Socall

Hughes/Kroehler, 7/e
Chapter 10, The Family
True/False
1. Massive amounts of research prove that the American family has undergone a complete disintegration
process.
Ans: F
Page: 319-322
2. Fears about the disintegration of the American family are a relatively new phenomenon.
Ans: F
Page: 319-322
3. The model of the family a married couple, breadwinner husband and homemaker wife, raising children
now comprises only one in five families in the United States.
Ans: T
Page: 319-322
4. The text notes that defining the family is simply an academic exercise.
Ans: F
Page: 319-322
5. Fundamentally, families seldom vary in their composition and in their descent, residence, and authority
patterns.
Ans: F
Page: 319-322
6. Sociologists agree that industrialization and extended family patterns are incompatible.
Ans: F
Page: 319-322
7. Economic dislocations and the increased availability of nonnuclear kin may have encouraged the
formation of extended family households in the early industrialization of the United States.
Ans: T
Page: 319-322
8. Societies trace descent and pass on property from one generation to the next in three ways: patrilineal;
matrilineal; and bilineal.
Ans: T
Page: 319-322
9. All societies regulate the pool of eligible people from which individuals are expected to select a mate.
Ans: T
Page: 319-322
10. Sociologists agree that incest taboos are the only universal norm in the world.
Ans: F
Page: 319-322
11. In one cross-cultural sample in the text, monogamy was the preferred or ideal type of marriage in fewer
than 20 percent of the 862 societies involved.
Ans: T
Page: 319-322
12. Polyandry is a custom that represents the freedom of sexual choice for women in the societies that
practice it.
Ans: F
Page: 319-322
13. The ancient Greeks defined romantic love as diseased hysteria.

Ans: T
Page: 323-325
14. Societies control romantic love by arranging marriages, isolating the young from potential mates, and
applying peer and parental pressures.
Ans: T
Pages: 323-325
15. According to the matching hypothesis, individuals of equal attractiveness are the ones most likely to
reciprocate our advances.
Ans: T
Page: 325-328
16. According to exchange theory, we like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us.
Ans: T
Page: 325-328
17. Studies show American couples were much less conventional than researchers expected them to be.
Ans: F
Page: 325-328
18. Blumstein and Schwartz found that men could take pleasure in their wives' financial success only if it
did not exceed their own.
Ans: T
Page: 325-328
19. Blumstein and Schwartz found that regardless of how much a wife earned, the couple still measured their
financial success by the husband's income.
Ans: T
Page: 325-328
20. Early in marriage, women are more likely than men to feel the need for more private time but later on,
the pattern reverses.
Ans: F
Page: 325-328
21. Public opinion surveys show that Americans depend very little on marriage for their sense of
psychological well-being.
Ans: F
Page: 325-328
22. The goal of being married to the same person for life ranks well above the goal of having a happy
marriage.
Ans: F
Pages: 325-328
23. Two-thirds of married Americans rate their own marriages as very happy.
Ans: T
Page: 325-328
24. A large majority of Americans continue to view marriage as a permanent institution.

Ans: F
Page: 325-328
25. Marital adjustment ratings typically fall after the birth of a first child.
Ans: T
Page: 325-328
26. Women who work outside the home still spend significantly more time on housework than men spend on
housework.
Ans: T
Page: 325-328
27. In two-income families, the woman typically has a larger voice in major household decisions than the
man.
Ans: F
Page: 328
28. The number of Americans living alone declined between 1970 and 2000.
Ans: F
Page: 332-334
29. More than one American youngster in four lives with just one parent.
Ans: T
Page: 334-336
30. Unwed motherhood is declining.
Ans: F
Page: 334-336
31. For the children of divorce, cohabition seems to provide less economic stability than remarriage.
Ans: T
Page: 334-336
32. Same-sex marriage is legal in Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

Ans: T
Page: 337-339
33. The percentage of Americans who think gay sex is wrong has dropped.
Ans: T
Page: 337-339
34. Although both men and women engage in domestic violence, men typically do more damage than their
female partners.
Ans: T
Page: 339-341
35. Most divorced people do not remarry.
Ans: F
Page: 343-345
Multiple-Choice
36. A pessimistic view of American marriage suggests that

A. marriage has deteriorated over the past 40 years.
B. the licensing of reproduction has been compromised.
C. divorce is too easy, too many people never marry, and contraception is too readily available.
D. All the above are correct.
Ans: D
Page: 317
37. An optimistic view of the American family suggests that

A. pronouncements concerning the death of the family are greatly exaggerated.
B. the traditional family doesn't fit the current social setting.
C. the meaning of marriage has changed over time.
Ans: D
Page: 317
38. In the United States, the family model made up of a married couple, breadwinner husband and
homemaker wife, raising children now is
A. the majority of the nation's households.
B. a growing number of the nation's households.
C. about half of the nation's households.

D. about 20% of the nation's households.
Ans: D
Pages: 318-322
39. Sociologists traditionally viewed the ___________ as a social group whose members are related by
ancestry, marriage, or adoption and who live together, cooperate economically, and care for the young.
A. family
B. peer group
C. secondary group
D. in-group
Ans: A
Page: 318-322
40. In modern societies, the concept of the family is

A. becoming increasingly easy to distinguish from nonfamilies.
B. an exceedingly difficult concept to define.
C. typified by the Ozzie and Harriet model.
D. characterized more by the kin group.
Ans: B
Page: 318-322
41. The family of __________ consists of oneself and ones father, mother, and siblings.
A. orientation
B. procreation
C. socialization
D. recreation
Ans: A
Pages: 318-322
42. Families vary in terms of their

A. composition.
B. descent patterns.
C. residence patterns.
Ans: D
Pages: 318-322
43. In the ____________ family, spouses and their offspring constitute the core relationship.
A. patrilocal
B. nuclear
C. extended
D. matrilineal
Ans: B
Page: 318-322
44. The ____________ family pattern is the preferred arrangement among most Americans.
A. patrilocal
B. nuclear
C. extended
D. matrilineal
Ans: B
Page: 318-322
45. The family unit that emphasizes kinship and common ancestry is the
A. secondary family.
B. nuclear family.
C. extended family.
D. hybridized family.
Ans: C
Page: 318-322
46. Americans typically find themselves to be members of two nuclear families. First is the
A. family of orientation.
B. family of procreation.
C. dislocation.
D. socialization.
Ans: A
Page: 318-322
47. The family that consists of oneself and one's spouse and children constitutes what sociologists refer to as
the
A. family of orientation.
B. family of procreation.
C. family of socialization.
D. family of sociobiology.
Ans: B
Page: 318-322
48. Sociologists have found that industrialization

A. possibly encouraged the formation of extended family households in the early industrialization of the
United States.
B. had no effect on the prevalence of the extended family.

C. had an adverse effect on the status of the extended family.
D. increased the need for the family of orientation.
Ans: A
Pages: 318-322
49. Research suggests ____________ influence(s) differences in household patterns (such as authority and
residence).
A. industrialization.
B. the political economy.
C. personal preference.
D. a large number of interacting factors.
Ans: D
Page: 318-322
50. Societies trace descent and pass on property from one generation to the next in one of three ways. The
patterns are
A. patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal.
B. matrilineal, patrilineal, and bilineal.
C. egalitarian, patriarchal, and matriarchal.
D. homogamy, exogamy, and endogamy.
Ans: B
Page: 322-323
51. Patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal refer to

A. patterns of tracing one's biological descent.
B. patterns of family decision-making.
C. where a couple resides after marriage.
D. the number of sexual partners a couple has prior to marriage.
Ans: C
Page: 322-323
52. The vesting of power in women for family decision-making is called

A. matrilineal.
B. matriarchal.
C. matricentric.
D. matrilocal.
Ans: B
Page: 322-323
53. Egalitarian power arrangements in the family
A. distribute power equally between wife and husband.

B. have never existed in the United States.
C. are on the increase in recent years in the United States.
D. A and C are correct.
Ans: D
Page: 322-323
54. ________________ refers to a socially approved sexual union between two or more individuals that is
undertaken with some idea of permanence.
A. Marriage
B. The nuclear family
C. Endogamy
D. Exogamy
Ans: A
Page: 322-323
55. ________________ were once singled out by social scientists as the only universal norm in the world,
but they have since been found not to exist among the ancient Egyptians.
A. Homicides
B. Sex crimes
C. Incest taboos
D. Polygamous relationships
Ans: C
Page: 322-323
56. When the social norms require that we marry within our group (race, class, religion, region), this is
called
A. endogamy.
B. tyranny.
C. exogamy.
D. monogamy.
Ans: A
Page: 322-323
57. Exogamy is the requirement that

A. people must marry a person of the same sex.
B. marriage must occur outside a group such as a kin group.
C. people must marry someone closer in kin to them than a first cousin.
D. a brother must marry his sister.
Ans: B
Page: 322-323
58. Cross-cultural research found that one of the least preferred or least ideal types of marriage around the
world is
A. monogamy.
B. polygamy.
C. patrilineal marriages.
D. matrilineal marriages.
Ans: A
Page: 322-323
59. Polygyny
A. refers only to the number of sexual partners a man may experience while married.
B. has been practiced by over 80 percent of the societies around the world.
C. is the same as group marriage.
D. represents freedom of sexual choice for women.
Ans: B
Pages: 322-323
60. The existence of polygyny is based primarily on

A. the heightened sexual prowess of men in those societies that permit the practice.
B. status and economic concerns.
C. the animalistic desire to sexually exploit women in such societies.
D. modernization and industrialization, which make it easier to afford multiple wives.
Ans: B
Pages: 322-323
61. The Greeks saw romantic love as

A. a necessary component of healthy marriages.
B. a process that follows a rational path leading to marriage.
C. diseased hysteria.
D. an animalistic lusting that knew no bounds.
Ans: C
Page: 322-323
62. Child marriage, social isolation, close supervision, and social pressure have been utilized as ways to
A. make young people fall in love.
B. lower homicide rates within the family structure.
C. get the young to look after the old.
D. control romantic love.
Ans: D
Pages: 322-323
63. ________________ refers to the tendency to marry people like ourselves (for example, similar age, race,
religion, and education level).
A. Homosexuality
B. Homogamy
C. Monogamy
D. Polygamy
Ans: B
Page: 322-323
64. We tend to select marital partners

A. who are far more physically attractive than we are.
B. who are generally less physically attractive than we are.
C. who are similar in physical attractiveness to ourselves.
D. almost totally on the basis of personality and temperament.
Ans: C
Page: 322-323
65. The ___________ argues that we get the greatest payoff at the least cost by choosing a mate who is very
much like ourselves.
A. complementary needs perspective
B. principle of most interest
C. the heteronomy principle
D. the matching hypothesis
Ans: D
Page: 322-323
66. The ____________ contends that we do best with a mate who has traits that differ from, but provide a
sense of completeness to our own traits.
A. complementary needs perspective
B. principle of most interest
C. homogamy principle
D. matching hypothesis
Ans: A
Page: 336322-323
67. Exchange theory suggests that we may
A. like those who punish us and dislike those who reward us.
B. like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us.
C. be unattracted to people who are different from us.
D. tend to marry those with whom we share gift-giving on equal terms.
Ans: B
Page: 322-323
68. Married couples who have sex infrequently

A. tend to have short-duration marriages.
B. tend to have relationships that last as long as those who have sex frequently.
C. tend to be political conservatives.
D. are religious fanatics.
Ans: B
Page: 325
69. Research findings consistently indicate that

A. married people enjoy better health than nonmarrieds.
B. marriage has little impact on psychological well-being.
C. married people tend to have worse health than nonmarrieds.
D. early-married couples enjoy worse health than later-married couples.
Ans: A
Page: 325-327
70. The goal of having a happy marriage currently ranks

A. below the goal of being married to the same person for life.
B. below the goal of simply being married.
C. well above being married to the same person for life.
D. at the bottom of all goals pertaining to marriage.
Ans: C
Page: 325-327
71. In 2000, __________ percent of white families were married couples.

A. 51
B. 61
C. 71
D. 81
Ans: D
Page: 325-327
72. Studies of role modification indicate that with the birth of the first child, marital adjustment ratings
A. soar.
B. fall.
C. increase slightly.
D. don't change.
Ans: B
Page: 327-328
73. Nuclear families that are not disrupted by divorce, desertion, or death typically pass through a series of
changes across time that sociologists call
A. the procreation pattern.
B. the family life course.
C. the family of orientation period.
D. the birth cohort experience.
Ans: B
Page: 327-328
74. The family life course

A. begins in modern times with the birth of the first child.
B. begins with the husband-wife pair.
C. becomes increasingly complex as new members are added, thereby creating new roles and relationships.
D. B and C are correct.
Ans: D
Pages: 327-328
75. According to sociological studies of the empty nest period,

A. most couples do not experience difficulty with this stage in the family life cycle.
B. the majority of couples view this stage as a time of new freedoms.
C. this is typically a period of great turmoil and unhappiness for middle-aged women.
D. A and B are correct.
Ans: D
Page: 327-328
76. Today, _______ percent of women with children under six years of age are employed outside the home.
A. between 25 and 30
B. between 35 and 50
C. nearly 60
D. more than 65
Ans: C
Page: 328-330
77. Research evidence seems to indicate that

A. children whose mothers work are less well adjusted.
B. children whose mothers work are better adjusted.
C. the differences in the development of children whose mothers work and that of children whose mothers
remain at home are not large.
D. children of working mothers are socially retarded and therefore less gregarious.
Ans: C
Page: 328-330
78. When women work full-time outside the home,

A. they bring home more than twice the share of family income than part-timers do.
B. they still maintain the primary responsibility for household tasks and childcare.
C. they are more likely than fathers to take time off if their children become ill.
Ans: D
Pages: 328-330
79. Much of the current debate about the health of the American family is based upon questionable data that
utilize
A. the participant observer approach.
B. the conflict perspective.
C. the stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1950s as a point of departure.
D. the stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1980s as a point of departure.
Ans: C
Page: 328-330
80. Studies indicate that while stepparents attempt to re-create a traditional family, they actually function
differently than a traditional family because
A. the stepparent role is not like that of a biological parent.
B. the family tree of a stepfamily is often very complex.
C. stepparents and stepchildren have not had a mutual history or previous opportunity to bond.
Ans: D
Page: 332-336
81. The number of single-person households

A. still can't compete with the growth of our couples-oriented society.
B. are outpacing the growth of most other household types.
C. more than doubled between 1970 and 1996.
Ans: D
Pages: 332-336
82. Young adults now marry

A. earlier than at any time since the Census Bureau started keeping track.
B. later than at any time since the Census Bureau started keeping track.
C. earlier than their parents married.
D. only when they can no longer afford to live alone.
Ans: B
Page: 332-336
83. Unwed motherhood is

A. increasing.
B. more likely to occur among women in the lower class.
C. has been increasing at a higher rate among the employed, whites, and those with a college education.
Ans: D
Pages: 332-336
84. In 2002, __________ percent of all children lived in families with incomes less than $30,000.
A. 5
B. 10
C. 20
D. 30
Ans: D
Page: 332-336
85. In studies of the long-term effects on children while being raised in single-parent households, results
show that
A. juvenile delinquency is twice as likely to occur.
B. parental supervision needs are often strained by poverty.
C. the kids are more likely to be enrolled below a school grade level that is normal for their chronological
age.
Ans: D
Pages: 332-336
86. The high proportion of couples who live together prior to becoming married suggests that
A. divorce rates in the future will likely drop.
B. cohabitation may become institutionalized as a new step between dating and marriage.
C. when the couple marries, they are more likely to have children.
D. the couple will have a higher commitment to marriage once they say their marriage vows.
Ans: B
Page: 336-337
87. __________ percent of all out-of-wedlock births were to cohabitating parents.

