Wind Engineering in 2006 - Huston

ASCE STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING CONFERENCE
Wind Engineering in the 2006
IBC and ASCE 7-05
Monday, November 6, 2006
Presented by
Ed Huston, PE, SE for the
Structural Engineers Association of Washington
Wind Engineering Committee
Hosted by IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, Ames, Iowa
November 2006 Edwin T. Huston
November 2006 by Edwin T. Huston, PE, SE. All rights reserved.

This book or any part thereof may not be reproduced in any form
without the written permission of the author, 16307 Fremont Pl N.
Shoreline, WA 98133.
CREDITS
The materials used herein are used with permission and are based on:
ASCE 7-xx, Standard Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures,
Published by The American Society of Civil Engineers
International Building Code 200x Published by The International Code Council
DISCLAIMER
While the information presented in this seminar and proceedings is
believed to be correct, SEAW and the speaker assume no liability
for its accuracy or for the opinions expressed herein. The materials
presented in this seminar and proceedings should not be used or
relied upon for any specific application without express examination
and verification of its accuracy, suitability and applicability by
qualified professionals. Users of information from this seminar and
proceedings assume all liability arising from such use.
Included documents prepared by others are subject to change by
the preparers. Users are cautioned to obtain the latest versions of
all such documents prior to use on a specific project.
Wind Engineering in the 2006

IBC and ASCE 77-05
Ed Huston, PE, SE
Smith & Huston, Inc.
Seattle, WA
Copyright 2006 by Edwin T. Huston. All
rights reserved, no reproduction or use
without written permission
Why are we here?

The wind is like air, only pushier.
pushier.
- 5th Grade Science Student
Wind Engineering Seminar
What
Whats new in Wind Design - 2006 IBC
Provisions
Changes in ASCE 77-05
SEAW
SEAWs Rapid Solutions Methodology (RSM)
Provisions
IBC 2003 & ASCE 7-02

Wind Load Provisions
Where are we today?
IBC Wind Loads - Highlights

ASCE
77-02 by Reference.
Replaced Fastest Mile Maps with
Three Second Gust Maps.
Clarified Stability Requirements.
Required all parts of all buildings and
structures be designed for wind.
Section 1609.1
General Requirements
Introduced the use of 1609.6 Simplified Low Rise Method for Simple
Diaphragm Buildings.
Minimum Wind Load of 10 psf for
MWFRS and C&C.
Must meet seismic detailing even if
wind Loads are greater.
Section 1609.1
General Requirements
Stability - Overturning, Uplift, Sliding

1.5 safety factor when resistance is provided by
dead load.
Only dead loads likely to be in place during a
design wind event should be used.
Only 2/3 of the dead loads likely to be in place
during a design wind event is used with the
alternate basic load combinations.
2003 IBC Section 1609.6 Simplified

Provisions for Low Rise Buildings
Allows wide range of buildings up to
60 feet in height.
Applies loads like SBC Simplified on projected areas.
Restricted to Simple Diaphragm
Buildings.
IBC 2006
Wind Load Provisions
Major Changes in the 2006 IBC

Removal of most of the provisions
The simplified wind provisions have been

removed from the 2006 IBC
The environmental triggers
triggers - wind speeds
and exposures are still in the IBC so they can
be locally modified.
The default exposure is now C not B.
What
Provisions
SEAW
SEAWs Rapid Solutions Methodology (RSM)
Provisions
Example Problems
Changes from ASCE 77-02 to ASCE 77-05

The document will be referenced with the 2006 IBC:
The definition of simple diaphragm buildings is
clearer and the charts are expanded (Figures 66-2
and 66-3)
A definition is given for Eave Height (Section 66-2)
Definitions of solid signs & solid freestanding
walls and the design method for these elements
are significantly different (Sections 6.3 & 6.5.14)
The topographic effect can be used in the
simplified method (Section 6.4)
The prohibition of using the simplified method in a

building with an expansion joint is dropped and the
intent is moved to the definitions. (Section 6.2 and
6.4.1.1)
Guidance is given for estimating basic wind speeds
from Regional Climatic Data in areas outside hurricanehurricaneprone regions (6.5.4.2)
Exposure categories B is based on the ground surface
roughness condition in the upwind direction for a
distance of 2600 ft or 20 times the height of the
building (6.5.6.3)
Exposure categories D is based on the ground

surface roughness condition in the upwind
direction for a distance of 5000 ft or 20 times the
height of the building (6.5.6.3)
For velocity pressure, a transition zone between
exposure categories is allowed (6.5.6.6)
Clarifies that for a topographic effect to apply, all

