Physical chemistry

General topics: Concept of atoms and molecules; Daltons atomic theory; Mole conce
pt; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole
concept) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacement
reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and norma
lity.
Gaseous and liquid states: Absolute scale of temperature, ideal gas equation; De
viation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average,
root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperatu
re; Law of partial pressures; Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases.
Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, q
uantum numbers; Wave-particle duality, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty princi
ple; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p and
d orbitals; Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic number 36); Auf
bau principle; Paulis exclusion principle and Hunds rule; Orbital overlap and cova
lent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital energy diag
rams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, di
pole moment (qualitative aspects only); VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (lin
ear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal b
ipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).
Energetics: First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressur
e-volume work; Enthalpy, Hesss law; Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; S
econd law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity.
Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chateliers pr
inciple (effect of concentration, temperature and pressure); Significance of G an
d G in chemical equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffer
solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts.
Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode p
otentials; Nernst equation and its relation to G; Electrochemical series, emf of
galvanic cells; Faradays laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific
, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrauschs law; Concentration cells.
Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate consta
nt; First order reactions; Temperature dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius eq
uation).
Solid state: Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal systems
(cell parameters a, b, c, , , ), close p cked structure of solids (cu
ic), p ckin
in fcc,
cc nd hcp l ttices; Ne rest neih
ours, ionic r dii, simple ionic comp
ounds, point defects.
Solutions: R oults l w; Molecul r weiht determin tion from lowerin of v pour p
ressure, elev tion of
oilin point nd depression of freezin point.
Surf ce chemistry: Element ry concepts of dsorption (excludin dsorption isot
herms); Colloids: types, methods of prep r tion nd ener l properties; Element
ry ide s of emulsions, surf ct nts nd micelles (only definitions nd ex mples).
Nucle r chemistry: R dio ctivity: isotopes nd iso
rs; Properties of , nd r ys
; Kinetics of r dio ctive dec y (dec y series excluded), c r
on d tin; St
ilit
y of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron r tio; Brief discussion on fission n
d fusion re ctions.
Inor nic Chemistry

Isol tion/prep r tion nd properties of the followin non-met ls: Boron, silicon
, nitroen, phosphorus, oxyen, sulphur nd h loens; Properties of llotropes o
f c r
on (only di mond nd r phite), phosphorus nd sulphur.
Prep r tion nd properties of the followin compounds: Oxides, peroxides, hydrox
ides, c r
on tes,
ic r
on tes, chlorides nd sulph tes of sodium, pot ssium, m
nesium nd c lcium; Boron: di
or ne,
oric cid nd
or x; Aluminium: lumin ,
luminium chloride nd lums; C r
on: oxides nd oxy cid (c r
onic cid); Silico
n: silicones, silic tes nd silicon c r
ide; Nitroen: oxides, oxy cids nd mm
oni ; Phosphorus: oxides, oxy cids (phosphorus cid, phosphoric cid) nd phosph
ine; Oxyen: ozone nd hydroen peroxide; Sulphur: hydroen sulphide, oxides, su
lphurous cid, sulphuric cid nd sodium thiosulph te; H loens: hydroh lic cid
s, oxides nd oxy cids of chlorine,
le chin powder; Xenon fluorides.
Tr nsition elements (3d series): Definition, ener l ch r cteristics, oxid tion
st tes nd their st
ilities, colour (excludin the det ils of electronic tr nsi
tions) nd c lcul tion of spin-only m netic moment; Coordin tion compounds: nom
encl ture of mononucle r coordin tion compounds, cis-tr ns nd ionis tion isomer
isms, hy
ridiz tion nd eometries of mononucle r coordin tion compounds (line r
, tetr hedr l, squ re pl n r nd oct hedr l).
Prep r tion nd properties of the followin compounds: Oxides nd chlorides of t
in nd le d; Oxides, chlorides nd sulph tes of Fe2+, Cu2+ nd Zn2+; Pot ssium p
erm n n te, pot ssium dichrom te, silver oxide, silver nitr te, silver thiosulp
h te.
Ores nd miner ls: Commonly occurrin ores nd miner ls of iron, copper, tin, le
d, m nesium, luminium, zinc nd silver.
Extr ctive met llury: Chemic l principles nd re ctions only (industri l det il
s excluded); C r
on reduction method (iron nd tin); Self reduction method (copp
er nd le d); Electrolytic reduction method (m nesium nd luminium); Cy nide p
rocess (silver nd old).
Principles of qu lit tive n lysis: Groups I to V (only A+, H2+, Cu2+, P
2+, B
i3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, C 2+, B 2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ nd M2+); Nitr te, h lides (exclu
din fluoride), sulph te nd sulphide.
Or nic Chemistry
Concepts: Hy
ridis tion of c r
on; Sim nd pi-
onds; Sh pes of simple or nic
molecules; Structur l nd eometric l isomerism; Optic l isomerism of compounds
cont inin up to two symmetric centres, (R,S nd E,Z nomencl ture excluded); I
UPAC nomencl ture of simple or nic compounds (only hydroc r
ons, mono-function
l nd
i-function l compounds); Conform tions of eth ne nd
ut ne (Newm n proje
ctions); Reson nce nd hyperconju tion; Keto-enol t utomerism; Determin tion of
empiric l nd molecul r formul e of simple compounds (only com
ustion method);
Hydroen
onds: definition nd their effects on physic l properties of lcohols
nd c r
oxylic cids; Inductive nd reson nce effects on cidity nd
sicity of
or nic cids nd
ses; Pol rity nd inductive effects in lkyl h lides; Re ct
ive intermedi tes produced durin homolytic nd heterolytic
ond cle v e; Form
tion, structure nd st
ility of c r
oc tions, c r
nions nd free r dic ls.
Prep r tion, properties nd re ctions of lk nes: Homoloous series, physic l pr
operties of lk nes (meltin points,
oilin points nd density); Com
ustion nd
h loen tion of lk nes; Prep r tion of lk nes
y Wurtz re ction nd dec r
oxy
l tion re ctions.
Prep r tion, properties nd re ctions of lkenes