A. 40
B. 50
C. 60
D. 80
Ans: A
Page: 336-337
88. According to the text,

A. cohabitation may serve as a substitute for marriage.
B. the proportion of couples who marry after cohabiting has decreased.
C. the percentage of cohabiting couples who have children and who do not marry has increased.
Ans: D
Pages: 336-337
89. The text defines __________ as a preference for an individual of the same sex as a sexual partner.
A. hermaphroditism
B. transsexuality
C. homosexuality
D. transvestism
Ans: C
Page: 337-339
90. Compared to heterosexual married couples, gay and lesbian couples

A. are more likely to split up household tasks so that each partner performs an equal number of different
tasks.
B. are less likely to live an egalitarian lifestyle.
C. have sex more often.
D. exhibit a lifestyle more like that of the traditional framework of the American family.
Ans: A
Page: 337-339
91. Same-sex marriage is legal in

A. Belgium.
B. Denmark.
C. the Netherlands.
Ans: D
Page: 337-339
92. At the end of 2003, a New York Times/CBS News poll found that __________ percent of Americans
favored a constitutional amendment that would ban homosexual marriage.
A. 25
B. 35
C. 45
D. 55
Ans: D
Page: 337-339
93. The alternative essentialist view argues that homosexual orientation is

A. learned through socialization.
B. psychological.
C. either inborn or is fixed very early in ones development and is an inherent part of what an individual is.
D. sociological.
Ans: C
Page: 337-339
94. Regarding the challenges facing the American family,

A. conservatives tend to see the family as needing more and more governmental assistance.
B. liberals decry the decline of family values within the structure of the family itself.
C. the centralist position is that valuing the family should not be confused with valuing a particular family
form.
D. both liberals and conservatives agree the family is disintegrating.
Ans: C
Pages: 339-341
95. Men and women both engage in acts of family violence, but
A. men do more physical damage than their female partners.
B. women do more physical damage than their male partners.
C. they both do very little physical damage to each other.
D. the children are the primary cause of their violence.
Ans: A
Page: 339-341
96. Which of the following is NOT one of the primary reasons that women allow their husbands to continue
battering them?
A. They tend to have fewer resources such as job skills.
B. The burden of family harmony is typically on their shoulders.
C. They believe the burden of family harmony should be on their husband's shoulders.
D. They become entrapped due to a belief that they should make good on their prior investment rather
than quit.
Ans: C
Page: 339-341
97. A 1994 poll cited in the text found that __________ percent of American adults agree that a good, hard
spanking is sometimes necessary in disciplining a child.
A. 37
B. 47
C. 57
D. 67
Ans: D
Page: 339-341
98. In 2001, there were __________ confirmed cases of child maltreatment.

A. 603,000
B. 703,000
C. 803,000
D. 903,000
Ans: D
Page: 339-341
99. Studies show that _______________ is needed to reduce or eradicate abuse of women and children.
A. the use of capital punishment for abusers
B. a strict ban on divorce
C. a cultural revolution in attitudes and values
D. the decriminalization of abuse
Ans: C
Page: 339-341
100. __________ million American preschool-aged children are cared for by someone other than their
parents.
A. Seven
B. Ten
C. Twelve
D. Fourteen
Ans: D
Page: 341-343
101. Which of the following is not among the problems associated with day care for children?
A. high turnover of day-care workers
B. day-care centers operating without licenses
C. inadequate toys, books, and chipping lead paint
D. All the above are common problems.
Ans: D
Pages: 341-343
102. Increasing numbers of mothers are locating alternatives to day care, including
A. a sequencing process where the person organizes a lifestyle that provides time to work, time to have kids
and stay home with them, and time to re-enter the outside workforce.
B. part-time work and/or in-home work.
C. the four-thirds solution.
Ans: D
Page: 341-343
103. In the 1980s and 1990s, divorce rates

A. continued to soar.
B. started on an extreme downward trend.
C. stabilized and slowly declined.
D. reflected more liberal, unrealistic attitudes toward marriage.
Ans: C
Page: 343-345
104. In the past three decades, the number of divorced people per 1,000 married people has
A. declined significantly.
B. doubled.
C. tripled
D. stayed about the same.
Ans: C
Page: 343-345
105. A mounting body of evidence suggests that

A. staying together for the sake of the children is always better for the kids, even though it is difficult for the
married couple.
B. divorce is worse than remaining together when kids are involved.
C. there is no connection to problems for the kids and the fact of divorce.
D. staying together for the sake of the children is not necessarily helpful if the marriage is marred by conflict
and tension.
Ans: D
Page: 343-345
106. Most divorced people

A. remarry.
B. stay divorced.
C. become social outcasts.
D. become healthier as a result of their divorces.
Ans: A
Page: 343-345
107. The sandwich generation is

A. teenagers with bad eating habits.
B. elderly people who look after grandchildren.
C. middle-aged adults caught with responsibilities for their own teenage and college-age children and for
their elderly parents.
D. middle-aged adults who have developed health problems as a result of poor eating habits during their
earlier years.
Ans: C
Page: 345-346
108. Which theoretical perspective focuses on the essential tasks performed by families?
A. functionalist
B. conflict
C. interactionist
D. developmental
Ans: A
Page: 346-348
109. ____________ is NOT one of the recurrent functions that families typically perform.
A. Recreational
B. Socialization
C. Care, protection, and emotional support
D. Assignment of status
Ans: A
Page: 346-348
110. According to sociologist Randall Collins, marriage is a socially enforced contract of

A. romantic love.
B. sexual obligation.
C. functional prerequisites.
D. sexual property.
Ans: D
Page: 346-348
111. In discussing the interactionist perspective applied to the family, the text observes that one way in
which families reinforce and rejuvenate their bonds is through the symbolic mechanism of
A. association.
B. rituals.
C. body language.
D. conversation.
Ans: B
Page: 346-348
Essays
112. Is the American family disintegrating? Respond to this question by explaining the pessimist and
optimist views on the family.
113. Describe the differences among patriarchal, matriarchal, and egalitarian family patterns.
114. Contrast the matching hypothesis of mate selection with the complementary needs theory.
115. The text suggests family violence, incest, and child abuse are much more common than most Americans
realize. Identify five specific social facts about this issue, and discuss what changes are needed to reduce
these problems.
116. Contrast the functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist perspectives on the family.
Chapter 11, Religion, Education, and Medicine
True/False
1. The debate over the role religion should play in public policy centers on the issue of whether religious
activists have the right to enter the political arena and lobby for laws consistent with their beliefs.
Ans: F
Page: 353-356
2. According to Durkheim, the sacred includes those elements of society that are forbidden, extraordinary,
mysterious, and awe-inspiring.
Ans: T
Page: 353-356
3. According to Durkheim, the profane has to do with those elements of society that are obscene by nature,
such as the use of bad language and pornography.
Ans: F
Page: 353-356
4. According to the text, mana is the bread people eat when engaged in religious rituals.
Ans: F
Page: 353-356
5. Monotheism is a pattern of religious behavior that involves a belief in spirits or otherworldly beings that
are personified.
Ans: F
Page: 353-356
6. Polytheism is centered in a belief in many gods with equal or similar power; who are thought to have an
interest in human affairs and, therefore, merit being worshipped.
Ans: T
Page: 353-356
7. The concept of the church is that entity which strives to dominate all aspects of social life to teach and
guide the members of society and dispense saving grace.
Ans: T
Page: 356-358
8. The high state of tension existing between sects and the larger society serves to cut them off from
potential recruits; therefore, they tend to be rather small.
Ans: T
Page: 356-358
9. In many cases the denomination is actually a cult in an advanced state of development.

Ans: F
Page: 356-358
10. According to Max Weber, protestantism and modern capitalism appeared on the historical scene at
roughly the same time.
Ans: T
Page: 358-360
11. The secularization thesis implies that sacred considerations gain ascendancy over profane considerations
in the course of social evolution.
Ans: F
Page: 360; 362-
12. In recent years, the percentage of Americans with no religious preference has increased to about 14
percent.
Ans: T
Page: 360; 362
13. Religious conservatives avoid the political arena.

Ans: F
Page: 362-363
14. Throughout the world, Muslims are religiously, politically, and culturally monolithic.
Ans: F
Page: 362-363
15. Many cults are authoritarian and attempt to control the entire lives of their members. An example is the
Heaven's Gate Cult whose members committed mass suicide in San Diego in 1997.
Ans: T
Page: 358
16. Education is one aspect of the many-sided process of socialization by which people acquire behaviors
necessary for effective functioning in society.
Ans: T
Page: 367-368
17. For centuries, the public schools have been the primary agents by which the members of a society are
taught the three Rs.
Ans: F
Page: 367-368
18. The core subject areas such as mathematics, natural science, and social science are quite similar
throughout the world.
Ans: T
Page: 368-369
19. The United States is like most countries in that it has a national curriculum in science and mathematics.
Ans: F
Page: 368-369
20. The formal organization of American schools typically operates with two levels: (1) a board of education
and (2) a group of teachers.
Ans: F
Pages: 368-369
21. According to the text, schools operate by a system that emphasizes and reinforces the subordinate status
of the students.
Ans: T
Page: 368-369
22. The high school graduation rate in the U.S. has slipped below average among industrialized nations.
Ans: T
Page: 368-369
23. Charter schools are very similar in their instructional approach and in the degree to which they are used
in each state.
Ans: F
Pages: 370-371
24. In 2003, 8.4 percent of U.S. college students were taking distance education courses.
Ans: T
Page: 371-372
25. All homeschooling families officially register their children as homeschooled.

Ans: F
Page: 370-371
26. Families with a child in a private college spend a third of their income on college costs.
Ans: T
Page: 371-372
27. The correspondence principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social
relations of the school.
Ans: T
Page: 372-377
28. Historically, medicine has always been an institution within the societies that it serves.
Ans: F
Page: 377
29. Cure is the exception for such diseases as cancer, stroke, and heart disease and not the rule.
Ans: T
Page: 377-380
30. The new type of relationship emerging between physicians and their patients is based on a matter of trust
of the patient for her or his doctor.
Ans: F
Page: 377-380
31. The nursing profession grew out of the religious and charitable activities of early hospitals.
Ans: T
Page: 377-380
32. The aging of America is one factor contributing to rising health care costs.
Ans: T
Page: 377-380
33. One of the functions of medicine has been to serve as a social control agency by defining some
behaviors as healthy and others as unhealthy.
Ans: T
Page: 377-380
34. According to the functionalist image of the sick role, health care services are available equally to all
members of a society regardless of class, race, age, gender, or creed.
Ans: T
Page: 383-388
35. Conflict theorists argue that poor people experience disability and poor health at the same levels as do
the rich.
Ans: F
Page: 383-388
36. In practice, U.S. medical care has provided equal care to the members of all social classes.
Ans: F
Page: 383-388
37. According to symbolic interactionists, being sick depends on being socially defined as sick.
Ans: T
Page: 383-388
38. In some cases a medical treatment is discovered before the condition is seen as a medical one.
Ans: T
Page: 383-388
39. Today, a growing number of behaviors that were called immoral or sinful are now seen as forms of
sickness.
Ans: T
Page: 383-388
Multiple-Choice
40. ______________ has to do with those socially shared ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that have as
their focus the realm of the supernatural or beyond.
A. Government
B. Astrology
C. Astronomy
D. Religion
Ans: D
Page: 354-356
41. Those aspects of social reality considered mysterious and forbidden are considered by Durkheim to be
the
A. sacred.
B. profane.
C. secular.
D. mundane.
Ans: A
Page: 354-356
42. According to Durkheim, those things that have to do with the mundane, everyday, and commonplace are
the
A. sacred.
B. profane.
C. secular.
D. existential.
Ans: B
Page: 354-356
43. Behavior prescribed by rules dictating how people should act in the presence of the sacred are called
A. beliefs.
B. rituals.
C. offerings.
D. sacraments.
Ans: B
Page: 354-356
44. The term mana refers to people

A. compelling a higher power to act.
B. asking a higher power to act.
C. pleading with a higher power to act.
D. taking communion and breaking bread.
Ans: A
Pages: 354-356
45. ______________ involves belief in spirits or other-worldly beings.

A. Simple supernaturalism
B. Existentialism
C. Animism
D. Theism
Ans: C
Page: 354-356
46. Monotheism is the belief in

A. many gods with equal or relatively similar power.
B. one husband and one wife in a single marriage.
C. one powerful god that oversees human life.
D. spirits or otherworldly beings.
Ans: C
Page: 354-356
47. Theistic religion is centered in a belief in

A. spirits or animals that control our lives.
B. such totems as a rabbit's foot or four-leaf clover.
C. gods who are thought to be powerful, who have an interest in human affairs, and who merit worship.
D. abstract ideals only.
Ans: C
Page: 354-356
48. Which of the following are not characteristics of the church?

A. a bureaucratic structure that carries a positive relationship with mainstream society
B. a sect in an advanced stage of development
C. a body that strives to dominate all aspects of social life
D. a body that attaches considerable importance to grace, doctrine, and ritual
Ans: B
Page: 356-358
49. According to the text, the primary response of a church to other competing religious groups is to
A. tolerate them.
B. deny their existence.
C. suppress, ignore, or coopt them.
D. work cooperatively with them.
Ans: C
Page: 356-358
50. Denominations
A. come largely from the upper classes.
B. tend to be cults in advanced form.
C. are quite unhappy in being one group among many, all of whom are acceptable in the sight of God.
D. come largely from the middle classes.
Ans: D
Page: 356-358
51. The religious organization that is rooted in established religious traditions, but views itself as uniquely
legitimate is called a
A. cult.
B. sect.
C. denomination.
D. church.
Ans: B
Page: 356-358
52. The religious organization that is alienated, viewed as deviant by the dominant society, and that has no
previous religious tradition is called a
A. cult.
B. sect.
C. denomination.
D. church.
Ans: A
Page: 356-358
53. Max Weber, in his discussion of the Protestant Ethic, viewed religion as
A. reaffirming tradition.
B. promoting secular change.
C. adapting tradition to new concerns.
Ans: B
Pages: 358-360
54. Max Weber argued the Calvinistic belief that economic success is a sign of one's salvation led to
A. the spirit of the Protestant Reformation.
B. a socialistic fervor among Catholics.
C. the development of capitalism.
D. the present welfare system in America.
Ans: C
Pages: 358-360
55. The secularization thesis proposes that

A. the sacred is gaining over the profane in the course of human evolution.
B. the profane is gaining ascendancy over the sacred in the course of human development.
C. TV evangelists now control the beliefs of most Americans.
D. denominationalism has taken over fundamentalism in the search for the human spirit.
Ans: B
Page: 360; 362
56. Fundamentalism
A. is a movement by the Catholic Church to gain new members.
B. is a Protestant movement that supports a more modern theology.
C. is a Protestant movement that opposes a more modern theology and supports a return to traditional
Christianity.
D. views the Bible as subject to considerable interpretation.
Ans: C
Page: 362-363
57. According to studies by Finke and Stark, religions that gain members tend to
A. see themselves as mainline denominations.
B. avoid competing with other churches.
C. hardline ones that compete for souls.
D. be somewhat rigid, with clergy who utilize a theology that is above the heads of most people.
Ans: C
Page: 362-363
58. Civil religion is found in

A. the text of the First Amendment to the Constitution.
B. such activities as national holidays, mottos, and historic shrines.
C. atheistic countries like Sweden.
D. the tenets of fundamentalism.
Ans: B
Page: 363-364
59. According to Emile Durkheim, the central function of religion is