5 of the conditions must be met. (6.5.7.2)
In wind borne debris regions the standards that
must be met are specified (6.5.9.3)
The combined net pressure coefficient, GCpn for
parapets has been reduced (6.5.12.2.4)
Design loads for open buildings with monoslope,

monoslope,
pitched or troughed roofs has been added.
(6.5.13)
Forces on rooftop structures and equipment for
buildings with h 60 feet has been added
(6.5.15.1)
In wind tunnel tests glazing in wind borne debris
regions shall be protected (6.6.5)
Clarification to footnote 8 for lowlow-rise walls and

roofs (Figure 610)
6
Clarification to footnote 5 for Gable roofs with
7 (Figure 66-11B)
Figures for open buildings with monoslope,
monoslope,
pitched or troughed roofs have been added
(Figures 66-18 A - D, 66-19 A - C)
Figure for solid freestanding walls & solid
signs has been changed (Figure 66-20)
ASCE 7 Design Options
See Page 84 of Commentary Volume 1
ASCE 7 & IBC Design Options
Option 1 Simplified LowLow-Rise Procedure

(ASCE 77-02, IBC 2003, ASCE 77-05)
Uses MBMA
MBMA Method Good for selected buildings
Tables give Design Pressures for MWFRS and Components and
Cladding matching code design forces
Simple adjustments for different exposures
Minimal Calculations required
Not in the 2006 IBC, still in ASCE 77-05
ASCE 7 Design Option
Simplified and LowLowRise Provisions based

on Pseudo
Pseudo Pressure
Coefficients
Based on Structural
Actions
Correlated Loading
Simple Diaphragm Buildings

Concepts
Applicable
when the MWFRS is

primarily a base shear problem.
Internal pressure cases create the
different proportions of loads on
the windward and leeward faces.
Internal pressures cancel out in base
shear calculations

Concepts
If the wind forces are delivered to the
MWFRS via floor slabs and roof
diaphragms, the windward and leeward
loads are combined into a shear at each
story.
Only if members in the MWFRS are
loaded directly by the wind do the
internal pressure cases come into
play.
Simplified Provisions
Not allowed in the 2003 IBC if:

Site
is on a hill or escarpment 60
60 in
Exposure B or 30
30 in Exposure C, and
Maximum average slope > 10%, and
Unobstructed upwind for a distance of 50
times the height of the hill or 1 mile.
ASCE 77-05 allows Kzt

topographic effects
Good examples
Houses with plywood shear walls.
Typical TiltTilt-Up or Masonry wall buildings.
Concrete frames.
Steel frames with vertically spanning walls and
diaphragm floors and roofs.
Bad examples
Metal building frames with horizontally spanning
girts.
Unsymmetrical buildings.
Any building with an expansion joint in the
MWFRS.
Dont use Low Rise on This!
Table 1609.6.2.1(4)
Height and Exposure
Adjustm ent Coefficients
Exposure
Simplified Provisions
for MWFRS
Mean
roof
ht
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
1.00
1.00
1.21
1.47
1.29
1.55
1.00
1.35
1.61
1.00
1.40
1.66
1.05
1.45
1.70
1.09
1.49
1.74
1.12
1.53
1.78
1.16
1.56
1.81
1.19
1.59
1.84
1.22
1.62
1.87
Note: All table values shall be adjusted for

other exposures and heights by multiplyng
by the above coefficients.
2
3
1
5
4
Simplfied Design
Simplified design wind pressures for the

