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LECTURE ON MCQs for the ONLINE


BAR REVIEW

Ba
r

- Prof. Jaime Bilan Montealegre Let me first wish


sh you
yo Good Luck in your quest to

bl

es

rs.
s. S
So
become lawyers.
Some of you may have dreams of

r
first

hurdle

Ba

to

tthe
he

2011

Philippine

Bar

es

an

have
ave

you

ne of the best lawyers in ttown, but to be one


becoming one

Ba

bl

examinations.
xamin

es

an

My task is to discu
discuss what a Multiple
Choice Type of
e C
Choi

Ba

bl

Examination is
is commonly called
s or what
w
alled as MCQs.

in

tthe

2011

es

changes

pine
ine
Philippine

o
bl

major

three

an

As you very well know, the


Supreme Court approved
he
e Su
oved
ov

Bar

an

eals with
w
Examinations. In Bar Matter 2265, which deals
the

ons, these major


Reforms in the 2011 Bar Examinations,
changes are the following:

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First, the Supreme Court has Redefined the


Coverage of the Bar Examinations. As it is now,
there is a syllabus for each subject in the Bar
Examinations, meaning that the coverage of the Bar

Ba
r

Examinations is arranged
by topics and sub-topics,
arran
rran

es

rather than by jus


just stating the covered laws, or in

bl

other words
ords the coverage of the bar exams is

an

Ba

specifically
outlined indicating
ecifical
cifical
ating the subject areas

bl

would simply state


ate
te the covered laws and
nd
d a cut-off

Ba

es

covered, unlike before


where the Supreme Court
cove
re
e wh

bl

es

an

date of decisions
rendered.
ions
ons rre

Ba

Second,
the use
nd the Supreme Court mandated
m

es

an

of MCQs in the 2011 Bar


Examinations. As perr B
arr Exa
Bar
ar

o
bl

CQs
Qs s
sh
easure
asure the
Matter 2265, the MCQs
shall specifically measure

ecall meaning your


Knowledge and recall

(a)

an

following cognitive skills:

knowledge of and ability to recall the laws,

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doctrines, and principles that you will need as a


new lawyer;

(b)

Understanding referring to your

Ba
r

understanding of the meaning and significance


of those same
doctrines, and principles as
ame laws,
la

Ba

(c) Analysis and solu


solution
meaning your
solut
t

bl

es

ze
e legal
leg
ability to analyze
problems, apply the
pri
oblem
blem and
correct law or principle
to such problems,

Ba

an

bl

es

they apply to specific situations; and

bl

es

an

solut
provide soluti
solutions to them.

Ba

h briefing papers issued by the Supreme


he
In the

es

an

ec
ct, 20
re
e for
for
Court, for each bar subject,
20% of the MCQs are

an

another 40% for Analysis and Solution.

o
bl

all;
ll; 40%
4
nding
ding and
knowledge and recall;
for understanding

he use
us of essay-type
The third major change is the
questions to measure your lawyering skills.

3


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Thus, in the 2011 Bar Examinations, the questions


shall be of two kinds:

First, Multiple Choice Questions that measure

Ba
r

your knowledge and understanding of laws and their

es

applications; and
nd

Essay-Type

questions

that

will

bl

Second,
cond

es

bl

Im sure you know


now by now that the first three

an

Ba

measure
asure your lawyering skills.
ills.

an

Ba

Sundays of the
to
he
e Bar Examinations are
re devoted
dev

bl

es

MCQs and the last


questions.
la Sunday for Essay-Type
ay-Typ
y-Ty

es

an

Ba

I will limit my discussion on


MCQs because this year
n MCQ
ear

o
bl

will be the first time that this


type of question will be
used
his
is typ
e use

in the Bar examinations. I b


believe that making
yourselves
g your

an

very familiar with MCQs, their nature,, how they are

constructed and how they are best answ


answered, will make
you feel more comfortable and confident when you take
the Bar Examinations.
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Now, what is an MCQ?