A. to explain the creation of the universe.
B. to create, reinforce, and maintain social cohesion and control.
C. to destroy shared consciousness so the individual can be subjugated by the state.
D. to melt the social glue of group identity for the good of the larger society.
Ans: B
Page: 364-367
60. Durkheim concluded that when religion is imperiled and not replaced by a satisfying substitute,
A. society will continue functioning without a hitch.
B. society itself is jeopardized.
C. society will experience problems, but eventually find its own equilibrium.
D. education will take over the functions of religion.
Ans: B
Page: 364-367
61. Karl Marx viewed religion as an institution that

A. promoted the general welfare by supporting the development of the poor.
B. contributed to progress through Darwinian social evolution.
C. deluded people with other-worldly concerns and led them to ignore the problems of the world.
D. led to the rise of capitalism as a result of the emergence of Calvinistic asceticism.
Ans: C
Page: 364-367
62. According to conflict theory, religion

A. is a weapon of the ruling classes.
B. is a powerful force in maintaining the status quo.
C. has justified inequalities such as slavery.
Ans: D
Pages: 364-367
63. ________________ is one aspect of socialization, by which people acquire the behaviors essential for
effective participation in society.
A. Bureaucratization
B. Education
C. Urbanization
D. Modernization
Ans: B
Page: 367-368
64. ________ is when societies attempt to transmit particular attitudes, skills, or knowledge to their
members in a formal, systematic way.
A. Learning.
B. Education.
C. Integration.
D. Gatekeeping.
Ans: B
Page: 367-368
65. The formal organization of American schools and colleges generally consists of
A. a chain of command.
B. remarkably standardized environments.
C. four levels, including a board of education, administrators, teachers or professors, and students.
Ans: D
Pages: 368-370
66. At the elementary and secondary levels, American schools are

A. usually very informal in structure.
B. loosely governed by fairly vague sets of rules.
C. places that emphasize and reinforce the subordinate status of pupils.
D. places that attempt to produce an egalitarian atmosphere.
Ans: C
Pages: 368-370
67. In 2003, a U.S. Department of Education study ranked the eighth graders of many countries in
mathematics and science. U.S. eight graders ranked behind ____ countries in mathematics.
A. 2
B. 14
C. 9
D. 22
Ans: B
Page: 368-370
68. According to the Department of Education, American students seem to do more poorly than Japanese
students because
A. American students spend more time watching television.
B. Japanese students spend more class time on science and math.
C. Japanese teachers are more likely to develop math concepts in the classroom, whereas American teachers
simply state the concepts without developing them.
Ans: C
Page: 368-370
69. __________ was NOT a characteristic of effective schools in Rutters study.

A. Expectations that order would prevail in the classrooms
B. Emphasis on academic concerns
C. Moderate achievement expectations of students
D. Respect for students as responsible people
Ans: C
Page: 368-370
70. The number of charter schools grew from zero to __________ in about ten years.
A. 240
B. 540
C. 1,040
D. 2,400
Ans: D
Page: 368-370
71. Parents reported approximately _______ of homeschooling students in 2003.

A. 500,000
B. 850,000
C. 1,100,000
D. 2,000,000
Ans: C
Page: 370-371
72. Among America's undergraduates between 18 and 22 years of age,

A. 80 percent are pursuing parent-financed college education.
B. 10 percent are over age 25.
C. 20 percent are pursuing parent-financed college education.
D. only 10 percent are part-timers.
Ans: C
Pages: 371-377
73. Which of the following is NOT a factor in making college entrance and completion difficult for minority
youth?
A. weaker academic preparation
B. less emotional and financial support from home.
C. fewer on-campus role models
D. All the above are factors.
Ans: D
Page: 371-377
74. Which of the following are factors that make entrance to college difficult for minority youth?
A. weak academic preparation
B. the inherent lack of intellectual ability of minority people
C. the cost of higher education
Ans: D
Page: 371-377
75. According to the functionalist perspective, which of the following is not a function of education?
A. completing socialization
B. screening and selecting talent
C. adding to cultural heritage through research and development
D. reproducing society's power structure

Ans: D
Pages: 371-377
76. Functionalist theorists see schools and education as

A. mobility inhibitors.
B. mobility escalators.
C. elitism enhancers.
D. status quo maintainers.
Ans: B
Page: 371-377
77. A survey of tenure-track college faculty shows that

A. the fewer hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week, the lower the pay.
B. faculty who teach only graduate students get paid less than those who also teach undergraduates.
C. the more hours an instructor spends teaching classes per week, the lower the pay.
D. the more time an instructor spends doing research, the lower the pay.
Ans: C
Pages: 371-377
78. Conflict theorists see schools as agencies that

A. promote social integration.
B. promote social cohesion.
C. reproduce the current social order.
D. increase chances of social mobility.
Ans: C
Page: 371-377
79. The __________ principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations
of the school.
A. correspondence
B. pedagogical
C. screening
D. selection
Ans: A
Page: 371-377
80. The requirement that a worker have a degree for its own sake, rather than having one because it certifies
skills needed for a job, is known as
A. credentialism.
B. job training
C. social integration.
D. functionalism.
Ans: A
Page: 371-377
81. Credentialism implies that education

A. functions more as a certification of class membership than of technical skills.
B. has little or no relationship to social class.
C. functions as a means of class inheritance.
Ans: D
Pages: 371-377
82. Today, a college degree

A. brings occupational status with elite pay.
B. brings a middle-class status with middle-class pay.
C. may be helping to produce a two-tiered society due to the earnings gap between those with a college
education and those without.
Ans: D
Page: 371-377
83. The interactionist perspective on education suggests that

A. much of classroom communication is one-way, with teachers talking and students listening.
B. the teacher functions as a communication gatekeeper.
C. students are programmed for input and not communication output.
Ans: D
Pages: 371-377
84. Interactionists are interested in what they call the __________, which consists of a complex of
unarticulated values, attitudes, and behaviors that subtly mold children in the image preferred by the
dominant institutions.
A. communication principle
B. self-fulfilling prophecies
C. hidden curriculum
D. tracking principle
Ans: C
Page: 371-377
85. Educational self-fulfilling prophecies also are known as
A. teacher-expectation effects.
B. tracking consequences.
C. hidden curriculum effects.
D. the black box effect.
Ans: A
Page: 371-377
86. The World Health Organization defines _____________ as a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being.
A. metaphysics
B. karma
C. health
D. transcendental meditation
Ans: C
Page: 377-380
87. As a distinct institution, medicine

A. is an ancient system.
B. emerged at the time of Christ.
C. emerged in the Middle Ages.
D. emerged in fairly recent times.
Ans: D
Page: 377-380
88. The health care delivery system incorporates specialist roles that include practitioners who
A. utilize a variety of methods from drugs to magic for explaining and controlling illness.
B. serve as gatekeepers responsible for channeling people into the sick role.
C. certify that people have been born, have died, and are fit to work.
Ans: D
Page: 377-380
89. Some view the American medical institution as not being a health care system. Instead, they see it as a
disease-cure system, which means
A. the public believes most illnesses are curable.
B. many physicians act as if most illnesses are curable.
C. most Americans view the body as if it were a machine with replaceable parts.
Ans: D
Page: 377-380
90. The expectation of cure in the American health system has generated
A. an emphasis on people who have diseases.
B. a 90-percent cure rate among patients who have such diseases as cancer, stroke, and heart disease.
C. an explosion of invasive, expensive, and often risky medical interventions.
D. a reduction in costs for the treatment of many health problems.
Ans: C
Pages: 377-380
91. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the current state of medical practice?
A. medical care that has become more and more a matter of practitioners trained in general medicine
B. a disease-cure system
C. a field dominated by specialization
D. a field increasingly governed by high technology
Ans: A
Pages: 377-380
92. __________ percent of U.S. adults meet the medical definition of obesity.
A. Twenty-one
B. Thirty-one
C. Forty-six
D. Fifty-six
Ans: B
Page: 377-380
93. Since the 1960s, hospitals have come to be

A. big, for-profit businesses.
B. broken into smaller, not-for-profit systems.
C. run mainly by religious charities.
D. focused on health care instead of disease cure.
Ans: A
Page: 380-382
94. By the 1900s, doctors began to see their profession as having cultural authority, meaning that
A. they were able to justify claims to self-regulation.
B. they were established as the sole arbiters of medicine in the United States.
C. they enjoyed legal protection by the state.
Ans: D
Page: 380-382
95. The competence gap refers to
A. the physician's assumption of authority and the client's trust, confidence, and compliance.
B. the egalitarian nature of the doctor-patient relationship.
C. the legal principle of doctor-patient privilege.
D. the justification utilized by physicians in claiming higher income opportunity within the society.
Ans: A
Page: 380-382
96. Regarding the profession of nursing,

A. about 60 percent of all registered nurses work in hospitals.
B. 91.9 percent are female.
C. more have begun to experience role conflict.
Ans: D
Page: 380-382
97. Health care expenditures accounted for ___ percent of the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) in 2004.
A. 9
B. 12
C. 16
D. 19
Ans: C
Page: 380-382
99. Which of the following is not a factor causing the increase in cost for health care?
A. The classical rules of the marketplace have finally been applied to the health industry.
B. Labor costs have risen sharply.
C. Upgrades in the scope and intensity of medical service has been costly.
D. The population is getting larger and older.
Ans: A
Pages: 380-382
100. _________ is NOT a new arrangement for financing health care in America?
A. Competition in the health industry marketplace
B. Keeping people out of hospitals
C. Lowering government involvement in containing health care costs
D. Establishing satellite outpatient medical centers
Ans: C
Page: 380-382
101. HMOs and PPOs
A. are new forms of electromagnetic brain scanning.
B. represent the latest form of coronary by-pass surgery.
C. are techniques for laser-guided cataract surgery.

D. are managed care health care systems.
Ans: D
Page: 380-382
102. By the end of 2001, HMOs had _____ subscribers.

A. 4.5 million
B. 14.5 million
C. 55.5 million
D. 79.5 million
Ans: D
Page: 380-382
103. Every year, __________ people die in the United States because they fail to receive the health care that
the medical profession knows they need.
A. 7,000
B. 17,000
C. 27,000
D. 57,000
Ans: D
Page: 380-382
104. A 2003 study showed that __________ of each dollar spent on health care in the United States pays for
administrative costs.
A. 21 cents
B. 31 cents
C. 51 cents
D. 71 cents
Ans: B
Page: 380-382
105. A 2006 study comparison of health care in the U.S. and England shows
A. The U.S. spends twice as much on health care each year than England.
B. U.S. residents are less health than citizens of England.
C. A and B are correct.
D. None of the above is correct.
Ans: D
Pages: 380-382
106. Regarding health, functionalists note that

A. health is essential to the preservation of the human species, as well as organized social life.
B. there must be a reasonable supply of productive members to carry out vital tasks.
C. the medical institution serves both a cure and preventive health function.
Ans: D
Page: 382-387
107. According to Talcott Parsons, when one is ill, he or she will experience a set of cultural expectations
that define appropriate and inappropriate behavior for people with a disease or health problem. This is
referred to as
A. the sick role.
B. role strain.
C. role conflict.
D. role redefinition.
Ans: A
Page: 382-387
108. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sick role as described by Talcott Parsons?
A. Sick people are exempt from their usual social roles.
B. Sick people are thought to be at fault for their condition.
C. Sick people have the duty to get well.
D. Sick people should cooperate with medical practitioners.
Ans: B
Pages: 382-387
109. Conflict theorists note that

A. people of a lower social class are more likely to enjoy good health.
B. people of a higher social class are more likely to live a long life.
C. people of a higher social class are more likely to receive good medical care.
Ans: D
Page: 382-387
110. In practice, the American medical institution operates as a dual system in which
A. the poor have had to utilize private sources of health-care.
B. the rich have utilized public sources of health-care.
C. the poor have utilized public sources of health-care while the rich utilized private sources.
Ans: C
Page: 382-387
111. According to the texts discussion of peoples statuses and health care,
A. well educated people are more likely to live a healthy lifestyle.

B. there is a racial divide.
C. much research indicates that racial and ethnic minorities receive lower quality health services than whites,
even when their incomes and insurance coverage are the same.
Ans: D
Page: 382-387
112. According to the interactionist perspective on medicine,

A. the medical profession defines conditions as diseases only when those conditions are biologically caused.
B. the medical profession defines some conditions as diseases even when there is little evidence of
biological causes.
C. some behaviors previously defined as immoral are now viewed as forms of sickness.
Ans: D
Page: 382-387
113. The medicalization of deviance refers to

A. cases of behavior previously viewed as illness now being labeled as immoral.
B. cases of behavior previously viewed as sinful now being redefined as sickness.
C. criminals being found not guilty by reason of insanity.
D. the data that show more criminals being treated for medical problems while in prison.
Ans: B
Page: 382-387
Essay
114. Contrast the sociological definitions of churches, sects, and cults.
115. Explain the meaning of civil religion, and discuss its role in society.
116. Contrast the functionalist, interactionist, and conflict perspectives on the American education system.
117. Contrast the functionalist and conflict theory views of medicine.
118. Explain the components of the argument that American medicine has become a disease cure system
instead of a health care system.
Chapter 12, Population and Environment
True/False
1. Ecology is the term used to represent the study of the interrelations between the living and nonliving
components of an ecosystem.
Ans: T
Page: 395-396
2. Sociologists in particular focus on plant and animal species while analyzing the ecosystem.
Ans: F
Pages: 395-396
3. Homography is the science dealing with the study of population size, distribution, and composition.
Ans: F
Page: 395-396
4. All population change within a society can be reduced to two factors: births and deaths.
Ans: F
Page: 396-400
5. It takes an average of 2.1 children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to reach the
zero population growth level.
Ans: T
Page: 396-400
6. The United States has the lowest infant mortality rate of all industrialized countries.
Ans: F
Page: 396-400
7. The life expectancy of Americans reached 77 years in 2003.

Ans: T
Page: 396-400
8. Migration is the measurement of factors that encourage people to leave a habitat they already occupy.
Ans: F
Page: 396-400
9. Currently, push AND pull factors contribute to the large numbers of illegal immigrants entering the U.S.
from Mexico.
Ans: T
Page: 396-400
10. Only a few nations, including Cuba, Afghanistan, Haiti, and El Salvador, have as much as one-tenth of a
national population that emigrated in recent decades.
Ans: T
Page: 396-400
11. A boom in the birth rate in California, Texas, Idaho, and Arizona is the biggest factor in these states
population growth.
Ans: F
Page: 396-400
12. As a result of the greater life expectancy of women, there are three women for every two men over the
age of 65 in the U.S.
Ans: T
Page: 396-400
13. The United States currently has a growth rate of 1 percent, which means its population will double every
69 years.
Ans: T
Page: 396-400
14. Births, deaths, and migration are components of what is termed population composition.
Ans: F
Page: 400-404
15. The baby-bust cohort is a phrase representing the huge growth in population that took place during the
high fertility period following World War II.
Ans: F
Page: 400-404
16. Richard Easterlin's work in charting population growth has shown that small generations typically
produce large growth and large generations typically produce small growth.
Ans: T
Page: 400-404
17. According to Thomas Malthus, human beings have to continually deal with a paradox: the need for food
and the passion between the sexes.
Ans: T
Page: 404-406
18. According to Thomas Malthus, human population grows in arithmetic progression and food production
grows in geometric progression; therefore, the food supply stays just ahead of population growth rates.
Ans: F
Page: 404-406
19. Karl Marx's primary disagreement with Thomas Malthus was his insistence that society was not
overpopulated but that wealth needed to be equally distributed.
Ans: T
Pages: 404-406
20. The Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich argued in The Population Bomb that even those who have enough
food will suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and environmental pollution.
Ans: T
Page: 404-406
21. Demographic transition theory relates changes in birth and death rates to processes of modernization.
Ans: T
Page: 406-407
22. Three schools of thought regarding fertility reduction include family planning, improving
industrialization, and coercion as means of curbing the birth rate.
Ans: F
Pages: 407-410
23. According to Chinese officials, in recent years there have been about 50 abortions in that country for
every 100 births.
Ans: T
Page: 407-410
24. Cities constitute a relatively recent development in human history.

