layout Type selection will appear in the Window.
The Material
Window:
The Material Window is located to the right of the Message Window. The current
material mode is displayed in this window.
The Coordinate The coordinates of the cursor relative to the model are shown in current RAM
Window:
Modeler units in the Coordinate Window. The Coordinate Window is located on the
right side of the status bar. This is useful in relating the structural model to the
actual coordinates of the structure.
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RAM Modeler Basics

2.9.3 Undo Command

Image
Description
The Undo command is located under the Edit menu, along with the Redo
command, and is also located on the primary toolbar. The text under the Edit
menu will indicate which action is to be undone or redone. Users can Undo and
Redo up to the last 10 actions performed.
There are a few commands that will clear the Undo stack. That is, when any of these commands are
performed, actions performed previously can no longer be Undone. These are: Changing or Deleting
Story Data, Deleting a Floor Type, and Options Renumber Members.
2.9.4 Zooming and Scrolling

Image
Description
As the model is created, the drawing scale is automatically adjusted so that
the full layout appears on the screen. For large or intricate models, it may
be necessary to zoom in on a particular area. This is done by issuing View
Zoom Fence or by clicking on the toolbar. The zoom area is selected by
clicking the mouse on one corner of the region to be zoomed in upon and,
while holding down the left mouse button, dragging the cursor to the
opposite corner of the desired zoom area. The mouse button is then
released and the screen is redrawn with the zoom area filling the entire
screen.
Scroll bars are provided allowing the user to scroll through the model while it is zoomed so that any
part of the model is accessible. Scroll through the model by either clicking on one of the scroll arrows or
dragging the scroll box along the scroll bar.
Selecting View Zoom Full redraws the full layout on the screen. Three additional zoom commands are
provided, View - Zoom In, View - Zoom Out, and View - Previous Zoom.
Detailed directions for using these commands are located in the Tutorial manual. See the on-line help
for additional explanation of the Zoom Functions.
2.9.5 The Cursor

The appearance of the cursor changes depending on the graphical command issued.
An Arrow, the standard Microsoft Windows cursor, is used when the cursor is positioned outside the
RAM Modeler Draw Window, such as when selecting menu or dialog box items.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Three cursors are used by the Layout commands in graphics mode: a Target, a Plus Sign, and a
Rectangle.
The Target Cursor, , is used by commands that require an individual structural member to be selected.
An example of this is the Layout Beams Delete - Single command: a beam is deleted by simply getting
the Target Cursor close to a beam, and clicking the Left Mouse Button. There are many commands in the
RAM Modeler that, similarly, use the Target Cursor.
The Plus Sign Cursor, , is used to draw a line by commands such as Layout Beams Add On-Grid in
Single Graphical Mode. To layout the Beam, a line is drawn from one grid intersection to another. To do
this, the Plus Sign Cursor is clicked on the first SnapTo point and then on a second SnapTo point
between which the beam will be placed. While moving the mouse, a white line trails the cursor from the
beginning point to the current mouse position. This assists in visualizing where the beam will be placed.
The Rectangle Cursor, , is used to select one or more structural members by fencing an area. Many
graphical commands, such as the Layout - Beams - Change Properties - Fence command, use fencing
to issue a command to a group of members rather than issuing the command to one member at a time.
Fencing an area is accomplished by clicking the mouse on one corner of the desired fence area and,
while holding down the left mouse button, dragging the cursor to the opposite corner of the desired
fence area. The mouse button is then released and the command is accomplished.
2.9.6 Reference Layout Types

It is often useful to see other layout types when modeling a specific layout type. This can be done by
using the Options Reference Layout Types command to set up which layout types should be shown
as reference layout types. Enabled reference layout types are drawn dimmed with respect to the current
layout type, and they are all drawn under the current layout type. Specific layout types can be checked
from the list at the top of the dialog to cause those to always be shown as reference layout types.
Additionally, Always show layout type above current layout type and/or Always show layout type below
current layout type can be checked in order to have the layout type above and/or below the currently
selected layout type shown. Note that these last two check boxes only work for layout types that are
assigned to stories, since other layout types have no concept of above/below.
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RAM Modeler Basics

2.9.7 Snap Points

Image
Description
In some modeling modes the cursor only snaps to points already defined by
grids, columns, beam ends and intersections, loads, etc. As new elements are
added to the model, new snap points are created as necessary. In some cases it
may be desirable to turn off some of these snap points so that the correct snap
points can be more easily selected. This can be done by selecting the Options
Set Snap Points command, and selecting only those elements for which snap
points are desired. The dialog has two tabs: Current Layout Type and Reference
Layout Types. Items on the first tab affect the snap points for the currently
selected layout type, while items on the second tab affect snap points on any
enabled reference layout types. By default, all items are checked on the Current
Layout Type tab, and all items are unchecked on the Reference Layout Types
tab.
2.9.8 Hot Keys and the Right Mouse Button

RAM Modeler makes special use of two "hot" keys and the Right Mouse Button.
While executing a Layout command, clicking the Right Mouse Button or typing the "D" key will cause the
previously selected Layout dialog box to reappear. This allows the user to change settings in a command
and continue without having to re-invoke the command.
While in any multi sequence Layout command (such as Layout - Beams - Add Off-Grid), clicking the
right mouse button or typing the D key will terminate that sequence of commands and cause the
current commands dialog box to reappear. This is very useful if a mistake is made during the multi
sequence command. Clicking the Right Mouse Button prior to completing the sequence will undo the
command and allow the sequence to be restarted. (Note: Re-invoking the previous dialog box is the
ONLY use of the Right Mouse Button in the RAM Modeler.)
Typing the "M" key causes the previously selected layout menu to appear. This provides a useful method
of entering or modifying members without the need for traversing the menus. For instance, while in
Column Add OnGrid mode, typing the "M" key brings up the Layout - Column menu, allowing a new
column command to be selected. The same menu can be accessed by clicking Layout and selecting
Column from the drop-down menu. While both commands accomplish the same thing, typing the "M"
key is a shortcut.
2.9.9 Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry

The Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry feature provides a means of entering coordinates of elements
and entities directly. This feature is available in conjunction with several other commands, and allows
the user to add the element graphically by clicking on a node with the cursor or by entering the desired
27
RAM Modeler Basics

coordinates. In these commands the user can go back and forth between graphical mode and keyboard
mode. This is especially convenient when there currently is no node at the desired point.
While the cursor is moving about the screen, the cursor coordinates are tracked and shown in the X and
Y edit boxes, but any value can be entered by the user. After a node has been selected for the current
command, the coordinates of that point are listed as Previous Point or Previous Vertex. This is for
reference.
The new point can be specified as either an absolute coordinate or as a relative coordinate. If Absolute
is selected, the point will be given the coordinate specified. If Relative is selected, the point will be given
the coordinate determined by adding or subtracting the X or Y value from the corresponding value of
the coordinates of the Previous Point listed. That is, the value of X and/or Y specified by the user is
taken to be the offset from the Previous Point.
An example of the use of this feature is modeling a surface load in a corridor where no grids coincide
with the vertices of the load polygon. Instead of modeling grids at each vertex to enter the load by
snapping to the grids, which is rather tedious, vertex coordinates may be entered directly with this
feature.
2.9.10 Display Options

Some characteristics of beams and columns are not readily apparent from the graphical representation
in the RAM Modeler. For example, there is no graphical distinction between a composite beam and a
noncomposite beam. The Options - Set Show Options command can be used to highlight members with
certain characteristics. It can also be used to show the deck and load assignments as well as displaying
foundations.
The colors used to draw entities on the screen may be modified to suit the preference of the user. This is
done using the Options - Pen Color command.
Other display options are available as well. They include options to show member numbers, sizes, and
end fixities. The on-line help has a complete explanation of each Options command.
Various user interface options can be configured using the Options User Interface command. These
include whether or not to draw sized members to scale, whether or not to fill in concrete/other
columns/walls, whether or not to show the mouse cursor while in snap mode, and what precision to use
in the mouse coordinates display.
2.9.11 RAM Modeler Units

When using English (Imperial) units, the RAM Modeler Units can be set to feet or inches, and is simply a
matter of preference. RAM Modeler Units for SI or Metric are automatically set to meters. Data input
within dialog boxes which are unit dependent, such as beam depth restriction, will display the units
required for that data item. The system of units may be changed by selecting the Criteria - Units
command in the RAM Manager. Switching between feet and inches is done by selecting the Options Change Units command.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Plan and Elevation Modeling
2.10 Plan and Elevation Modeling

Plan Mode, the basic modeling mode, is used to enter Grid lines, all structural members (except vertical
braces) and their properties, the slab configuration and gravity loads of each floor.
Elevation Mode is used only for modeling lateral frame members and their nodal loading. Generally,
Elevation Mode is only used when creating a frame model for analysis in RAM Frame. Many of the
functions available in Plan Mode are also available in Elevation Mode, and these functions may be
performed interchangeably in either mode. Items that must be modeled in Elevation Mode include nodal
loads, wall openings and vertical brace members. Items that may be easier to model in Elevation Mode
include member size and fixity assignment, and assignment of frame numbers.
Because the RAM Modeler supports multiple views, one plan view and one elevation view of a model can
be viewed on the screen at the same time. When a frame is selected to be shown in elevation, a second
window is created and displayed. By using the commands in the Window menu (e.g., Tile), the two
views can be displayed simultaneously on the screen or the user can choose to navigate between the
two views.
2.11 3-D View

No modeling is done in the 3-D viewer. However, it provides a convenient and versatile means of
viewing the structural model in three dimensions.
Image
Description
To view the model in 3D: Select the View 3D View command.
Issuing the View 3D View command initiates the 3D Viewer.

For more information about the 3D View, see the 3D Viewer Manual.
To exit the 3-D Viewer and return to the plan mode or the elevation mode select File - Exit 3-D View.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Find Member
2.12 Member Numbers

Image
Description
Member numbers are initially assigned automatically by the RAM Modeler as
members are created, in the order they are created. As new members are added,
the next higher available number is assigned. If a member is deleted, that member
number is no longer used. This numbering scheme may make it difficult to locate
members by number. The Options - Renumber Members command causes all
members to be renumbered in consecutive order based on member coordinates,
beginning in the lower left corner and working up and then to the right. Note that
invoking the Renumber Members command will clear the Undo stack.
If subsequent additions or deletions are made to the model, the member numbering is not automatically
updated. New members are assigned the next higher available number regardless of their location, old
members retain their numbers, and deleted member numbers are no longer used. If desired, the
Options - Renumber Members command can be invoked at any time; otherwise the old numbering
assignments will always be retained.
Each layout type has its own set of numbers. For example, there is a column number 1 on every level.
Each element type has its own set of numbers. For example, there is a column number 1 and a beam
number 1 on the same level.
Member numbers can be viewed by invoking the appropriate Show Numbers command from the
Options menu or by clicking the desired Show Numbers button on the toolbar.
Member numbers are used throughout the RAM Structural System to identify members, especially the
output reports.
2.13 Find Member

Image
Description
The Find Member command is useful for finding members by member number.
The View Find command displays the Find dialog from which beams, columns,
braces, and walls can be searched by member number.
The Find member dialog has three (3) data fields. The first is a drop down list box used for selecting a
story. The second is a list box used to select a member type. These list boxes are pre-filled with any
available choices. The third field is a text edit box for the member number of interest and must be
entered by the user.
When the current view is in Plan mode, the story list box will have the current plan's story
automatically selected. While in Plan mode no other story may be selected.
The member type selection defaults to Beam. This selection may be changed at any time.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Measure Distance
After entering a member number to find, click the Find button. If the member is found, its coordinates
will be displayed in the dialog and its graphic will flash three (3) times on the screen and then remain
white. Clicking the Find button again will cause the member to re-flash three (3) times.
If the member is not found, a Not Found message will be displayed on the dialog.
When Find member is invoked while in elevation or 3D view a story must be selected from the list of
stories in the dialog.
While Beam is the default find member type, Column, Brace, or Wall may also be selected.
The Find command does not take into account the current model's zoom, rotation or pan. If the member
should be in the current view (indicated by its coordinates being displayed) but it does not appear to
flash on the screen or turn white, try resetting the zoom to full, or rotating or panning the view to bring
it back into the visible display area.
2.14 Measure Distance

Image
Description
The Measure Distance command allows the user to measure the distance
between two SnapTo points in the model. It also tells the user the angle of the line
between those two points. To use the Measure Distance command, either click on
the Measure Distance toolbar button, or select Measure Distance from the View
menu.
Click on any SnapTo point in the model to select the first point for measurement. The Measure Distance
dialog box will update to show the coordinates of the selected point.
Then click on the second point for the distance measurement. The Measure Distance dialog box will
update to show the coordinates of the second point, as well as the distance between the two points and
the angle of the line between them.
This can be repeated for as many sets of points as desired. The next time a point is selected, it will reset
back to showing that point as Point 1 with the rest of the dialog box clear. To finish the distance
measurements, click the Close button in the Measure Distance dialog box, press the <Esc> key, or
simply select some other command.
To increase the number of decimal points at which the values are shown, increase the Precision using
the Options User Interface command.
2.15 Frame Numbers

When RAM Frame analyzes the lateral frame members, it analyzes each as part of one large threedimensional frame. For output purposes it may be desirable to identify portions of the overall frame as
members of distinct individual frames. This is done by assigning frame numbers using the Layout Frame Numbers command. For example, all of the frame members along a particular grid could be
31
RAM Modeler Basics

Model Notes
assigned frame number 1, those along another grid assigned frame number 2, etc. The member results
in the output reports would then be grouped and ordered by frame numbers.
Frame numbers can be assigned to frame members to group them in any convenient way. It is not
essential to assign any frame numbers; they are assigned frame number 0 by default.
Frame numbers can only be assigned to Lateral members; they cannot be assigned to, nor are they used
by, Gravity members.
Frame numbers can be viewed by invoking the Show Frame Numbers command from the Options
menu or by selecting the Show Frame Numbers button from the toolbar.
2.16 Model Notes

Image
Description
The Model Notes command opens a text file that may be used for entering any
notes that to keep on the currently loaded model. Invoke the Model Notes
command from the File menu.
2.17 Data Checking a Model

The Data Check checks the validity and completeness of the database. It has been designed to detect
errors in the model that the Analysis or Design module may by unable to detect or that may cause the
module to abruptly terminate. This includes incomplete slab edges, missing supports, missing sizes on
lateral frame members, etc.
It is important that a Data Check be run on each model before attempting to run any of the Analysis or
Design modules. It is up to the user to run the Data Check in the RAM Modeler to verify that the model
has no errors.
Image
Description
The Data Check is run by selecting Integrity DataCheck from the RAM Modeler
menu. The type of Data Check to be performed is selected from the Data Check
Options dialog box. A Gravity Data Check verifies that all data needed to run
RAM Steel Beam Design or RAM Steel Column Design is included. A Frame Data
Check checks verifies that all data needed to run RAM Frame is included. An
Integrated Data Check verifies that the model can be run in any of the Design
modules and should be performed for models that will be run in the RAM
Concrete Design modules.
The Data Check only checks floors that are defined in the Story Data.
Items may be listed as either Errors or Warnings. Errors must be corrected before proceeding to the
design modules; they may result in either incorrect results or abnormal program termination. Warnings
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RAM Modeler Basics

Align Members
are given for items that may be a problem for certain condition, which are listed with the Warning.
Warnings do not need to be corrected unless not doing so will result in undesirable results.
If errors or warnings are found, a message is displayed stating the number of errors and warnings in the
model. Clicking OK will display a report listing the errors and warnings, including a "User Action" to fix
the error. The report can be printed by selecting Print from the menu or by clicking on the Print Screen
toolbar button.
2.18 Align Members

