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Vamshikrishna R. Kandula
Electrical and Computer Engineering, San Diego State University
San Diego, CA, USA. vamsikandula18@gmail.com
I. INTRODUCTION
An antenna or aerial can be defined as a means for
radiating or receiving radio waves. In other words the antenna
is the transitional structure between free space and a guiding
device. The guiding device or transmission line may take the
form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe (wave guide), and it is
for transporting electromagnetic energy from the transmitting
source to the antenna. In this report, we included three different
types of antennas namely half-wave dipole, monopole and
circular loop antenna.
II. THEORY
A. Dipoles: The dipole antenna or dipole aerial is one of the
most important and commonly used types of RF antenna. A
dipole antenna is based upon the concept of dipole electrons. It
is essentially two element (split wires) that are used to irradiate
an electromagnetic signal when time varying electric signal is
sent through it.
(5)
(6)
where D is directivity, Do is maximum directivity, U is
radiation intensity, Umax is maximum radiation intensity, Uo
is radiation intensity of isotropic source, Prad is total radiated
power.
III. DESIGN METHODOLOGY
A. Software: HFSS (High Frequency structural simulator)
software is an industry standard for simulating 3-D full -wave
electromagnetic field. HFSS is atoolused for antenna design
and complex RF electronic circuit elements such as filters and
transmission lines.
B. Procedure: The dimensions and gap were built into
HFSS. The used of the HFSS Antenna Design Kit eased the
process of building the antenna. The results were collected and
compare the PCAAD estimated results to the one from HFSS.
Then do the same procedure for the rest of the project.
Designing a loop antenna was a different from monopole
and dipole antenna. Following the procedure mention in the
previous paragraph, we skipped using the HFSS Antenna
Design Kit and design our antenna. By using the torus shape
for the shape of the loop antenna, we subtracted a small
cylindrical piece of it for the lump port; thus creating a loop
antenna.
IV. DESIGN RESULTS AND ANALYSISS
A. Dipole:
Figure 5:Bandwidth
B. Monopole:
Figure 8 : Bandwidth
Figure 12: Bandwidth
Figure 9: 3D pattern
V. CONCLUSION
By completing this project, We gained insight into the
operation of different type of antennas: Dipole, monopole, and
loop antenna. We calculated antenna geometry based on
design
goals
which
support
by
the theory. We designed the antennas to operate at 2.4GHz.
References
[1] Constantine A. Balanis Antenna Theory and Design,3rd
edition.
[2]. Antennas by J.D. Krauss 2nd Edition.
Figure 14:Gain plot
[3].www.nptel.iitm.ac.in