Three Gorges Dam

The Three Gorges Dam is a hydroelectric dam that spans

the Yangtze River by the town of Sandouping, located
in Yiling District, Yichang, Hubei province, China. The
Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest power station in
terms of installed capacity (22,500 MW). The dam is the
second largest operating hydroelectric facility in terms of
annual energy generation, generating 98.1 TWh in 2012
and 83.7 TWh in 2013, while the annual energy generation of the Itaip Dam in Brazil and Paraguay was 98.3
TWh in 2012 and 98.6 TWh in 2013. * [2]
Except for a ship lift, the dam project was completed and
fully functional as of July 4, 2012,* [3]* [4] when the last
of the main water turbines in the underground plant began production. Each main water turbine has a capacity of 700 MW.* [5]* [6] The dam body was completed
in 2006. Coupling the dam's 32 main turbines with two
smaller generators (50 MW each) to power the plant itself, the total electric generating capacity of the dam is
22,500 MW.* [5]* [7]* [8]
As well as producing electricity, the dam is intended
to increase the Yangtze River's shipping capacity and
reduce the potential for oods downstream by providing ood storage space.
The Chinese government regards the project as a historic engineering,
social and economic success,* [9] with the design of
state-of-the-art large turbines,* [10] and a move toward
limiting greenhouse gas emissions.* [11] However, the
dam ooded archaeological and cultural sites and displaced some 1.3 million people, and is causing signicant ecological changes, including an increased risk of
landslides.* [12] The dam has been a controversial topic
both domestically and abroad.* [13]

In his poem Swimming(1956), engraved on the 1954 Flood

Memorial in Wuhan, Mao Zedong envisionswalls of stoneto
be erected upstream.* [14]

and drew up a dam proposal for the 'Yangtze River

Project'.* [17] Some 54 Chinese engineers went to the
U.S. for training. The original plans called for the dam
to employ a unique method for moving ships; the ships
would move into locks located at the lower and upper ends
of the dam and then cranes with cables would move the
ships from one lock to the next. In the case of smaller water craft, groups of craft would be lifted together for eciency. It is not known whether this solution was considered for its water-saving performance or because the engineers thought the dierence in height between the river
above and below the dam too great for alternative methods.* [18] Some exploration, survey, economic study, and
design work was done, but the government, in the midst
of the Chinese Civil War, halted work in 1947.

History

A large dam across the Yangtze River was originally envisioned by Sun Yat-sen in The International Development
of China, in 1919.* [15]* [16] He stated that a dam capable
of generating 30 million horsepower (22 GW) was possible downstream of the Three Gorges.* [16] In 1932, the
Nationalist government, led by Chiang Kai-shek, began
preliminary work on plans in the Three Gorges. In 1939,
Japanese military forces occupied Yichang and surveyed
the area. A design, the Otani plan, was completed for the
dam in anticipation of a Japanese victory over China.

After the 1949 Communist takeover, Mao Zedong

supported the project, but began the Gezhouba Dam
project nearby rst, and economic problems including the
Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution slowed
In 1944, the United States Bureau of Reclamation chief progress. After the 1954 Yangtze River Floods, in 1956,
design engineer, John L. Savage, surveyed the area Mao Zedong authored Swimming, a poem about his
1

ECONOMICS

fascination with a dam on the Yangtze River. In 1958, af- and the ship lock. The ship lift is to the right of the dam
ter the Hundred Flowers Campaign, some engineers who body with its own designated waterway. The ship locks
spoke out against the project were imprisoned.* [19]
are to the right (northeast) of the ship lift.
During the 1980s, the idea of a dam reemerged. The
National People's Congress approved the dam in 1992:
out of 2,633 delegates, 1,767 voted in favour, 177 voted
against, 664 forfeited, and 25 members did not vote.* [20]
Construction started on December 14, 1994.* [21] The
dam was expected to be fully operational in 2009, but
additional projects, such as the underground power plant
with six additional generators, delayed full operation until
May 2012.* [8]* [19] The ship lift is expected to be completed in 2014.* [22] The dam had raised the water level
in the reservoir to 172.5 m (566 ft) above sea level by the
end of 2008 and the designed maximum level of 175 m
(574 ft) by October 2010.* [23]* [24]