Image
Description
There are times when members on one story dont properly align with members
on other stories, even though they are supposed to. This is particularly common
when data has been imported into RAM Structural System from another program.
The Align Members dialog is designed to help in these situations. The Align
Members dialog is accessed either via Integrity Align Columns or Integrity
Align Walls. If the former is used, Modeler prompts for a column to be selected.
If the latter is used, Modeler prompts for a wall to be selected and then one end of
the wall to be selected. The selected point is used as the initial reference point for
the Align Members dialog.
The dialog contains a number of tables. The top table matches whatever was selected to enter the dialog
(either walls or columns). The middle of the dialog contains a set of tabs with other member types:
grids, columns or walls, beams, and foundations. At the top of the dialog is a tolerance (which can be
edited by the user). Each table contains all the members on of the given type on all stories no more than
that distance away from the reference point, along with the initial member selected to enter the dialog,
even if it isn't close enough. The initially selected member is shown in bold. All members on the same
floor type as it are shown in italics.
The reference point is shown in the bottom right of the dialog. The X and Y coordinates can be edited by
manually entering new coordinates in the text fields, or by double clicking on any of the entries in any of
the tables. Each table contains a Distance column that shows the distance from the given member to the
reference point.
To align members, all the members that need to be updated should be checked by the user, then the
Align button pushed. The Align button will only be enabled when at least one member is checked that is
a non-zero distance from the reference point. Only columns, walls, and foundations can be aligned.
However, since framed members are automatically pulled along with aligned members, other members
(such as beams) will automatically be updated as well. If a beam isnt close enough to an existing
support to get pulled along with it, then the beam must be updated manually using the Move Beam
command. Grids cannot be updated in the Align Members dialog due to the fact that even though only the
grid intersection is shown in the dialog, the grids actually extend outward from there, and updating one
intersection also updates everything that attaches to the grid lines involved in the intersection.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Saving a Model
2.19 Update Beam Supports

Image
Description
When importing data from other systems, sometimes beam support points will
end up in the wrong place on beams that contain (or are intended to contain) a
cantilever (or cantilevers). The Update Beam Supports command is accessed via
Integrity Update Beam Supports, and is designed to allow the support points
of the beam to be moved to any place along the beam line where the beam
intersects another member (beam, column, or wall). This can be done without
regard for whether or not the support points are valid while the command is
being used, so that if a number of beams that all intersect each other need to be
updated, they can be processed in any order.
When the command is activated, RAM Modeler prompts for a beam to be selected. At this point, either a
beam or a stub cantilever can be selected. If a beam was selected, RAM Modeler then prompts for an
existing beam support point to be selected. (If a stub cantilever was selected, this step is unnecessary.)
Next, RAM Modeler prompts for a new location for the selected support point. The cursor snaps to
points along the beam that intersect other members (beams, walls, or columns). Selecting one of these
points updates the selected support to be in that location.
Depending on the situation, an update to a beam's support point can cause the beam to be converted
into a stub cantilever, or vice versa. If this happens, RAM Modeler first prompts to verify that this is
desired.
Note: Changes made using this command can easily lead to invalid framing (unsupported beam
supports, or beams that cross other beams). It is always a good idea to run DataCheck after using this
command.
2.20 Saving a Model

Image
Description
There are two methods of saving the modifications from the current modeling
session. File - Save saves modifications to the model under the current database
name and returns control to the RAM Modeler. File - Save As provides a means to
save the model under a different file name.
See the RAM Manager manual for more information on the Save commands in the Modeler and in the
design modules.
It is recommended that the model be saved periodically to guard against loss of data in the case of a
System Error or Failure. The RAM Modeler does NOT perform automatic save operations.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Copying a Model
2.21 Copying a Model

While there is no actual Copy command provided with the RAM Structural System for copying entire
models, this can be accomplished using the File Save As command within either the RAM Manager or
the RAM Modeler. (Models can also be copied using the Windows File Manager). Saving a model using
the File - Save As command makes a copy of the model under the new database name provided and
leaves a copy of the original model saved under the original database name. The database name on the
title bar will change to reflect the new database name indicating that the new database is now the active
model in the RAM Modeler. Any subsequent changes will be made to the new database.
Helpful Hint: The Title bar always displays the database name of the currently active model.
2.22 Exiting the RAM Modeler

There are two ways to properly exit the RAM Modeler:
By double clicking the Control Bar in the upper left corner of the RAM Modeler Window (or
alternatively clicking the System Menu Bar and selecting the Close Command), or
By Selecting the File - Exit Command.
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RAM Modeler Basics

Exiting the RAM Modeler
36
Modeling in Plan Mode
The majority of the modeling process takes place in Plan Mode. For those models that will not be
analyzed with RAM Frame, it is not necessary to use Elevation Mode.
The following is an overview of Modeling in Plan Mode including modeling structural members, defining
decks and slab edges and applying loads. Detailed descriptions of each command are included in the online help.
Many of the modeling commands, such as some of the Layout commands or all of the Materials
commands, appear both in the Plan view modeler and the Elevation view modeler. Rather than
including these commands in both this chapter and the next, they will be covered just in this chapter.
3.1 Overview: The Recommended Sequence of Operations

The majority of models created in the RAM Modeler follow a consistent modeling pattern. There will,
however, be times when it will be beneficial to alter this modeling pattern. Once familiar with the RAM
Structural System, the engineer will be able to determine the best approach to creating a model. The
general approach to modeling is explained below. The Tutorial provides an example that clearly
demonstrates model creation. It is highly recommended that the Tutorial be completed to provide the
engineer with hands-on modeling experience.
When beginning a new project, a database is created by selecting the File - New command from the
RAM Manager. The new database is automatically assigned all of the default settings that were defined
in the RAM Defaults Utility (accessible from the RAM Managers Tools menu see the RAM Manager
manual for more information). Once the database has been created, the RAM Modeler can be invoked.
Once in the RAM Modeler, the first step is usually to create one or more grid systems. Because the grids
and grid systems are the primary reference points for structural members and loading patterns, they
should be entered into the model before the other elements. The Grid Systems and their associated Grid
Lines are entered into the model using the Layout Grids Create/Edit command. Labels can be given
to these major grids for easy reference. Additional grid lines and grid systems may be entered at any
time during the modeling process as necessary. Additional grid systems may be entered, or existing grid
systems modified or deleted at any time during the modeling process.
Next, specify a Layout Type, using the Layout Type Select command. Generally, the most typical
Layout Type should be specified, selected and modeled first. Eventually all Layout Types will be added
to the database.
Once at least one Grid System and one Layout Type are defined, the Layout Grids Select command is
used to assign one or more grid systems to each floor type.
Columns or walls are usually the first structural members entered into the model. Most columns occur
at grid line intersections and can be laid out using the Layout - Columns - Add On-Grid command.
When columns occur that are not located on major grid intersections, the Layout - Columns - Add OffGrid command can be used to model these columns (rather than manually calculating the grid
37

Overview: The Recommended Sequence of Operations
dimensions and defining grid lines for such columns). The RAM Modeler will create SnapTo points at
these members allowing other data to be easily placed at these points.
Walls can be added either before or after columns. Walls on major grids can be added using the Layout Walls - Add On-Grid command. The Layout - Walls - Add Off-Grid command should be used to model
walls at off-grid locations.
Tip: Although many modeling commands have options to add members off grid, in some cases it may
be helpful to add construction grids to create new SnapTo points that can be used to model in members
that do no fall on standard grid line intersections.
Beams and Joists build upon the previously placed columns and walls. As with the columns in the model,
many of these members will be placed on grid lines; the Layout - <Member Type> - Add On-Grid
command is used for modeling these members. Other structural members, such as purlins and
cantilevers, dont necessarily fall on grid lines. Several commands are available for placing these
members: Layout - <Member Type> - Add Off-Grid, Layout - <Member Type> - Add Generation and
Layout - <Member Type> Add Cantilever. As with the columns added off the original grid lines, these
members will cause SnapTo nodes to be generated.
The slab edge and slab openings must be defined before the deck and surface loads can be placed on the
structure. Edges are usually defined as offsets from structural members, but may also be laid down
freeform. If there is no deck, or if the deck is not going to be modeled, slab edges and openings are not
required and should not be modeled.
Once the slab edges and any slab openings have been defined, the deck can be laid out using the Layout
- Slab - Deck Assign command. For slab and deck, the slab or deck properties must first be specified
using the PropTable - Decking command.
Loads can then be applied to the structure. Gravity load properties must first be specified using the
PropTable - Loads commands.
If RAM Frame will be run, sizes must be assigned to the lateral members. This can either be done
manually in the RAM Modeler or in RAM Frame or automatically in the RAM Steel Beam and RAM Steel
Column modules (where lateral members will be preliminarily designed for gravity loads only). In the
RAM Modeler this can be done in plan mode or elevation mode using the Layout - <Member Type> Assign Sizes command. Sizes may be assigned to steel gravity beams and columns as well, in which
case, if RAM Steel Beam Design or RAM Steel Column Design is run, the beam or column will be analyzed
for the size assigned.
If RAM Concrete will be run, sizes must be assigned to all members, both lateral and gravity, prior to
running an analysis. Concrete member sizes can be assigned manually in the RAM Modeler or in the
RAM Concrete module, however, concrete beam and column section properties must be defined in the
RAM Modeler. Steel member sizes can be assigned manually in the RAM Modeler or automatically in the
RAM Steel design modules. 'Other' member sizes must be assigned manually in the RAM Modeler.
If RAM Foundation will be run, sizes must be assigned to lateral steel columns and to non-steel gravity
columns. If these members do not have sizes assigned, the foundations upon which they are supported
will not be designable.
If RAM Frame will be run, member end fixities must be assigned, if different than the default, to the
Frame members. This can be done in plan mode or elevation mode using the Layout - <Member Type> Assign Frame Fixity command or in RAM Frame using the Assign command.
The versatility of the RAM Modeler is seen in the ability to model members in any convenient order. The
preceding order is generally that which is followed, but the user is free to create the model in any
sequence that would allow the most rapid generation of the database.
38

Copying Floor Types
3.2 Copying Floor Types

Each Floor Type in the model is stacked using the Story Data command to form a three dimensional
description of the structure. If a structure is comprised of more than one floor type, it is imperative that
all levels are based on the same coordinate system. This will insure that columns line up as anticipated
and that the appropriate column loads are applied to the levels below.
The Layout -Type - Copy command provides a means to copy elements from one Floor Type to another.
By copying the columns of the first floor type modeled to all subsequent floor types, it is guaranteed that
the coordinates of the columns of each of the levels will be identical. This is the recommended modeling
procedure.
It is often faster to copy an entire floor type and delete members from the new floor type than to model
the new floor type from scratch.
The Layout -Type - Copy command can only be invoked once per layout type, when there is no data in
that new layout type, so it should generally be utilized only upon completion of modeling the entire
original Floor Type.
3.3 Importing a DXF file

The Import DXF command is a powerful modeling feature that allows a CAD DXF file to be read in to
create the framing in a floor layout type. Grids, grid labels, beams, joists and columns can be imported
from a DXF file. With this capability a file received from an architect or created by the drafting staff can
be used to generate the model. It also provides a means, together with the DXF export capability, of
partially merging two separate RAM Structural System models. As with the Copy command, the Import
DXF command may only be invoked for an empty floor type.
To invoke this command, first create a new layout type using the Layout - Type - Select command. Next
select Layout - Type - Import from DXF. A dialog box appears allowing the specification of a DXF file
name, the drive and the directory where it is located. Note that the default drive and directory is the DXF
subdirectory. The Import DXF dialog box then appears, with which the user specifies Layer Names,
Column Block Descriptions or names, and information describing Grid Label and Cantilever symbols.
All of the Layer names within the selected DXF file are listed in the Layer Names drop down list boxes,
allowing the specification of the particular Layers associated with Grids, Grid Labels, Slab Edges,
Columns, Frame Columns, Beams, Frame Beams, and Joists. For best results, these should each be on
separate layers; Grids and Beams must be on separate layers. If there is a layer name corresponding to
the default layer name (specified when the program was installed), it will be initially selected;
otherwise, *None will be shown. To specify a different Layer name, scroll through the list and select
the appropriate name. To suppress the reading in of certain entities or if the DXF file does not contain
certain entities (e.g., no beams), select *None. (Note: If there are more than 100 layer names in the file,
only the first 100 will be listed in the list box.)
In order to read in the columns it is necessary to specify the Block name of the Column block. I-shaped
(e.g., Wide Flange) and Rectangular (e.g., HSS, TS) columns must be represented by blocks; round
columns can be represented either as a block or as a Circle Entity (specified by *As Circle Entity). Note
39

Importing a DXF file
that the Import DXF command does not recognize columns that are represented by polyline's. All of the
Block names within the DXF file are listed in the Column Block Descriptions drop down list boxes,
allowing the specification of the particular Blocks associated with each of the shapes. If there is a block
name corresponding to the default block name (specified when the program was installed), it will be
initially selected; otherwise, *None will be shown. To specify a different Block name, scroll through the
list and select the appropriate name. To suppress the reading in of certain entities or if the DXF file does
not contain certain entities (e.g., no Pipe columns), select *None. (Note: If there are more than 100
block names in the file, only the first 100 blocks will be listed in the list box.)
In order to read in the Grid Labels associated with the grids it is necessary to specify the type of symbol,
text or block, from which the Label text can be retrieved. There are two options: the Labels may either
be simple text entities (*As Text Entity) or they may be an attribute of a block. All of the Block names
within the DXF file are listed in the Grid Label Symbol drop down list box, allowing the user to specify
the particular Block associated with Grid Labels. If there is a block name corresponding to the default
block name (specified when the program was installed), it will be initially selected; otherwise, *None
will be shown. To specify a different Block name, scroll through the list and select the appropriate name.
To suppress the reading in of grid labels, select *None.
In order to correctly interpret cantilever conditions it is necessary to specify how cantilevers are
indicated in the DXF file. There are three options: the cantilevers may be shown with their moment
connection symbols where the connection symbol is indicated by a block (for which the user specifies
the block name) or by a solid entity (*As Solid Entity), or the cantilever may be drawn merely as a
continuous extension of the beam line (*None). All of the Block names within the DXF file are listed in
the Cantilever Symbol drop down list box, as well as the other two options, allowing the user to specify
the cantilever symbol. If there is a selection corresponding to the default selection (specified when the
program was installed), it will be initially selected; otherwise, *None will be shown. To specify a
different selection, scroll through the list and select the appropriate name.
Slab edges and openings are always imported with 0.0 as their overhang.
The current settings can be saved permanently as part of the database by selecting Save Settings On
OK. If a subsequent DXF file is read in to this database the saved settings will be used as the default
settings.
When the desired settings have been selected, select OK. The information will then be transferred from
the DXF file to the layout type. Inspect the resulting model carefully, especially columns and cantilevers.
If the model does not import properly, delete the layout type, recreate it, and re-invoke the Import DXF
command.
After the layout type has been created, assign story data in the Story command. The DataCheck should
then be invoked to determine any problems or irregularities.
There is, by necessity, a certain degree of accuracy expected in the DXF file. The Import DXF command
must literally interpret the information in the DXF file. For example, if columns are not precisely (within
the programs stringent tolerance) placed at the grid intersection, a new node will be created at the
columns given coordinates, resulting in columns and beams improperly framed. If the grid labels do not
precisely (within the program tolerance) align with the grid lines, the labels will not be read in.
It is impossible to accommodate every possible variation of CAD drafting styles and in-house standards.
In some cases it may be necessary to make temporary modifications to the CAD file to facilitate the use
of the Import DXF command. This may involve separating the various entities onto different levels,
using blocks instead of polyline's, etc.
Orthogonal, skewed and radial grids and their labels will be read into the layout type.
40