Basically, an MCQ is one where the question itself


contains the standard by means of which the correct or

Ba
r

e selected.
s
the best answer is to be
It is composed of two

bl

es

(2) parts: (a) the STEM;


STEM and (b) the OPTIONS.
ST

Ba

Let me ill
illustrate the parts
s of an MCQ by this

bl

es

an

example:
ple:
le:

Ba

against

which
which
wh

of

the

es

an

jurisdiction
jurisd
urisd

exclusive

(1) The Supreme


and
uprem Court has original
rigin
igin

prohibition

and
nd

an

A. Commission on Elections

o
bl

es

Ba

certiorari,
rari,
ari,

mandamus?

of

an

writs

of

bl

ng
g Co
etition
tition for issuance
following
Commissions in petitions

B. Civil Service Commission


ssion

C. National Labor Relations Commission


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D. Securities and Exchange Commission

That portion which reads:

The Supreme Court has original and

Ba
r

1.

exclusive

jurisdiction
risdict

against

which

of

the

i,,
certiorari,

of

writs

prohibition

and

Ba

of

bl

es

g Com
following
Commissions in petitions for issuance

es

an

manda
mand
mandamus?

Ba

bl

s the stem.
is

es

an

ation
tion from
f
rre
rect
ct o
The enumeration
where the correct
or the best

es

an

Ba

these are:

bl

ected
cted is called the options.
ons
ns.. In
I this example,
answer is selected

o
bl

sion
ion o
A. Commission
on Elections

an

on
n
B. Civil Service Commission

i
io
C. National Labor Relations
Commission

D. Securities and Exchange Commission


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One of the options should be the correct or the best


answer and this is called the key answer. Im sure you
know that key answer is (A) the Commission on Elections.

Ba
r

The wrong options are called the distracters.

es

You will notice


in this example that I have given
ce
e that
tha
t

bl

you, the stem


em
m of the MCQ presents a problem in an

an

Ba

ative
tive o
interrogative
or question form and yo
you, as the examinee,

bl

es

are to c
choose the best orr the correct answer to the

Ba

question
from the options
es
ptions given. It does not mean,

es

an

however, that the


stem of an MCQ should
he
e ste
hou
ould
ld always be

bl

he interrogative
in
presented in the
form. The st
stem can also be

es

an

Ba

presented in an incomplete statement.


ement
ment

o
bl

To illustrate, the example


mple that I just gave you
ou can be

an

presented in this manner:

(2) The Supreme Court,


t, in petitions for
issuance of writs of certiorari, prohibition and

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mandamus,

has

original

and

exclusive

jurisdiction against the _____________.

A. Commission on Elections

Ba
r

B. Civil Service
vice Commission

bl

es

C. National
ationa
tion Labor Relations Commission

bl

In this illustration, the st


stem presents a problem as

es

an

Ba

D.Securities
and Exchange
D.S
D.
S
xchang Commission

an

Ba

an incomplete statement
choose the
ement
ment and you have to cho

bl

es

option that will correc


correctly or best complete
ete
te the statement.

You
u might
migh
mig

o
bl

have given you, both have


e four (4) options.

es

an

Ba

You will also notice that in


n the two (2) examples
s I

ask: Is there a rule as to the


th number of options
ions
ons that
th an

an

MCQ should have?

Although majority of the standardized


tests use four
di
(4) or five (5) options, there is no rule which dictates as
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to the number of options that an MCQ should have. But


one thing is sure, the more options an MCQ has, the more
difficult it becomes for the obvious reason that the
probability of choosing the best or the correct answer

Ba
r

becomes smaller as the


number of options increases.
e nu

bl

es

In the 2011
11
1 Bar Examinations, I understand that the

Ba

mbe of options to four


Supreme Court h
has limited the number

es

an

hus, even if you dont


n t kn
(4). Thus,
know the answer to a

bl

articu
ng as you answer that item, you
particular
item, for as long

an

Ba

five
ive p
nce o
still have a twenty-five
percent (25%) chance
of getting

bl

es

T
er, ne
Thus, as a reminder,
never leave an

er.
the right answer.