Earthll south dam in foreground with view along main

dam. The wall beyond is to separate spillway and turbine
ows from the lock and ship lift upstream approach
channel. A similar separation is used on the downstream
side, seen partially in the preceding image.
Made of concrete and steel, the dam is 2,335 m (7,661
ft) long and the top of the dam is 185 metres (607 ft)
above sea level. The project used 27.2 million cubic metres (35.6106 cu yd) of concrete (mainly for the dam
wall), 463,000 tonnes of steel (enough to build 63 Eiel
Towers) and moved about 102.6 million cubic metres
(134.2106 cu yd) of earth.* [25] The concrete dam wall
is 181 metres (594 ft) high above the rock basis.

When the water level is at its maximum of 175 metres

(574 ft) above sea level, which is 110 metres (361 ft)
higher than the river level downstream, the dam reservoir
is on average about 660 kilometres (410 mi) in length and
1.12 kilometres (3,700 ft) in width. It contains 39.3 km3
(31,900,000 acreft) of water and has a total surface area
of 1,045 square kilometres (403 sq mi). On completion,
the reservoir ooded a total area of 632 square kilometres (244 sq mi) of land, compared to the 1,350 square
Map of the location of the Three Gorges Dam and the
kilometres (520 sq mi) of reservoir created by the Itaipu
most important cities along the Yangtze River
Dam.* [26]

Composition and dimensions

3 Economics

The government estimated that the Three Gorges Dam

project would cost 180 billion yuan (US$22.5 billion).* [27] By the end of 2008, spending had reached
148.365 billion yuan, among which 64.613 billion yuan
was spent on construction, 68.557 billion yuan on relocating aected residents, and 15.195 billion yuan on nancing.* [28] It is estimated that the construction cost will be
Model of the Three Gorges Dam looking upstream,
recovered when the dam has generated 1,000 terawattshowing the dam body (middle left), the spillway (middle
hours (3,600 PJ) of electricity, yielding 250 billion yuan.
of the dam body) and the ship lift (to the right).
Full cost recovery is expected to occur ten years after the
dam starts full operation.* [27]
Funding sources include the Three Gorges Dam Construction Fund, prots from the Gezhouba Dam, loans
from the China Development Bank, loans from domestic and foreign commercial banks, corporate bonds, and
revenue before and after the dam is fully operational. Additional charges were assessed as follows: Every province
Model of the Three Gorges Dam showing the ship lift receiving power from the Three Gorges Dam has to pay

4.2

Generators

7.00 per MWh extra. Other provinces had to pay an those 32 main generators, 14 are installed in the north side
additional charge of 4.00 per MWh. Tibet pays no sur- of the dam, 12 in the south side, and the remaining six in
charge.* [29]
the underground power plant in the mountain south of the
dam. The expected annual electricity generation will be
over 100 TWh.* [30]

4.2 Generators

Panorama of the Three Gorges Dam

4
4.1

Power generation and distribution

The main generators weigh about 6,000 tonnes each and

are designed to produce more than 700 MW of power.
The designed head of the generator is 80.6 meters (264
ft). The ow rate varies between 600950 cubic metres per second (21,00034,000 cu ft/s) depending on
the head available. The greater the head, the less water
needed to reach full power. Three Gorges uses Francis
turbines. Turbine diameter is 9.7/10.4 m (VGS design/Alstom's design) and rotation speed is 75 revolutions
per minute. Rated power is 778 MVA, with a maximum
of 840 MVA and a power factor of 0.9. The generator
produces electrical power at 20 kV. The outer diameter
of the generator stator is 21.4/20.9 m. The inner diameter
is 18.5/18.8 m. The stator, the biggest of its kind, is 3.1/3
m in height. Bearing load is 5050/5500 tonnes. Average
eciency is over 94%, and reaches 96.5%.* [31]* [32]

Generating capacity

Three Gorges Dam Francis turbine

Electricity production in China by source. Compare: The fully

completed Three Gorges dam will contribute about 100 TWh of
generation per year.
thermofossil
hydroelectric
nuclear

Power generation is managed by China Yangtze Power,

a listed subsidiary of China Three Gorges Corporation
(CTGC) a Central Enterprise SOE administered by
SASAC. The Three Gorges Dam is the world's largest
capacity hydroelectric power station with 34 generators:
32 main generators, each with a capacity of 700 MW,
and two plant power generators, each with capacity of 50
MW, making a total capacity of 22,500 MW.* [5] Among

The generators are manufactured by two joint ventures.