Sloping Framing
Every line on the Grid layer will be interpreted as a grid, and every line on the Beam and Joist layers will
be interpreted as a beam or joist.
When creating columns, the program will attempt to determine the appropriate orientation by
examining the information in the specified column block. If the program is unable to determine the
orientation from that information it will assign an orientation. This may result in columns rotated 90. If
so, use the Layout - Columns - Change Properties command to assign the proper orientation.
When columns on transfer girders are included in the DXF file, they should be on a separate layer and
not read into the model. Otherwise such columns will be interpreted as columns below, rather than
above, the girder.
Do not try to read in beams without reading in the columns. If for any reason the columns are not
created properly, beams probably won't be either, especially beams with cantilevers.
It may be a common practice for some to indicate steel joists by using a pair of broken lines with a dash
at the midpoint. This will not be correctly interpreted by the program as a single joist. Beams and joists
should be represented by a single continuous line segment.
It is also common practice to shorten the beam lines, leaving a gap between beam ends and the
supporting girders, and between beam ends and columns. This is acceptable for use with the program.
The program projects the beam lines to determine the supports, and creates the layout accordingly.
When the columns and beams are read in, they are assigned the properties currently assigned as the
Modeler defaults.
The DXF file should use coordinates based on an origin (0.0, 0.0) that is in proximity to the framing. The
coordinates of the members should not be excessively large, as can occur if the structure is offset, for
example, 2,000 ft or so from the origin, If necessary, modify the CAD file so that the structure is in
proximity to the origin prior to importing into the RAM Modeler.
3.4 Sloping Framing

The RAM Modeler provides the ability for the engineer to model floors that are sloped. Both beams and
walls (tops and bottoms) can be sloped relative to a horizontal plane, and columns are not restricted to
the story floor-to-floor height. The effects of sloping framing are considered in the various design
modules of the RAM Structural System.
41

Sloping Framing
3.4.1 Modeling Sloping Framing

Image
Description
Modeling sloping framing is done by specifying deviations of the tops of columns
and walls, or bottoms of hanging columns, from the story height. When a
deviation is specified for a column or wall, the elevation of the ends of the beams
that frame into these columns and walls are automatically modified, as are the
elevations of the ends of the beams that frame into those beams, etc. The tops of
standard columns and the bottoms of hanging columns are modified by invoking
the Layout Columns Modify Elevation command.
Note: The dialog title heading says Top of Column or Bottom of Column based
on the Column Type.
The option to Extend or Shorten is then selected, and the offset relative to the
Story height is specified. The top of a standard column or bottom of a hanging
column can be reset to the Story height by selecting the Use Story Height option.
Individual columns can be modified by selecting Single and then selecting the
column, or rows or areas of columns can be modified by selecting Fence, and then
fencing the columns to be modified. Note that this command is dependent upon
the current Material selection only those columns of the current Material type
will be modified. It is also dependent on the Column Type only those columns of
the selected Column Type will be modified. Also note that if a column is modified
on a Layout Type that is used at more than one story level, the top or bottom of
column is modified at each occurrence of that layout type.
The tops of walls are modified similar to columns by invoking the Layout Walls
Modify Elevation command. One end of a wall may be offset different than the
other end. When in Single mode, select the wall and then select the end of the wall
that is to be raised or lowered.
The top-of-footing elevation may also be modified. The effect of this is to raise or
lower the base of columns and walls. This is done by first assigning Spread or
Continuous footings to the columns and walls and then modifying the footing
elevation using the Layout Foundations Spread Modify Elevation and
Layout Foundations Spread Modify Elevation command. The option to
Extend or Shorten is then selected, and the offset relative to the base of the
structure is specified. Note that in models where some columns terminate at
levels other than the Base, such as for buildings with a partial basement, the offset
is measured from the Story height of the partial story below. The top of footing
can be reset to the Base or Story height by selecting the Use Base/Story Height
option.
When modeling braces, some options require input of distances along beams at which the braces will
connect. These commands allow the user to specify that the distance be measured either along the
actual length of the beam or else along the projected (horizontal) length. If the slope of the beam is
subsequently changed after a brace has been modeled, the brace will automatically be repositioned to
maintain its connection to the beam. Regardless of how the beam was originally modeled, it will be
42

Working with Different Materials
repositioned to maintain its relative position with regards to the horizontal projection (that is, its global
X- and Y-coordinates will not change, only its Z-coordinate will change). When a brace frames into a
column at a location other than the top or bottom of the column (e.g., knee braces), the vertical distance
between top of column and the brace is maintained when the column is extended or shortened.
Care should be taken when using these commands not to create any zero or negative length columns.
The DataCheck will detect such conditions and give an Error message.
3.5 Working with Different Materials

The RAM Structural System allows structural members to be modeled in materials other than steel.
Primarily, this is to provide the capability of analyzing lateral frames of various materials, but gravity
members may also be modeled in other materials. The Beam and Column Design modules will only
optimize the steel, steel joist, Smartbeam and Westok Cellular Beam members, but will calculate loads
on all members. The Concrete Beam and Concrete Column Design modules will only design concrete
members.
The currently selected material is displayed in the Material Window on the status bar (See Chapter 2).
The material selection sets the Modeler into a specific material mode. The material mode controls
which commands are available in the Layout menu. For example, in Concrete Mode, a Layout - Walls
command is available while in Steel Mode it is not.
The material mode also affects the appearance of the Layout commands, with the dialogs based on the
current material selection.
Note that the Steel Joist, Smartbeam or Westok Cellular Beam Materials are in reality only pertinent to
beams. However, to simplify the modeling process, when one of those is selected as the Material the
Column commands function as if in Steel material mode. Thus, for example, if the currently selected
Material is Steel Joist and a column is added, that column will be a Steel column (not a Steel Joist
column). It is not necessary to switch the Material from Steel Joist to Steel in order to add Steel columns.
In Graphical Fence Mode: If members of several materials are included in the fence, only the members
of the Material Mode currently selected will be affected by the command.
In Graphical Single Mode: If a member of a material other than that of the present Material Mode is
selected, an error message will be posted to the screen.
When laying out a model that employs several different material types, the material mode can be
switched without leaving the current command in use. For example, suppose all of the steel columns in a
floor type have just been laid out using the Layout - Columns - Add On-Grid command. Concrete
columns must also be modeled on this same level. The material mode can be changed by selecting
Concrete from the Materials drop down. Clicking the Right Mouse Button or hitting the D key would
cause the Layout - Columns - Add On-Grid dialog box to re-appear, this time in Concrete Mode.
Clicking OK would return the user to the model, allowing the user to now add the concrete columns.
The selection of Code for Live Load Reduction in RAM Manager in the Criteria Member Loads
command can affect some of the member properties that are available for input in the member layout
dialog boxes. For example, if IBC is selected the user is required to specify in the concrete member
dialog boxes whether the concrete is Normal Weight or Lightweight, but if BS 6399 is selected the
Aggregate size must be specified. This will be apparent in dialogs such as the Add Concrete Column
dialog.
43

Working with PropTables
3.6 Working with PropTables

The various PropTable commands are used to define the properties of column, beam and brace sections,
as well as the deck and load properties. Definitions can be entered at any time in the modeling process
prior to when they will be assigned.
The tabular values int he Decking and Loads PropTable dialog boxes can be alphabetically or
numerically sorted by clicking on a column heading. Clicking on the column heading again causes the
entries to be reverse alphabetized or ordered. Clicking on the column heading a third time causes the
entries to return to their original order.
The PropTable dialog boxes can be resized by clicking and dragging an edge.
3.6.1 Beam, Column, and Brace Section Properties

Image
Description
Beams, columns and braces modeled as concrete or other do not have standard
tables from which properties are assigned. Section properties for these members
must be defined using the PropTables - Beam Sections, PropTable - Column
Sections or PropTable - Brace Sections commands. The PropTable - Brace
Sections command is only available while in Elevation view.
Concrete beam sections may be specified as either rectangular or T-section. Inverted L-sections can also
be defined by specifying them as a T-section with an overhang of 0.0 on one side. If the section is
specified as a T-section, the user has the option of specifying explicitly the flange width (by specifying
the overhang dimensions) and thickness or having the program determine those automatically. If the
option to use the calculated flange width is specified, the program will automatically determine the
effective flange width based on the floor framing geometry and the applicable design code. If the option
to use the slab thickness for the flange thickness is specified, the thickness will be based on the
thickness of the concrete slab assigned to the area surrounding that beam. This powerful feature allows
the user to specify only the basic web dimensions and assign the section to multiple locations where the
beam will have varying flange configurations. Concrete column and brace sections may be specified as
either rectangular or circular, the graphic of the column changes according to the option chosen.
For all concrete sections cracked section factors can be specified for Axial, Flexural, or Torsion stiffness
modification. These cracked factors will be used in both RAM Frame and RAM Concrete Gravity Analysis
to modify the gross member stiffness for the associated section property. The factor specified will be
multiplied directly to the calculated section property stiffness so a value of 1.0 will produce no
modification and the gross section stiffness value will be used. Refer to the RAM Frame and RAM
Concrete Analysis manuals for more information on the application of cracked section factors.
When assigning sizes to the members using the Layout - <Member Type> - Assign Sizes command, the
assign sizes dialog box will display the list of member sizes that were previously defined in the Property
Table.
44

3.6.2 Deck Properties

Image
Description
All deck properties which are to be used in the structural model must be defined
using the PropTable - Decking command.
Deck files containing several common Composite Deck Types are provided with the RAM Structural
System. These files can be customized in a text editor to add, delete, or change Deck Types to meet the
needs of the engineer. The creation and modification of tables is discussed in the RAM Manager manual.
The Prop Table Decking dialog box has three tabs, one for Composite Floor Systems, one for
Noncomposite floor systems and one for Concrete Slab Systems. If the current material is Concrete, the
Prop Table Decking dialog will default to the Concrete Slab System. For all other materials, the dialog
will default to the Composite Floor System page.
Upon entering the Prop Table Decking Composite Floor System tab, any Deck Type currently in the
deck file may be selected. Other properties associated with the concrete slab, studs, etc., must also be
defined. On the Noncomposite tab, a label and other noncomposite properties must be specified. On the
Concrete Slab System tab, a label for the floor system and the concrete properties and slab thickness
must be specified.
If the deck is to be assigned to a roof or floor that is going to be specified as Semi-rigid in RAM Frame,
the Diaphragm properties must be specified for Composite and Noncomposite decks; diaphragm
properties for Concrete slabs are determined from the specified concrete slab properties.
Dramix Steel Fibres can be specified on the Composite Floor System tab. When Kingspan Multideck 50,
60 or 80 decks are selected, an option to specify that the concrete is Reinforced with Dramix Steel Fibres
is enabled. Select that check box to specify the use of Dramix fibres. Note that the option is only visible
when Kingspan Multideck is selected. See the RAM Steel Beam Design manual for additional
information.
FibreFlor can be specified on the Composite Floor System tab. When Corus or Tegral ComFlor 43, 51, 70
or 80 decks are selected, an option to specify that the concrete is Reinforced with FibreFlor is enabled.
Select that check box to specify the use of FibreFlor. Note that the option is only visible when Corus or
Tegral ComFlor is selected. See the RAM Steel Beam Design manual for additional information.
The Prop Table Decking dialog is also accessible through the Property Table >> button on the Deck
Assignment Mode dialog.
Image
Description
Deck Properties are assigned to the floor using the Layout - Slab - Deck Assign
command.
Any changes made to a Deck Property after it has been assigned to a floor area automatically become
effective wherever that Property has been assigned.
Concrete Slab properties for mat foundations are also defined using the PropTable Decking
command. Mat foundations are defined on the Concrete Slab System tab, the same as for concrete
decking (elevated slabs). Once defined, the concrete slabs can be assigned to mat foundations using the
45

Foundations Mat Properties command (see Section 3.13.3 for more information on Mat
Foundations.)
3.6.3 Gravity Load Properties

Except for self-weights, all gravity loads that occur in the structural model must be defined by using the
PropTable - Loads - Surface, PropTable - Loads - Line, or PropTable - Loads - Point commands.
The Dead Load is the total dead load such as slab, deck, partitions, miscellaneous, etc. The value does
not need to include slab and deck self-weight if the option to include Slab/Deck self-weight is selected in
the Criteria - Self-Weight command in RAM Manager. Except for Steel Joists, member self-weights do
not need to be included in this value if the options to calculate and include self-weight are selected in
the Criteria - Self-Weight command in the RAM Manager. For Steel Joists, an approximation of the selfweight should be included, as the program does not include it automatically.
The Construction Dead Load, or Pre-composite Dead Load, is that portion of the Dead Load which is
applied to the beam prior to composite action. Generally it must be less than or equal to the Dead Load.
The value does not need to include slab and deck self-weight if the option to include Slab/Deck selfweight is selected in the Criteria - Self-Weight command in RAM Manager. Except for Steel Joists,
member self-weights do not need to be included in this value if the options to calculate and include selfweight are selected in the Criteria - Self-Weight command in the RAM Manager. For Steel Joists, an
approximation of the self-weight should be included, as the program does not include it automatically.
This load is combined with the Construction Live Load when investigating the pre-composite beam. This
value is used only in the RAM Steel Beam Design module when designing unshored (unpropped)
composite beams. When a column is supported by a composite beam, RAM Steel Beam Design assumes
that the full column load is applied to the post-composite section; the column induces no Construction
Dead Load on the pre-composite section. If this is not the desired behavior (that is, if it is desired to have
the precomposite beam carry the column dead load), a Point load with a Dead Load value of 0.0 and a
Construction Dead Load equal to the column's dead load can be created and applied at that location.
This will cause the precomposite beam to be designed to carry the column dead load. This is the only
case where the Construction Dead Load value defined in the PropTable - Loads command should be
greater than the Dead Load value.
The Live Load is the total live load appropriate for the particular building based on the applicable
Building Code and use of the building. Generally the Unreduced Live Load should be entered; the load
will be reduced when applicable per the Live Load Reduction rules of the specified Code.
The Live Load type is specified by selecting either the Reducible, Storage, Unreducible, or Roof option
buttons. These options are explained in the Technical Notes chapter in the various design module
manuals.
The Partition load is an additional Live Load; it is treated as an unreducible Live Load and will not be
reduced. Partition loads are defined variously by the Codes, some as Dead Load and some as Live Load.
For those codes that define Partition loads as an unreducible Live Load, those should be specified here.
For those Codes that define Partition loads as a Dead Load or as part of the regular Live Load, those
should be included as part of the Dead Load or Live Load accordingly.
The Construction Live Load is a temporary live load which is applied to the beam prior to composite
action. This load is combined with the Construction Dead Load when investigating the pre-composite
beam. This value is used only in the RAM Steel Beam Design module when designing unshored
("unpropped") composite beams.
46

