Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Soil pollution
4. Solid waste pollution
5. Hazardous waste pollution
Air pollution:
It can be defined as the presence of chemicals in the atmosphere in
quantities and duration that are harmful to human health and the
environment. It occurs when the concentration of certain materials become
high enough to cause the atmospheric environment to become toxic.
Sources:
i) Natural Sources
• Volcanic eruptions emitting poisonous gases
• Decay of vegetation
• Marsh gases
• Pollen grains
• Forest fires
i) Man made Sources
• Increase in pollution
• Deforestation
• Fossil fuel combustion
• Vehicular emissions
• Industrialization
• Use of pesticides, insecticides in agriculture
• Explosives used in wars
i) Gaseous pollutants: these are the gases which mix with the air
without settling down. Gaseous pollutants include CO, SO2, CO2, SO3,
NOx and hydrocarbons.
ii) Particulate pollutants: it comprises of finely divided solids or liquids.
These include dust, smoke, smog, lead, mercury, cadmium and
asbestos.
1. Carbon Monoxide
It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless gas that is by far the most
abundant of the air pollutants.
Source:
It is produced due to:
• Incomplete combustion of fuels
• Automobile exhausts
• Industrial operation
Effects:
The levels of CO present in the urban air do not affect significantly the
plants and materials. However, these levels adversely affect human
health. In urban areas, the soil available is insufficient to act as a sink
thereby increasing the level of CO beyond permissible limits.
Effects:
• Almost all the NOx emissions are in the form of NO, which has no
known adverse health effects at the concentrations found in
atmosphere.
• However, NO can oxidize to NO2, which in turn may react with
hydrocarbons in the presence of sunlight to form photochemical
smog.
• The HNO3 formed by NO2 causes acid rain which has corroding
effect on marble and the metallic structures. It decreases pH of
the soil, affecting its fertility.
Control of NOx:
(a) Modifying the engine design: Reducing the amount of excess air for
combustion in air helps in controlling NOx emissions. The burners
are so modified that the fuel and the air mix more slowly reducing
the intensity and temperature of combustion.
(b) Scrubbing the flue gases: The flue gases are scrubbed with H2SO4 in
a scrubber. The reaction product thus obtained is then decomposed
to nitric acid and NO.
(c) Selective catalytic reduction: The selective catalytic reduction can
be achieved through CH4, NH3 and CO. The NOx is added to the
exhaust gases and the mixture is passed over a fixed bed catalyst
such as copper oxide.
1. Photochemical Smog:
‘Smog’ is the combination of two words ‘smoke’ and ‘fog’. Smog is of
two types:
(a) London Smog:
The smog from SOx particulates and humidity is known as London
Smog. This type of smog caused death of around 4000 people in
London in 1952, hence the name. The mixture of smoke, SOx and
fog is chemically a reducing mixture and hence also termed as
reducing smog.
(b)Los Angeles Fog (Photochemical Smog): it results from the
photochemical reactions of the atmosphere. It is the atmospheric
haze that is formed near many large cities and is due to the action
of sunlight on hydrocarbons and the nitrogen oxides. This type of
smog was first observed in Los Angeles in 1950.
1. Acid Rain:
Unpolluted rain water is slightly acidic due to the presence of CO2 in
the atmosphere. CO2 combines with the water to form a weak solution
of carbonic acid with a pH of about 5.6
However in polluted environments, the rain passes through an
atmosphere polluted with oxides of sulphur and nitrogen. The falling
rain reacts with these oxides to form a mixture of sulphuric acid and
nitric acid and water. This is known as acid rain.
Acid Rain Formation:
The oxides of sulphur react with moisture to form H2SO4 in steps:
SO2 + O22SO3
SO3 + H2O H2SO4
Depletion of Ozone:
Ozone depletion has been found to occur through the following types
of compounds:
Effects:
• The existing ozone layer screens out more than 99% of incoming
UV radiations. The small fractions gets through is known to cause
sunburn, skin cancer and various kinds of damage to animal and
plants.