One of them includes Alstom, ABB Group, Kvaerner,
and the Chinese company Haerbin Motor. The other includes Voith, General Electric, Siemens (abbreviated as
VGS), and the Chinese company Oriental Motor. The
technology transfer agreement was signed together with
the contract. Most of the generators are water-cooled.
Some newer ones are air-cooled, which are simpler in design and manufacture and are easier to maintain.* [33]

4.3 Generator installation progress

The 14 north side main generators are in operation. The
rst (No. 2) started on July 10, 2003. The north side became completely operational September 7, 2005 with the
implementation of generator No. 9. Full power (9,800

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

MW) was only reached on October 18, 2006 after the ood, the plant rst reached its maximum output for a
water level reached 156 m.* [34]
short period.* [46]
The 12 south side main generators are also in operation.
No. 22 began operation on June 11, 2007 and No. 15
started up on October 30, 2008.* [6] The sixth (No. 17)
began operation on December 18, 2007, raising capacity to 14.1 GW, nally surpassing Itaipu (14.0 GW), to
become the world's largest hydro power plant by capacity.* [35]* [36]* [37]* [38]

During the November to May dry season, power output

is limited by the river's ow rate, as seen in the diagrams
on the right. When there is enough ow, power output
is limited by plant generating capacity. The maximum
power-output curves were calculated based on the average
ow rate at the dam site, assuming the water level is 175
m and the plant gross eciency is 90.15%. The actual
based on the monthly
The 6 underground main generators are also in operation power output in 2008 was obtained
*
*
electricity
sent
to
the
grid.
[47]
[48]
as of May 23, 2012, when the last main generator, No.
27, nished its nal test.* [3] raising capacity to 22.5 GW. The Three Gorges Dam reached its design-maximum
After 9 years of construction, installation and testing, the reservoir water level of 175 m (574 ft) for the rst time on
power plant is now fully operational.* [8]* [39]* [40]* [41] October 26, 2010, in which the intended annual powergeneration capacity of 84.7 TWh was realized.* [23] In
2012, the dam's 32 generating units generated a record
98.1 TWh of electricity, which accounts for 14% of
4.4 Output milestones
China's total hydro generation.* [49]

4.5 Distribution
The State Grid Corporation and China Southern Power
Grid paid a at rate of 250 per MWh (US$35.7) until
July 2, 2008. Since then, the price has varied by province,
from 228.7401.8 per MWh. Higher-paying customers
receive priority, such as Shanghai.* [56] Nine provinces
and two cities consume power from the dam.* [57]

Three Gorges Dam annual power output

Yangtze River ow rate comparing to the dam intake capacity

Power distribution and transmission infrastructure cost

about 34.387 billion Yuan. Construction was completed
in December 2007, one year ahead of schedule.* [58]
Power is distributed over multiple 500 kilovolt (kV)
transmission lines. Three Direct current (DC) lines to the
East China Grid carry 7,200 MW: Three Gorges Shanghai (3,000 MW), HVDC Three Gorges Changzhou
(3,000 MW), and HVDC Gezhouba Shanghai (1,200
MW). The alternating current (AC) lines to the Central
China Grid have a total capacity of 12,000 MW. The DC
transmission line HVDC Three Gorges Guangdong to
the South China Grid has a capacity of 3,000 MW.* [59]
The dam was expected to provide 10% of China's power.
However, electricity demand has increased more quickly
than previously projected. Even fully operational, on average, it supports only about 1.7% of electricity demand
in China in the year of 2011, when the Chinese electricity
demand reached 4692.8 TWh.* [60]* [61]

By August 16, 2011, the plant had generated 500 TWh

5 Environmental impact
of electricity.* [42]* [43] In July 2008 it generated 10.3
*
TWh of electricity, its rst month over 10 TWh. [44] On
June 30, 2009, after the river ow rate increased to over 5.1 Emissions
24,000 m3 , all 28 generators were switched on, producing only 16,100 MW because the head available during According to the National Development and Reform
ood season is insucient.* [45] During an August 2009 Commission of China, 366 grams of coal would produce