Ans: T
Page: 410-414
25. In 1800, 14 percent of the worlds population lived in urban areas.

Ans: F
Page: 410-414
26. For most of the past 200 years, the largest cities in the world have been industrial urban centers in
Europe and North America.
Ans: T
Page: 410-414
27. By 2015, most of the largest urban areas will be in the developing world.
Ans: T
Page: 414-417
28. The three classic models of city growth are the concentric circle model, edge cities, and the single nuclei
model.
Ans: F
Page: 414-417
29. Indigenous Americans are the most segregated minority group in the U.S.
Ans: F
Page: 414-417
30. Descriptive decline refers to a deterioration in city services and the social amenities of urban life.
Ans: F
Page: 414-417
31. On a daily basis, each U.S. citizen uses more than five times the amount of energy calculated to be the
worldwide average per capita.
Ans: T
Page: 410-414
32. Functionalists emphasize that human beings must become more sensitive to both the manifest and latent
consequences of their actions on the environment to avoid damaging the ecosystem.
Ans: T
Page: 419
33. Global warming ranks very high in terms of public concern.

Ans: F
Page: 421-422
Multiple-Choice
34. The discipline that studies the interrelationships between the living and nonliving organisms and their
environment is
A. environmentalism.
B. ecology.
C. tree-hugging.
D. symbiosis.
Ans: B
Page: 396-400
35. The _________________ consists of all surrounding conditions and influences that affect an organism or
a group or organisms.
A. society
B. behavioral sink
C. ecosystem
D. environment
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
36. A relatively stable community of organisms with established interlocking relationships and exchanges
with one another and their natural habitat is called
A. society.
B. a behavioral sink.
C. environment.
D. an ecosystem.
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
37. ________________ is the science dealing with the size, distribution, composition, and changes in
population.
A. Sociology
B. Ecology
C. Demography
D. Homography
Ans: C
Page: 396-400
38. The three factors that determine population change within a given society are
A. births, accidental deaths, and homicides.
B. births, deaths, and immigrations.
C. births, deaths, and out-migrations.
D. births, deaths, and migrations into or out of the society.
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
39. The number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year is the __________ rate.
A. crude birth.
B. general fertility
C. age-specific fertility
D. fecundity
Ans: A
Page: 396-400
40. In 2003, world population had reached __________ billion.
A. 6.48
B. 7.23
C. 8.63
D. 9.74
Ans: A
Page: 396-400
41. The potential number of children that could be born to a woman is called
A. fertility.
B. the child-woman ratio.
C. the crude birth rate.
D. fecundity.
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
42. The number of births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 is the
A. crude birth rate.
B. age-specific birth rate.
C. general fertility rate.
D. fecundity rate.
Ans: C
Page: 396-400
43. Demographically, a fertility rate is

A. related to actual reproductive behavior.
B. data dealing with the potential to reproduce.
C. the equivalent of fecundity.
D. data regarding ZPG.
Ans: A
Page: 396-400
44. The average number of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself
without immigration is called the level of
A. fertility.
B. fecundity.
C. zero population growth.
D. demographic transition.
Ans: C
Page: 396-400
45. The average number of children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to replace itself
without immigration is
A. 1.0.
B. 2.1.
C. 3.
D. 3.5.
Ans: B
Page: 396-400
46. The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births is called the
A. crude death rate.
B. age-specific death rate.
C. infant morbidity rate.
D. infant mortality rate.
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
47. In 2005, the infant mortality rate in the United States

A. was the lowest in the world.
B. was 6 per 1,000.
C. was above that of many other industrialized nations.
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
48. The highest life expectancy rate in the world is found in

A. the U.S.
B. the United Kingdom.
C. Spain.
D. Japan.
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
49. The __________ rate is the increase or decrease per 1,000 members of the population in a given year
that results from people entering or leaving a society.
A. demographic reduction
B. emigration
C. net migration
D. immigration
Ans: C
Page: 396-400
50. Low agricultural productivity and low commodity prices in Mexico are examples of ___________
factors in migration patterns.
A. pull
B. neutral
C. negative
D. push
Ans: D
Page: 396-400
51. High American wages served as a _____________ factor contributing to the illegal immigration patterns
of people from Mexico.
A. pull
B. push
C. neutral
D. positive
Ans: A
Page: 396-400
52. Migration is usually a burden in terms of costs and loss of social networks, so migrants are usually
A. older.
B. less educated.
C. better off economically.
D. less ambitious than others.
Ans: C
Page: 396-400
53. Movement of people from one nation to another is called __________ migration.
A. international
B. global
C. inter-country
D. internal
Ans: A
Page: 396-400
54. The boom in population in the western part of the United States is due primarily to
A. declining death rates resulting from better medical care.
B. internal migration.
C. a rapidly growing birth rate.
D. the demographic transition.
Ans: B
Page: 396-400
55. The difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants per
1,000 population is known as the
A. demographic transition rate.
B. fecundity rate.
C. growth rate.
D. net migration rate.
Ans: C
Page: 396-400
56. Normally, a population pyramid shows the distribution of

A. minorities in a population.
B. population by age and sex.
C. population by income.
D. population by occupation.
Ans: B
Page: 400-404
57. The baby-boom cohort

A. stands out in all the population pyramids.
B. is emerging as the power generation in political and economic institutions.
C. will need Social Security and Medicare support from the smaller generations coming behind them.
Ans: D
Page: 400-404
58. The baby-boom-echo generation is

A. the generation born just after World War II.
B. a group consisting of those babies born to the baby boomer generation.
C. represented by the tiny base of the 1980 population pyramid.
D. a consequence of the Social Security dependency ratio.
Ans: B
Page: 400-404
59. According to demographer Richard Easterlin,

A. small generations typically produce large generations, and large generations typically produce smaller
ones.
B. smaller birth cohorts may experience less competition for jobs when they enter the work force.
C. smaller birth cohorts may experience more competition for jobs when they enter the work force.
Ans: D
Page: 400-404
60. Thomas Malthus argued that population

A. increases arithmetically; food supply increases geometrically.
B. increases in parallel fashion; food supply increases arithmetically.
C. increases geometrically; food supply increases arithmetically.
D. should be checked by artificial birth control.
Ans: C
Page: 404-406
61. Thomas Malthus focused primarily on the paradox of

A. the human being's need for food and desire for sex.
B. the social classes.
C. contraception and higher birth rates.
D. the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.
Ans: A
Page: 404-406
62. Karl Marx viewed population growth as always relative to the

A. demand for resources.
B. supply of food.
C. availability of employment opportunity.
D. family structure.
Ans: C
Pages: 404-406
63. According to demographic transition theory, the primary factor that affects growth rates is
A. the desire for sex.
B. modernization.
C. migration.
D. fecundity.
Ans: B
Page: 406-407
64. According to Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich,

A. Malthus correctly suggested there were too many people in the world and too little food.
B. Marx was right about the need for a conflict between the rich and poor.
C. those who have enough food also will suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and pollution.
Ans: D
Page: 406-407
65. An argument against demographic transition theory is that it does not apply particularly well to
A. developing nations.
B. modern nations today.
C. Africa.
D. the United States.
Ans: A
Pages: 406-407
66. A major problem with the family planning approach to population reduction is that it
A. forces people to be sterilized.
B. assumes that people want to have fewer children.
C. argues for economic development first, then birth control.
D. sees offspring as a form of social security.
Ans: B
Pages: 407-410
67. Giving advantages in housing, taxes, scholarships, and recreation to single as opposed to married people
illustrates __________ of population reduction?
A. family planning strategy
B. developmentalist strategy
C. societalist perspective
D. coercive strategy
Ans: C
Page: 407-410
68. The developmentalist strategy for population reduction is based on

A. a family planning device.
B. demographic transition theory.
C. coercion.
D. a passive-resistance approach.
Ans: B
Page: 407-410
69. Historically, population planners have focused on

A. how to keep the world's poorest women from having more babies.
B. Thomas Malthus' theory.
C. Karl Marx's perspective.
D. demographic transition theory.
Ans: A
Page: 407-410
70. According to the __________ strategy, fertility is a pattern of behavior tied closely to the institutional
and organizational structure of society.
A. family planning
B. societalist
C. coercion
D. developmentalist
Ans: D
Page: 407-410
71. According to the __________ perspective, governments fashion policies designed to produce changes in
demographic behavior.
A. developmentalist
B. coercion
C. societalist
D. family planning
Ans: C
Page: 407-410
72. A ________________ is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their
livelihood chiefly through nonagricultural activities.
A. city
B. megalopolis
C. corporation
D. suburban area
Ans: A
Page: 410-413
73. Important to the emergence of cities was the

A. domestication of plants.
B. domestication of animals.
C. ability to produce surplus food.
Ans: D
Pages: 410-413
74. The size of preindustrial cities was restricted by all but which of the following?
A. Early cities had trouble with the threats from neighboring cities.
B. The absence of modern medicine and sanitation made life a deadly reality.
C. Thomas Malthus's theorem
D. The class structure prevented rural-urban migration.
Ans: C
Pages: 410-413
75. The foundation for the metropolitan phase of urbanism is found in

A. the application of science to industry.
B. the widespread use of electric power.
C. the advent of modern forms of transportation.

Ans: D
Pages: 410-413
76. A megalopolis is
A. sociological terminology for a city.
B. the same thing as a metropolis.
C. a strip city connecting outlying rural areas with urban development.
D. not found in current areas of urban development.
Ans: C
Page: 410-413
77. According to Sassen, changes in the world economy are transforming major urban centers into what she
calls the
A. modern Mesopotamia.
B. global city.
C. megalopolitan sprawl.
D. behavioral sink.
Ans: B
Page: 413-414
78. The primary processes fostering the development of the global city are
A. gentrification and squalor.
B. invasion and organization.
C. dispersal and concentration.
D. suburbanization and exurbanization.
Ans: C
Page: 410-413
79. The _________ model of urban development was originated in and represented by the city of Chicago.
A. concentric circle
B. sector
C. multiple nuclei
D. doughnut structure
Ans: A
Pages: 410-413
80. The theory of urban development that emphasizes wedge shapes extending from the center to the
periphery is called the
A. concentric circle model.
B. sector model.
C. multiple nuclei model.

D. original zone model.
Ans: B
Page: 410-413
81. The city centers that evolve through the multiple nuclei model of development come about for a number
of reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons?
A. Certain city activities require specialized facilities.
B. Dissimilar activities are often antagonistic to one another.
C. Activities like bulk wholesaling and storage can afford high-rent areas and thus locate wherever they
choose.
D. Activities such as retail often benefit by being clustered together.
Ans: C
Page: 410-413
82. _________________ is a process of clustering wherein individuals and groups are sifted and sorted out
in space based on their sharing of certain traits or activities in common.
A. Gentrification
B. Segregation
C. Invasion
D. Urban sprawl
Ans: B
Page: 410-413
83. Between 1970 and 1990 the number of Americans living in poverty increased by 50 percent, but the
number of poor neighborhoods has
A. declined due to higher density segregation.
B. more than doubled.
C. stayed about the same.
D. nearly disappeared due to urban sprawl.
Ans: B
Page: 414-417
84. Urban gentrification

A. is a sociological panacea for urban ills.
B. leads to further declines in urban tax bases.
C. displaces the poor into other neighborhoods, resulting in more deterioration.
D. is on the increase in every major U.S. city.
Ans: C
Page: 414-417
85. Which ecological process occurs in a city when new people or activities encroach on an area and
eventually displace earlier inhabitants?
A. segregation
B. invasion
C. succession
D. urban encroachment
Ans: C
Page: 414-417
86. When a new type of people, institution, or activity encroaches on an area occupied by a different type,
this is called
A. segregation.
B. invasion.
C. succession.
D. urban encroachment.
Ans: B
Page: 414-417
87. The doughnut structure of metropolitan development is a metaphor that shows

A. the decline of both the inner city and outer suburbs.
B. a decaying central city and a prosperous suburban region.
C. a declining suburban region with a newly prosperous central city.
Ans: D
Page: 414-417
88. Deterioration of city services is an example of

A. donutting.
B. functional decline.
C. descriptive decline.
D. urban decay.
Ans: B
Pages: 414-417
89. Loss of urban jobs is an example of

A. donutting.
B. functional decline.
C. descriptive decline.
D. urban decay.
Ans: C
Page: 414-417
90. The new form of urban organization referred to as edge cities

A. has been a consequence of the back-to-the-farm movement among babybusters.
B. has been facilitated by the development of a service-based economy that is electronically based through
the use of computers.
C. shows few signs of interest.
D. has been aided by proactive government policy changes.
Ans: B
Page: 414-417
91. __________ percent of the worlds carbon dioxide emissions come from the United States.
A. Four
B. Eight
C. Fourteen
D. Twenty-four
Ans: D
Page: 414-417
92. Restoration ecology

A. refers to the restoration of land altered by human activity.
B. has been increasingly successful.
C. is a figment of futuristic imagination.
Ans: D
Page: 414-417
93. Functionalists emphasize the need for human beings to become more sensitive to the
A. consequences of their actions on the ecosystem.
B. ways they can exploit the environment to human benefit.
C. effects of the environment on human life.
D. changes humans can make in the environment.
Ans: A
Page: 417-421
94. _________________ theorists approach the environment by examining the precarious balance among
the living and nonliving components comprising the biosphere.
A. Functionalist
B. Conflict
C. Symbolic interactionist
D. Tree-hugger
Ans: A
Page: 417-421
95. Most of the desertification of the Sahara is due to

A. climatic change.
B. too little irrigation.
C. introduction of Western technology and procedures.
D. lack of Western technology such as tractors.
Ans: C
Page: 417-421
96. Conflict theorists see critical decisions affecting the environment being based on the interests of
A. the total ecosystem.
B. groups that can impose their will on others.
C. the majority of people inhabiting the earth.
D. scientists and ecologists who care about the environment.
Ans: B
Page: 417-421
97. Conflict theorists point to two sides on environmental issues. On one side there are those who see
environmental preservation as their primary goal. The other side prioritizes
A. technological development.
B. population development.
C. human development.
D. economic development.
Ans: D
Page: 417-421
98. Conflict theorists argue that Western financial assistance to Third-World nations
A. promotes agricultural progress and independence.
B. creates a growing indebtedness.
C. is recycled through building projects to Western corporations.
Ans: D
Page: 417-421
99. In 2000, __________ percent of Americans identified themselves as environmentalists.

A. less than 50
B. 60
C. 70
D. 90
Ans: A
Page: 417-421
100. In a 2002 survey, respondents ranked protecting the environment as a lower legislative priority than
A. terrorism
B. the economy
C. education
Ans: D
Page: 417-421
101. The public appears to be most concerned about

A. oil spills, underground storage, and hazardous waste.
B. global warming and destruction of natural habitats.
C. big environmental threats that could unleash catastrophe.
D. air pollution.
Ans: A
Page: 417-421
102. The U.S. car population is __________ vehicles per 1,000 people
A. 474
B. 574
C. 674
D. 774
Ans: D
Page: 417-421
103. Global warmings impact on humans will include adverse changes in the availability of
A. drinking water.
B. fish.
C. forest and agricultural products
Ans: D
Page: 417-421
Essays
104. Explain the meaning of the term demography, and identify its four components.
105. What are population pyramids? Explain how demographers use these.
106. Explain the three stages of the demographic transition identified in your text.
107. Describe the five components of the concentric circle model of urban development, and contrast the
sector model of urban development with the multiple nuclei model.
108. Contrast the public's view of environmental problems with that of scientists advising the Environmental
Chapter 13, Social Change
True/False
1. A primary problem in forecasting social change is that change is so much a part of our lives, we take it for
granted.
Ans: T
Page: 430
2. According to the text, the events taking place in the 1930s resulted in duty being the watchword of the
times. Today that watchword has been changed to self or identity.
Ans: T
Page: 430
3. The text suggests that if people are to survive today, they must develop an effective relationship with their
government.
Ans: F
Page: 430
4. The principal factor in the nation's soaring Social Security, Medicaid, and health care costs is the
increasing number of older people in the population.
Ans: T
Pages: 430-433
5. The only major function of a society's values and norms is to act as a conservative censor or watchdog
inhibiting certain kinds of innovation.
Ans: F
Page: 430-433
6. The inventor of ideas is often referred to as a revolutionary.