The Mass Dead Load is the load that will be used in calculating the diaphragm mass properties in RAM
Frame. This value does not need to include slab weights and member self-weights if the options to
include mass self-weight are selected in the Criteria Self-Weight command in the RAM Manager. Like
beams, columns and walls, self-weight of slabs and decks can be automatically calculated and included
with the member loads and story masses. It is not necessary to include these loads as part of the surface
Dead Load, Construction Dead Load, or Mass Dead Load. For more information regarding self-weight
calculations, see the Self-Weight section in the RAM Manager manual.
Image
Description
Surface loads assigned to the slab will automatically be distributed to supporting
members. The properties for each Surface Load must be defined using the
PropTable - Loads - Surface command, which is also available through the
Property Table >> button on the Surface Load Layout Mode dialog. Surface
loads are distributed to supporting members based on tributary area and in the
direction indicated by deck orientation for one-way decks, or by two-way action
for two-way decks. If no slab or deck has been modeled, Surface loads will not be
distributed to the supporting members, but must be modeled as Line loads on the
members.
Line loads such as exterior curtain wall loads are modeled by applying a user
defined line load on the beams, joists, walls or slab. If placed on the slab, it will be
automatically distributed to the supporting members. The properties for each
Line Load must be defined using the PropTable - Loads - Line command, which
is also available through the Property Table >> button on the Line Load Layout
Mode dialog.
Point loads resulting from beam or column reactions are applied automatically.
Reactions from a column from the level above sitting on a transfer girder are also
applied automatically. Externally applied point loads, such as a load due to a
mechanical unit, may be modeled by applying a user input point load on the slab
or member where the load occurs. Point loads can be placed anywhere on or off
beam lines. If placed on the slab, it will be automatically distributed to the
supporting members. The properties for each such point load must be defined
using the PropTable - Loads - Point command, which is also available through
the Property Table >> button on the Point Load Layout Mode dialog.
Any changes made to a Load Property after it has been assigned to a layout type automatically become
effective wherever a load with that property has been assigned.
3.6.4 Snow Load Properties

Image
Description
All snow loads that occur in the structural model must be defined by use the
PropTable Loads Snow command.
47

Working with Columns
Snow loads are distributed to supporting members as a series of trapezoidal loads based on tributary
area and in the direction indicated by deck orientation.
There are two types of snow load properties that can be added: Constant and Drift. A Constant snow
load property applies the same load magnitude to the entire load polygon.
Snow drift loads are represented by a surface load polygon with a sloping plane (i.e., a varying
magnitude). In order to define the magnitude and slope of the drift plane it is necessary to define the
magnitudes of the snow load at any three vertices of the snow load polygon. For each Snow drift
property created in PropTable Loads Snow, three Magnitudes are specified. Then when Snow Load
polygons are laid out using the Layout Loads Snow Loads Add command (see Section 3.16), each
of the three magnitudes will be assigned to and associated with a vertex of the Snow Load polygon.
Note that for a given Snow Load property all three Magnitudes can be given the same value (which
would be the same as specifying a Constant snow load of that magnitude), or for complex drift patterns
they can be given three different values, but for the most common drift conditions two of the
magnitudes will be the same. When the magnitudes at three points are known, the program can
calculate the magnitude at any other point within the polygon.
Constant snow loads and Drift snow loads are not additive, even if the Drift snow load polygon is laid
over a Constant snow load polygon; whichever polygon is on top is the one that will be used to calculate
the member loads. Thus the Magnitudes specified must be the total magnitude at that point, not just the
additional load of the drifting snow above the constant snow load.
Since a drift snow load property is defined by a plane, complicated snow drift patterns may need to be
modeled as separate snow load polygons.
Any changes made to a Snow Load Property after it has been assigned to a layout type automatically
become effective wherever a load with that property has been assigned.
3.7 Working with Columns

Below is a list along with a brief description of each command available for modeling columns.
Directions on the precise use of each command are provided in the on-line help. Many of the commands
are also covered in the Tutorial.
The program is capable of modeling, analyzing and designing standard columns (those that extend
down from the current layout) as well as hanging columns (those that extend up from the current
layout). Most of the column commands require that Column Type either Standard Column or Hanging
Column be specified. Only the columns of the Column Type selected are affected by the column
commands. When the story data is defined, the RAM Modeler automatically determines how the hanging
columns stack up or the standard columns stack down from level to level.
Image
Description
The majority of columns are laid out using the Layout - Columns - Add On-Grid
command, as most are located on the major grid intersections. The Layout Columns - Text and Layout - Columns - Add Off-Grid commands are provided
for those columns not located on major grid intersections. If one of the Add
commands is issued in a location where a column already exists, the command
will be ignored. No error message will be given.
48

Image
Description
The Layout Columns Move command allows the repositioning of a column by
specifying a new position or incrementing the existing position. This action has
the options of moving walls with the columns, and adjusting secondary beams to
maintain global orientation or relative spacing. It allows the user to move both
the top and bottom of the column, just the top or just the bottom. By moving just
the top or just the bottom, sloping columns can be created.
The Layout Columns Offset command allows a column to be offset, with rigid
link automatically inserted or deleted. This action has the options of moving walls
with the columns, and adjusting secondary beams to maintain global orientation
or relative spacing.
The Layout Columns Assign Rigid Links command allows rigid links to be
added to or deleted from columns.
A delete command is provided for the deletion of columns. The Layout - Columns
- Delete command affects only the columns modeled in the currently selected
material mode. For example, if the current material mode is Steel, only steel
columns will be deleted. The appropriate material mode must be selected to
delete the corresponding members.
The Layout - Columns - Change Properties command is used to change the
properties or orientation of an existing column. A commonly used modeling
technique is to enter all the columns on the floor type by setting the properties
and orientation common to the majority of the columns. Properties of the other
columns are then modified using the Change Properties command. This is
generally a faster way to model columns than laying out columns individually.
The material designation of a column can be changed using a combination of the
Material command and the Layout - Columns - Change Material commands.
The new material designation is selected from the Material menu first. The
Layout - Columns - Change Material command is then used to make the change.
This command is used to change steel columns to concrete columns, for example.
Column coordinates and properties can be inspected by using the Layout Columns - Show command.
49

Image
Description
For members carrying loads from one-way decks, the reductions on Live Loads
are automatically calculated based on the specified Building Code. The reductions
can be limited or over-ridden using the Layout - Columns - LL Reduction
command.
The Use Calculated Value option will result in the Code-specified reduction
being applied.
The Use Calculated Value, limited to a Maximum of option will result in the
lesser of the Code-specified value and the user-specified value being applied.
The Use option will result in that value being applied (even if it exceeds the
value permitted by Code).
No automatic Live Load reduction calculation is performed for members carrying
loads from two-way slabs. The reduction to be applied to the Live Load on such
members must be assigned to the member using the Use option.
Sloping framing can be modeled by modifying the top of a standard column
elevation or the bottom of a hanging column elevation using the Layout
Columns Modify Elevation command. Beams that frame into these columns
will automatically be sloped, as will the beams that frame into those beams, etc.
See Section 3.4 for more information.
The RAM Frame program requires information on the end fixity condition for the
lateral analysis. The default for columns is fixed at both ends about all three axes.
The default settings can be modified on a column-by-column basis using the
Layout - Columns - Assign Frame Fixity command. The fixity conditions can be
graphically displayed using the Options - Show Frame Fixity command.
The RAM Steel Column module automatically determines the column moments
due to the beam reaction acting at the eccentricity caused by the beam-to-column
connection. By default, for Standard Columns the program uses the Eccentricities
setting specified in the Options Set Defaults command. However, by default for
Hanging Columns the program assigns zero eccentricity (and hence no eccentric
moment would be applied). The Layout Columns Assign Eccentricity
command is used to assign eccentricities when those values differ from the
defaults. This data is only used by the RAM Steel Column Design module. The
assigned values can be seen using the Layout Columns Show command.
RAM Frame requires that all lateral columns have sizes assigned before an
analysis can be performed. This can either be performed manually in the RAM
Modeler or in RAM Frame, or automatically in the RAM Steel Column module
(lateral members are designed for gravity loads in these modules). In the RAM
Modeler sizes are assigned to either gravity or lateral columns using the Layout Columns - Assign Sizes command.
The Layout - Columns - Clear Sizes is used to clear the user assigned sizes from
a column.
50

Working with Beams
Image
Description
The Layout Columns Text command provides a convenient way of editing
some of the basic column data, such as coordinates, yield strength, and shape in a
spreadsheet-type format.
RAM Concrete requires that all members, both lateral and gravity, have sizes
assigned before an analysis can be performed. Sizes can be assigned to concrete
beams and columns either in the Modeler or in the RAM Concrete module,
however, concrete column section properties must be defined in the PropTable
Column Sections command in the RAM Modeler. All other members should be
assigned sizes in the RAM Modeler or designed in the RAM Steel design modules.
RAM Foundation also uses column sizes. Any foundations that have unsized columns sitting on them
will not be able to be designed. As mentioned above, sizes can be assigned to the lateral steel columns
either in the Modeler or can be sized by RAM Steel. Gravity columns of a material type other than steel
must have sizes assigned in the RAM Modeler.
3.8 Working with Beams

Below is a list along with a brief description of each command available for modeling beams. Directions
on the precise use of each command are provided in the on-line help. Many of the commands are also
covered in the Tutorial.
Image
Description
Beams are added to the model by using the Layout Beams Add On-Grid,
Layout Beams Add Off-Grid, Layout Beams Add Generation or Layout
Beams Assign Cantilever commands. Each of these Add commands serves a
special purpose. Their appropriate uses are as follows:
Type of Beam Modeling
Command and Mode to Use
Adding several beams Column-To-Column along

Grid lines
51
Layout - Beams - Add On-Grid: Fence Mode

Working with Beams
Type of Beam Modeling
Command and Mode to Use
Adding one beam using existing SnapTo points to

define the end points.
Layout - Beams - Add On-Grid: Single Mode
Adding one beam using two existing beams to

define the end points
Layout - Beams - Add Off-Grid: Beam-to-Beam

(Dist, Angle) Beam-to-Beam (Dist, Dist)
Adding one beam using an existing beam and an

existing column to define the end points.
Layout - Beams - Add Off-Grid: Beam-toColumn (Dist) Column-to-Beam (Angle)
Adding one beam parallel to another using an

existing beam to define the beam orientation.
Layout - Beams - Add Off-Grid: Parallel-toBeam
Adding several beams using an existing beam (or

line of beams) to define one end of the beams, an
angle to define the direction of the beams, and
spacing to define the distance between beams.
Layout - Beams - Add Generation
Adding several concrete beams using an existing

beam (or line of beams) to define one end of the
beams, and angle to define the direction of the
beams, a pan size to define the distance between
the beams, and a beam width to define the spacing
between the pan joists/beams.
Layout - Beams - Add Pan Joist/Beam
Adding Cantilevers to the end of existing beams.

Adding Stub Cantilevers (a cantilever with no
backspan).
Image
Layout - Beams - Assign Cantilevers Type:

Extension
Layout - Beams - Assign Cantilevers Type: Stub
Description
The Layout Beams Add Off-Grid commands are particularly useful. They
provide a way of adding beams without requiring that the exact support
coordinates be calculated.
The Layout Beams Add Pan Joist/Beam command is unique in that it
simultaneously lays out multiple beams and assigns sizes to them based on the
pan selected and the beam width defined during generation.
If one of the Add commands is issued in a location where a beam already exists,
the command will be ignored. No error message will be given if in LayoutBeams-Add On-Grid - Fence Mode, Layout-Beams-Add Generation or Layout
Beams Add Pan Joist/Beam.
52

Working with Beams
Image
Description
The Layout Beams Assign Cantilevers command provides a way of adding
cantilevers or changing the length of cantilevers that have already been created.
Cantilevers can be either an Extension of a beam (a cantilever with a backspan) or
a Stub (a cantilever framing off of a column, wall or side of a beam, without a
backspan). When the type is Extension, the cantilever can be defined as either a
given length or by the X- or Y-grid to which it extends; the properties and
orientation are automatically set to be the same as for the backspan beam. When
the type is Stub the cantilever can be defined as a given length, by the X- or Y-grid
to which it extends, or by selecting the point to which it extends; the properties
and orientation also need to be specified.
The Layout Beams Move command allows the repositioning of a beam by
either moving the beam parallel to its current position or moving only one end of
the beam to a new location. This action has the options of adjusting secondary
beams to maintain global orientation or relative spacing.
The Layout Beams Offset command allows one or both ends of a beam to be
offset, with rigid links automatically inserted or deleted. This action has the
options of adjusting secondary beams to maintain global orientation or relative
spacing.
The Layout Beams Assign Rigid Links command allows rigid links to be
added to or deleted from the ends of beams.
A delete command is provided to remove beams from the Model. The Layout Beams - Delete command affects only the beams modeled in the currently
selected material mode. For example, if the current material mode is Steel, only
steel beams can be deleted.
A delete command is provided to remove cantilevers from the Model. The Layout
- Beams Delete Cantilevers command affects only the cantilevers modeled in
the currently selected material mode. For example, if the current material mode is
Steel, only steel cantilevers can be deleted. This command can be used to delete
either Extension cantilevers or Stub cantilevers. In the case of Extension
cantilevers, only the cantilever portion is deleted, not the entire beam.
The Layout - Beams - Change Properties command is used to make changes to
the properties of a beam. It is common practice to layout the beams with the most
common properties defined. The Layout - Beams - Change Properties command
is then used to modify the properties of beams as needed.
The Layout - Beams - Change Materials command works in conjunction with
the Materials command to change the material designation of an existing beam.
First, the new material is selected from the Material menu. Then, the Layout Beams - Change Materials command is issued. This command is used to change
steel beams to steel joists, concrete beams to steel beams, etc.
Beam end and support coordinates and beam properties can be inspected by
using the Layout - Beams - Show command.
53

Working with Beams
Image
Description
Size restrictions, if desired, can be set or cleared by using the Layout - Beams Size Restriction command. This command is only available in Steel, Steel Joist,
Smartbeam and Westok Cellular Beam material modes and the data is used only
by the RAM Steel Beam Design module. For steel beams, the program will
optimize such that a beam is selected which meets the specified size restriction.
For Steel Joists, the program will replace the XX with the specified depth to
designate the joist depth in the joist label.
Options for beam size restrictions include minimum depth, maximum depth, and
minimum width.
Assigned size restrictions can be viewed graphically using the Options Size
Restrictions command.
Gravity steel beams are assigned the default steel design table when first created.
They can be flagged, on a beam-by-beam basis, to be designed by the RAM Steel
Beam Design module using an alternate table of shapes by selecting the Layout Beams - Steel Table command. This command is available in Steel, Steel Joist,
SMARTBEAM, and Westok Cellular Beam material mode. The actual beam design
tables used as the Default and the Alternate are specified in the Criteria - Design
Steel Tables command in the RAM Manager.
By default the Live Load Reduction allowed by the selected Code will be
calculated and applied. Using the Layout - Beams - LL Reduction command the
user can specify that a specific value of Live Load Reduction be used or that the
calculated value be used but limited to a maximum value as specified.
By default, Stub cantilevers are modeled flat, but they can be sloped using the
Layout Beams Stub Cantilever Slope command. This can be done by either
specifying the Slope Angle or by specifying the change in elevation of the
cantilever tip.
The Layout - Beams - Brace Points command provides the means to indicate
special compression flange bracing conditions not automatically detected by the
RAM Steel Beam Design or the RAM Frame programs. The programs
automatically consider the top and bottom flange braced wherever another beam
frames in and only the top flange braced wherever a steel joist frames in. If
additional brace points are desired, they can be specified at any point on any
beam for either top or bottom flange using the Layout - Beams - Brace Points
command. These brace points can be modeled individually or generated at
specified spacing.
Assigned brace points can be viewed graphically using the Options - Show Brace
Points command.
54