5.2

Erosion and sedimentation

5
reducing carbon dioxide emission by 630,000 tonnes.
From 2004 to 2007 a total of 198 million tonnes of goods
passed through the ship locks. Compared to using trucking, barges reduced carbon dioxide emission by ten million tonnes and lowered costs by 25%.* [65]

5.2 Erosion and sedimentation

Two hazards are uniquely identied with the dam.* [66]
One is that sedimentation projections are not agreed
upon, and the other is that the dam sits on a seismic fault.
At current levels, 80% of the land in the area is experiencing erosion, depositing about 40 million tons of sediment
into the Yangtze annually.* [67] Because the ow is slower
above the dam, much of this sediment will now settle
there instead of owing downstream, and there will be
less sediment downstream.
The absence of silt downstream has three eects:
Some hydrologists expect downstream riverbanks to
become more vulnerable to ooding.* [68]
Satellite map showing areas ooded by the Three Gorges reservoir. Compare November 7, 2006 (above) with April 17, 1987
(below)

Shanghai, more than 1,600 km (990 mi) away, rests

on a massive sedimentary plain. The arriving silt
so long as it does arrivestrengthens the bed on
which Shanghai is built... the less the tonnage of
arriving sediment the more vulnerable is this biggest
of Chinese cities to inundation...* [69]
Benthic sediment buildup causes biological damage
and reduces aquatic biodiversity.* [70]

5.3 Earthquakes and landslides

Flood mark on Yangtze river

1 kWh of electricity during 2006.* [62] At full power,

Three Gorges reduces coal consumption by 31 million
tonnes per year, avoiding 100 million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions,* [63] millions of tonnes of dust, one
million tonnes of sulfur dioxide, 370,000 tonnes of nitric
oxide, 10,000 tonnes of carbon monoxide, and a signicant amount of mercury.* [64] Hydropower saves the energy needed to mine, wash, and transport the coal from
northern China.
From 2003 to 2007, power production equaled that of 84
million tonnes of standard coal, reducing carbon dioxide by 190 million tonnes, sulfur dioxide by 2.29 million
tonnes, and nitrogen oxides by 980,000 tonnes.* [65]
The dam increased the Yangtze's barge capacity sixfold,

Erosion in the reservoir, induced by rising water, causes

frequent major landslides that have led to noticeable disturbance in the reservoir surface, including two incidents in May 2009 when somewhere between 20,000 and
50,000 cubic metres (26,000 and 65,000 cu yd) of material plunged into the ooded Wuxia Gorge of the Wu
River.* [71] Also, in the rst four months of 2010, there
were 97 signicant landslides.* [72]

5.4 Waste management

The dam catalyzed improved upstream wastewater treatment around Chongqing and its suburban areas. According to the Ministry of Environmental Protection, as of
April 2007 more than 50 new plants could treat 1.84 million tonnes per day, 65% of the total need. About 32
landlls were added, which could handle 7,664.5 tonnes
of solid waste every day.* [73] Over one billion tons
of wastewater are released annually into the river,* [67]
which was more likely to be swept away before the reservoir was created. This has left the water looking stagnant,
polluted and murky.* [72]

6 FLOODS, AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRY

or the Chinese River Dolphin,* [67] now extinct. In
fact, Government Chinese scholars even claim that the
Three Gorges Dam directly caused the extinction of the
Baiji.* [80]

Of the 3,000 to 4,000 remaining critically endangered

Siberian Crane, a large number currently spend the winter in wetlands that will be destroyed by the Three Gorges
Dam.* [81] The dam contributed to the functional extinction of the Baiji Yangtze river dolphin. Though it was
close to this level even at the start of construction, the dam
further decreased its habitat and increased ship travel,
which are among the factors causing what will be its ultimate demise. In addition, populations of the Yangtze
sturgeon are guaranteed to be negatively aectedby
Zigui County seat source water protection area in Maoping Town, the dam.* [82]
a few km upstream of the dam