Ba

ed
d The score you will get when you simply
item unanswered.

es

an

nd
d when
wh
w the
tth
he
guessed the correct answer and
you really know

o
bl

he
e same.
sa
thin is
correct answer will be the
The importantt thing

an

you get the correct answer!

on,
n, you
yo will note that
Based on the foregoing discussion,
the essential feature that differentiates MCQs from the
essay type questions resides in the form of the response.
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In MCQs, you indicate your answer by choosing (normally


by

checking

or

shading)

the

one

of

the

several

alternatives that you believe to be the best or the correct


answer. The response to an essay type question, on the

Ba
r

other hand, is written in


whatever manner you may deem
nw

es

appropriate. Thus
s y
you
ou are free to choose the particular

bl

words with which to clothe your ideas and to organize

an

Ba

them in your own way. In otherr words,


word the answer of an

This
may not be the
T
he case in

Ba

either
correct or wrong.
h
he
ng.

bl

es

examinee
aminee
minee in a Multiple Choice
hoice
hoi
ce Type of examination is

es

an

Essay Type Examinations


because the examiner
ination
natio
am
mine
ine may give

bl

some points to yo
your answer although
your answer may
gh yo

es

an

Ba

orrect
rrect a
not exactly be considered the correct
answer.

o
bl

ruction
uctio of
Let me now discuss the s
steps in the construction

construction

of

e
Multiple

Cho
Choice

type

of

The

an

Multiple Choice type of examinations.

examinations normally starts with the preparation of what


is called the Table of Specifications.
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This Table of Specifications is a two-way grid which


contains the subject areas covered, and the cognitive
skills to be measured, by the examination. It indicates
what percentage of the questions measure what kind of

bl

es

the examination.

Ba
r

cognitive skills and from


which subject areas covered by
om
m w

Ba

As I have
mentioned, the
ave earlier
ea
he Supreme Court has

es

an

prepared
ed
d a syllabus for each of the bar examination

bl

subject.
Specifications,
the syllabus itself
ubject.
bject. In the Table of Spec
Specif
if

an

Ba

will be the subject areas covered in that subject.


The
subje
ubje

bl

es

cognitive skills to b
those which the
be measured are thos

Ba

es

an

1. Knowledge and Recall;

Supreme Court
has specifically enumerated,
rt h
ha
merate that is:

o
bl

nd
2. Understanding ; and

an

3. Analysis and Solution.

tions for Remedial


For example, the Table of Specifications
Law/ would look like this:

(See Table of Specifications for Remedial Law)


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You

may

ask:

What

use

will

the

Table

of

Specifications have considering that you will not be


involved in the preparation of the Bar Examinations?
Well, it would be of great help if you have this Table

Ba
r

of Specifications so that
hat
at you
yo are sure that all the subject

bl

es

areas included in
n th
the bar examinations were covered by

Ba

w.. Mo
a
your review.
Moreover, you will hav
have
a better view of

es

an

ubjec areas would be a go


which subjec
subject
good source of an MCQ

Ba

bl

easuri
gnitive
nitive skill.
measuring
a particular cognitive

es

an

parti
d the
der
tth subject
To give you a part
particular example, under

bl

ral
al Principles,
Prin
e logical
logi
logic to expect a
area of General
it would be

an

Ba

ognitive
gnitiv skill in knowledge
ge
question here measuring your cognitive

o
bl

es

g ra
rath
th
uestio
estio
and recall or understanding
rather
than on a question

an

oluti
measuring analysis and solution.

MCQ
Are there rules in the construction off MCQs?
Just like any type of examination question, there are
basic rules in the construction of MCQs in order that the
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Multiple Choice Type of Examination can be considered


valid and reliable. A little knowledge of these basic rules
will probably guide you better in answering MCQs,
especially in situations where you will simply guess the

Ba
r

correct answer, because


really have no idea as to
use
se you
y

bl

es

what the correct orr b


best answer is.

Ba

The first
is that the stem
rst
st rul
rule in constructing MCQs
MC

es

an

of the item should be meaningful


ngful by itself and should

Ba

bl

present
resent
esent a definite problem.
m..

bl

es

an

Let us look again


gain
ain /at
/a one of our illustrative
ative items:

Ba

(3) The
Th Supreme Court,
urt, in petitions for

and

es

ori
original

xclusi
exclusive

o
bl

has

mandamus,

an

issuance of writs of certiorari,


prohibition and
ertiora
rtior
and

an

____.
___.
jurisdiction against the _____________.

ns
A. Commission on Elections

B. Civil Service Commission


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C. National Labor Relations Commission

D.Securities and Exchange Commission

Ba
r

In this illustrative item, is the stem meaningful by

es

itself such that it presents


esents a definite problem?

r
Ba

es

Supreme
Supr

Court

bl

(4) The

es

and

exclusive
clusive
usive

jurisdiction

original
or
ori

bl

an

Ba

____________.
__.
_

A.