MWFRSs of lowlow-rise simple diaphragm
buildings represent the net pressures (sum of
internal and external) to be applied to the
horizontal and vertical projections of building
surfaces.
For the horizontal pressures (zones A, B, C, D),
this net pressure is the combination of the
windward and leeward net pressures.
10
Simplfied Design
Minimum Pressures: The load effects of the

design wind pressures shall not be less than the
minimum load case from assuming the pressures
for the wall zones A, B, C, and D are all equal to
+10 psf, while assuming the pressures for the
roof zones E, F, G, and H are all equal to 0 psf.
Option 2 LowLow-Rise Procedure
Uses MBMA
MBMA Method Applicable to all building shapes
Pseudo
Pseudo Pressure Coefficients
Limited to buildings less than or equal to 60
60 in height
Eight Load Cases to Consider
Hip roofs configurations in commentary
P = qh[(GCpf) (GCpi)] Eqt. 66-18
qh = Velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height.
(GCpf) = External Pressure Coefficient from Fig. 66-10 (below)

(GCpi) = Internal Pressure Coefficient from Fig. 66-5.
q = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2I
11
12
Torsion Provisions
Torsion Requirements
ASCE 77-02 included new

Load cases for Low
Rise
Rise method
Ignored in ASCE 77-02
Method 1
Simplified (Method 1) can
not be used in ASCE 77-05
if torsion controls!!
Torsional provisions
This load case is specially designed to affect

Torsionally Sensitive
Sensitive structures, but not to
affect regular buildings.
Torsional Examples
Building with
perimeter shear
walls ok.
Building with
distributed
bracing ok.
13
Torsional Examples
Torsionally
irregular
Buildings in
rotation ok.
Torsional Examples
Building with
center core,
torsionally
weak.
Option 3 All Heights

Heights Procedure
Applicable to all building shapes and heights

Analytical procedure requiring determination of wind design
pressures
Similar to 1997 UBC requirements
Basis for SEAW
SEAWs Rapid Solution Methodology
14
Main Wind Force Resisting System
p=qGCp-qi(GCpi) Eqt. 66-17

q
= Velocity pressure evaluated at various locations

buildings
Cp = External pressure coefficient from Fig. 66-6 thru 66-8
(GCpi) = Internal pressure coefficient from Fig. 66-5
G = Gust effect factor, equal 0.85 for rigid
Velocity Pressure
q = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V 2 I Eqt. 66-15

K z = velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Table 66-3
K zt= topographic factor, Figure 66-4
K d = wind directionality factor, Table 66-4
1
V 2 = basic wind speed, Figure 66
= importance factor, Table 6I
6-1
Difference in Pressure Distribution

All Heights Method
Simplified Method
Horizontal Variation
Vertical Variation
15
Terrain Effects
Terrain Effects
Terrain Effects
Wind speed increase at cliffs,

escarpments and the crests of
isolated hills and ridges.
Key Factor is that the terrain
constitute abrupt changes in
the general topography.
Wind Speed up effects can
increase the wind speed at a
building site by as much as
200%.
16
Terrain Effects
Wind SpeedSpeed-Up Effects shall apply if:

Site is on the upper half of a hill, ridge or near
the crest of an escarpment and
The hill, ridge or escarpment is 60
60 in
Exposure B or 15
15 in Exposure C or D, and
Unobstructed upwind for a distance of 100
times the height of the hill or 2 miles, and
Maximum average slope > 5.7%, and
Protrudes 2 times above terrain

q = Velocity pressure evaluated
at various locations
= Gust effect factor, equal 0.85 for rigid buildings
Cp = External pressure coefficient from Fig. 66-6 thru 66-8
G

buildings
Cp = External pressure coefficient from Fig. 6.6 6.8
17
Cp, External Pressure Coefficient
Varies with height on windward surface.

Constant pressures on leeward and side wall surfaces.
Dependent on building geometry.

Roof pressures decrease along length of roof.
Interpolation
between values
allowed.
Reductions for
large areas
allowed.
Read Footnotes!
18
Rear Wall Suction depends on L/B

Does not rere-attach
Large suction force

Flow separation
ReRe-attaches
Small suction force
Front Roof Suction depends on L/H

ReRe-attaches
if long roof
Flow separation Smaller average
suction force because

of rere-attachment

buildings
Cp = External pressure coefficient from Fig. 6.6 thru 6.8
19
(GCpi), Internal Pressure