5.5

Forest cover

6 Floods, agriculture, industry

In 1997 the Three Gorges area had 10% forestation, down An important function of the dam is to control ooding,
from 20% in the 1950s.* [67]
which is a major problem for the seasonal river of the
Research by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Yangtze. Millions of people live downstream of the dam,
Organization research suggested that the Asia-Pacic re- with many large, important cities like Wuhan, Nanjing,
gion would, overall, gain about 6,000 square km of for- and Shanghai situated adjacent to the river. Plenty of
est by 2008. That is quite a turnaround from the 13,000 farm land and China's most important industrial area are
square km net loss of forest each year in the 1990s. The built beside the river.
main reason is China's huge reforestation eort. This accelerated after the 1998 Yangtze River oods convinced
the government that it must restore tree cover, especially
in the Yangtze's basin upstream of the Three Gorges
Dam.* [74]

5.6

Wildlife

Concerns about the potential wildlife impact of the Dam

predate the National People's Congress's approval in
1992.* [75] This region has long been known for its rich
biodiversity. It is home to 6,388 species of plants,
which belong to 238 families and 1508 genera. Of these
plant species, 57 percent are endangered.* [76] These rare
species are also used as ingredients in traditional Chinese medicines.* [77] Already, the percentage of forested
area in the region surrounding the Three Gorges Dam has
dropped from twenty percent in 1950 to less than ten percent as of 2002,* [78] negatively aecting all plant species
in this locality. The region also provides habitats to hundreds of freshwater and terrestrial animal species.* [67]
Freshwater sh are especially aected by dams due to
changes in the water temperature and ow regime. Many
other sh are hurt in the turbine blades of the hydroelectric plants as well. This is particularly detrimental to the ecosystem of the region because the Yangtze
River basin is home to 361 dierent sh species and accounts for twenty-seven percent of all endangered freshwater sh species in China.* [79] Other aquatic species
have been endangered by the dam, particularly the Baiji,

The reservoir's ood storage capacity is 22 cubic kilometres (18,000,000 acreft). This capacity will reduce the
frequency of major downstream ooding from once every
ten years to once every 100 years. The dam is expected to
minimize the eect of even a superood.* [83]* [84]
In 1954 the river ooded 193,000 km2 (74,518 sq mi),
killing 33,169 people and forcing 18,884,000 people to
move. The ood covered Wuhan, a city of eight million people, for over three months, and the Jingguang
Railway was out of service for more than 100 days.* [85]
The 1954 ood carried 50 cubic kilometres (12 cu mi)
of water. The dam could only divert the water above
Chenglingji, leaving 30 to 40 km3 (7.2 to 9.6 cu mi) to be
diverted.* [86] Also the dam cannot protect against some
of the large tributaries downstream, including the Xiang,
Zishui, Yuanshui, Lishui, Hanshui, and the Gan.
In 1998 a ood in the same area caused billions of dollars
in damage; 2,039 km2 (787 sq mi) of farm land were
ooded. The ood aected more than 2.3 million people,
killing 1,526.* [87]
In early August 2009, the largest ood in ve years passed
through the dam site. The dam limited the water ow to
less than 40,000 cubic metres (52,000 cu yd) per second,
raising the upstream water level from 145.13 metres on
August 1, 2009, to 152.88 on August 8, 2009. 4.27 cubic kilometres of ood water were captured and the river
ow was cut by as much as 15,000 cubic metres per second.* [46]
The dam discharges its reservoir during the dry season
between December and March every year.* [88] This in-

7.2

Ship lifts

creases the ow rate of the river downstream, and provides fresh water for agricultural and industrial usage. It
also improves shipping conditions. The water level upstream drops from 175 m to 145 m,* [89] preparing for
the rainy season. The water also powers the Gezhouba
Dam downstream.