has

an

item:

bl

Now, compare
ompar
mpar that with the following illustrative

es

an

Ba

against the Commission


on Elections
ommis
mmis
ns

o
bl

ns
s for issuance of writs
rits of
o
in petitions

original

and

urren
concurrent

B.

an

certiorari, p
prohibition and manda
mandamus;

jurisdiction

with the Court of Appeals against the


Civil Service Commission in petitions
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for issuance of writs of certiorari,


prohibition and mandamus;

C.

original

and

concurrent

jurisdiction

Ba
r

with the Court of Appeals and the


Regional
ional

Trial

Courts

against

the

National Labor Relations Commission


Natio

Ba

in petitions for issuance


issu
ssu
of writs of

al an
uris
original
and concurrent juris
jurisdiction

Ba

D.

bl

es

ohibit
ohi
certiorari, prohibition
and mandamus;

es

Securities

and

Exchange

the

bl

an

ith
th th
the Regional Trial Co
C
our
with
Courts
against

es

an

Ba

ce
Commission in petit
petitions for issuance

o
bl

cert
on
n an
of writs off certiorari,
prohibition
and

an

s
mandamus.

ay tha
In this illustrative item, can we say
that the stem is
meaningful by itself such that it presents
a definite
pr
problem?
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It is of course obvious that in our first illustration,


the stem is meaningful by itself such that it presents a
definite problem. This is because you can complete the
sentence with the answer that the examiner wants from

Ba
r

you as the examinee.

bl

es

We cannott say the same with regard to the second

Ba

s con
illustrative item. Here, the item is
constructed in such a

es

an

hat
at the
th stem is not meaningful
anin
n ngf by itself or does not
way that

bl

resen
esen a definite problem
em b
present
because any set of options

an

Ba

ein to end the stem. Clearly,


learly, you, as
may be placed therein

bl

es

ons
ns be
the examinee, have to read the options
before you can

Ba

es

an
C

o
bl

wants from you.

k
hat the examiner really
determine the kind
of answer that

nii
e to you
y
Now, what is the significance
of this rule
as

an

the examinee?

It simply means that after reading


the stem, you
i
in
should already have an idea of the answer that you will
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look for from among the given options. This will prevent
you from being confused by the distracters or prevent you
from answering the question by just guessing the correct

Ba
r

or best answer.
It cannot be avoided,
however, that there are
avoid
avoide

bl

es

instances when you do


d not really have an idea of what the
In this

Ba

correct answer
the stem.
swer
wer is after reading th

es

an

situation,
there is no other choice
but to go through the
on, th
ho
o
oice

bl

process
answers, rather than
rocess
ocess of eliminating the
he wrong
wr
The problem
with the
lem w

an

Ba

choosing the correct


answer.
ct ans

bl

es

process of elimination
have the luxury
nation is that you may not
ot ha

Ba

of time to do this more so that you


u will be answering 100

es

an

MCQs in a matter of four (4)) hours.


hour In some instances,
nce
ces,

o
bl

you may even have to answer


hours
swerr 200 MCQs in four (4) ho

morning

of

the

first

Sunday
day

the

of

the

bar

in

an

because the Supreme Court has scheduled 2 bar subjects

ern
examinations, i.e., Political and International
Law, and
Labor and Social Legislation. In fact, you will also have to
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answer 200 MCQs in four (4) hours in the morning of the


third Sunday of the bar examinations because both
Remedial Law, and Legal Ethics and Forms are scheduled

Ba
r

on that day.
The second rule
requires that the stem should be
e req

bl

es

stated in the negative


egativ
gativ form only when significant learning

Ba

outcomes require
equir it. The following
g is an example of an

bl

(5) The Supreme


for
uprem
prem Court, in petitions
titio

Ba

es

an

MCQ where the stem is stated in


n the negative form:

es

against

the
he

es
o
bl

an

A. Commission on Elections

_____________.

and

Ba

jurisdiction
on
n

original

have
ave
ve

bl

not

exclusive

does

an

mandamus,
mus,

an

issuance off writs of certiorari, pro


prohibition
and
rohib

B. Commission on Audit
itt

C. Court of Appeals
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D. Securities and Exchange Commission

In a way, this rule is interconnected with the first


rule. As I have just discussed, after reading the stem, you

Ba
r

n idea
id
should already have an
of the answer from among

es

the given options.. T


This
his will not be possible if the stem is

bl

stated in the negat


negative form because there will be limitless

es

an

Ba

answ
options which can be the correctt answer.