Working with Beams
Image
Description
The RAM Frame program requires information on the end fixity conditions,
pinned or fixed, of the lateral frame members for the lateral analysis. The default
for beams is fixed at both ends about all three axes. The default settings can be
modified on a beam-by-beam basis using the Layout - Beams - Assign Frame
Fixity command.
Fixity can also be assigned to gravity Concrete and 'Other' Beams. RAM Frame
considers the fixity on lateral members and RAM Concrete Analysis considers the
fixity on lateral and gravity members when creating the finite element model.
Refer to the Assign section in the RAM Concrete Analysis manual, for more
information regarding member fixities and the finite element model.
Note: When modeled, gravity members are by default considered pinned
(released) against bending and fixed against torsion at each end. If gravity
members are changed into lateral members they retain their fixity assignments.
Lateral members are by default assigned fixed-end conditions when modeled. If
Steel lateral beams are changed to gravity beams they are assigned pinned ends
(fixed against torsion), but if Concrete or 'Other' lateral beams are changed to
gravity, they retain the fixity from their lateral state.
Sizes can be assigned to gravity or lateral beams using the Layout - Beams Assign Sizes command. This is not required for gravity steel beams. If sizes are
not assigned to gravity steel beams, they will be optimized in the RAM Steel Beam
Design module. If sizes are assigned to gravity steel beams, the gravity steel
beams will be checked using the assigned size, not optimized, in the RAM Steel
Beam Design module. This is useful when checking an existing design or in cases
where a specific beam size is to be used.
Both lateral and gravity concrete beams must have sizes assigned in order to
optimize concrete beams in the RAM Concrete Beam module. Sizes can be
assigned both in the RAM Modeler as well as in the RAM Concrete module,
however, concrete beam section properties must be defined in the PropTable
Beam Sections command in the RAM Modeler.
The Layout - Beams - Clear Sizes command is used to clear the user assigned
sizes from the database, including those updated to the database from within the
Steel or Concrete Beam Design modules.
Options - Show Sizes can be used to show the assigned sizes.
Options Show Member Lengths Projected can be used to display beam,
horizontal brace, and wall lengths projected in plan view.
Options Show Member Lengths Actual can be used to display actual beam,
horizontal brace, and top of wall lengths, taking into account sloping members.
55

Working with Joists
Image
Description
Web openings can be modeled in gravity I-section steel beams. The Layout
Beams Web Openings commands are available while in Steel mode only. If a
beam with web openings is changed to a material other than steel, or if the shape
of the beam is changed to a Rectangular HS or Channel, or if the beam is changed
from gravity to lateral, the Datacheck will issue a warning about the web
openings. They will be ignored during the design and should be deleted by the
user.
Web openings can be viewed graphically using the Options Show Web
Openings command. Web openings are drawn on screen to represent their
position along the span of the beam as well as their shape. They are not drawn to
scale.
3.9 Working with Joists

The commands in the Layout - Joists menu work essentially the same as their Layout - Beam
counterparts. Refer to the Working with Beams section for a description of each command. The Layout Joist commands are available in the Layout menu only when modeling in Steel Joist material mode.
3.10 Working with Smartbeams

The commands in the Layout Smartbeams menu work essentially the same as their Layout - Beam
counterparts. Refer to the Working with Beams section for a description of each command. The Layout
Smartbeams commands are available in the Layout menu only when modeling in Smartbeam material
mode. When Smartbeams are added, the Composite Flag (i.e., Composite or Noncomposite) and Fy need
to be specified. The Type of Smartbeam, Castellated or Cellular, also needs to be specified.
Image
Description
One command unique to Smartbeams is the Layout Assign Duct Size
command. This command is used to specify a duct size for which the beam
openings are to be large enough to allow to pass through.
The Options Set Show Options can be used to highlight beams that have been
assigned to be Castellated versus those assigned to be Cellular. Select the
Castellated Smartbeam or the Cellular Smartbeam option on the Beam tab.
56

Working with Westok Cellular Beams
It is not necessary to assign sizes to Smartbeams; the optimum size and hole configuration will be
selected automatically by the program in the RAM Steel Beam module. However, sizes can be assigned
by the user if desired, using the Layout - Beam - Assign Beam Size command. The user may assign
sizes for either Castellated or Cellular beams from either of two Smartbeam Design Tables, the Default
or Alternate, as specified in the Smartbeam tab in the Criteria - Design Steel Tables command in the
RAM Manager.
3.11 Working with Westok Cellular Beams

The commands in the Layout Westok Cellular Beam menu work essentially the same as their Layout
- Beam counterparts. Refer to the Working with Beams section for a description of each command. The
Layout Westok Cellular Beam commands are available in the Layout menu only when modeling in
Westok Cellular Beam material mode. When Westok Cellular Beams are added, the Composite Flag (i.e.,
Composite or Noncomposite) and py need to be specified.
Some commands are unique to Westok Cellular Beams:
Image
Description
The Layout - Westok Cellular Beam Assign Duct Size command is used to
specify a duct size for which the beam openings are to be large enough to allow to
pass through.
The Layout Westok Cellular Beam Assign Cell Size command is used to
specify the Cell Diameter and/or Cell Pitch that will be used in the design of the
beam. It is not necessary to assign these values unless they are specifically
desired; otherwise the program will automatically select the optimum diameter
and pitch when it designs the beam. Assignments can be cleared by using the
Layout Westok Cellular Beam Clear Cell Size command.
It is not necessary to assign sizes to Westok Cellular Beams; the optimum size and hole configuration
will be selected automatically by the program in the RAM Steel Beam module. However, sizes can be
assigned by the user if desired, using the Layout - Westok Cellular Beam - Assign Beam Size
command. The user may assign sizes from either of two Westok Cellular Beam Design Tables, the
Default or Alternate, as specified in the Cellular Beam tab in the Criteria - Design Steel Tables
command in the RAM Manager.
When a Size is assigned to a Westok Cellular Beam it is necessary to specify the standard beam size from
which the top half is to be manufactured and that from which the bottom half is to be manufactured.
57

Working with Horizontal Braces
Image
Description
The Layout Westok Cellular Beam Assign Anchor Cell command is used to
specify that there be a Cell at a specific location along the beam. The program will
then configure the cell locations such that one of the cells occurs at that location.
This is useful, for example, for establishing cell locations to accommodate a
straight run of mechanical ducts through several beams. It is not necessary to
assign these values unless they are specifically desired; otherwise the program
will automatically select the optimum cell locations when it designs the beam.
Assignments can be modified, deleted and shown using the same command.
3.12 Working with Horizontal Braces

Horizontal Braces are elements that act as braces in the plane of the floor. They are modeled similarly as
for beams, but they behave differently. They can only be modeled as frame members, and they are only
considered in RAM Frame. In the distribution of floor gravity loads they are ignored. They can be used to
model diaphragm stiffness or to provide in-plane floor stiffness when the diaphragm is not considered
"rigid" in RAM Frame.
They can be modeled crossing each other and crossing beams. They must be supported by other frame
members, not by gravity members. If they are modeled as being supported by gravity members, the
DataCheck will give an error. They can be supported by frame columns, beams, walls or other horizontal
braces.
Horizontal Braces can be Steel, Concrete, or 'Other' material. They must be assigned sizes for analysis in
RAM Frame. If they are Steel, they can be assigned to be I-shapes, channel, single or double angles,
square or rectangular hollow sections, round hollow sections, tee sections, and round bar or flat bar
sections. If some other shape is desired they should be modeled as 'Other' material with the appropriate
section properties.
By default they are pinned at the ends, but the fixity can be modified.
The commands in the Layout Horizontal Braces menu work essentially the same as their Layout Beam counterparts. Refer to the Working with Beams section for a description of each command. The
Layout Horizontal Braces commands are available in the Layout menu only when modeling in Steel,
Concrete or Other material modes.
3.13 Working with Walls

The commands in the Layout - Walls menu work essentially the same as their Layout - Beam
counterparts. Refer to the Working with Beams on page 51 section for a description of each command.
The Layout - Walls commands are available in the Layout menu only when modeling in Concrete or
Other material mode.
When two walls come together to form a T - shape, the wall that forms the "flange" of the "T" must be
modeled by the user as two separate walls. It is necessary to have a node line in the wall where the
58

Working with Foundations
"stem" of the "T" frames in. The DataCheck will indicate an error when this condition is modeled
incorrectly.
Image
Description
Sloping framing can be modeled by modifying the top of wall elevation using the
Layout Walls Modify Elevation command. Beams that frame into these walls
will automatically be sloped, as will the beams that frame into those beams, etc.
Wall openings can only be modeled while in Elevation View. Refer to Working with Walls on page 80
for more information on modeling wall openings.
3.14 Working with Foundations

Below is a list along with a brief description of each command available for modeling foundations.
Foundations can only be laid out after columns and/or walls exist in the model.
Footings are assigned to the columns and walls in the layout type at the base of which they occur.
Footings may be assigned to more than one layout type if the building 'steps'; that is, some footings may
be assigned to one portion of the layout type and others to another portion of another layout type. If the
layout type to which foundations have been assigned is used on multiple levels, the program recognizes
that the foundations associated with that layout type occur only at the lowest occurrence of that layout
type.
Column lengths and wall heights at the foundation level can be modified by modifying the elevation of
the foundation using the Layout Foundation Spread Modify Elevation, Layout Foundation
Continuous Modify Elevation, and Layout Foundation Mat Modify Elevation commands.
When the foundation is raised or lowered the length of the supported member or members is
automatically modified.
Spread, Continuous and Pile Foundations are drawn as squares or rectangles with an arrow. The arrow
indicates the major direction of the footing. Mat foundations are drawn as polygons without arrows.
Foundations are drawn in 3-D view as well as in Layout view to help verify that they have been located
properly. The DataCheck also detects errors in modeling the foundations.
It is recommended that foundations be modeled even if the RAM Foundation design module is not going
to be used to design the footings. Note that Mat Foundations cannot be designed in the RAM Structural
System but they can be imported into RAM Concept for analysis and design.
3.14.1 Single Column Footings

Spread Footings and Pile/Pile Cap foundation (battered and cast-in-place piles tied together with a
reinforced concrete pile cap) are referred to in the RAM Structural System as Single Column Footings.
59

Image
Description
Both Spread and Pile Cap foundations are modeled using the Layout
Foundations Single Column Add command. Properties of the foundation are
entered and then the foundation is laid out using either the Single or Fence
command. The Footing Type and Orientation can only be assigned in Modeler. All
other foundation properties can also be changed in the RAM Foundation module.
The Layout Foundations Single Column Delete command is used to delete
both spread and pile cap footings. This command can be issued to delete single
footings using the Single command or multiple footings using the Fence
command. All single column footings within the fence will be deleted, whether
they are spreads or pile caps.
The Layout Foundations Single Column Change Properties command is
used to change the footing type, properties, or orientation type of existing single
column footings. Only those properties, which are checked on the left, will be
changed for the selected footings. When using the Fence command, all single
column footings within the fence will be modified, whether they are spreads or
pile caps.
Single column footing coordinates and properties, including the type of footing,
may be inspected by using the Layout Foundations Single Column Show
command. Note that pile caps are differentiated from spread footings in RAM
Modeler by the four piles drawn within the pile cap. These piles are drawn only
for the purpose of easily distinguishing between spread footings and pile cap
footings. The true dimensions and correct number of piles will be shown in RAM
Foundation and in the 3D viewer once the pile cap geometry is assigned in the
RAM Foundation module.
Note: Unit Weight for Self-weight has been added to the Single Column and Continuous footing
foundations to make them consistent with the other concrete design capabilities. Previous to v9.0 the
user entered Unit Weight value was always used to calculate the foundation self-weight. This value is
only used to calculate the foundation self-weight and can be set to zero if the footing self-weight is to be
neglected.
3.14.2 Continuous Footings

Image
Description
Continuous foundations are modeled using the Layout Foundations
Continuous Add command. Properties of the foundation are entered and then
the foundation is added to the model.
The Layout Foundations Continuous Delete command is used to delete
continuous foundations. This command can be issued to delete single footings
using the Single command or multiple footings using the Fence command.
60

Image
Description
The Layout - Foundations Continuous - Change Properties command is used
to change the properties or orientation of existing foundations.
Continuous foundation coordinates and properties may be inspected by using the
Layout Foundations Continuous Show command.
Continuous foundations can be modeled such that they cross each other. In the RAM Foundation Design
module each of these footings will be designed independently, as if the other did not exist. The program
does not consider any interaction between each other.
In some cases the elements that are supported by a continuous footing may not align perfectly. When
assigning continuous footings a tolerance can be specified. Any columns or walls that occur within that
tolerance from the centerline of the footing are assumed to be supported by that footing.
Single column footings and Continuous footings may also overlap at the location of a column. In this
case, forces from the column are supported by the single column footing while the rest of the members
are supported by the continuous foundation. Note the examples below.
In this configuration, the column member forces are supported by the single column support and a
continuous footing will need to be added to support any remaining elements such as walls.
Figure 1: Continuous foundation supports member forces from wall and end columns
Figure 2: Spread footings support member forces from end columns. Continuous footing supports member
forces for wall
3.14.3 Mat Foundations

Although the RAM Foundation module does not currently design them, mat foundations can be
imported into RAM Concept to be analyzed and designed.
61

Image
Description
Mat foundations are modeled using the Layout Foundations Mat Geometry
command. An edge offset can be specified in the Mat Foundation Geometry
Layout Mode to offset the foundation perimeter a specific distance from the
input polygon. Mat foundations may be laid out anywhere on the floor, although
the DataCheck will issue a warning if no columns or walls sit on the Mat
foundation, or if the Mat foundation overlaps any existing Spread or Continuous
foundations.
Through the Mat Foundation Geometry Layout Mode dialog, the following commands can be
performed:
Menu Item
Description
Add
To layout new Mat foundation polygons.
Modify Coords
To modify coordinates of existing Mat foundation

polygons.
Delete Single and Delete Fence
To delete Mat foundations.
Show
To view Mat foundation coordinates and

properties.
The top of a mat foundation can be raised or lowered from the Base or Story height by using the
Foundations Mat Modify Elevation command. This is analogous to changing the elevation of
spread and continuous footings.
Image
Description
After mat foundations have been laid out on a floor, the Foundations Mat
Properties command is enabled. The Whole Mat option is used to assign
properties to an entire Mat foundation. The Add option is used to layout a
separate assignment polygon. This is useful for making multiple property
assignments to a single mat foundation, or to assign one set of properties to
multiple mat foundations by enclosing them in a large assignment polygon. When
more than one Mat foundation property assignment overlaps a Mat foundation,
only the last assigned property will be considered during analysis and design.
Mat foundation assignments can have a top of slab (T.O.S.) offset specified which is relative to the
nominal top of footing of the mat foundation perimeter to which it is applied. For example, if a Mat
foundation has been lowered 6 inches, and a property assignment polygon is laid out on a portion of
that mat foundation with a relative T.O.S. of 2 inches lower, that portion of the mat foundation that has
the assignment laid out on it will be lowered a total of 8 inches from the base or story height.
Mat foundation properties are depicted on the screen by hatching patterns while in Foundation Layout
mode, and are clipped to any mat foundations to which they apply.
Through the Mat Foundation Assignment Mode dialog, the following commands can be performed:
62

Working with Slabs
Menu Item
Description
Modify Coords
To change coordinates of existing Mat foundation

assignment polygons.
Change
To change Mat foundation assignment properties.
Delete Single and Delete Fence
To delete Mat foundation assignments.
Show
To view Mat foundation assignment coordinates

and properties.
3.15 Working with Slabs

Slabs can be defined and modeled. Slabs are used in the program, for example, to define the distribution
of Surface loads and to determine composite beam properties. If no slab is defined, no automatic
tributary load distribution of surface or snow loads will take place. Also, there will be no automatic Live
Load reduction, as the tributary areas will be undetermined.
3.15.1 One-Way and Two-way Slabs