longer than those on the St Lawrence Seaway, but half

as deep. Before the dam was constructed, the maximum
freight capacity at the Three Gorges site was 18.0 million tonnes per year. From 2004 to 2007, a total of 198
million tonnes of freight passed through the locks. The
freight capacity of the river increased six times and the
Since the lling of the reservoir in 2003, the Three cost of shipping was reduced by 25%. The total capacity
locks is expected to reach 100 million tonnes
Gorges Dam has supplied an extra 11 cubic kilometres of the ship
per year.* [65]
of fresh water to downstream cities and farms during the
dry season.* [90]
These locks are staircase locks, whereby inner lock gate
pairs
serve as both the upper gate and lower gate. The
During the 2010 South China oods, in July, inows at
gates
are
the vulnerable hinged type, which, if damaged,
3
the Three Gorges Dam reached a peak of 70,000 m /s
could
temporarily
render the entire ight unusable. As
(2,500,000 cu ft/s), exceeding the peak during the 1998
there
are
separate
sets
of locks for upstream and downYangtze River Floods. The dam's reservoir rose nearly 3
stream
trac,
this
system
is more water ecient than bim (9.8 ft) in 24 hours and reduced the outow to 40,000
directional
staircase
locks.
3
m /s (1,400,000 cu ft/s) in discharges downstream, eectively alleviating serious impacts on the middle and lower
river.* [91]* [92]

7
7.1

Navigating the dam

Locks

7.2 Ship lifts

In addition to the canal locks, a ship lift, a kind of elevator
for vessels, is under construction. The ship lift is designed
to be capable of lifting ships of up to 3,000 tons.* [98]
The original plans specied a lift with the capacity to lift
11,500 ton vessels. The vertical distance traveled will be
113 metres,* [99] and the size of the ship lift's basin will
be 120x18x3.5 metres. The ship lift, when completed,
will take 30 to 40 minutes to transit, as opposed to the
three to four hours for stepping through the locks.* [100]
One complicating factor is that the water level can vary
dramatically. The ship lift must work even if water levels
vary by 12 meters (39 ft) on the lower side, and 30 metres
on the upper side.
The ship lift was not yet complete when the rest
of the project was ocially opened on May 20,
2006.* [101]* [102] In November 2007 it was reported in
the local media that construction of the ship lift started
in October 2007 and was anticipated to be completed in
2014.* [22]

Ship locks for river trac to bypass the Three Gorges Dam, May
2004

The installation of ship locks is intended to increase river

shipping from ten million to 100 million tonnes annually,
as a result transportation costs will be cut between 30
and 37%. Shipping will become safer, since the gorges
are notoriously dangerous to navigate.* [65] Ships with
much deeper draft will be able to navigate 2,400 kilometres (1,500 mi) upstream from Shanghai all the way
to Chongqing. It is expected that shipping to Chongqing
will increase vefold.* [93]* [94]
There are two series of ship locks installed near the dam
(305012N 111110E / 30.83667N 111.01944E).
Each of them is made up of ve stages, with transit time
at around four hours. Maximum vessel size is 10,000
tons.* [95] The locks are 280 m long, 35 m wide, and 5
m deep (918 x 114 x 16.4 ft).* [96]* [97] That is 30 m

In February 2012 Xinhua reported that the four towers

that are to support the ship lift had almost been completed.* [103]
The report said the towers had reached 189 meters of the
anticipated 195 meters, the towers would be completed
by June 2012 and the entire shiplift in 2015.

7.3 Portage railways

Plans also exist for the construction of short portage railways bypassing the dam area altogether. Two short rail
lines, one on each side of the river, are to be constructed.
The 88-km long northern portage railway (
) will run from the Taipingxi port facility ()
on the northern side of the Yangtze, just upstream from
the dam, via Yichang East Railway Station to the Baiyang
Tianjiahe port facility in Baiyang Town (), below

11

SEE ALSO

Yichang.* [104] The 95-km long southern portage railway the People's Republic of China would be seriously on
() will run from Maoping (upstream of the guard against threats from Taiwan independence terrordam) via Yichang South Railway Station to Zhicheng (on ists.* [118]
the JiaozuoLiuzhou Railway).* [104]
In late 2012, preliminary work started along both future
9.3
railway routes.* [105]

Relocation of residents

As of June 2008, China relocated 1.24 million residents

(ending with Gaoyang in Hubei Province),* [106]* [107]
about 1.5% of the province's 60.3 million and Chongqing
Municipality's
31.44
million
population.* [108]
About 140,000 residents were relocated to other
provinces.* [109]
Relocation was completed on July 22, 2008.* [107] Some
2007 reports claimed that Chongqing Municipality will
encourage an additional four million people to move away
from the dam to the main urban area of Chongqing by
2020.* [110]* [111]* [112] However, the municipal government explained that the relocation is due to urbanization, rather than the dam, and people involved included
other areas of the municipality.* [113]