bl

Let
Le us look again att our example of an MCQ where

Ba

es

an

n the negative
n
the stem is stated in
form:

bl

rt,
t, in petitions for
(6) The Supreme Court,

Ba

es

originall

have

o
bl

not

d
di
jurisdiction

nst
st
against

an
and
the

exclusive

does

mandamus,

an

rtiorar
tiorar prohibition and
nd
issuance of writs of certiorari,

an

_____________.

n
A. Commission on Elections

B. Commission on Audit
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C.

Court of Appeals

D.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Ba
r

The correct answer is, of course, letter (D) because in


options (A), (B) and
d (C) we all know that the Supreme

es
s
does

have

original

and

Ba

mandamus,

and

prohibition

bl

es

tions
ons for issuance of writs of certiorari,
Court, in petitions

es

an

sive
ve jurisdiction
jju
he
em.
m. Provided we do not
exclusive
over them.

bl

hange
ange options (A), (B)
B)) and (C), whatever option is
change

es

an

Ba

w still be the correct


ect answer.
an
placed in letter (D), that will

bl

y that you may have


There is likew
likewise the possibility

es

an

Ba

gative
ative word NOT in the
he
simply failed to notice the negative

o
bl

swerr the
t
ctly not
no
n
stem, thus you failed to answer
question correctly

th
h correct answer, but because
be
because you do not know the

an

prop
you did not read the question or the stem prope
properly. When

e exam
exa
this happens, the very purpose of the
examination is thus
not achieved. In situations, therefore, when the stem is
stated in the negative form, the examiner should have
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capitalized, the negative word Not and it should have


been in bold letters. You, as the examinee, must take
extra care to read the question properly. Do not be

Ba
r

overconfident that you really understood the question.

The third basic rule mandates that the stem should

bl

es

be free of irrelevant
evant
vant materials. This is best illustrated by

bl

es

iction
ction of the Supreme Court
(7) The jurisdiction

nal, exclusive,
e
urren
rren and
could be original,
concurrent

Ba

an

Ba

ng item
the following
item:

es

the

lowin
owin
following

of

Ba

ve
exclusive

es

and

ion
on
Commission on Election

A.

an

Commissions?

wh
which

the

o
bl

againstt

jurisdiction

origina
rigin
original

has

an

Court

ma
mandamus,

Supreme

d
and

p
prohibition,

ari,
ri,
certiorari,

bl

an

n pet
pe
nce o
nce
appellate. In
petitions for issuance
of writs of

B.

Civil Service Commission

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C.

National Labor Relations Commission

D.

Securities and Exchange Commission

In this illustration, the first sentence of the stem

Ba
r

which says that The juris


jurisdiction of the Supreme Court

es

could be original, ex
exclusive,
concurrent and appellate is
e
xclu

bl

practically irrelevant
relevan
elevan because the rest of the stem already

an

Ba

presents
problem. What happens
when there
s a definite
de
h

bl

es

are a lot of irrelevant materials


errials in the stem is that you

Ba

would
irrelevant
ul be wasting a lot
ot of ttime reading these
se
e irr

es

an

materials and thus,


there is a possibility that
s,, the
hat you
yo may not

be

distracted
d

these
ese

es

by

not

Ba

should

you

an

examinee,

bl

be able to finish the examination.


Moreover, as the
n.. Mo

o
bl

irrelevant materials. Your focus


of
focu
ocus
s should be on that part o

the stem which presents th


the
h problem. Stated
d otherwise,
othe

proper time to give a lecture.

an

the rule simply says that examination time is not the

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Fourth, all of the options should be grammatically


consistent with the stem of the item.
To Illustrate:

Ba
r

(8) A necessary party to a case is also

es

referred to/ as a __
______________ party.

indispensable
indi
ind

proper

D.

real

r
r

bl

C.