nd lkynes: Physic l propertie

s of lkenes nd lkynes (
oilin points, density nd dipole moments); Acidity o

f lkynes; Acid c t lysed hydr tion of lkenes nd lkynes (excludin the stereo
chemistry of ddition nd elimin tion); Re ctions of lkenes with KMnO4 nd ozon
e; Reduction of lkenes nd lkynes; Prep r tion of lkenes nd lkynes
y elimi
n tion re ctions; Electrophilic ddition re ctions of lkenes with X2, HX, HOX (
X=h loen) nd H2O; Addition re ctions of lkynes; Met l cetylides.
Re ctions of
enzene: Structure nd rom ticity; Electrophilic su
stitution re c
tions: h loen tion, nitr tion, sulphon tion, Friedel-Cr fts lkyl tion nd cyl
tion; Effect of o-, m- nd p-directin roups in monosu
stituted
enzenes.
Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic su
stitution re ctions (h loen tion, nitr tion
nd sulphon tion); Reimer-Tiem n re ction, Kol
e re ction.
Ch r cteristic re ctions of the followin (includin those mentioned
ove): Al
kyl h lides: re rr nement re ctions of lkyl c r
oc tion, Grin rd re ctions,
nucleophilic su
stitution re ctions; Alcohols: esterific tion, dehydr tion nd
oxid tion, re ction with sodium, phosphorus h lides, ZnCl2/concentr ted HCl, con
version of lcohols into ldehydes nd ketones; Ethers:Prep r tion
y Willi msons
Synthesis; Aldehydes nd Ketones: oxid tion, reduction, oxime nd hydr zone fo
rm tion; ldol condens tion, Perkin re ction; C nnizz ro re ction; h loform re c
tion nd nucleophilic ddition re ctions (Grin rd ddition); C r
oxylic cids:
form tion of esters, cid chlorides nd mides, ester hydrolysis; Amines:
sic
ity of su
stituted nilines nd liph tic mines, prep r tion from nitro compoun
ds, re ction with nitrous cid, zo couplin re ction of di zonium s lts of rom
tic mines, S ndmeyer nd rel ted re ctions of di zonium s lts; c r
yl mine re
ction; H lo renes: nucleophilic rom tic su
stitution in h lo renes nd su
stitu
ted h lo renes (excludin Benzyne mech nism nd Cine su
stitution).
C r
ohydr tes: Cl ssific tion; mono- nd di-s cch rides (lucose nd sucrose); O
xid tion, reduction, lycoside form tion nd hydrolysis of sucrose.
Amino cids nd peptides: Gener l structure (only prim ry structure for peptides
) nd physic l properties.
Properties nd uses of some import nt polymers: N tur l ru

er, cellulose, nylon
, teflon nd PVC.
Pr ctic l or nic chemistry: Detection of elements (N, S, h loens); Detection
nd identific tion of the followin function l roups: hydroxyl ( lcoholic nd ph
enolic), c r
onyl ( ldehyde nd ketone), c r
oxyl, mino nd nitro; Chemic l met
hods of sep r tion of mono-function l or nic compounds from
in ry mixtures.