Ans: T
Page: 430-433
7. An invention represents an addition to knowledge, whereas a discovery uses existing knowledge in some
new way.
Ans: F
Page: 430-433
8. Innovations that incorporate both discoveries and inventions are changes that result from new
combinations of old cultural elements plus new elements.
Ans: T
Page: 430-433
9. Diffusion is a people process and hence is expedited or hindered by the social environment.
Ans: T
Page: 430-433
10. The classic satire, The 100 Percent American by anthropologist Ralph Linton, showed the significance of
invention in everyday American life.
Ans: F
Pages: 430-433
11. One view of the role of the mass media is that they afford the public a marketplace of ideas through
which the public becomes enlightened about a variety of attitudes and behaviors.
Ans: T
Page: 430-433
12. According to symbolic interactionists, the primary task of the media is to make the public aware of the
objective realities of everyday life.
Ans: F
Page: 433-436
13. Some communications experts suggest that the media produce a cultivation effect in which fictional
images of life influence public attitudes and behavior about a number of policy issues such as crime,
violence, and welfare.
Ans: T
Page: 433-436
14. According to Herbert Spencer, social evolution has gradually produced a society that has moved from
one consisting of heterogeneous interdependent units to one that is more homogeneous in nature.
Ans: F
Pages: 433-436
15. Spencer's view of the human struggle for existence has been referred to as Social Darwinism.
Ans: T
Page: 433-436
16. Research has shown that social change follows one basic sequence of stages, and this view is called the
social evolution perspective.
Ans: F
Page: 433-436
17. Gerhard Lenski argued an evolutionary perspective that regards changes in social organization as being a
necessary element in the path to greater human happiness and overall satisfaction.
Ans: F
Page: 433-436
18. Arnold Toynbee suggested that civilizations arise in response to some challenge that can be met with an
adequate response by a creative minority.
Ans: T
Pages: 433-436
19. Ogburn's cultural lag theory proposed that nonmaterial culture is constantly in the process of catching
up with changes in the material culture and this produces changes in the society.
Ans: T
Page: 433-436
20. According to the conflict perspective, class conflict is a particularly powerful source of change.
Ans: T
Pages: 433-436
21. All conflict theorists agree with Karl Marx that all history is the history of class conflict.
Ans: F
Page: 433-436
22. Nearly two-thirds of the U.S. population had computers in 2003.

Ans: T
Page: 436-438
23. In comparison with whites and Asian Americans, African Americans, and Hispanics are likely to have
less household Internet access.
Ans: T
Page: 436-438
24. While computers are seen as an agent resulting in the automation of the workplace, they are not viewed
as having a significant impact on the ways in which people relate to one another.
Ans: F
Page: 438-440
25. Rumors never contain any truth.

Ans: F
Page: 442-444
26. Fads that become all-consuming passions are called crazes.

Ans: T
Page: 442-444
27. Panics can be greatly amplified by modern information technologies.

Ans: T
Page: 442-444
28. Convergence theory sees normal, decent people being transformed under crowd influence.
Ans: F
Pages: 446-447
29. Reform movements advocate replacement of the existing value scheme.

Ans: F
Page: 447-448
30. In practice, what constitutes terrorism is a matter of social definition.

Ans: T
Page: 451-453
31. Suicide terrorists are less well educated and more likely to be members of lower socioeconomic groups
in comparison with those in the surrounding population.
Ans: F
Page: 451-453
Multiple-Choice
32. Social change involves fundamental alterations in

A. the patterns of culture.
B. structure.
C. social behavior.
Ans: D
Page: 430-432
33. A common problem found in attempting to predict the future is

A. being oblivious to or unimpressed by many of the social changes.
B. looking too far into the future instead of looking backward for clues.
C. the rearview-mirror effect in which recent events occupy too much of our thinking about the future.
Ans: D
Page: 430-432
34. Fundamental modifications in the patterns of culture, structure, and social behavior over time are called
A. diffusion.
B. historical accident.
C. the dialectic.
D. social change.
Ans: D
Page: 430-432
35. __________ is NOT a factor identified in the text as a critical source of social change?
A. Changes in the workplace
B. Changes in the physical environment
C. Changes in population
D. The mass media
Ans: A
Pages: 430-432
36. Drought is an example of which source of social change?

A. population change
B. change in the physical environment
C. clashes over resources and values
D. diffusion
Ans: B
Page: 430-432
37. The graying of the population is an example of which source of social change?
A. population change
B. change in the physical environment
C. clashes over resources and values
D. diffusion
Ans: A
Pages: 430-432
38. The Vietnam War might be viewed as an example of what source of social change?
A. changes in the physical environment
B. clashes over resources and values
C. population change
D. innovation
Ans: B
Page: 430-432
39. Conflict is a basic source of

A. stability.
B. social change.
C. socialization.
D. social cohesion.
Ans: B
Page: 430-432
40. A society's values and norms act as

A. censors that inhibit some innovations.
B. watchdogs that permit some innovations.
C. stimulants for social change.
Ans: D
Page: 430-432
41. According to the text, the greater number of ________________ increases the frequency of discovery
and invention.
A. cultural elements on which innovators may draw
B. college graduates and doctoral students
C. computers and fax machines
D. intellectual elites employed by the government
Ans: A
Page: 430-432
42. ______________ involves a new combination of old elements.

A. Innovation
B. Invention
C. Discovery
Ans: B
Page: 430-432
43. ______________ involves the combination of existing elements in a culture plus new elements.
A. Innovation
B. Invention
C. Discovery
Ans: A
Page: 430-432
44. Adding something new to our present knowledge base is called

A. diffusion.
B. discovery.
C. invention.
D. an accident.
Ans: B
Page: 430-432
45. The discovery of glass gave birth to lenses, costume jewelry, windowpanes, and test tubes. Such
developments reflect
A. the relatively static level of social change.
B. the exponential principle.
C. arithmetic growth.
D. the role of clashes over resources and values.
Ans: B
Page: 430-432
46. _________________ is the process that spreads cultural traits from one social unit to another.
A. Differentiation
B. Socialization
C. Diffusion
D. Invention
Ans: C
Page: 430-432
47. Ralph Linton's satire, The 100 Percent American, is an example of

A. differentiation.
B. socialization.
C. diffusion.
D. invention.
Ans: C
Pages: 430-433
48. Regarding social change, the exponential principle states that as the cultural base increases, the
possibilities for change
A. multiply.
B. grow arithmetically.
C. grow in a curvilinear shape.
D. gradually level off.
Ans: A
Page: 430-433
49. A view of the mass media presented in the text is that the media
A. discharge products, ideas, and values into a passive and susceptible population who are therefore
manipulated by the media.
B. provide a marketplace of ideas for an enlightened public.
C. do little to promote real changes in the society.
Ans: D
Pages: 430-433
50. Symbolic interactionists note that the news is

A. translated by the media into events.
B. a matter of social construction.
C. what remains after the media ignore other events.
Ans: D
Page: 433-436
51. Some communication experts argue that fictional media presentations provide images that influence
attitudes and behavior about such policies as crime, violence, and welfare. This phenomenon is referred to as
a(n) __________ effect.
A. anomie
B. cultivation
C. restrictive
D. Hawthorne
Ans: B
Page: 433-436
52. Social Darwinists equated the biological struggle for survival with _________________ in the social
world.
A. free competition
B. governmental regulation
C. socialism
D. diffusion
Ans: A
Page: 433-436
53. Spencer and Social Darwinists represent the _________ approach to social change.
A. evolutionary
B. cyclical
C. functionalist
D. conflict theory
Ans: A
Page: 433-436
54. Sociologist Talcott Parsons suggested that societies tend to become increasingly differentiated in their
structures and functions, leading to
A. societal prerequisites.
B. adaptive upgrading.
C. multilinear evolution.
D. unilateral functioning.
Ans: B
Page: 433-436
55. _____________ theorists look to the rise and fall of civilizations to explain social change.
A. Evolutionary
B. Cyclical
C. Functionalist
D. Conflict
Ans: B
Page: 433-436
56. Cyclical theorists

A. look at the rise and fall of civilizations.
B. try to predict the course of a civilization or society, including its demise.
C. compare societies in a search for generalizations regarding their stages of growth and decline.
Ans: D
Pages: 433-436
57. The German scholar and cyclical theorist Oswald Spengler

A. was optimistic about the future of Western society.
B. believed that Western society would flourish in the 20th century.
C. believed that culture passes through stages from development, to maturity, to decline, to death.
Ans: C
Page: 433-436
58. According to English historian Arnold J. Toynbee,

A. civilizations grow and decline in a uniform manner.
B. civilizations arise in response to some challenge such as warlike neighbors.
C. a civilization will grow and flourish when a challenge it faces is not so severe as to make an adequate
response impossible.
Ans: D
Pages: 433-436
59. In the United States we have the technology to produce and distribute large numbers of inexpensive
handguns. At the same time we lack effective legal means of controlling and identifying who gets and uses
them. In terms of violence in America, this may be an example of
A. syncretism.
B. diffusion.
C. cultural lag.
D. innovation.
Ans: C
Page: 436-438
60. William F. Ogburn argues that the main source of change comes from the
A. nonmaterial culture.
B. material culture.
C. subculture.
D. contraculture.
Ans: B
Page: 436-438
61. _________ occurs when there is an uneven rate of change between social institutions and technology.
A. Syncretism
B. Diffusion
C. Cultural lag
D. Evolutionary change
Ans: C
Page: 436-438
62. According to Karl Marx, the primary source of change in society is

A. material culture.
B. technology.
C. constant conflict between opposites.
D. conflict between the material and nonmaterial culture.
Ans: C
Pages: 436-438
63. According to conflict theorists who disagree with Karl Marx' view of change,
A. all history is the history of class conflict.
B. conflict between different ethnic groups is unimportant.
C. social consensus is the dominant force in society.
D. different types of conflict, such as that between religious groups, may be equally important to class
conflict.
Ans: D
Page: 436-438
64. According to the text, a current revolutionary source of social change is

A. genetics.
B. the global village.
C. computers.
D. chemical warfare.
Ans: C
Page: 436-438
65. Some studies of computer usage have shown that

A. computers are a source of power.
B. centralized accumulation of data permits the concentration of power among those who have access to
computers.
C. in the United States, whites have much more access to computers and the Internet than do African
Americans.
Ans: D
Pages: 438; 440
66. Studies indicate that when we communicate with others electronically by computer, we are
A. able to pick up nonverbal cues more easily.
B. less likely to hold back strong feelings.
C. more likely to be courteous.
D. more likely to talk less than the other person.
Ans: B
Page: 438; 440
67. Certain racial and socioeconomic groups in society are far less likely to have access to computers and the
Internet, and this phenomenon is called
A. the computer class effect.
B. computer poverty.
C. the digital divide.
Ans: C
Pages: 438; 440
68. ________________ describes the process by which a society moves from traditional or preindustrial
social and economic arrangements to those characteristic of industrial societies.
A. Industrialization
B. Modernization
C. Evolution
D. Acculturation
Ans: B
Page: 440-442
69. Modernization assumes social patterns where

A. there is increasing conflict.
B. there is a heightening of oppression.
C. convergence produces societies that are increasingly urban, the division of labor is more specialized, and
the knowledge base becomes larger and more complex.
D. diversity of organization is the rule.
Ans: C
Page: 440-442
70. The world system (and dependency) approach sees the social structure of
A. advanced nations as though they were shaped by their status as colonies.
B. the former U.S.S.R. as though it was shaped primarily by democratic forces.
C. third world nations as though they were shaped by their colonial heritage.
D. third world nations as thought they were a recap of the history of Western nations.
Ans: C
Pages: 440-442
71. According to the world system and dependency approaches, those areas of the world that the powerful
nations exploit for their raw materials are
A. core areas.
B. peripheral areas.
C. focal areas.
D. pseudo-imperialistic areas.
Ans: B
Pages: 440-442
72. Thomas Friedman, in The World is Flat, describes a world coming to a single global economy with a
playing field flattened by
A. technological changes.
B. a scarcity of resources.
C. a few large companies.
Ans: A
Pages: 440-442
73. ___________________ represent ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that develop among a large
number of people and that are relatively spontaneous.
A. Social institutions
B. Social movements
C. Revolutions
D. Collective behaviors
Ans: D
Page: 442-444
74. _________ does not represent a form of collective behavior?

A. Rumor
B. Bureaucracy
C. Fashion
D. Mass hysteria
Ans: B
Pages: 442-444
75. Collective behavior is characterized by

A. being highly institutionalized.
B. established, routinized group behavior.
C. ordered ways of doing things.
D. spontaneity and lack of structure.
Ans: D
Page: 442-444
76. The ideal conditions for rumors to occur are typified by

A. calm and boring serenity.
B. steady, calculated, progressive change.
C. anxiety and tension.
D. periods of fluctuating economic growth.
Ans: C
Page: 442-444
77. Fashions and fads represent short-term

A. rumors.
B. social movements.
C. folkways.
D. mores.
Ans: C
Pages: 442-444
78. ________________ refers to the rapid dissemination of behaviors involving contagious anxiety that is
usually associated with some mysterious force.
A. Crowd behavior
B. Panic
C. Rumor
D. Mass hysteria
Ans: D
Page: 442-444
79. Such widespread psychogenic illnesses as nausea and dizziness are

A. examples of mass hysteria.
B. examples of problems in people's heads.
C. related to stress, monotony, and boredom, which result in hyperventilation.
Ans: D
Page: 442-444
80. Irrational, uncoordinated collective actions brought on by immediate, severe threat is

A. panic.
B. fetishism.
C. fadism.
D. psychogenic illness.
Ans: A
Page: 442-444
81. When the SARS epidemic spread from China to other countries in 2003, a panic affected the lives of
millions of people. This was referred to as a(n)
A. Internet panic.
B. information epidemic.
C. medicalization incident.
D. propaganda episode.
Ans: B
Page: 442-444
82. A collection of people having little in common except that perhaps they are looking at some common
event is a(n)
A. acting crowd.
B. casual crowd.
C. conventional crowd.
D. deindividualized crowd.
Ans: B
Page: 442-444
83. A(n) ______________ crowd is an aggregation of people who have gotten together for self-stimulation
and personal gratification.
A. casual
B. conventional
C. expressive
D. acting
Ans: C
Page: 442-444
84. Crowds tend to share the characteristics of