Ba

compulsory

an

Ba

an

B.

es

bl

A.

bl

es

otice
tice tthat in this example,
e, opt
You will notice
option (A) is not

Ba

grammatically co
consistent with the stem
stem. In all instances,

es

an

matica
ma
tic
h th
tthe
he
where the option is not grammatically
consistent with

o
bl

the c
ecause
cause of
stem, that option is not the
correct answer. Because

an

o in situations
s
this rule, you of course know now what to do

where the option is not grammatically consis


consistent with the
at as the possible
stem. You should just eliminate that
correct answer.
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Fifth, verbal associations between the stem and the


correct answer should be avoided. This is best illustrated
in the following example:

Ba
r

octri
ctri
(9) The doctrine
which dictates that the

es

judgment off a court


of competent jurisdiction
c

bl

may not
modified or vacated by any
ott be opened,
o

an

Ba

urt of concurrent jurisdiction


sdictio is known as the
court

es

an

bl

es

Principle
Princip of Judicial Hierarchy
erarc
erarch

B.

Ba

A. Doctrine
ine
ne of Judicial Stability
y

bl

____________.
___

Ba

C. Rule
ull on Equity Jurisdiction
sdictio

o
bl

es

an

D. Doctrine of Primary
mary Jurisdiction

In this particular example,


the use off the word
xa

an

doctrine in the stem will already give you


ou
u an idea which

option is the possible answer. If after


reading the stem
er re
you still do not know the correct answer, you definitely
should not consider options (B) and (C).
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Sixth, an item should contain only one correct or


clearly the best answer. Your job is to look for the answer
which the examiner tried so hard to hide behind the

Ba
r

attractive or plausible distracters.

es

The difficulty
y level
lle
evel
vel of an MCQ would depend on how

bl

well the distracters


work. If the distracters are not
tracte

an

Ba

ble to arrive at the correct


working,, such that you will be able

bl

es

answer
even if you do not know it, then that is an easy
swer
wer e

bl

es

an

looking for distracters


which are plausible..
cters
ers w

Ba

MCQ.
CQ I think the examiner
xamine will have a difficult
fficu time

Ba

Examiners,
s however, will capitalize
pitalize on the following

es

an

to make the distracters plausible


your
ausible
usibl to really test yo
ur

o
bl

tandi
llaw:
knowledge, recall, understanding,
and analysis off the la

mmon errors.
Use the students most common

(b)

g words
w
Use important-sounding
(significant,

an

(a)

accurate) that are relevant to the stem.


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(c)

Use words that have verbal associations


with the stem (politician, political)

(d)

Use

textbook

language

or

other

Ba
r

phraseology that has the appearance of


truth..

Use
Us incorrect answers
er that are likely to
ers

Ba

(e)
e))

es

result from student


dent misunderstanding or

an

bl

grammatically

consistent
consis
consi

the

o
bl

es

an

Ba

stem.

Make the dist


distracters similar to the c
correct
co

(g)

with

and

es

Use
distracters that are pa
parallel
in form
se
e dis
ra
ral

(f)

Ba

bl

carelessness
ss
s

an

answer in length, vocabulary,


ulary, sentence

structure, and complexity


xity of thought.

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Ninth, the correct answer is sometimes given away


by the relative length of the distracter, and this may
provide a clue to the correct answer. For instance, the
wrong options are relatively longer than the correct

Ba
r

answer because the examiner


would add more words to
xam

es

make them stand


d o
out as plausible distracters. On the

bl

other hand, the


correct answer is usually longer than the
he co

an

Ba

other options
ptions
tions because the examiner
miner would tend to add

bl

es

more
make it the best answer.
re
e words
wor to it in an effortt to m

an

Ba

Tenth, the correct


answer should appear
rect
ect a
ear in each of

In other words, the

Ba

of times but in
n a random order..

bl

es

the alternative position


number
positio in an approximately
ately equal
e

es

an

examiner will make sure that the c


correct answers are
e not
not

o
bl

all in (A) or (B) or so on.


n. The
Th examiner will make
ake sure
s

an

that there is no pattern in the placement of the correct

answers. Since this is the case, you should


hould
ould ttake a second
look at your answers to see if all of them
happens to be
h
he
all in (A) or (B) and so on.
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I hope this lecture will help you deal with MCQs in


the bar examinations. There is no reason for you to be
afraid of MCQs as long as you have reviewed thoroughly

Ba
r

for the bar examinations. This lecture will be of no use to

es

you if you have prepared


pared well.
w

an

o
bl

es

an

Ba

bl

es

an

Ba

bl

es

an

Ba

bl

Good luck,
and welcome to the profession!
ck,
k, an

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