Coefficient
Values for Open,

Partially Enclosed,
and Enclosed
Buildings
G cannot be
separated from Cpi.
Typically buildings
go from Enclosed to
Partially Enclosed to
Open to Enclosed
(6.9.5.4).
Enclosure
Buildings are defined as;
Enclosed,
Partially Enclosed,
Open
Windows with nonnon-impact

resistant glazing or
protection in wind borne
debris regions, need to be
treated as openings when
assessing enclosure
classification.
Torsion Provisions
Torsion Requirements
2000 Research found

underestimation for both
Analytical
Analytical and LowLowRise
Rise methods
ASCE 77-02 included new
load cases for
Analytical
Analytical method
Unchanged in 77-05
20
Torsion Provisions
Design Wind Load Cases, 6.5.12.3

All buildings, all heights (7(7-02 requirement)
Figure 66-9
Exceptions: One story, h 30 ft

Four load cases
Mt, ex, ey equations
Figure 66-10 Low Rise, ASCE 77-02 added two torsional

load cases. Unchanged in 77-05.
Transverse, longitudinal directions
Components and Cladding Loads
Low Rise Buildings & Buildings h < 60

60
p = qh[(GCp)
(GCpi)]
= Velocity Pressure evaluated at Mean Roof Height
(GCp) = External Pressure Coefficients, Figs 66-11
thru 66-16
(GCpi) = Internal Pressure Coefficient, Figure 66-5
qh
Figures 66-11 thru 66-19

Contain coefficients for:
Gable Roofs < 7o

Gable/Hip Roofs 7o to 27o
Gable Roofs 27o to 45o
Stepped Roofs
MultiMulti-span Gable Roofs
Monoslope Roofs 3o to 10o
Monoslope Roofs 10o to 30o
Sawtooth Roofs
Domes
Open Buildings
21
Cladding Pressures
Picture from AWC
Read the
Footnotes!
Components and Cladding Loads
Buildings h > 60
60
p = q(GCp) qi(GCpi)
q = qz for windward walls calculated at height z

q = qh for leeward walls, side walls & roofs, evaluated at mean
roof height
qi = qh for windward walls, side walls, leeward walls, and roofs
for enclosed buildings and negative internal pressure in partially
partially
enclosed buildings
qi = qz for positive internal pressure in partially enclosed
buildings, evaluated at the highest opening in the building.
Conservatively evaluated at height h.
(GCp) = External Pressure Coefficients, Figure 66-17
(GCpi) = Internal Pressure Coefficient, Figure 66-5
22
For h > 60
60
values for walls
and roof
contained on
one graph.
For other than
flat roofs, use
roof charts
from Fig. 66-11.
Read the
Footnotes!

Parapet Provisions
Very common design element that was not covered by

the standard
Before ASCE 77-05 there was no research available on
parapet loads
For ASCE 77-02 the Wind Task Group developed a
rational method based on judgment
Subsequent research has confirmed the approach
slight tweak (downward) of numbers for 2005
23
Parapet Design Procedure
MWFRS, CC
Components and cladding:
P = qp (GCp GCpi)
P = combined
net pressure
= external pressure coefficient
GCpi = internal pressure coefficient
GCp
Two load cases:
Case A: + pressure to front surface

Case B: + pressure to back surface
MWFRS, CC
MWFRS:
Pp = qpGCpn
Pp
= combined net pressure

=
GCpn
+1.8,
windward parapet
-1.1, leeward parapet
+1.5, windward parapet
-1.0, leeward parapet
(ASCE 77-02)
(ASCE 77-02)
(ASCE 77-05)
(ASCE 77-05)
24
What
Provisions
SEAW
SEAWs Rapid Solutions Methodology
(RSM) Provisions
Which Code to use?
For quickest results and lowest values, use the

Simplified Provisions,
If you building does not meet simplified
requirements, use Rapid Solution Method,
Source of Legacy
Legacy Wind Codes
ANSI/ASCE 7
MBMA / Canada
NBC
SBC
Simplification by TriTri-State SEA
SEAs
UBC
25
Source of IBC Wind Provisions

NBC /ASCE 7
SBC
All-Heights
Low-Rise
Simplification by SEAW
RSM
ASCE 7 - 2002
Basis of SEAW
SEAWs Rapid
Solution Method
RSM: the Simplification of ASCEASCE-7

PrePre-solved the qs Equation.
Included External & Internal Pressures
Graphical Basis (Simplified Interpolation)
26
ASCE 7 vs. SEAW RSM