A. panic, mass hysteria, and fadism.
B. psychogenesis and fadism.
C. suggestibility, deindividualization, and invulnerability.
D. conduciveness, precipitation, and value-addedness.
Ans: C
Pages: 442-444
85. People attending a basketball game or a symphony performance would constitute a(n)
A. mob.
B. casual crowd.
C. expressive crowd.
D. conventional crowd.
Ans: D
Page: 442-444
86. According to Neil Smelser, the first necessary precondition for collective behavior is
A. structural conduciveness.
B. structural strain.
C. the growth of a generalized belief.
D. a precipitating factor.
Ans: A
Pages: 444-446
87. In the context of collective behavior, the sense that something is wrong and needs to be remedied is
defined as
A. generalized belief.
B. structural strain.
C. precipitating factors.
D. structural conduciveness.
Ans: A
Page: 444-446
88. ____________________ occurs when aspects of a social system seem out of joint.
A. Structural conduciveness
B. Structural strain
C. Social control
D. Generalized belief
Ans: B
Page: 444-446
89. According to the text, collective behavior requires ________________, which refers to the threshold or
number of participants that must be reached before collective behavior erupts.
A. structural conduciveness
B. critical mass
C. a precipitating factor
D. norms
Ans: B
Page: 444-446
90. The ______________ theory emphasizes the part that rapidly communicated and uncritically accepted
feelings, attitudes, and actions play in crowd settings.
A. value-added
B. convergence
C. emergent-norm
D. contagion
Ans: D
Page: 444-446
91. The view that people may assemble into an acting crowd because they already share certain similar
predispositions would be characteristic of the __________ theory.
A. convergence
B. game
C. contagion
D. emergent-norm
Ans: A
Pages: 444-446
92. The _________________ theory draws upon the work of Sherif and Asch, and it focuses on social
conformity in ambiguous situations.
A. value-added
B. convergence
C. emergent-norm
D. contagion
Ans: C
Page: 444-446
93. A ____________________ is a more or less persistent and organized effort on the part of a relatively
large number of people to bring about or resist change.
A. riot
B. crowd
C. social movement
D. democracy
Ans: C
Page: 444-446
94. One factor that is essential for a successful social movement is a(n)
A. revolution.
B. emergent norm.
C. ideology.
D. dialectic.
Ans: C
Page: 447-450
95. A social movement such as the Ku Klux Klan would be an example of

A. revolutionary movements.
B. reform movements.
C. resistance movements.
D. revitalization movements.
Ans: C
Page: 447-450
96. A movement that advocates replacement of old ways with something new and different is a
A. reform movement.
B. convergence movement.
C. contagion movement with mass hysteria.
D. revolutionary movement.
Ans: D
Page: 447-450
97. Social revolutions are most likely to occur under all but which one of the following social conditions?
A. Political power is primarily concentrated in the state.
B. The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong.
C. Political crises weaken the existing regime.
D. A substantial segment of the population mobilizes in uprisings.
Ans: B
Page: 447-450
98. The U.S. Congress defines acts of terror as acts that appear to be intended to
A. intimidate or coerce a civilian population.
B. influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion.
C. affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping.
Ans: D
Page: 451-453
99. Suicide terrorists are always

A. poor.
B. uneducated.
C. politically powerless.
Ans: D
Page: 451-453
100. According to psychologists who studied the September 11 attacks, the 19 men who carried out the plans
of Al-Qaida were motivated mostly by
A. peer pressure.
B. religious zeal.
C. hatred for the United States.
Ans: A
Page: 451-453
101. Scott Atran recommends that the United States respond to terrorist acts
A. with extreme deadly force.
B. by taking an eye-for-an-eye approach.
C. by addressing the grievances of terrorist organizations.
D. by surrendering.
Ans: C
Page: 451-453
102. Which of the following are mentioned in the text as global factors that influence our future?
A. the AIDS epidemic in Africa
B. the collapese of the communist bloc
C. environmental problems
Ans: D
Pages: 453; 455
103. The text suggests that a major factor in social movements and upheavals is
A. absolute deprivation of goods and services.
B. a feeling that there is a gap between what one has and what one expects and feels to be one's right.
C. periods of economic decline followed by upturns.
D. getting leadership out of the hands of the intelligentsia and into the hands of the common people.
Ans: B
Page: 453; 455
104. According to the ________________ approach, people are seen as participating in a social movement
as a response to a rational decision-making process where the costs and benefits of participation are
weighed.
A. relative deprivation
B. emergent-norm
C. resource mobilization
D. absolute deprivation
Ans: C
Pages: 453; 455
Essays
105. Identify and briefly explain each of the seven sources of social change discussed in the text.
106. Contrast the evolutionary theory of social change with the cyclical theory.
107. Social change in third world nations has been viewed from two perspectives: modernization and world
system or dependency theory. Explain each perspective.
108. Briefly identify and explain each of Smelser's six determinants of collective behavior noted in your
text.
109. Contrast the characteristics of social movements with tho

Chapter 9, Political and Economic Power
True/False
1. Power is a part of all aspects of social life.

Ans: T
Page: 283-284
2. Power tends to be distributed randomly, somewhat arbitrarily, and in a noninstitutionalized manner.

Ans: F
Page: 283-284
3. Ultimately the state depends on force power whose basis is the threat or application of punishment.
Ans: T
Page: 283-284
4. Bureaucratic organization has become more a part of our lives as the role of the state has expanded.
Ans: T
Page: 283-284
5. Functionalists tend to view the state as a nonessential social institution that would do well to retreat in
favor of individual interests.
Ans: F
Page: 284-285
6. Thomas Hobbes argued that private property was the root of all evil. By taking this position, he became a
forerunner of modern conflict theory.
Ans: F
Page: 284-287
7. Four primary functions performed by the state are: (1) enforcement of norms; (2) planning and direction;
(3) arbitration of conflicting interests; and (4) protection against other societies.
Ans: T
Page: 284-287
8. Conflict theorists contend that the state exists to give power to some groups over others.
Ans: T
Pages: 284-287
9. Conflict theorists observed that the state came into being as a consequence of the production of more
goods and services than were necessary for human survival.
Ans: T
Pages: 284-287
10. The collapse of communism in much of the world increased the appeal of Marxist explanations of the
state.
Ans: F
Page: 284-287
11. Power based on the use of force alone is a permanent condition.

Ans: F
Page: 284-287
12. When people possess authority, they have a recognized and established right to give orders and act as
leaders.
Ans: T
Page: 287-288
13. Through legal-rational authority, power is legitimized by the sanctity of age-old customs.
Ans: F
Page: 287-288
14. Americans tend to accept the use of power by government because they believe that policies and orders
are developed according to the rules in which they believe.
Ans: T
Page: 287-288
15. Charismatic authority is power that is legitimized by superhuman or supernatural attributes people
attribute to a leader.
Ans: T
Page: 287-288
16. Max Weber would have looked upon people like John F. Kennedy or Elvis Presley as being instilled with
charismatic leadership characteristics.
Ans: F
Page: 287-288
17. Totalitarianism is a type of government in which the state tries to control all parts of the society and all
aspects of social life.
Ans: T
Page: 288-291
18. Two major prototypes of totalitarianism are Nazi Germany under Hitler and communist Russia under
Stalin.
Ans: T
Page: 288-291
19. Authoritarianism is a type of government in which the government tolerates considerable opposition to
its rule but allows almost no debate on issues of public policy.
Ans: F
Page: 288-291
20. When totalitarian and authoritarian systems of government fail, democratic ones always rise up in their
place.
Ans: F
Pages: 288-291
21. Democracy is an arrangement that permits the citizenry a significant voice in decision making, relatively
equal citizenship, and protects against state actions that are arbitrary.
Ans: T
Page: 288-291
22. One factor identified as promoting a climate favorable to a stable democracy is the existence of conflict
associated with a competitive struggle over positions of power.
Ans: T
Page: 288-291
23. A strong organization of groups, networks, and institutions that sustain public life outside the worlds of
the state and economy is conducive to democratic life.
Ans: T
Page: 288-291
24. Relatively stable economic and social conditions seem unrelated to democratic order.
Ans: F
Page: 288-291
25. A strong civil society is not conducive to democratic life.

Ans: F
Page: 288-291
26. The turn-out rate in presidential elections is typically much higher in the United States than in other
nations.
Ans: F
Page: 291-296
27. Often, the medias main role is that of agenda setting.

Ans: T
Page: 296-297
28. Contrary to the pluralistic image often portrayed by many descriptions of democratic forms of
government, conflict theorists such as C. Wright Mills argue that a power elite actually controls society by
carrying out predetermined policies.
Ans: T
Page: 297-299
29. Politics and economics are mutually exclusive.

Ans: F
Page: 299
30. In a command economy, economic transactions between consumers and producers decide what will be
produced, how much will be produced, and the products cost.
Ans: F
Page: 299-302
31. The government is an important participant in the U.S. economy, but private business plays the primary
productive role.
Ans: T
Page: 299-302
32. Sagging employee morale is a major roadblock that stands in the way of profit growth from downsizing.
Ans: T
Page: 299-302
33. Core regions are areas that provide raw materials to the periphery and are exploited by the periphery.
Ans: F
Page: 299-302
34. The digital divide refers to the difference between those citizens who own digital equipment and those
who do not.
Ans: F
Page: 299-302
35. In 2001, the typical chief executive officer (CEO) in a modest-sized U.S. firm received nearly $2 million
in total compensation 41 times the average U.S. workers pay.
Ans: T
Page: 302-308
Multiple-Choice
36. Power
A. is a part of all aspects of social life.
B. refers to the ability of individuals and groups to control human affairs even if it involves the resistance of
others.
C. produces change in others that would not have occurred in its absence.
Ans: D
Page: 283-284
37. Power
A. is institutionalized in a patterned, recurrent manner.
B. is distributed randomly and arbitrarily.
C. that flows from the individual to organizations and institutions makes the most difference in our lives.
D. is not a part of stable social arrangements.
Ans: A
Page: 283-284
38. An effective monopoly in the use of physical coercion in a given geographical area is known as
A. folkways.
B. mores.
C. the state.
D. the community.
Ans: C
Page: 284-285
39. The state's ultimate basis rests on

A. communication.
B. a government of laws.
C. force.
D. compromise.
Ans: C
Page: 284-285
40. The foundations for the relatively recent development of the state were provided by the production of
A. raw materials.
B. a social surplus.
C. goods and services.
D. a two-party system.
Ans: B
Pages: 284-285
41. The authors of the text suggest that the state

A. has lost influence in Western societies over time.
B. is a relatively recent institution.
C. goes back to antiquity.
D. has lost most of its bureaucratic nature in modern nations.
Ans: B
Pages: 284-285
42. In some nations like Sweden, the welfare state is expected to provide
A. welfare benefits to the rich.
B. tax incentives to the poor.
C. abortions on demand.
D. a basic standard of living to their citizens.
Ans: D
Page: 284-285
43. One of the major shifts in U.S. welfare state policies was
A. the managing and financing of medical benefits for elders through the private market during the 1970s.
B. a significant increase in welfare expenditures during the 1970s.
C. a radical reduction in benefits for older adults.
D. a dramatic increase in private expenditures for school-age children.
Ans: A
Page: 284-285
44. The 17th century philosopher, Thomas Hobbes, argued that the naturally perverse and destructive nature
of human beings led to
A. a social agreement that gave power to a central authority as a way to rid society of rampant brutality,
violence, and chaos.
B. the fall of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 and the beginning of the French Revolution.
C. the creation of the American Constitution.
D. the Marxian doctrine of dialectical materialism, the surplus value thesis, and the concept of worker
alienation.
Ans: A
Page: 285-287
45. The eighteenth-century philosopher, Jean Jacques Rousseau, contended that

A. private property was the root of human evil.
B. the function of the state was to define and defend property rights.
C. the state needed to protect the weak and disabled from social predators.
Ans: D
Pages: 285-287
46. From the functionalist perspective, ___________ is NOT a primary function of the state?
A. enforcement of norms
B. protection of the elite
C. arbitration of conflicting interests
D. planning and direction of social change
Ans: B
Page: 285-287
47. From the functionalist perspective, the state

A. enforces norms.
B. plans and directs change.
C. protects against other societies.
Ans: D
Page: 285-287
48. Modern, complex societies are characterized by a preponderance of secondary relationships.

Consequently, they tend to rely
A. more and more heavily on informal sanctions to obtain conformity to norms.
B. more and more on the state to assure law, order, and enforcement of the norms.
C. on such sanctions as scathing ridicule and ostracism to enforce the norms.
D. more on folkways than mores to obtain conformity to norms.
Ans: B
Page: 285-287
49. Throughout history, societies have felt it necessary to protect their members and interests against outside
groups. A primary method for achieving this goal is
A. war.
B. improving the economy of the country.
C. diplomacy.
Ans: D
Page: 285-287
50. The state has its origin in the desire of ruling elites to give permanence to social arrangements that
benefit themselves. This statement reflects the views of
A. conflict theorists.
B. functionalists.
C. social-contract theorists.
D. nominalists.
Ans: A
Pages: 285-287
51. Conflict theorists depict the state as an instrument of

A. modernization.
B. education.
C. oppression and violence.
D. arbitration.
Ans: C
Page: 285-287
52. According to conflict theorists, the production of social surplus benefits the
A. masses.
B. elite.
C. state.
D. poor.
Ans: B
Page: 285-287
53. The rise of the state had a number of social consequences, including
A. the development of relationships between dominant groups and minority groups.
B. the advent of subject peoples.
C. the disintegration of heterogeneous societies.
Ans: D
Page: 285-287
54. ____________ promote the view that the state is an instrument manipulated by the capitalist classes.
A. Instrumental theorists.
B. Structural theorists.
C. Neofunctionalists.
D. Neofascists.
Ans: A
Page: 285-287
55. _____________ argue that the state sometimes pursues policies that are not always in the interests of the
capitalist classes.
A. Instrumental theorists.
B. Structural theorists.
C. Neofunctionalists.
D. Neofascists.
Ans: B
Page: 285-287
56. The collapse of communism in much of the world

A. increased the appeal of Marxist explanations of the state.
B. reduced interest in democratic forms of power in the world.
C. diminished the appeal of Marxist explanations of the state.
D. resulted in a revision of Marxist explanations of the state.

Ans: C
Page: 285-287
57. Both functionalists and conflict theorists see _________________ as the foundation of sovereignty of
the state.
A. money
B. consensus
C. force
D. norms
Ans: C
Page: 285-287
58. Legitimate power is

A. force.
B. authority.
C. subjugation.
D. oppression.
Ans: B
Page: 287-288
59. _________ was NOT a type of authority described by Max Weber.

A. Bureaucratic
B. Legal-rational
C. Traditional
D. Charismatic
Ans: A
Pages: 287-288
60. The divine right of medieval kings and queens in Europe would be an example of
A. legal-rational authority.
B. traditional authority.
C. charismatic authority.
D. instrumental Marxism.
Ans: B
Page: 287-288
61. When we speak of a government of laws, not of people, we are referring to

A. legal-rational authority.
B. traditional authority.
C. charismatic authority.
D. bureaucratic authority.
Ans: A
Page: 287-288
62. In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by the sanctity of age-old customs.

A. bureaucratic
B. legal-rational
C. traditional
D. charismatic
Ans: C
Page: 287-288
63. In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by the extraordinary superhuman or

supernatural attributes people attach to a leader.
A. bureaucratic
B. legal-rational
C. traditional
D. charismatic
Ans: D
Page: 287-288
64. In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by explicit rules and logical procedures that
define the rights and duties of the occupants of given positions.
A. bureaucratic
B. legal-rational
C. traditional
D. charismatic
Ans: B
Pages: 287-288
65. Napoleon, Joan of Arc, and Hitler are examples of ________________ leadership.
A. bureaucratic
B. legal-rational
C. traditional
D. charismatic
Ans: D
Page: 287-288
66. To Max Weber, rock stars, super athletes, and highly exciting presidents are examples of
A. bureaucratic leadership.
B. legal-rational leadership.
C. charismatic leadership.
Ans: D
Pages: 287-288
67. When the state organizes and wields power, it is called

A. bureaucratic power.
B. political power.
C. totalitarian power.
D. legalistic power.
Ans: B
Page: 288-289
68. __________ is NOT a form of government recognized in your text.