Decks and slabs can be specified as behaving as either One-way or Two-way. See Section 3.14.5. Even on
the same layout, some areas can be One-way and some areas Two-way. Examples of One-way decks are
composite decks, noncomposite roof decks, steel grating, and concrete slabs on pan joist or beam-andcolumn floor systems. Examples of Two-way decks are flat slab and flat plate systems, with or without
drop caps.
In some aspects the modeling requirements differ between the two. Because of the specialized nature of
the One-way analysis, the modeling requirements for One-way decks are generally more stringent, as
described below. In many cases the modeling commands are tailored to these requirements.
Two-way decks should never be assigned to areas of steel framing. The analysis of Two-way decks is
performed in RAM Frame for the purpose of calculating the gravity loads on the Frame members, and in
RAM Concrete; it is not performed in RAM Steel. Hence any loads on Two-way decks would not get
distributed to steel framing. Only One-way decks should be assigned to steel framing.
63

Working with Slabs
3.15.2 Slab Edges

Image
Description
Slab Edges that define the slab boundary are defined by using the Layout - Slab Slab Edge command. Slab edges are laid out to form one or more closed polygons
on the floor. Slab edges are usually laid out along beam edges but they can also be
laid out freeform to form arbitrary polygons.
The slab overhang is the distance from where the slab is laid out to the slab edge. For slab edges laid out
along beams, this is the distance from beam centerline to slab edge.
When there is a complete network of beams, as is the case for One-way floor systems, the easiest way
to model slab edges is to use the Whole Perimeter option. If there is just one diaphragm on the floor
type, this will place the slab edge around the building perimeter at the specified slab overhang.
If there is more than one diaphragm on a floor type, a message box will appear asking that a perimeter
beam or wall be selected to identify the desired diaphragm. The target cursor is then available for
beam/wall selection. Once a beam/wall is selected, a slab edge will be placed around the selected
diaphragm at the specified slab overhang.
In order to use this command, it is necessary that the framing be properly defined. If the framing is not
properly defined a warning message will appear and no edges will be added. This command cannot be
used when the floor framing lacks a complete perimeter loop of beams as is common for Two-way slabs.
It is not necessary for the slab edge to be on the perimeter of the framing; the slab edge may cut into
the building. In such instances the edges may be entered with the Whole Perimeter command and
edited to produce the desired edge definition.
Individual sections of slab edge may be laid out using the Add option. With this option, first click on the
point where this segment of slab edge is to begin, then click on the point where this segment of slab
edge is to end. The slab edge distance may vary along the length of a beam (i.e., there may be multiple
segments of slab edge along a single beam, or the slab edge distance at one end may be different than
that at the other end). When a slab edge is laid along a line that contains multiple beams, the edge is
automatically split up into multiple segments (one for each beam).
Slab edge assignments are made by clicking on a SnapTo point, a column, or a point along a beam or wall
that defines the beginning of the slab edge, and then likewise clicking on a point that defines the end of
the slab edge. Proceed in that manner around the layout until the area to be assigned a slab or deck is
64

Working with Slabs
enclosed by a slab edge. As the slab edge is laid out, a line will appear on the screen to show where the
boundary has been defined. Care must be taken to ensure that the slab edge is placed on the proper side
of the beam; when the slab edge distance is greater than 0.0, the default setting requires that the slab
edge be laid out in a clockwise direction to assure that the slab edge is placed on the outside of the
beams. Note: Slab Edges with offsets of 0.0 can be placed directly on beams.
The first of following figures shows a slab edge laid out with respect to the beams. The second figure
shows a freeform slab edge laid out using SnapTo points.
To change the slab overhang of an existing slab edge, specify the new overhang value and use the
Change command. Alternatively, merely lay down a new slab edge over the old with the Add command;
it is not necessary to delete the old slab edge first.
To move a slab edge that was laid down in the wrong location or that needs to be moved to
accommodate framing changes, use the Move command, select a slab edge segment, and move one end
or the other to the desired new location. Alternatively, delete the segment and re-add it using the Add
command.
Tip: On layouts that are to be assigned Two-way decks, generally the most direct way to lay out slab
edges is to create Grids and/or Construction Grids to generate the necessary SnapTo points, specify a
Slab Overhang value of 0.0, and click from point to point until the slab edge polygon is complete. Note
65

Working with Slabs
that this can also be done on layouts that are to be assigned One-way decks, but the Whole Perimeter
command is usually more useful in that case.
The Layout - Slab - Slab Edge command must not be used to specify slab openings.
3.15.3 Slab Openings

Image
Description
The Layout - Slab - Slab Openings command is used to layout Slab Openings in
essentially the same way that slab edges are laid out. As with slab edges, slab
openings are usually laid out along beam edges. However, they can also be laid
out freeform to form arbitrary polygons, but care must be taken so that the
polygons produce reasonable configurations, particularly if the decking laid down
in the area is One-way.
The slab overhang is the distance from where the slab opening edge is laid out to the slab opening edge.
For slab opening edges laid out along beams, this is the distance from beam centerline to slab opening
edge.
While laying down the slab openings, a line defining the opening boundary will appear on the screen. It
is imperative that the slab opening be a closed polygon and that it appears on the proper side of the
beams. When using the Add command, the default setting requires that the slab opening be laid out in a
counter - clockwise direction (Note that this is the reverse of slab edges, which by default must be laid
down in a clockwise direction). If the slab overhang is set to 0, the slab opening can be modeled in either
direction.
The In Bay Button may be used to place an opening in a bay. Once the In Bay Button is selected, the
target cursor will appear. Clicking in a bay will produce an opening in that bay with the selected slab
overhang. Clicking on a bay adjacent to a current opening will enlarge the opening to include the newly
selected bay. Clicking inside a bay with an existing opening will replace the existing slab opening edge
distance with the currently selected opening edge distance. The Slab Edge polygon must be laid out
before using the Slab Opening In Bay command.
Tip: On layouts that are to be assigned Two-way decks, generally the most direct way to lay out slab
openings is to create Grids and/or Construction Grids to generate the necessary SnapTo points, specify a
Slab Overhang value of 0.0, and click from point to point until the slab opening polygon is complete.
Note that this can also be done on layouts that are to be assigned One-way decks, but the In Bay
command is usually more useful in that case.
In the analysis, no surface or snow loads are applied to the area inside a slab opening. Beams that bisect
an opening are considered exposed beams; the deck does not support the top flange within that area
and the beams are automatically designed as noncomposite in the RAM Steel Beam module.
Any number of slab openings may by assigned to a layout type.
To change the slab overhang of an existing opening edge, specify the new overhang value and use the
Change command. Alternatively, merely lay down a new opening edge over the old with the Add
command; it is not necessary to delete the old opening edge first.
66

Working with Slabs
To move an opening edge that was laid down in the wrong location or that needs to be moved to
accommodate framing changes, use the Move command, select a opening edge segment, and move one
end or the other to the desired new location. Alternatively, delete the segment and re-add it using the
Add command.
3.15.4 Penetrations
Image
Description
Penetrations are similar to openings but are designed for smaller unframed
openings in which the surface loads are unaffected. Penetrations have no effect on
the surface load distribution; they are ignored when tributary loads and areas are
calculated. They are modeled using the Layout - Slab - Penetrations command
by entering the dimensions and location for each penetration on the layout type.
The sole purpose of penetrations is to limit the effective flange width of composite beams in the RAM
Steel Beam module. In composite beam design, the proximity of a penetration to a beam will be
considered in the calculations of effective flange width. If a penetration falls on a beam, that beam will
be designed noncomposite.
3.15.5 Deck Assignment

Image
Description
Three general types of floor slab and deck systems, referred to as Framing
Systems, are recognized by the program: Composite, Noncomposite and Concrete.
Deck properties are defined with the PropTable Decking command.
Composite floor systems include concrete on metal deck, precast plank and flat slabs. Concrete
properties and shear stud information must be specified. This information is used by the RAM Steel
Beam module to calculate the composite section properties of composite beams. Refer to the RAM Steel
Beam manual for more information.
Concrete floor systems are used in conjunction with flat slab, flat plate, and concrete beam and column
structures.
Noncomposite floor systems include all other systems, such as grating, checkerplate and roof deck.
Image
Description
Deck assignments are made using the Layout - Slab - Deck Assign command.
There are two types of Slab Action, One-way and Two-way. To assign a One-way deck to the layout,
select the One-Way option, specify the orientation, select the Framing System (Composite,
Noncomposite or Concrete) and select the Deck Type from the table of decks. To assign a Two-way deck
67

Working with Slabs
to the layout, select the Two-Way option, select the Framing System (Noncomposite or Concrete) and
select the Deck from the table of decks/slabs (Composite decks cannot be specified as Two-way decks).
See Drop Caps on page 69, which are a special form of Two-way decks.
For One-way decks the orientation of the deck (i.e., the direction that it spans) is used to determine the
direction that loads on the deck are to be distributed to the supporting members. The orientation is also
used by the RAM Steel Beam module in determining composite section properties and shear stud values
and placement. The deck orientation angle is shown by evenly spaced parallel lines running in the
direction of the deck span along the length of the deck graphic. For Two-way decks the Orientation is
irrelevant and need not be specified.
Decks may be assigned over the whole floor or in sections of the floor. The Add option is used to create a
polygon that defines the boundary of the deck assignment. This is done by clicking on SnapTo points
and/or using the Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry command to explicitly enter the coordinates (see
Section 2.9.8) to define the vertices of the deck polygon. Multiple deck polygons can be defined. Decks
should be assigned beyond the slab edge boundary; the program will automatically clip the deck
assignment so that it is bordered by the slab edge. If a deck fails to reach the slab edge boundary, errors
will occur in the Design modules that will preclude the completion of a design. An exception is that for
One-way decks the program will assume a generic noncomposite deck occurs between an edge beam or
wall and the slab edge if no deck is modeled in that area.
The Whole Floor option assigns the deck to the entire floor. It does this by creating new points 5 ft.
(1.52 m) beyond the floor dimensions in each direction, and laying down a rectangular polygon. This
ensures that the whole floor and slab edges are covered with a deck polygon. If the floor has more than
one diaphragm, the Whole Floor command will assign the deck to all diaphragms on that floor.
If a floor layout has more than one deck type or has deck running in more than one direction, it is
usually best to first assign one of the deck selections to the whole floor or diaphragm and then
overwrite areas with a different deck selection. This is done by using the Add option and drawing a
deck polygon around the desired area. When one deck assignment is laid over another, the last
assignment made takes precedence. The Tutorial Example illustrates this modeling technique.
Similarly, for layout types with multiple diaphragm areas a deck may be placed over the entire area of a
single diaphragm using the Whole Diaphragm option. When this command is invoked, the target
cursor appears with which to select the diaphragm to which the currently selected deck properties are
to be assigned. Note a difference between the Whole Floor and Whole Diaphragm commands:
whereas the Whole Floor command creates a simple rectangular polygon slightly larger than the
layout, the Whole Diaphragm creates a polygon precisely the same as the slab edge outline. The Whole
Diaphragm command can be used on a floor type with just one diaphragm.
Note that if the framing on a floor type is expanded, the deck polygons originally laid down using the
Whole Floor or Whole Diaphragm may no longer encompass all of the framing, and the commands
may have to be repeated (or the polygon modified as explained below).
Deck assignments are depicted on the screen by a hatching pattern while in Deck Assign mode. They can
also be displayed by toggling the Show Decks option of the Options - Set Show Options command;
there is an option to either show the decks clipped to the slab edge or unclipped to the slab edge.
The slab edge boundary should be input before decks are assigned. If the slab boundary is not
completely defined, the RAM Modeler will not display the decks. The DataCheck command can be used
to obtain a report that lists any breaks in the slab edge and where those breaks are located.
Deck Assignments can be inspected using the Layout - Slab - Deck Assign command with the Show
option. When a deck polygon is selected, the deck properties associated with that polygon are listed. To
see a list of the polygon vertices, select the More>> button.
68

Working with Slabs
The Show Same command lists all of the decks. When one is selected from the list, all occurrences of
that deck type are highlighted in the plan. This provides a quick way of verifying that the correct decks
have been assigned in each location.
After a deck has been laid down, the deck polygon can be modified using the Change Polygon
command. When using this command, first click on the polygon to be modified, which will cause the
edges and vertices of that polygon to be highlighted. The following can then be performed:
To move a vertex, click on the vertex to be moved and then click on the new location.
To add a new vertex, move the cursor to the middle of the side on which a new vertex is desired; a
new vertex will appear. Click on it to create it. Then click on it again and move it to the desired
location.
To combine two adjacent vertices (thereby eliminating one side of the polygon), click on the vertex
to be eliminated and move it to vertex to which it is to be combined.
To select other polygons to modify, click on the right mouse button to return to the Deck Assignment
Mode dialog and then select the Change Polygon command again.
As explained previously, when multiple deck polygons are laid down in the same area, the polygon on
top (the last one laid down) takes precedence over any polygons (or portion) below. In some cases it
may be necessary to change the order, or Priority, of these polygons, moving them up or down. This can
be done using the Change Priority command. When invoked it displays a list of all of the deck polygons
on that layout type. Selecting a polygon from that list causes the polygon to be highlighted in plan. The
Up and Down arrows can be used to move that polygon up or down in priority. This command is useful,
for example, if a polygon is completely covered by other polygons and is no longer necessary; it can be
moved up the list and then deleted.
Decks can be deleted using either the Delete Single command or the Delete Fence command.
For One-way decks, except at perimeter beams with slab edges as described above, polygon sides laid
down with the Add option must lie exactly on beams. They should not cut randomly through a bay. Twoway deck polygon sides do not need to be laid down on beams, but can by laid out anywhere within the
slab edge.
Any beam or segment of beam that extends beyond the boundary of the slab edge is not assigned any
deck properties or surface loads for that segment. In the RAM Steel Beam Design module such beams
will automatically be designed as noncomposite unless the segment is only the cantilever portion of the
beam.
RAM Frame considers any lateral frame member that falls outside the slab edge to be disconnected from
the diaphragm in a Rigid Diaphragm analysis.
3.15.6 Drop Caps

Drop Caps are areas of thickened slab in the vicinity of columns. The slab properties associated with the
Drop Cap must be specified in the PropTable Decking command. The total thickness, not the
additional thickness below the slab, should be entered for the Concrete Slab Thickness value.
Drop Caps can be assigned to columns using the Layout Slab Deck Assign command. When the
Two-way option is selected for Slab Action, an option to specify Drop Caps is enabled. They can be
specified at any angle (relative to the global X-axis), and can be either square or rectangular.
Rectangular Drop Caps do not need to be symmetric. When all of the pertinent data is entered, the Add
69

Working with Gravity Loads
Drop Cap Single and Add Drop Cap Fence commands are enabled. Clicking on a column or fencing
a group of columns causes a drop cap to be assigned to the column or columns.
Drop Caps are a special form of deck polygons described in Deck Assignment on page 67. The same
capabilities to change, delete and show are available for Drop Caps as are available for regular deck
polygons. They differ from regular deck polygons, though, in the following ways:
A Drop Cap is associated with a specific column. If the column is moved, the Drop Cap moves with it;
if the column is deleted, the Drop Cap is deleted.
f a deck polygon is laid over a deck polygon, the polygon laid down last takes precedence and
replaces the previous polygon, but if a deck polygon is laid over a Drop Cap, the Drop Cap persists, it
is not replaced.
Note that because the commands for regular deck polygons are also available for Drop Caps, Drop Caps
of virtually any shape or configuration can be modeled by first adding it as a square or rectangle and
then by using the Change Polygon command to move, add and merge vertices.
3.15.7 Decks on Sloping Framing

