Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Objectives
Understanding :
- the origin of the propulsive force
- the characteristics of the sails
- the difference of beating/reaching in a
propulsive point of view
- the interest of the different sails
P1
P2
P1
P2
Aerodynamic force
Our half-tube is
the same as
the a wing...
Drag
Boundary layer
Laminar
Turbulent
Speed = Sf
It could be laminar or
trubulent.
Speed = 0
Turbulent
Separation point
Whirling
The wing
If the incidence angle is too high, the separation appears earlier, and the
lifting force decreases dramatically, so the airplane stalls.
We know how a airplane can fly... But what about the sailing boat ?
- Asymmetrical profile
- flexible shape
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The keel
Lift
Drag
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The dagger-board
is lifted
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The rudder
The rudder has also a symmetrical wing profile.
When the helm is on the axis, because of
symmetry, no lifting force.
Drag
The sails
Force
Drift
Lift
Propulsive
Drag
Lift (perpendicular to
apparent wind) and drag
(apparent wind direction)
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Max deflection
Leading edge
Trailing edge
Chord
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Composition of a sail
Material
Stress
Diplacement
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3 fixation points :
The head : the upper
point, fixed
The tack : fore and lower
point, fixed
The clew, aft and lower,
mobile.
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Trough dimension
Trough position
We choose
the course
We choose
the power
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Characteristic : twisting
Incidence angles are different in function of the profile height.
The sail is more opened in the top.
Why ? To reduce induced drag
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2 sails
2 sails, working together...
But 2 sails 2 x 1 sails
2 sails (2)
2nd comment : the fluid flow is influenced around both sails
For the jib, the flow comes a bit more from side : good influence
For the mainsail, it comes a bit more from front : bad influence
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2 sails (3)
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The rigging
Masthead or fractional rig
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Need of a pillar.
Problem of watertightness
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Cunningham : to tight
vertically the luff of the sail
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Stress in the
rigging
How to calculate the stress in
the rigging?
Very complex...
We will see
Efforts can be :
- pressure from the wind
- inertia force when waves
- force from water in case of
capsizing
Difficult to calculate
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Number of spreaders ?
Why having 1,
2 or even 3
spreaders?
By having
smaller
spreaders, the
genoa can be
more taken in,
so better close
hauled.
The mast
The compression in a mast is very
important.
In function of the height, the
compression is +/- high.
Medium compression
Buckling load : F= pi E i / (a l)
High compression
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Swept spreaders
Compression
Tension
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Details
2 types of mainsail
furlers :
- in the boom : battens
have to be horizontal
- in the mast : battens
have to be vertical
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Light sails
Asymmetric (spinnaker)
Spinnaker
Gennaker
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Spinnaker
The spinnaker is
symmetric.
It can be used when the
wind is from 100 to
180.
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Spinnaker (2)
3 fixation point :
- in the mast
- the tack (with the pole)
- the clew
(inversible)
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Spinnaker (3)
2 ways of working :
+ an upper force
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Asymmetric spinnaker
Asymmetric...
From 80 to 150 from the wind
2 fixed points (mast and stem).
Easier
Sometime, with a bowsprit
Spinnaker
Gennaker
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Gennaker
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Bibliography
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