A. Totalitarianism
B. Authoritarianism
C. Elitism
D. Democracy
Ans: C
Pages: 289-291
69. ________________ entails those political processes that have to do with the authoritative formulating of
rules and policies that are binding and pervasive throughout a society.
A. Religion
B. Government
C. Economics
D. Criminal justice
Ans: B
Page: 289-291
70. The government that attempts to control all parts of the society and all aspects of social life is called
A. democracy.
B. authoritarianism.
C. monasticism.
D. totalitarianism.
Ans: D
Page: 289-291
71. __________________ is a political system in which the government tolerates little or no opposition but
permits nongovernmental centers of influence and allows debate on some issues of public policy.
A. Democracy
B. Authoritarianism
C. Monasticism
D. Totalitarianism
Ans: B
Page: 289-291
72. Nazi Germany and socialist Stalinist Russia were examples of

A. indirect democracy.
B. totalitarianism.
C. pluralistic states.
D. authoritarianism.
Ans: B
Page: 289-291
73. Most democratic societies are actually

A. representative democracies.
B. totalitarian systems.
C. direct democracies.
D. total institutions.
Ans: A
Page: 289-291
74. Factors that promote a social climate favorable to a stable democracy include
A. the existence of conflict associated with a competitive struggle over positions of power.
B. the absence of conflict.
C. a strong social organization of mediating groups, networks, and institutions that sustain the public life
outside the worlds of the state and the economy.
Ans: D
Pages: 289-291
75. A(n) __________ is an organization designed to gain control of the government by putting its people in
public office.
A. interest group
B. political party
C. lobby group
D. political committee
Ans: B
Page: 291-297
76. Political parties
A. are basically the same thing as interest groups.

B. operate out of a philosophy of separation of the individual from the state.
C. are after control of the government as an end.
D. end up being dramatically different from one another.
Ans: C
Page: 291-297
77. In 2000, __________ percent of the electorate voted in the presidential election.
A. 30
B. 40
C. 60
D. 80
Ans: C
Page: 291-297
78. In the U.S., our voter-turnout rate for presidential elections tends to be
A. much lower than in other nations.
B. about the same as in other nations.
C. somewhat higher than in other nations.
D. much higher than in other nations.
Ans: A
Page: 291-297
79. Which one of the following nations maintains a system whereby the entire burden of voter registration
falls on the individual rather than the government?
A. Russia
B. Costa Rica
C. The United States
D. Canada
Ans: C
Page: 291-297
80. Interest groups set up to defeat or elect specific candidates are known as
A. special-interest groups.
B. public-interest groups.
C. political action committees.
D. social service agencies.
Ans: C
Page: 291-297
81. The mass media's involvement in politics is
A. primarily that of agenda setting.

B. very limited, since most people remain unaffected by its content.
C. very limited, since it is only a reflection of the public's opinion on various issues.
D. a relatively minor source of news for most Americans.
Ans: A
Page: 291-297
82. The impact of the mass media on political campaigns

A. resulted in physical appearance and good looks becoming more important in determining voting
behavior.
B. includes a greater emphasis on style and personality over substance.
C. forced more interest in substance over style among political candidates.
Ans: D
Pages: 291-297
83. According to C. Wright Mills, the real rulers of America include

A. labor union leaders.
B. the new rich.
C. corporate executives, the military, and high-ranking politicians.
D. mass media moguls.
Ans: C
Page: 297-299
84. Many conflict theorists, such as C. Wright Mills, argue that

A. American society is modeled after a pluralistic concept of democracy.
B. the United States is governed by a power elite.
C. voting in America produces consensus.
D. voting produces a country of the people, by the people, and for the people.
Ans: B
Page: 297-299
85. Pluralist theorists argue that
A. group power is broad-based without being affected by specific issues.
B. the power elite is a reality of modern social life.
C. important decisions are made by different groups depending on the issue.
D. corporate executives are primarily responsible for running the government.
Ans: C
Page: 297-299
86. All societies confront the basic economic problem of determining
A. what goods and services should be produced.
B. how limited resources should be employed.
C. for whom goods and services should be produced.

Ans: D
Page: 299-302
87. Over the twentieth century, two fundamentally different types of economic systems have competed for
people's allegiance. They are
A. a capitalist market economy and a socialist command economy.
B. a capitalist market economy and a communist command economy.
C. a socialist management economy and a communist command economy.
D. a socialist command economy and a socialist management economy.
Ans: A
Page: 299-302
88. When price movements act as signals to profit-makers, and they cut back on goods with falling prices
and increase the production of goods with rising prices, it is called
A. neosocialism.
B. the consumer sovereignty mechanism.
C. old socialism.
D. the radical price-control mechanism.
Ans: B
Page: 299-302
89. ________________ economies rely heavily on free markets and privately held property.
A. Socialist
B. Capitalist
C. Communist
D. Management
Ans: B
Page: 299-302
90. A command economy is

A. often very good at producing a wide array of consumer goods.
B. not very good at moving a society toward industrialization.
C. often very good at moving a society toward industrialization.
D. the essence of a market-driven system.
Ans: C
Page: 299-302
91. A major criticism of the market system is that it

A. spends too much on welfare.
B. has little traditional morality built into the system.

C. redistributes income away from the rich.
D. is too socialistic in nature.
Ans: B
Page: 299-302
92. In a market economy, _______________ determine(s) which goods and services should be provided and
in what quantities.
A. the state
B. manufacturers
C. consumers
D. the ruling class
Ans: C
Page: 299-302
93. Examples of liberal market economies include

A. the U.S. and Great Britain
B. China and North Korea.
C. Cuba and Argentian.
Ans: A
Page 299-302
94. Germany is an example of a(n) _________ economy.

A. liberal market
B. coordinated market
C. socialist market
Ans: B
Page 299-302
95. A market that is dominated by a few firms is called a(n)

A. gerontology.
B. theocracy.
C. biopsy.
D. oligopoly.
Ans: D
Page: 302-306
96. In the early 2000s, __________ percent of retail trade sales were in e-commerce.
A. 1
B. 10
C. 30
D. 60
Ans: A
Page: 302-306
97. A conference held in 2000 to discuss the impact of the Internet on various sectors of the U.S. economy
concluded that it could increase productivity growth by
A. significantly elevating the cost of producing and distributing goods and services
B. decreasing management efficiency
C. increasing consumer choice, convenience, and satisfaction
D. decreasing competition
Ans: C
Page: 302-306
98. Multinational corporations

A. give top priority to the nation in which their head office is located.
B. no longer need a geographical center.
C. depend more and more on the economy of one nation.
D. maintain preferential treatment for local employees over any global strategy.
Ans: B
Page: 302-306
99. Multinational corporations

A. are increasingly taking on a transnational character.
B. make it increasingly difficult to say what is an American, Japanese, or Swedish product.
C. have made it impossible to purchase a completely American-made vehicle.
Ans: D
Page: 302-306
100. In reference to the economic integration of less developed nations into the structures of a world
economy, __________ regions consist of geographical areas that dominate the world economy and exploit
the rest of the system.
A. periphery
B. multinational
C. core
D. global
Ans: C
Page: 302-306
101. In reference to the economic integration of less developed nations into the structures of a world
economy, __________ regions consist of areas that provide raw materials and are exploited by other regions.
A. periphery
B. multinational
C. core
D. global
Ans: A
Page: 302-306
102. Research on total compensation of CEOs in Americas 800 largest corporations shows that the average
compensation for the 100 highest paid CEOs in 1999 was
A. $500,000.
B. $2.5 million.
C. $15.5 million.
D. $37.5 million.
Ans: D
Page: 306-308
103. __________ are networks of individuals who serve on the boards of directors of multiple corporations.
A. Multinationals
B. Corporate interlocks
C. Global subdivisions
D. International entities
Ans: B
Page: 306-308
104. In the U.S., work is

A. worth little in terms of status.
B. valued about the same as in nonindustrial nations.
C. seen as the measure of an individual's value in society.
D. not a status-related variable of any appreciable significance.
Ans: C
Page: 3306-308
105. According to the text, alienation is a pervasive sense of

A. powerlessness.
B. meaninglessness.
C. self-estrangement.
Ans: D
Page: 308-310
106. Surveys reveal that __________ percent of Americans say they would continue to work even if they
could get enough money to live comfortably for the rest of their lives.
A. 25 to 37
B. 35 to 47
C. 45 to 57
D. 65 to 77
Ans: D
Page: 308-310
107. One expression of alienation is __________ a sense of boredom, apathy, reduced efficiency, fatigue,
frustration, and despondency.
A. powerlessness
B. meaninglessness
C. job burnout
D. self-estrangement
Ans: C
Page: 308-310
108. A recent study by the Gallup organization found __________ percent of employed adults in the United
States are NOT engaged in their work.
A. 25
B. 35
C. 45
D. 55
Ans: D
Page: 308-310
109. Karl Marx saw alienation as rooted in

A. capitalist social arrangements.
B. bureaucracy.
C. social institutions.
D. pluralist interest groups.
Ans: A
Page: 308-310
110. For Karl Marx, what is our most important activity as human beings?
A. leisure
B. work
C. recreation
D. religion
Ans: B
Page: 308-310
111. In Marxs view, alienation is a(n) __________ condition.

A. emotional
B. psychological
C. structural
D. economic
Ans: C
Page: 308-310
112. For Durkheim, alienation results from

A. apitalist institutions.
B. bureaucracy.
C. the breakdown of the cohesive ties that bind individuals to society.
D. the absence of social control.
Ans: C
Page: 308-310
113. Whereas Marx emphasized freedom from social constraint as the source of human happiness, Durkheim
stressed that human happiness depends on a society that
A. provides people with rules.
B. fights alienation.
C. has a socialist economy.
D. lacks a political core.
Ans: A
Page: 308-310
Essays
114. Explain the relationship between power and the state.
115. Compare and contrast the functionalist and the conflict approaches to the nature of the state.
116. Contrast the three types of government identified in the text: totalitarianism, authoritarianism, and
democracy.
117. Compare and contrast the Marxist, elitist, and pluralist perspectives on who runs government.
118. Identi
Chapter 8, Gender Inequality
True/False
1. Gender refers to whether one is genetically male or female.

Ans: F
Page: 249-250
2. Gender identities are conceptions we have of ourselves as being male or female.

Ans: T
Page: 249-250
3. Patterns of gender representation in G-rated movies help perpetuate gender disparities.

Ans: T
Page: 249-250
4. Gender roles constitute master statuses.

Ans: T
Page: 250-252
5. Gender roles refer to whether one is genetically male or female, and the gender role determines the
biological role one plays in reproduction.
Ans: F
Page: 250-252
6. Sex refers to the sociocultural distinction between males and females.

Ans: F
Page: 250-252
7. At the individual level, sexism involves the policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal
outcomes for men and women.
Ans: F
Page: 252-254
8. The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is patriarchy.

Ans: T
Page: 252-254
9. Men have more social, economic, and political power than women in societies around the world.
Ans: T
Page: 252-254
10. In the 1990s, for the first time, the U.S. State Departments annual human rights report focused attention
on the treatment of women.
Ans: T
Page: 254-257
11. A United Nations Human Development Report released in the 1990s found that a majority of nations
treat their women as well as their men.
Ans: F
Pages: 254-257
12. Two-thirds of the world's illiterates are female.

Ans: T
Page: 254-257
13. Many countries now have 30 and 40 percent of their legislatures comprised of women, which is far
ahead of the United States.
Ans: T
Page: 254-257
14. The rationalization for keeping women in a subordinate social position in the United States has been the
notion that a, woman's place is in the home.
Ans: T
Page: 254-257
15. Sexual inequality has been sustained historically by assigning the economic-provider role to men and the
childrearing role to women.
Ans: T
Page: 254-257
16. Gender stereotypes arise in response to a gender division of labor and then serve to rationalize it by
attributing the sexes substantially different personality characteristics and traits.
Ans: T
Page: 254-257
17. Historically, the gender division of labor operated to bind women to their occupational function in the
family.
Ans: F
Page: 254-257
18. Until the 20th century, English and American common law viewed women as undergoing civil death
upon marriage.
Ans: T
Page: 255
19. Until the 20th century, English and American common law specified that a wife must submit to sexual
intercourse with her husband.
Ans: T
Pages: 254-257
20. In 2002, Connecticut was the worst state to live in in terms of access to gender equality.
Ans: F
Pages: 254-257
21. The labor-force participation of married women in the United States over the past 200 years is
represented by a U-shaped curve.
Ans: T
Pages: 254-257
22. In the United States, 68 percent of single and 62 percent of married women are now in the paid labor
force.
Ans: T
Page: 254-257
23. Men continue to gain ground educationally by entering college in higher numbers than women.
Ans: F
Page: 254-257
24. Increases in female employment have come largely through the displacement of men by women in some
low-paying jobs and through the rapid expansion of pink-collar occupations.
Ans: T
Page: 254-257
25. The sticky floor is a metaphor for the occupational frustrations experienced by a majority of the
nation's working women trapped in low-wage, low-mobility jobs.
Ans: T
Page: 257-263
26. The glass ceiling is a metaphor for the invisible barriers that keep women from advancing to top
executive positions within the workforce.
Ans: T
Pages: 257-263
27. Today, corporate boards of directors are made up primarily of women.

Ans: F
Page: 257-263
28. The unequal involvement of working mothers and wives in household work was labeled the second
shift more than a decade ago.
Ans: T
Page: 257-263
29. Men are just as like to be harassed in the workplace as women.

Ans: F
Page: 265-267
30. In 2002, men were more likely than women to vote in nearly every state.
Ans: F
Page: 267-268
Multiple-Choice
31. The state, the law, politics, religion, higher education, and the economy are institutions historically
dominated by
A. men and women equally.
B. men in the political sector and women in the educational sector.
C. men and women in varying degrees, depending on the locale.
D. men.
Ans: D
Page: 249-250
32. Cultural expectations that define how members of each sex should behave are called
A. biological roles.
B. gender roles.
C. family roles.
D. gender identities.
Ans: B
Page: 249-250
33. In an analysis of more than 100 G-rated movies released between 1990 and 2005, ____ percent of the
speaking character roles are female.
A. 12
B. 18.
C. 28
D. 52
Ans: C
Page: 249-250
34. _________ identifies if one is genetically male or female.

A. Gender
B. Sex
C. Gender identity
D. Differentiation
Ans: B
Page: 249-250
35. The sociocultural distinction between males and females is called

A. sex.
B. sexual identity.
C. gender.
D. sex object preference.
Ans: C
Page: 249-250
36. _________ is biologically determined; __________ is a socially constructed framework created by

human beings.
A. Sex identity; gender identity
B. Sex; gender
C. Gender identity; sex identity
D. Sexism; genderism
Ans: B
Page: 249-250
37. Our conception of ourselves as being male or female are called

A. sex characteristics.
B. gender identities.
C. hormones.
D. rites of passage.
Ans: B
Page: 249-250
38. _______________ have enormous consequences for the behavior of most people and influence a wide
range of human activities, including how we speak, dress, walk, engage in courtship, and choose a career.
A. Status sets
B. Differentiation rituals
C. Gender roles
D. Rites of passage
Ans: C
Page: 250-252
39. Our __________________ emerge(s) as we enact gender roles and as others react to those roles as being
either male or female.
A. gender identity
B. primary sex characteristics
C. secondary sex characteristics

D. sexism fantasies
Ans: A
Page: 250-252
40. At the individual level, sexism

A. is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another.
B. assumes that inherent biological characteristics make both sexes naturally suited to similar roles.
C. assumes that social factors produce the differences between the sexes in power, status, and income.
D. is the belief that one sex is superior to the other.
Ans: D
Page: 250-252
41. At the institutional level, sexism

A. is the belief that the two sexes are equal to one another.
B. involves policies, procedures, and practices that produce unequal outcomes for men and women.
C. involves policies, procedures, and practices designed to produce equal outcomes for men and women.
D. assumes men and women are naturally suited to similar occupational roles.
Ans: B
Page: 250-252
42. The most pervasive form of institutional sexism is

A. oligarchy.
B. monarchy.
C. patriarchy.
D. symbolic sexism.
Ans: C
Page: 250-252
43. Which characteristic of minorities do women fail to illustrate?
A. Minorities encounter prejudice and discrimination.
B. Minorities possess distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
C. Membership in a minority group is involuntary.
D. Minorities are endogamous.
Ans: D
Page: 250-252
44. According to the text, the key characteristic of a minority group is that
A. it lacks power relative to the dominant group.
B. it possesses distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
C. its membership is involuntary.
D. its members are endogamous.