For Two-way decks, when laying down decks in areas of sloping framing, it is necessary that each
different sloped area be assigned a distinct deck polygon. A separate deck polygon is required for each
different plane. All vertices of a given deck polygon must lie in the same plane. If an individual deck
polygon encompasses an area of framing that is sloping at multiple angles, the analysis in RAM Frame
and RAM Concrete may be incorrect and the deck will display incorrectly in the 3D view (the deck will
appear to float above or cut through the framing). Thus for layout types with sloping framing the Whole
Floor command should not be used (unless the framing is monosloped), and multiple deck polygons will
be required.
For One-way decks, the modeling requirements for decks on sloping framing are less stringent than
those for Two-way decks. In order to have the decks show correctly in the 3D view it may be necessary
to model the deck polygons as described for Two-way decks. Otherwise, the 3D view of the decks may
look wrong, but the analysis and design will be correct; it is merely a graphics issue. Because the
analysis and designs will be correct, it is acceptable to ignore this requirement and model the deck
polygons in the most convenient way, such as by using the Whole Floor command. Note that in some
cases, where the deck surface is warping - not merely sloping - it may be impossible to lay down deck
polygons that satisfy this requirement; in that case it is necessary to lay them down in the most
convenient way and then ignore the deck graphics in the 3D view. In the 3D view the decks can be
turned off and not displayed.
The exception to this is that for levels that will be assigned to be semi-rigid diaphragms in RAM Frame,
One-way decks must be laid out as described for Two-way; a separate deck polygon is required for each
different plane. If this is not possible, that diaphragm cannot be specified as a semi-rigid diaphragm.
3.16 Working with Gravity Loads

Gravity loads can be defined and assigned in any combination of Point, Line, and Surface Loads. Loads
are defined with the PropTable commands.
70

Note: When the deck is specified as One-way, some loads placed in the overhang section of the slab edge
may be ignored. When determining the loads on the beams around the perimeter of the slab edge, the
space adjacent to the beams but inside the slab edge is checked. Regardless of the direction of deck
otherwise specified, one-way distribution of loads is performed with the slab edge loads carried back to
the beam at right angles to the beam. Therefore, loads in the exterior corner of a slab will be ignored
since there is no beam to distribute the load back to at a right angle to the beam. For example, the
highlighted portion of the surface load in the following example is ignored:
3.16.1 Point Loads

Image
Description
Point Loads can be assigned to the model at any time using the Layout - Loads Point command provided that the load has been previously defined in the
PropTable (See Working with PropTables on page 44).
Point loads do not need to be placed directly on beams, columns or walls; Point loads placed within a
bay will be distributed to the supporting members, provided there is a deck/slab assigned in that bay.
Point loads that are placed outside of the decked area must be placed on structural members or they
will be ignored.
Point Load Assignments are shown by a solid dot while in Point Load Assign Mode. Toggling the Loads
option of the Miscellaneous tab of the Options Set Show Options command will show all loads
currently assigned to the floor. Load Assignments may be inspected using the Show option or modified
using the Change option. The Point Load labels can be displayed by selecting the Show Labels option.
The Show Same command lists all of the Point loads. When one is selected from the list, all occurrences
of that load type are highlighted in the plan. This provides a quick way of verifying that the correct loads
71

3.16.2 Line Loads

Image
Description
Line Loads can be assigned to the model at any time using the Layout - Loads Line command provided that the load has been previously defined in the
PropTable (See Working with PropTables on page 44).
Individual segments of line load can be applied using the Add or Add on Beam options. Where there is
a perimeter network of beams, line loads can also be assigned using the Whole Perimeter option,
which will place a line load of the prescribed magnitude all around the perimeter of the floor type
selected. For layout types with multiple diaphragm areas a line load may be placed around the entire
perimeter of a single diaphragm using the Whole Diaphragm option. The Whole Perimeter and
Whole Diaphragm commands do not work for layouts that are Two-way slabs without a complete
perimeter of beams and/or walls.
Line loads applied within the free span of a deck/slab will be distributed to supporting members,
provided there is a deck/slab assigned in that bay. See the RAM Steel Beam manual for more
information on the distribution of a line load on a deck.
Line Load Assignments are shown by a solid line while in Line Load Assign Mode. Toggling the Loads
option of the Miscellaneous tab of the Options Set Show Options command will show all loads
currently assigned to the floor. Load Assignments may be inspected using the Show option or modified
using the Change option. The Line Load labels can be displayed by selecting the Show Labels option.
The Show Same command lists all of the Line loads. When one is selected from the list, all occurrences
3.16.3 Surface Loads

Image
Description
A powerful feature of the RAM Structural System is the ability to calculate the
distribution of surface loads to the adjacent supporting members. Surface Loads
are applied using the Layout - Loads - Surface command.
Surface Loads may be assigned over the whole floor or in sections of the floor. The Add option is used to
create a polygon which defines the boundary of the surface load assignment. This is done by clicking on
SnapTo points and/or using the Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry command to explicitly enter the
coordinates (see Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry on page 27) to define the vertices of the load
polygon. Multiple load polygons can be defined. Surface loads should be assigned out to or beyond the
slab edge boundary; the program will automatically clip the load assignment so that it is bordered by
the slab edge. If a surface load polygon fails to cover the slab edge boundary, no load will be assigned to
that area.
The Whole Floor option assigns the surface load to the entire floor. It does this by creating new points 5
ft. (1.52 m) beyond the floor dimensions in each direction, and laying down a rectangular polygon. This
72

ensures that the whole floor and slab edges are covered with a surface load polygon. If the floor has
more than one diaphragm, the Whole Floor command will assign the surface load to all diaphragms on
that floor
If a floor layout has more than one surface load, it is usually best to first assign one of the surface loads
to the whole floor or diaphragm and then overwrite areas with the different surface loads. This is done
by using the Add option and drawing a surface load polygon around the desired area. When one surface
load assignment is laid over another, the last assignment made takes precedence; overlapping surface
loads are not cumulative. The Tutorial Example illustrates this modeling technique.
Similarly, for layout types with multiple diaphragm areas a surface load may be placed over the entire
area of a single diaphragm using the Whole Diaphragm option. When this command is invoked, the
target cursor appears with which to select the diaphragm to which the currently selected load
properties are to be assigned. Note a difference between the Whole Floor and Whole Diaphragm
commands: whereas the Whole Floor command creates a simple rectangular polygon slightly larger
than the layout, the Whole Diaphragm creates a polygon precisely the same as the slab edge outline.
The Whole Diaphragm command can be used on a floor type with just one diaphragm.
Note that if the framing on a floor type is expanded, the surface load polygons originally laid down using
the Whole Floor or Whole Diaphragm may no longer encompass all of the framing, and the commands
may have to be repeated (or the polygon modified as explained below).
Surface load assignments are depicted by a hatched pattern while in Surface Load Assign Mode.
Toggling the Loads option of the Miscellaneous tab of the Options - Set Show Options command will
show all gravity loads currently assigned to the floor; there is an option to either show the loads clipped
to the slab edge or unclipped to the slab edge.
The slab edge boundary should be input before surface loads are assigned. If the slab boundary is not
completely defined, the Modeler will not display the surface loads. The DataCheck command can be
used to obtain a report that lists any breaks in the slab edge and where those breaks are located.
Load assignments may be inspected in more detail using the Show option. When a load polygon is
selected, the load properties associated with that polygon are listed. To see a list of the polygon vertices,
select the More>> button. The Surface Load labels can be displayed by selecting the Show Labels option.
The Show Same command lists all of the Surface loads. When one is selected from the list, all
occurrences of that load type are highlighted in the plan. This provides a quick way of verifying that the
correct loads have been assigned in each location.
After a surface load has been laid down, the load assignments can be modified using the Change option.
Select a load polygon; that polygon will be highlighted in plan, and a list of all of the surface loads
created previously in the PropTable Loads Surface command will be listed with the currently
assigned load highlighted in the list. Select the load to which the assignment is to be changed and select
OK.
After a surface load has been laid down, the load polygon can be modified using the Change Polygon
command. When using this command, first click on the polygon to be modified, which will cause the
edges and vertices of that polygon to be highlighted. The following can then be performed:
To move a vertex, click on the vertex to be moved and then click on the new location.
To add a new vertex, move the cursor to the middle of the side on which a new vertex is desired; a
new vertex will appear. Click on it to create it. Then click on it again and move it to the desired
location.
To combine two adjacent vertices (thereby eliminating one side of the polygon), click on the vertex
to be eliminated and move it to vertex to which it is to be combined.
73

To select other polygons to modify, click on the right mouse button to return to the Surface Load Layout
dialog and then select the Change Polygon command again.
As explained previously, when multiple surface load polygons are laid down in the same area, the
polygon on top (the last one laid down) takes precedence over any polygons (or portion) below. In some
cases it may be necessary to change the order, or Priority, of these polygons, moving them up or down.
This can be done using the Change Priority command. When invoked it displays a list of all of the
surface load polygons on that layout type. Selecting a polygon from that list causes the polygon to be
highlighted in plan. The Up and Down arrows can be used to move that polygon up or down in priority.
This command is useful, for example, if a polygon is completely covered by other polygons and is no
longer necessary; it can be moved up the list and then deleted.
Surface loads can be deleted using either the Delete Single command or the Delete Fence
command.
Surface load polygons may be laid down in any configuration desired. It is not necessary to lay down the
polygon sides so that they fall directly on beams; they can be laid down cutting through bays. The
program will distribute the surface loads to supporting members accordingly.
Surface loads that are assigned in areas that have no slab/deck will be ignored by the program.
3.16.4 Loads on Sloping Framing

Live Loads that are applied to sloping framing areas should be assigned magnitudes equivalent to their
projected area loads (for Surface loads) and projected length loads (for Line loads). Live Loads specified
in most building codes are already specified as projected area loads, so no modification by the engineer
is necessary. Dead Loads should be input as the actual weights (unmodified for slope); the program will
then transform the loads to account for the slope. Figure 12 shows how beam Live loads, for example,
are dealt with in the RAM Structural System. Figure 12 (A) shows the load as applied by the user. The
load is then transformed to calculate the load per unit length along the member, as shown in Figure 12
(B). The load is transformed again to calculate both the perpendicular and axial components along the
member, as shown in Figure 12 (C). In the RAM Steel Beam Design module the beams are designed only
for the perpendicular component shown in Figure 12 (c); the axial component is ignored. In RAM Frame
both the perpendicular and axial components are considered.
74

Working with Snow Loads
(A)
w cos
(B)
w cos2
w cos sin
(C)
Figure 3:
Roof Live Loads specified in the International Building Code (IBC), Uniform building Code (UBC),
Standard Building Code (SBC), and the BOCA National Building Code (BOCA) are reducible in some cases
based on the tributary area and the slope of the roof. The RAM Structural System automatically
considers both parameters when calculating the Roof Live Load Reduction. When the Roof loads are
specified by the user, the magnitude of the load should be that given as the basic Roof Live Load value,
not the reduced value to account for slope or area. For example, in the UBC, SBC and BOCA the Roof Live
Load charts list 20 psf as the basic roof load for tributary areas less than 200 square feet and slopes less
than 1:3. This is the value that should be specified by the user even if the roof is sloped. The program
will calculate the slope and the tributary area and use the corresponding table value. If a value other
than 20 psf is specified by the user, the program will use the same Live Load Reduction percentage as
calculated for a 20 psf load, but will apply it to the specified value. Columns and girders may be
supporting members that support various areas of differing roof slope. In that case the program uses a
weighted average slope in the calculation of the Roof Live Load Reduction factor.
75

Working with Snow Loads
3.17 Working with Snow Loads

Image
Description
The RAM Structural System has the ability to calculate the distribution of snow
drift loads to the adjacent supporting members. Snow Loads are applied using the
Layout - Loads - Snow command. Snow Load properties are specified using the
PropTable-Loads-Snow command (see Working with PropTables on page 44).
Snow Loads may be assigned over the whole floor or in sections of the floor. The Add option is used to
create a polygon which defines the boundary of the snow load assignment. This is done by clicking on
SnapTo points and/or using the Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry command to explicitly enter the
coordinates (see Keyboard Mode Coordinate Entry on page 27) to define the vertices of the load
polygon. Multiple load polygons can be defined. Snow loads can be assigned beyond the slab edge
boundary; the program will automatically "clip" the load assignment so that it is bordered by the slab
edge. If a snow load fails to cover the slab edge boundary, no load will be assigned to that area.
The Whole Floor option assigns the snow load to the entire floor. It does this by creating new points 5
ft. (1.52 m) beyond the floor dimensions in each direction, and laying down a rectangular polygon. This
ensures that the whole floor and slab edges are covered with a snow load polygon (unless the slab edge
distance is greater than 5 ft). Note that the Whole Floor option is only available when a Constant snow
load property is selected.
Drift loads have three Magnitudes associated with them. When a Drift load polygon is laid down, the
user is then prompted to associate each of the Magnitude values with a vertex of the polygon. As each
Magnitude is assigned to a vertex, that vertex is labeled graphically on the screen. If an error is made in
the assignment, it can either be corrected immediately in that dialog, or at any time by using the Layout
Loads Snow Loads Change Change Control Points command.
After a Snow load polygon has been laid down, the snow load polygon can be modified using the Change
Polygon command by clicking on a vertex and dragging that vertex to a new location. A new vertex can
be created by clicking on the middle of the polygon edge, and then dragging that new vertex to the
desired location. Two adjacent vertices can be combined merely by dragging one vertex over the other.
When one snow load assignment is laid over another, the last assignment made takes precedence;
overlapping snow loads are not cumulative.
In some cases it may be necessary to change the order, or Priority, of these polygons, moving them up or
down. This can be done using the Change Priority command. When invoked it displays a list of all of the
surface load polygons on that layout type. Selecting a polygon from that list causes the polygon to be
highlighted in plan. The Up and Down arrows can be used to move that polygon up or down in priority.
This command is useful, for example, if a polygon is completely covered by other polygons and is no
longer necessary; it can be moved up the list and then deleted.
Areas that have snow load assignments are depicted by a hatched pattern while in Snow Load Assign
Mode. Toggling the Snow Loads option of the Miscellaneous tab of the Options - Set Show Options
command will show all snow loads currently assigned to the floor. Snow Load Assignments may be
inspected using the Show option or modified using the Change option. The slab edge boundary should
be input before snow loads are assigned. If the slab boundary is not completely defined, the Modeler will
not display the snow loads. The Data Check can be used to obtain a report that lists any breaks in the
slab edge and where those breaks are located.
76

Making Assignments in Plan Mode
The Show Same command lists all of the Snow loads. When one is selected from the list, all occurrences
Snow load polygons may be laid down in any configuration desired. It is not necessary to lay down the
polygon sides so that they fall directly on beams; they can be laid down cutting through bays. The
program will distribute the snow loads to supporting members accordingly.
Snow loads that are assigned in areas that have no slab/deck will be ignored by the program.
While both Roof Live Loads and Snow Loads can be modeled within the same model, there is a limitation
in the program such that it can only recognize either Roof Live Loads or Snow Loads in the analysis and
design, it cannot recognize both simultaneously. The option of which to consider can be found in RAM
Manager in the Criteria - Live Load Reduction dialog. See the design manuals for more information on
snow load distribution.
3.18 Making Assignments in Plan Mode

