Steel Structures

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

- Strain +

Compression Tension

Steel
Types:
Light gauge steel
Heavy steel
Advantages:
Can be recycled
Ductile (absorbs seismic energy)
Lighter than concrete and masonry
(small seismic forces)
No limitation of height or floor area
Hysteresis loop
(test stress-strain curve)
E = Energy absorbed by
ductility

Steel structures

Challenges:
Requires much energy to produce
Higher cost than other material
Requires fire proofing
Requires accurate workmanship
Limited availability in some countries

Prof Schierle

Light-gauge
Channel stud
1. C-stud
2. I-stud
3. C-joist
4. I-joist

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

steel

(cold-rolled)

(2 6)
(2 6)
(3 5/8 8)
(6 12)
(6 12)

Light-gauge steel curtain wall

Attached to steel frame

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

http://www.dietrichmetalframing.com/ultrasteel/menu.asp
Steel structures

Prof Schierle

Steel production
Steel structures

Prof Schierle

19th Century Train Station (3-hinge arch)

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

19th century hinge support

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

USC steel frame building

Moment joint
Beam flanges welded
Dog-bone reduces joint stress

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

Pin joint
Flanges
not welded

Steel structures
Prof Schierle
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Classic moment frame

Dog-bone joints reduced size reduces joint stress

Dog-bone moment frame

Coalbrookdale bridge by Darby (first iron bridge, 1777-79)

30 m

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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by Gustav Eiffel

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Heavy steel shapes

Profiles:
1. W-shape, light
2. W-shape, heavy
3. S-shape, Standard
4. W-shape, wide flange
5. C-shape, Channel
6. T-shape
Cut from S-shape
Cut from W-shape
7. Angle, unequal legs
Double angle
8. Angle, equal legs
Double angle
9. Pipe
Standard
Extra strong
Double extra strong
10. Structural Tubing
Square
Rectangular
Steel structures

Prof Schierle

typical labels
(W14x22)
(W14x730)
(S12x50)
(W16x40)
(C10x30)
(ST6x25)
(WT8x20)
(L6x4x)
(DL6x4x)
(L4x4x)
(DL3x3x)
(P4)
(XP4)
(DXP4)
(ST6x6x)
(ST8x4x)
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A
B
C
D
E
F

Floor / roof framing

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

Concrete slab on steel deck

Steel Q-deck
Truss joist
Support bracket
Alternate prefab concrete slab
Wide-flange steel beam

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Steel joints

Steel structures

Pin joint, transfers only beam shear to column

Classic moment joint, transfers shear and bending moment

Dog-bone moment joint, reduces seismic joint stress

Joist to beam joint with top flange cut back

Beam to beam joint with both flanges cut back

Column

Beam

Connector angles, usually shop welded, field bolted

Machine bolts, usually installed in field to connect beam

Welded connection of beam flanges to column

Stiffener plates resist bending stress from beam flanges

Secondary beam / joist supported by primary beam / girder

Prof Schierle

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Steel moment frames

(wood structure ocean front)
Beam / column moment joints
provide lateral resistance for
wide ocean view

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Truss floors
X-braced towers
provide lateral resistance

Joist / beam roof

Optimal spacing:
Joists ~ 10
Beams ~ 30
Posts ~ 30x30

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Expressed steel
Hillside house
Architect: Helmut Schulitz
Braced frame

Imos factory
Architect: Richard Rogers
Engineer: Anthony Hunt
Stayed roof

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Currigan exhibit hall, Denver

Architect: Muchow, Ream, and Larson
The space truss is expressed inside and along
the roof edge outside. Inverted truss pyramids
support define the organization.
The space truss has four modules of 240x680
combined length.
The truss is two layers deep to reduce buckling
length of web bars.
Top and bottom grids, 10x10. are offset by half
a module and joined by pyramidal web bars.
Truss bars consist of twin-Ls, joined by gussets.
The span/depth ratio is 6.5, DL = 13 psf.

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Festival Plaza, Expo 70, Osaka

Architect: Kenzo Tange
Engineer: Yoshitomi Suga
Six towers support the 108x292 m space truss
providing about equal span both ways
Equal spans assure equal deflection
(both spans equally efficient)

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Larkspur Ferry Terminal, San Francisco

Architect: Jacques De Brer
Engineer: Kaiser Engineers

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Olympic Arena Barcelona

Architect: Arata Isozaki
Engineer: Mamoru Kawaguchi
The 1992 106x128 m Olympic Pentadome
space truss consists of 5 units assembled at
ground and lifted to final position.
Assembly at ground

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

Erection

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Tree structure

Airport terminal Stuttgart

Architect: Von Gerkan / Marg
Engineer: Weidleplan
Features:

12 trees, each 80 x 80

Four pipe stems, 48 branches

Skylights separate units

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Airport Terminal Stansted, UK

Architect: Norman Foster Associates
Engineer: Ove Arup and Partners
Steel lattice domes are supported by 36x36 m
trees that integrate mechanical services.
Four strands secure each dome to trunks for
lateral stability.

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Airport Terminal Hamburg

Architect: Von Gerkan / Marg
Engineer: Kockjoy, Schwarz, Weber
Prismatic truss
Airport Terminal, Chicago
Architect: Helmut Jahn
Folded truss

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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IBM sports hall, UK

Architect: Nicholas Grimshaw
Prismatic truss frame

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Sainsbury Center, UK
Architect: Norman Foster
Engineer: Anthony Hunt
Prismatic truss frame

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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SPACE TRUSS

Javits Convention Center New York

Architect: I M Pei
Engineer: Weidlinger

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Currigan Exhibit Hall, Denver

Architect: Muchow, Ream, and Larson

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Centre Pompidou, Paris

Architect: Piano and Rodgers
Engineer: Ove Arup
The Centre Pompidou features six levels exhibit space 60 x 166 m
Warren Trusses span the 60 m width

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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CDG metro station 2 Paris

Architect / Engineer: Paul Andrew

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Braced frame
Office Building
Architect: David Gray
Engineer: Dimitry Vergun
Location:
Santa Monica, N/W of
Colorado Blvd/ 7th street

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Grid shell
Aluminum
HPR dome, Walla Walla, USA
Architect: Environmental Concern, Inc.
Engineer / builder: Temcor
Geodesic aluminum dome

206 diameter

42 depth

Span / depth ratio 4.9

Weighs less than 3 psf

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Point supported glass

Exhibit Hall Leipzig

Architect: Von Gerkan Marg
Engineer: IPP, Ian Ritchie glass support
Point-supported glass with silicon joints

Central access

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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New Exhibit Hall Leipzig

244 x 79 x 28 m high vault - truss arches spaced 25 m

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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Steel is strong, durable , and recyclable

Steel structures

Prof Schierle

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