Pressure Equation
ASCE 7:
pA=0.00256 V 2 Kd I [K
[Kz Kzt GCp Kzi Kzti (GCpi)]
SEAW RSM:
prsm = qs Kz Crsm [Iw Kt]
1997 UBC:
p = qs Ce Cq Iw
Interior Pressure/Suction
We haven
havent had to deal with this before in the
West (UBC).
The UBC hid it, and assumed interior pressure,
since that condition usually controls.
SEAW RSM
Pressure Equation
Where:
qs depends on geographical location,
Kz depends on height and exposure,
Crsm depends on location on building,
Iw depends on building occupancy, and
Kt depends on topography
27
SEAW RSM
Pressure Equation
Where:
ASCE 7 Kz - Velocity Pressure

Exposure Coefficient
Relates the wind profile

for various site
exposures.
Similar to Ce in the 97
UBC.
Doesn
Doesnt contain the gust
factor like Ce.
28
We took the Kz height factor table, and

put it on a graphical background.
SEAW RSM
Pressure Equation
Where:
29
What is the Crsm ?

This is the heart of our simplification.
Equating the ASCE 7 pressure equation and the

SEAW
SEAWs RSM equation yields:
Crsm = Kd [GCp + (GCpi)]
Wall Pressures
30
This half of figure
This portion of
ASCE Table
Wall Pressures
31
Windward Wall Pressure
From ASCE 7 Table Cp = 0.80
Crsm = Kd [GCp + (GCpi)]

Where:
Kd = 0.85 (Directionality Factor)

G = 0.85 (Gust Factor We are dealing with gust wind
speeds)
(GCpi) = + 0.18 (Enclosed Building)
Crsm = 0.85 [0.85(0.80) + (0.18)]

= +0.42, +0.73
Wall Main-Frame Pressures

Leeward wall
depends on
L/B
A figure was
added to help.
Leeward Walls
Values from
ASCE 7
32
Width Of
Separation
ROOF
Cp = - 0.5
1997 UBC VALUE
ROOF
Width Of
Separation
L/B 0 TO 1
Cp = - 0.3
L/B = 2
Width Of
Separation
Reattachment
Point
ROOF
Cp = - 0.2
L/B = 4
33
Worst case is
0.5 rear wall
pressure.
Windward Roof
Pressure
Values from
ASCE 7
34
Roof Pressures
Vary w/ Height
to Width Ratio
Windward Roof
h/L 0.25
Cp = - 0.7
= Angle Of Separation
10
10
L
Windward Roof
h/L = 0.5
Cp = - 0.9
10
10
35
Windward Roof
10
10
h/L 1.0
h
L
Cp = - 1.3
These are
graphical
representations
of L/H, to
make it easier
to visualize.
Windward Roof
= 0
0 (Flat Roof)
36
Windward Roof
0<<
(Gable Roof Or
Mild Slope)
Windward Roof
>
(Gable Roof Or
Steep Slope)
Leeward Roof
Pressures
37
Leeward Roof
Pressures Vary
Slightly w/
Height to
Width Ratio
and Roof Slope
Another wrinkle for Roof Angles < 10

10
Windward Roof < 10

h/L 0.5
Cp
0 To h/2
-0.9, -0.18
h/2 To h
-0.9, -0.18
h To 2h
-0.5, -0.18
>2h
-0.3, -.18
h
L
38
Windward Roof < 10

0.5 h/L 1.0
Cp
0 To h/2
Varies, -0.18
> h/2
Varies, -0.18
Windward Roof < 10

h/L 1.0
Cp
0 To h/2
-1.3, -0.18
> h/2
-0.7, -0.18
You can even

just use the worst
case line
39
Component and
Cladding Pressures
Next:
C&C
tables
C&C
These figures include interior pressure (or

suction) !
Also the Directionality Factor
40
ICONs Tell All - C&C
Cover everything on Facing Pages
SEAW RSM
Pressure Equation
Where:
41
Topographic Effect:
We simplified those tables too!
42
Also:
Discussion and diagrams for

edge pressure patterns & how
to handle roof overhangs.
SEAW Wind Engineering Committee
Committee Members
Don Scott, Chairman

Jerry Barbera, Commentary
Chairman
Ahmad Aisilli
Scott Beard
Ed Huston
Ed Lebert
John Loscheider
Bill Mooseker
Tony Tschanz
43
SEAW Wind Engineering Committee
Principal Authors
Jerry Barbera, Handbook