This section is only relevant when a model has multiple levels and a given layout type is used on more
than one level. It is not relevant if every level is represented by a different layout type.
When a layout type is used on multiple levels, any assignment (such as member size or end fixity) made
to a particular member while in Plan mode affects every occurrence of that member. For example,
suppose the "Typical" layout type has been assigned to three levels in the Story Data, and beam number
1 is a lateral frame beam in that layout type. Any assignment made to beam number 1 is assigned to all
three occurrences of beam number 1 (one at each level where the "Typical" layout type is used).
For Gravity steel beams this is always true; Gravity steel beams in a given layout type will always be
identical in every occurrence of that layout type. For concrete beams the assignments can be
overridden in the RAM Concrete module and so may be different on different occurrences of the
same layout type.
For Gravity columns this is always true except as modified by the RAM Steel Column or RAM
Concrete Column Design modules.
This is true for assignments to lateral frame members made in Plan mode, but those assignments can
be overridden in Elevation mode, where assignments can be made to an individual member,
irrespective of layout types. Thus an individual member's data may diverge from the data stored in
the layout type (this is acceptable). Subsequent assignments made in Plan mode will remove any
previous divergence. This holds true for the following commands:
Layout - Frame Numbers
Layout - member type - Change Properties
Layout - member type - Change Material
Layout - member type - Assign Sizes
Layout - member type - Clear Sizes
Layout - member type - Assign Frame Fixity
Layout Beams Brace Points
The Show commands are useful in determining the current assignments to such members.
77

Making Assignments in Plan Mode
78
Modeling in Elevation Mode
Only lateral frame members are shown in Elevation Mode. Its primary function is to prepare a model for
frame analysis in RAM Frame. In Elevation mode, vertical braces can be modeled, nodal loads can be
defined and assigned, wall openings can be modeled, and member sizes and frame numbers can be
assigned.
Many of the commands available in Elevation mode are also available in Plan mode and have therefore
been discussed in the previous chapter.
4.1 Getting into Elevation Mode

Elevation mode is accessed through the View - Elevation Mode command. Upon invoking the
command, the target cursor will appear. Click the target cursor on any lateral beam or wall that is in the
plane of the view desired. This defines the view plane. The elevation view of that member and all
members that lie in the same plane will appear.
4.2 Working with Different Materials

The Materials menu functions the same way in Elevation Mode as it does in Plan Mode. Lateral members
can be Steel, Concrete or 'Other'. See Chapter 3, Modeling in Plan Mode, for an explanation on modeling
the different materials.
4.3 Working with Nodal Loads

The RAM Frame program provides the option of analyzing the model with a rigid diaphragm or with no
diaphragm. If the "Rigid Diaphragm" option is selected, lateral loads are defined as story forces in the
RAM Frame program or as Nodal Loads in the Modeler. If the "No Diaphragm" option is selected, lateral
loads must be defined as Nodal Loads, in Nodal Load Cases, from within the Elevation Mode Modeler.
Nodal Load Cases are used to group Nodal Loads that will be applied to the structure. For example, the
Wind forces in the X direction might comprise one Nodal Load Case and may consist of several Nodal
Loads, while the Seismic forces in the X direction might comprise another. Each Nodal Load Case is
given a unique descriptive label. There is no limit to the number of Nodal Load Cases that can be
defined. In the RAM Frame program, the user selects which load cases will be analyzed.
Nodal Loads and Nodal Load Cases are defined and assigned only in Elevation Mode.
79

Working with Columns and Beams
Image
Description
Nodal Load Cases are defined using the PropTable - Nodal Load Cases
command. When the command is issued, the Nodal Load Cases dialog box
appears. A unique descriptive label for each Nodal Load Case and the Type of
force (Wind, Seismic, Virtual or Other) is entered. The Type is used in the merging
of story and nodal loads and generation of load combinations in RAM Frame. The
Virtual Nodal Load Case is used for the RAM Frame Drift Control module; it is
used to determine the contribution of each member in the structure to the overall
drift in the direction of the virtual nodal load.
Nodal Loads are defined using the PropTable - Nodal Loads command. When
the command is issued, the Nodal Load Properties dialog box appears. A unique
descriptive label for each Nodal Load and the magnitude of the force acting in the
global X, Y, and Z directions is entered. Refer to the RAM Frame manual for
information on the sign convention of forces.
Nodal Loads are assigned to the model using the Layout - Nodal Loads
command. When this command is issued, the Nodal Load Layout Mode dialog box
appears. From this dialog box, the Nodal Load Case that contains the loads to be
assigned is selected from a drop down list box. The Nodal Load to be graphically
assigned is selected from the list box located at the bottom of the dialog box.
When the Add button is selected, the dialog box closes and the target cursor appears. Nodal Loads are
applied to the structure by clicking the target cursor at the intersections of the columns, beams, braces
and walls. When a nodal load is assigned to the frame, it is shown graphically.
4.4 Working with Columns and Beams

In Concrete or Other material mode, beam and column section properties are defined in the
PropTable command in either Plan mode or Elevation mode. Brace properties are defined in the
PropTable command in Elevation mode only. Section properties are assigned to members using the
Layout - member type - Assign Sizes command.
The commands in the Layout Columns and Layout Beams menus in Elevation mode are a subset of
those available in Plan mode. They work the same as the commands in Plan mode. See Chapter 3,
Modeling in Plan Mode on page 37, for an explanation of these commands.
4.5 Working with Walls

The commands in the Layout Walls menu in Elevation mode consist of a subset of those available in
Plan mode, plus a set of Wall Openings commands. The commands that are common in Elevation and
Plan modes work the same as in Plan mode. See Working with Horizontal Braces on page 58 for an
explanation of these commands.
80

Working with Braces
4.5.1 Working with Wall Openings

Wall openings can be modeled in RAM Modeler and will be automatically meshed in RAM Frame. For
more information on wall meshing, see the RAM Frame manual.
Below is a list along with a brief description of each command available for modeling wall openings.
Image
Description
Wall Openings are added to the model by using the Layout Walls Wall
Openings Add command. When wall openings are modeled, they are associated
with a wall, and are always referenced from a corner of that wall. If a wall is
subsequently stretched or shrunken, either by moving a grid or changing the
story height, the opening will maintain its position relative to the corner
specified. Wall openings may span multiple walls or may lie completely within a
wall other than the one it associated with, given a large enough offset from that
walls reference corner. However, the openings will always maintain their
position relative to the wall selected when the opening was initially modeled.
The Layout Walls Wall Openings Change command is used to change the
dimensions or location of an existing wall opening.
The Layout Walls Wall Openings Delete command is provided for the
deletion of unwanted wall openings. Wall openings are also deleted if the wall
referenced when modeling the wall opening is deleted, even if the wall opening
spans more than one wall or lies outside the reference wall altogether.
Detailed information on the wall opening can be viewed by invoking the Layout
Walls Wall Openings Show command. In addition to the dimensions, the wall
reference information is also shown.
4.6 Working with Braces

Image
Description
Braces are defined graphically in Elevation mode. A set of standard brace
configurations are available for selection in Layout - Braces - Add Standard
command, or special brace configurations can be defined using the Layout Braces - Add Special command. Standard brace configurations can be laid out
either one bay at a time by clicking the cursor inside the bay or several bays at
once by fencing an area. The Modeler then adds braces based on the user
specified data and the configuration of the bays.
81

Making Assignments in Elevation Mode
Image
Description
The default end fixity of braces is pinned in the major and minor axes as well as
against torsion. The fixity can be modified through the Layout - Braces - Assign
Fixity command.
Properties of the braces can be modified using Layout - Braces - Change
Properties command.
The material designation of the braces can be changed using a combination of the
Materials command and the Layout - Braces - Change Material command. First,
the new material is selected from the Materials menu and then the Change
Material command is invoked.
Braces can be removed from a bay using the Layout - Braces - Delete command.
Brace coordinates and brace properties can be inspected by using the Layout Braces - Show command.
Member sizes can be assigned using the Layout - Braces - Assign Size command.
For concrete and other braces, the section properties must be defined in the
Property Tables before the sizes can be assigned.
A detailed explanation of each command is available in the on-line help.
4.7 Making Assignments in Elevation Mode

When a layout type is used on multiple levels, any assignment (such as member size or end fixity) made
to a particular member while in Plan mode affects every occurrence of that member. For example,
suppose the "Typical" layout type has been assigned to three levels, and beam number 1 is a lateral
frame beam in that layout type. Any assignment made to beam number 1 is assigned to all three
occurrences of beam number 1 (one at each level). However, in Elevation mode, more flexibility is
afforded. Assignments can be made to an individual member, irrespective of layout types. In the
preceding example, if an assignment was made to beam number 1 at a particular level but not to beam
number 1 at the other two levels, only the beam at the particular level would be given that assignment.
Assignments that were made in Plan mode can be overridden in Elevation mode.
4.8 Exiting Elevation Mode

Elevation Mode can be exited by either of the following methods:
Double click on the command bar in the upper left hand corner of the screen, or
Click View - Plan Mode.
82

Exiting Elevation Mode
The program will return to Plan mode with the previous plan view showing. If desired a new elevation
view can be selected immediately.
83

Exiting Elevation Mode
84
Index
Numerics
3D View 29
Align Members 33
Assigning
Duct Sizes 56
Frame Fixity 37, 81
Frame Numbers 31
Sizes 37
Assigning Sizes 81
beam supports
updating 33
Beams 16, 51, 57
Brace Points 51
Braces 51, 58, 81
Button 27
Cellular Beams 57
Change Units 28
Colors 28
Columns 16, 41, 48
Composite
Floor Systems 45
Composite Deck 67
Concrete
Composite Deck 67
Floor Systems 45
Construction 17
Construction Grids 14, 17, 37
Continuous Foundations 60
Coordinate 27
Coordinate Entry 27
Copy 13
Copying
Layouts 39
Copying a Model 35
Cracked Section Factors 45
Creating 14, 15
Creating A Layout Type 13
Creating and Using 14
Cursor 25
DataCheck 18, 32
Deck
Layout 67
Orientation 67
Deck - Polygon 67, 72
Decking 37
Decks 45
Display 28
Display Options 28
distances 31
Drop Caps 69
Duct Sizes 56
DXF 39
DXF File 39
DXF File Import 39
Elevation 29, 41, 79

Elevation Mode 29, 79, 82
Exit
3-D View 29
3D View 29
Elevation Mode 82
Fence 25
File
Save 34
Save As 34, 35
Find 30
Find Member 30
85
Fixity 37, 48, 81

Floor Systems 45
Foundations 5961
Frame Fixity 37, 81
Frame Numbers 31
Framing 41
Full 25
Gravity 11
Gravity Members 11
Grid 14, 15, 17
Grid Systems
Selecting 17
Grids
Moving 16
Hanging Columns 41, 48

Horizontal Braces 58
Hot Keys 27
Import 39
introduction 9
Joists 56
Keyboard 27
Keyboard Mode Coordinate
Entry 27
Keys 27
Lateral 11
Lateral Members 11
Layout
Beams 51
Braces 81
Columns 48
Copy 13, 39
Foundations 59
Frame Numbers 31
Grids 14
Import DXF 39
Loads 70
Nodal Loads 79
Slab 37
Type 13
Walls 37, 58
Layout Types 26
Line Loads 71
Live Load Reduction 22, 48, 51
LL Reduction 22, 48, 51
Load Polygon 72
Loads 37, 7072, 74, 79
Making Assignments
Elevation Mode 82
Plan Mode 77
Mat Foundations 61
Materials 12, 24, 43, 79
Measure Distance 31
measuring 31
Member 30
Member Numbers 29
Members 29
Mode 27, 29
model notes 32
Modeling
Beams 51
Braces 81
Columns 48
Decks 67
Foundations 59
Horizontal Braces 58
Line Loads 71
Nodal Loads 79
Penetrations 67
Point Loads 71
Slab Edges 63
Sloping Framing 41
Smartbeams 56
Surface Loads 72
Walls 58
Westok Cellular Beams 57
Modify 41
Modify Elevation 41
Move
beams 16
Beams 51
columns 16
Columns 48
grids 16
Moving 16
Multiple Diaphragms
Line Loads 71
Slab Edges 63
Surface Loads 67, 72
Nodal Loads 79
Noncomposite Deck 67
Noncompostie 67
Numbers 29, 31
One-Way 63
One-Way Deck 63, 67
One-Way/Two-Way 63
Openings 51
Options
Change Units 28
Pen Colors 28
Renumber Members 29
Set Show Options 28
Show Brace Points 51
Show Property 29
Show Sizes 56
Orientations 67
Pen Colors 28
86
Penetrations 67
Plan 29
Plan Mode 29, 37, 77
Point Loads 71
PropTable
Beam Section 44
Brace Section 44
Column Section 44
Decking 37
Decks 45
Loads 37, 46, 47
Nodal Loads 79
proptables 44
RAM Modeler 34, 35

Redo 25
Reference 26
Reference Layout Types 26
Renumber Members 29
Restrictions 51
Right Mouse Button 27
Save 34
Saving a Model 32, 34
Scroll 25
Scroll Bars 25
Selecting 17
Set Show Options 28
Show 29
Single 59
Single Column Footings 59
Single Column Foundations 59
Single Footings 59
Single Foundations 59
Size 51
Size Restrictions 51
Sizes 37, 56, 81
Slab 37, 63
Slab Action
One-Way/Two-Way 63, 67
Slab Edges 63
Sloping Framing
Braces 41
Columns 48
Loads 74
Modeling 41
Smartbeams
Duct Sizes 56
snap points 26
Snow Loads 75
Splice Level 13
Status bar 24
Steel Joists 56
Steel Table 51
Story data 13
Surface Loads 72
System 14
Systems 14, 17
Table 51
toolbars
pirmary 18
Toolbars 18, 2224
Two-Way 63
Two-Way Deck 63, 67
Type 13
Types 26
Undo 25, 29
Undo/Redo 25
Units 28
Using 14, 15
Find 30
Wall openings 81
Walls 37, 58
Web Openings 51
Westok 57
Westok Cellular Beams 57
Zoom
Fence 25
Full 25
View
Elevation Mode 79
87
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RAM Structural System

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RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

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RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

Invoking the RAM Modeler .................................................................................................................................................. 11

Chapter 3: Modeling in Plan Mode .................................................................................... 37

Overview: The Recommended Sequence of Operations ..........................................................................................37

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

Importing a DXF file ................................................................................................................................................................ 39

Chapter 4: Modeling in Elevation Mode ............................................................................ 79

Getting into Elevation Mode ................................................................................................................................................ 79

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

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RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Modeler Basics

2.1 Invoking the RAM Modeler

2.2 Getting the Current Version and Copyright Information.

2.3 Gravity Versus Lateral Members

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Modeler Basics

2.4 Model Types

Steel Beams, Columns and Braces

Steel Joists and Joist Girders

CMC SMARTBEAM (available only in the US)

Westok Cellular Beam

Westok Cellular Beams (available only in the UK)

Concrete Beams, Columns, Braces and Walls

Beams, Columns, Braces and Walls

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Modeler Basics

2.6 Layout Types

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Modeler Basics

2.7 Story Data

2.8 Grids and Grid Systems

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Modeler Basics

2.8.1 Creating and Using Grids Systems

2.8.2 Creating and Using Grids in a Grid System

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Modeler Basics

2.8.3 Moving Grids in a Grid System

RAM Structural System

RAM Modeler User Manual

RAM Modeler Basics

2.8.4 Selecting Grid Systems