• The genetic material DNA has the capacity to absorb UV
radiations which may cause various disruptive defects.
• 5% depletion in ozone produces 10% increase in radiations
reaching the earth according to an estimate.
• Exposure to UV radiation damages the cornea and lens of the
eye causing blindness.
Water Pollution:
When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans and other water
bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water. This results in the
pollution of water where by the quality of water deteriorates.
Sources:
1. Pathogens:
These are disease causing organisms that grow and multiply within the
host. Water is potential carrier of pathogenic microorganisms. These
pathogens are carried into the water bodies by sewage and wastes from
farm and various industries.
3. Plant nutrients:
Nutrients are chemicals, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, carbon, sulphur,
calcium, potassium, iron etc. that are essential to growth of living things.
However, in terms of water, these nutrients are considered as pollutants;
when their concentrations are sufficient allow excessive growth of aquatic
plants, particularly, algae. When these algae die and decompose they add
undesirable odor and objectionable taste of water. Further, the decaying
of organic matter oxidizes and leads to reduced DO levels. The gradual
accumulation of silt and organic matter is known as eutrophication.
High concentration of nutrients poses the problem of eutrophication but
also when found in drinking water it is a serious health hazard.
Heavy Metals:
It refers to metals with specific gravity greater than 4 or 5. Metals may be
inhaled or digested and have adverse effects on the body. Cadmium, lead
and mercury are nephrotoxic metals.
5. Sediments:
They include soil, sand and mineral particles washed into aquatic
environment by storms and flood waters. They are sources of organic and
inorganic matter which reduces the storage capacity. This decreases
evolution of oxygen and hence cannot support aquatic animals.
6. Radioactive Substances:
They enter aquatic system through the use of naturally occurring or
artificially produced radioactive materials. These pollutants enter the
water system through:
(a) Mining and processing of ores
(b)Nuclear power plants
(c) Leakage from underground nuclear detonations
(d)Radioisotopes in medicine etc.
These substances can enter human body through food and water and
cause cancer, eye cataract etc.
1. Thermal Discharges:
The used coolant water in industries id directly discharged into water
bodies which increases their temperature. This is thermal pollution.
Rise in temperature decreases DO content which affects the aquatic life.
2. Oil:
It is added to water bodies from industries as effluents oil refineries,
storage tanks and automobile waste oil. Oil being insoluble in water, floats
over it. It may penetrate the feathers of birds such that they find difficulty
in floating and flying. They may ingest it and die.
• Physical
• Chemical
• Biological
1. Primary Treatment:
It utilizes physical processes like screening to remove a portion of
pollutants that settle or float.
(a) Pretreatment: It consists of screening and grit removal. Screening
removes large floating objects which are disposed off. Then water
passes into grit chamber where velocity of water is reduced.
(b)Sedimentation: From grit chamber sewage passes into primary
settling tank called sedimentation basin. It clarifies suspended
solids and 40% of organic matter.
1. Secondary Treatment:
The purpose here is to remove organic matter and is based upon
biological process similar to natural biodegradation by aerobic
bacteria. They include:
(a) Coagulation of colloidal matter
(b)Oxidation of organic matter
(c) Conversion of nitrogeneous matter to ammonia and finally to
nitrites and nitrates
(d)Anaerobic digestion of sludge
1. Tertiary Treatment:
It improves the quality of effluent further. It includes removal of:
(a) Suspended solids
(b)Bacteria
(c) Dissolved organic solids
(d)Toxics
(e) Nutrients
Soil Pollution:
Sources
Effects
Soil pollution adds a no. of chemicals to it and these are transferred into
humans through food chains.
Use of pesticides makes soil contaminated and is also persistent. The most
dangerous pesticide DDT is now banned as it accumulates in the food chain.
Control
They include method to reduce and dispose soil wastes. This can be
achieved through following ways-