Structural integrity

Days after the rst lling of the reservoir, around

80 hairline cracks were observed in the dam's structure.* [119]* [120]* [121] The submerged spillway gates of
the dam might pose a risk of cavitation, similar to that
which severely damaged the poorly designed and cavitating spillways of the Glen Canyon Dam in the US state
of Arizona, which was unable to properly withstand the
Colorado river oods of 1983.* [122] However 163,000
concrete units of the Three Gorges dam all passed quality testing and the deformation was within design limits.
An experts group gave the project overall a good quality
rating.* [123]

10 Upstream dams

Allegedly, funds for relocating 13,000 farmers around

Gaoyang disappeared after being sent to the local government, leaving residents without compensation.* [114]

9
9.1

Other eects
Culture and aesthetics

The 600 km (370 mi) long reservoir ooded some 1,300

archaeological sites and altered the appearance of the
Three Gorges as the water level rose over 300 ft (91
m).* [115] Cultural and historical relics are being moved
to higher ground as they are discovered, but the ooding
inevitably covered undiscovered relics. Some sites could
not be moved because of their location, size, or design.
For example, the hanging cons site high in the Shen
Nong Gorge is part of the clis.* [116]

Longitudinal prole of upstream Yangtze River

In order to maximize the utility of the Three Gorges

Dam and cut down on sedimentation from the Jinsha
River, upstream of the Yangtze River before reaching
Yibin in Sichuan, authorities plan to build a series of
dams downstream of Jinsha, including Wudongde Dam,
Baihetan Dam, along with the now completed Xiluodu,
and Xiangjiaba dams. The total capacity of those four
dams is 38,500 MW,* [124] almost double the capacity
of the Three Gorges.* [125] Baihetan is preparing for con9.2 National security
struction and Wudongde is seeking government approval.
Another eight dams are in the midstream of the Jinsha and
The United States Department of Defense reported that eight more upstream of it.* [126]
in Taiwan, proponents of strikes against the mainland
apparently hope that merely presenting credible threats
to China's urban population or high-value targets, such as
11 See also
the Three Gorges Dam, will deter Chinese military coercion.* [117]
Baiheliang Underwater Museum
The notion that the military in Taiwan would seek to destroy the dam provoked an angry response from the main Energy policy of China
land Chinese media. People's Liberation Army General
Liu Yuan was quoted in the China Youth Daily saying that
List of largest power stations in the world

9
List of largest hydroelectric power stations
List of power stations in China
List of dams and reservoirs in China
Three Gorges Museum

12

References

[1] Three Gorges Project. Chinese National Committee

on Large Dams. Retrieved 2011-05-15.
[2] http://www.itaipu.gov.br/energia/geracao
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13

External links

China Three Gorges Corporation

China Yangtze Power Co., Ltd.
Three Gorges Power Plant Animation. YouTube.

EXTERNAL LINKS

13

14
14.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Three Gorges Dam Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three%20Gorges%20Dam?oldid=635674575 Contributors: Mav, Bryan Derksen, Alex.tan, Heron, Olivier, Vkem, Clintp, Edward, D, JohnOwens, Voidvector, SGBailey, Menchi, Tannin, Ixfd64, Delirium, Dori,
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14.2

Images

File:200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg
Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/
200407-sandouping-sanxiadaba-4.med.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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File:Crystal_energy.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Crystal_energy.svg License: LGPL Contributors:
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File:Red_pog.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/0c/Red_pog.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ? Original
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File:TGDModelShipLocks.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/TGDModelShipLocks.jpg License: CC
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14.3

Content license

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File:TGDModelSpillwayView.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/TGDModelSpillwayView.jpg License: CC SA 1.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

File:ThreeGorgesDam-Landsat7.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/ThreeGorgesDam-Landsat7.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Rehman using CommonsHelper.
Original artist: Original uploader was Sagredo at en.wikipedia. Later version(s) were uploaded by Ilmari Karonen, Rugby471 at
en.wikipedia.
File:Three_Gorges_Reservoir_flood_mark.jpg Source:
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File:Yangtze_longitudinal_profile_upstream.JPG
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Original artist: Calvingao (talk). Original uploader was Calvingao at en.wikipedia

14.3

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