Chairman
Ahmad Asilli
Scott Beard
Ed Huston
Ed Lebert
Tony Tschanz
Review and Support
Don Scott, Chairman

John Loscheider
Bill Mooseker
Commentary Chapter One

Technical & Historical Overview
of Wind Codes
Commentary Chapter Two

Quality Assurance
44
Commentary Chapter Three

Overview - IBC, IRC & ASCE 7
Commentary Chapter Four

Basic Wind Speed
Commentary Chapter Five

Importance Factors
45
Commentary Chapter Six

Exposure & Topographic Effects
Commentary Chapter Seven

Gust Response
Commentary Chapter Eight

46
Commentary Chapter Nine

Component & Cladding Pressures
Commentary Chapter Ten

Glass and Glazing
Commentary Chapter 11
Prescriptive Designs
47
Additional Chapters
Twelve Miscellaneous Structures

Thirteen Q&A Unusual Wind Conditions
Fourteen High Winds Hurricanes
Tornadoes
Fifteen A Case for Drift Control
Sixteen Wind Tunnel Design Practice
SeventeenSeventeen- Equipment & Structure Design
Commentary Problem Solutions

Volume Two
IBC & ASCE 7 Wind Load Provisions

Main Wind Force Resisting Pressures
Component and Cladding Pressures
Miscellaneous Structures
Torsion Provisions
Wind Speed Up Effects
Final
Questions?
48

Wind Engineering in 2006 - Huston

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ASCE STRUCTURAL

November 2006 by Edwin T. Huston, PE, SE. All rights reserved.

Wind Engineering in the 2006

Why are we here?

Wind Engineering Seminar

IBC 2003 & ASCE 7-02

IBC Wind Loads - Highlights

Stability - Overturning, Uplift, Sliding

2003 IBC Section 1609.6 Simplified

Major Changes in the 2006 IBC

The simplified wind provisions have been

Wind Engineering Seminar

Changes from ASCE 77-02 to ASCE 77-05

Changes from ASCE 77-02 to ASCE 77-05

The prohibition of using the simplified method in a

Changes from ASCE 77-02 to ASCE 77-05

Exposure categories D is based on the ground

Changes from ASCE 77-02 to ASCE 77-05

Clarifies that for a topographic effect to apply, all

Changes from ASCE 77-02 to ASCE 77-05

Design loads for open buildings with monoslope,

Changes from ASCE 77-02 to ASCE 77-05

Clarification to footnote 8 for lowlow-rise walls and

ASCE 7 Design Options

See Page 84 of Commentary Volume 1

ASCE 7 & IBC Design Options

Option 1 Simplified LowLow-Rise Procedure

Not in the 2006 IBC, still in ASCE 77-05

ASCE 7 Design Option

Simplified and LowLowRise Provisions based

Simple Diaphragm Buildings

when the MWFRS is

Simple Diaphragm Buildings

Not allowed in the 2003 IBC if:

ASCE 77-05 allows Kzt

Simple Diaphragm Buildings

Dont use Low Rise on This!

Note: All table values shall be adjusted for

Simplified design wind pressures for the

Minimum Pressures: The load effects of the

ASCE 7 Design Options

Option 2 LowLow-Rise Procedure

ASCE 7 Design Options

P = qh[(GCpf) (GCpi)] Eqt. 66-18

qh = Velocity pressure evaluated at mean roof height.

(GCpf) = External Pressure Coefficient from Fig. 66-10 (below)

ASCE 7 Design Options

ASCE 7 Design Options

ASCE 7 Design Options

ASCE 77-02 included new

This load case is specially designed to affect

ASCE 7 Design Options

Option 3 All Heights

Applicable to all building shapes and heights

ASCE 7 Design Options

Main Wind Force Resisting System

p=qGCp-qi(GCpi) Eqt. 66-17

= Velocity pressure evaluated at various locations

q = 0.00256 Kz Kzt Kd V 2 I Eqt. 66-15

Difference in Pressure Distribution

Wind speed increase at cliffs,

Wind SpeedSpeed-Up Effects shall apply if:

ASCE 7 Design Options

Main Wind Force Resisting System