Ans: A
Page: 250-252
45. In a number of modern societies,

A. political change has reduced the legal basis of patriarchy.
B. patriarchal elements persist.
C. women and children still take the last name of the husband and father.
Ans: D
Pages: 252-253
46. ______________ is NOT considered a patriarchal element of society.

A. Women and children taking the last name of the husband and father
B. Women being responsible for most household chores and child care
C. Women being able to vote, sign contracts, and get credit
D. Men having more social, economic, and political power than women
Ans: C
Pages: 252-253
47. The findings from 196 nations in the U.S. State Department's human rights report in 2006 showed
A. domestic violence against women is not a serious problem in most of these countries.
B. in Ghana, Bangladesh, and other countries, law enforcement is effective in controlling the trafficking of
women and children for the sex trade.
C. overall, 1 in 3 women has experienced violent victimization.
Ans: C
Page: 252-253
48. Genital mutilation of females in several countries is typically undertaken to

A. ensure virginity.
B. eliminate sexual sensation for women.
C. make women more marriageable.
Ans: D
Page: 252-253
49. The world average for percentage of women in the national parliaments has risen to
A. 16.4
B. 25.2
C. 35.2
D. 45.2
Ans: A
Pages: 252-253
50. Across the years, the gender division of labor has operated to bind women to their __________ function.
A. affectional
B. domestic
C. reproductive
Ans: C
Page: 254-256
51. Until the 20th century, English and American common law viewed women as incorporated and
consolidated with their husbands. This was referred to as __________ death.
A. certain
B. domestic
C. legal
D. civil
Ans: D
Page: 254-256
52. Younger-generation women today
A. still make marriage and family the primary organizing force in their lives.
B. continue to marry at about the same time in their lives as the previous generation.
C. are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation.
D. marry at about the same time, but delay childbearing to a later time than the previous generation.
Ans: C
Page: 254-256
53. According to the texts discussion of social inequalities in American politics,
A. in Hawaii, only 51 percent of the states women are registered to vote.
B. four states had two female U.S. Senators at the same time.
C. six states have never had a woman elected to either the Senate or the House.
Ans: D
Pages: 254-256
54. Married women's labor-force participation in the United States over the past 200 years is represented by
A. exponential growth.
B. a gradually-declining curve.
C. a U-shaped curve.
D. an arithmetic-growth curve.
Ans: C
Page: 257-265
55. In the United States, __________ percent of married women 16 and older are now in the paid labor
force.
A. 16
B. 32
C. 42
D. 66
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
56. In 2004, __________ percent of black women with children under age six were working.
A. 44.9
B. 56.7
C. 64.3
D. 75.1
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
57. __________ percent of the women who head families with no spouse are employed.
A. About 25
B. Close to 40
C. Approximately 60
D. More than 70
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
58. Women gained ground in achieving higher pay for their work primarily by
A. changing social attitudes of men.
B. entering college in higher numbers than men.
C. moving into higher-paying fields traditionally dominated by men.
Ans: D
Pages: 257-265
59. The increase in female employment has come largely through

A. the sticky floor evolution.
B. the displacement of men by women in some low-paying categories and through rapid expansion of pinkcollar occupations.
C. a reduction in obstacles discovered in the glass ceiling.
D. changes in male attitudes toward the working woman.
Ans: B
Page: 257-265
60. The glass ceiling refers to

A. women having to provide sex in the workplace to get promotions.
B. the problems women have in finding adequate daycare.
C. the problems women have reconciling their husband's demands and the demands of the job.
D. the problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
61. The sticky floor is the metaphor commonly used to depict the
A. problems women have being promoted to top executive positions.
B. occupational frustrations experienced by the majority of America's working women.
C. attachment of women in America to their housekeeping duties.
Ans: B
Page: 257-265
62. The invisible barriers that prevent women from occupational advancement are referred to as the
A. sticky floor mechanism.
B. glass ceiling.
C. dominant male syndrome.
D. 9 to 5 problem.
Ans: B
Pages: 257-265
63. On average, women employed fulltime earn __________ for each dollar earned by males.
A. 46 cents
B. 56 cents
C. 66 cents
D. 77 cents
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
64. According to the texts discussion of gender-based disparities in pay,

A. women are less likely than men to work fulltime.
B. women comprise 47 percent of the workforce.
C. in 2001, women represented 41 percent of the fulltime, year-round workers in the United States.
Ans: D
Pages: 257-265
65. According to the text, men in business tend to consider women to be less skilled in
A. politics.
B. decision making.
C. finance.
Ans: B
Pages: 257-265

A. differences in earnings vary by race and ethnicity.
B. in 2001, Hispanic women earned 74 cents to every dollar earned by white men.
C. in 2001, African American women earned 36 cents per dollar earned by white men.
Ans: A
Pages: 257-265
67. Women who have children

A. have a significant career advantage due to attitudes about the responsible mother.
B. gain significant ground career-wise when they have children because of a higher pay scale assigned to
mothers.
C. gain quicker access to the fast track in the work world.
D. encounter a significant career disadvantage.
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
68. The unequal involvement of working mothers and wives in household work has come to be labeled the
A. glass ceiling.
B. second shift.
C. sexist family structure.
D. patriarchal nemesis.
Ans: B
Pages: 257-265
69. According to Sylvia Ann Hewlett, the economic advancement of women is complicated by
A. the modern conception of the housewife.
B. the social organization of child care.
C. our confusion of equal rights with identical treatment.
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
70. The three industrialized nations that do not provide paid maternity leave by law are
A. Canada, Italy, and Japan.
B. Australia, Swaziland, and the United States.
C. South Africa, Italy, and Sweden.
D. South Africa, Canada, and the United States.
Ans: B
Pages: 257-265
71. Arlie Russell Hochschild found that

A. many companies in America have, in reality, become quite family-friendly.
B. executives are finally demanding fewer hours of work from employees who need time off for their
families.
C. a single standard of work hours is in place for men and women on the work force.
D. a gap exists between the theory and practice of so-called family-friendly companies.
Ans: D
Page: 257-265
72. Unsolicited flirtation, propositions, and degrading comments about an employee's appearance are all
considered examples of __________________ by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.
A. symbolic sexism
B. sexual harassment
C. institutional sexism
D. corporate sexism
Ans: B
Pages: 265-267
73. Behavior that adds to a hostile working environment is considered _______________ by the Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission.
A. symbolic sexism
B. institutional sexism
C. sexual harassment
D. outside the realm of sexual harassment
Ans: C
Pages: 265-267
74. Sexual harassment

A. is a concept limited to the work place.
B. is a concept not limited to the work place.
C. includes problems encountered in schools.
Ans: D
Pages: 265-267
75. Regarding rape, sociologists

A. agree that rapists tend to be socially dysfunctional.
B. agree that rapists are psychologically disturbed.
C. found significant evidence to assert that rapists are sexually inadequate.
D. turn to explanations that emphasize culture, socialization, and social structure.
Ans: D
Pages: 265-267
76. The culture context in which rapes are more likely to occur include
A. masculine patterns of discussion that treat women as objects of sexual desire.
B. music, movies, and television shows that portray women as sex objects.
C. a general cultural norm that limits women's power.
Ans: D
Pages: 265-267
77. In studies of college campuses, low rates of rape were associated with
A. campuses where females were heavily dominant.
B. attitudes in which sexual assertiveness was a symbol of masculinity.
C. a culture of masculinity that was not strong and where sexual assault was severely punished.
D. no variables that could be discerned.
Ans: C
Page: 265-267
78. By 2004, women

A. increased their numbers in the U.S. Senate from 9 to 14.
B. increased their representation in the House from 49 to 60.
C. constituted a majority of voters.
Ans: D
Page: 267-270
79. Cross-national research shows that the first wave of women's movements occurring from 1800 to 1950
focused primarily on
A. social equality.
B. jobs and education.
C. legal equality, such as the right to vote.
D. free speech.
Ans: C
Pages: 267-270
80. The second wave of women's movements, shows that the primary focus has been on ___________
since the 1960s.
A. social equality, including jobs and education.
B. legal equality, such as ownership of property.
C. the right to vote.
D. free speech in the work place.
Ans: A
Page: 267-270
81. Individuals whose reproductive structures are sufficiently ambiguous that it is difficult to define them
exclusively as male or female are called
A. transsexuals.
B. transvestites.
C. hermaphrodites.
D. homosexuals.
Ans: C
Page: 267-270
82. Which one of the following was not one of the well-established differences between boys and girls
found by Eleanor R. Maccoby and Carol N. Jacklin in their survey of books and articles on sex differences?
A. Beginning about age 11, girls show greater verbal ability than boys.
B. Boys are superior to girls on visual-spatial tasks throughout childhood.
C. At about age 12 or 13, boys move ahead of girls in mathematical ability.
D. Males are more aggressive than females.
Ans: B
Pages: 270-271
83. One explanation for the recent narrowing of the gender gap in mathematics is that
A. hormonal levels in females have shown increases in testosterone.
B. teachers have stopped focusing on males in mathematics classrooms.
C. girls and young women are more confident about their mathematical talents and capabilities than previous
generations.
D. parents have begun to emphasize mathematics more to their female children.
Ans: C
Page: 270-271
84. George P. Murdock's cross-cultural study of gender roles found

A. surprising similarity in gender roles.
B. vast differences in gender roles.
C. some small differences in gender roles.

D. gender role expectations very similar to those in the United States.
Ans: B
Pages: 271-273
85. The Maccoby and Jacklin analysis of sexual differences between boys and girls is
A. based on their own empirical laboratory experiments.
B. based on a review of research literature.
C. considered a highly debatable topic by some social scientists.
Ans: D
Pages: 271-273
86. Recently, studies of gender differences on standardized tests indicate that differences in female vs. male
performance on
A. verbal and math tests have disappeared.
B. verbal and math tests have become slightly greater.
C. verbal tests have disappeared and on math tests have lessened.
D. verbal and math tests have become significantly greater.
Ans: C
Page: 271-273
87. Individuals who have normal sexual organs, but who psychologically feel like members of the opposite
sex are called
A. hermaphrodites.
B. transsexuals.
C. homosexuals.
D. heterosexuals.
Ans: B
Page: 274
88. Cultural transmission theory emphasizes the impact of ________________ in gender identity
acquisition.
A. socialization
B. Oedipus conflict
C. hormones
D. gender-specific biology
Ans: A
Page: 274
89. Cognitive-development theory emphasizes that
A. children actively seek to acquire gender identities and roles.

B. biologically driven intellect causes the development of gender roles.
C. hormones produce gender differences.
D. Freud was right in his view of the Oedipus conflict.
Ans: A
Page: 275
90. According to Parsons and Bales, men specialize in _______________ tasks.

A. expressive
B. instrumental
C. industrial
D. automotive
Ans: B
Page: 276
91. Parsons and Bales argued that

A. women should be instrumental leaders in the family.
B. men should be expressive leaders in the family.
C. it was functional and beneficial for the society if males played instrumental roles and females played
expressive roles.
D. both men and women should mutually play instrumental and expressive roles.
Ans: C
Pages: 276
92. Conflict theory suggests that gender inequality exists because

A. it ultimately benefits women.
B. it benefits men.
C. of PMS.
D. of hormonal differences between men and women, giving men more power due to competitive urges.
Ans: B
Page: 276-277
93. According to the interactionist perspective,

A. gender is socially constructed.
B. cultural meanings are continuously emerging and changing through social interaction.
C. everyday sexist language helps to perpetuate sexual inequality.
Ans: D
Page: 276-277
Essays
94. Explain the conceptual differences between sex and gender. Then, contrast sexism at the individual level
and the institutional level.
95. Based on the five criteria listed in the text, answer the question: Do women constitute a minority group?
96. Contrast the sticky floor and glass ceiling metaphors relating to women working outside the home.
97. Fully define the meaning of sexual harassment developed by the Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission.
98. Describe the four gender differences discovered by Maccoby and Jacklin. Then, explain the criticisms of
their research.
Kroehler, 7e
Chapter 7, Inequalities of Race and Ethnicity
True/False
1. The civil rights laws passed during the mid-1960s resulted in immediate conformity to the principle of
equal treatment for all.
Ans: F
Page: 212
2. The term socially marginalized group refers to any vulnerable and frequently victimized population who
typically lacks power in the society.
Ans: T
Page: 212
3. Races are generally characterized by fixed, clear-cut differences.

Ans: F
Page: 213-214
4. It is a relatively simple task to determine with certainty where individuals with white ancestry end and
individuals of black ancestry begin, particularly when utilizing such traits as skin color, hair form, stature,
and head shape.
Ans: F
Page: 213-214
5. Racial categories utilized in the United States originally derived from a purely scientific basis.
Ans: F
Page: 213-214
6. One reason sociologists study the concept race to understand the social significance people attach to
such various traits as skin color.
Ans: T
Page: 213-214
7. American culture has finally relinquished the presumption that race is associated with individual character
and ability.
Ans: F
Pages: 213-214
8. On an institutional level, racism involves discriminatory policies and practices that result in unequal
outcomes for members of different racial groups.
Ans: T
Pages: 213-214
9. Racial formation is a process that only occurs on the macolevel.

Ans: T
Pages: 213-214
10. Jewish Americans, Italian Americans, and Hispanics are examples of ethnic groups within the United
States.
Ans: T
Page: 214-215
11. In like manner to race, ethnic identities are often constructed by the consciousness of their bearers.
Ans: T
Page: 214-215
12. In Omi and Winants theory, race is socially and culturally defined, but it does have significant biological
reality.
Ans: F
Pages: 214
13. People confined to subordinate status not justified by their ability and talent are referred to as minority
groups.
Ans: T
Page: 215-216
14. Prejudice is a state of mind a feeling, opinion, or disposition; discrimination, on the other hand, is
action.
Ans: T
Page: 216
15. While recent studies show that traditional forms of prejudice have dramatically declined, a new form of
prejudice called symbolic racism has appeared.
Ans: T
Page: 217-218
16. Symbolic racism has declined in recent years due to the feeling among whites that African Americans
finally have been getting what they rightly deserve.
Ans: F
Page: 217-218
17. Whites show evidence of a willingness to support policies that would reduce racial inequality in
America.
Ans: F
Pages: 217-218
18. Institutional racism is a form of institutional discrimination.

Ans: T
Page: 219-222
19. Gatekeeping helps to reduce institutional discrimination.

Ans: F
Page: 219-222
20. Assimilation refers to the process whereby the dominant group becomes culturally more like the
minority group.
Ans: F
Page: 222-224
21. Acculturation occurs when cultural elements of one group change to match those elements of another
group.
Ans: T
Page: 222
22. Pluralism exists when diverse groups coexist while maintaining separate identities.
Ans: T
Page: 223-224
23. Genocide refers to a deliberate and systematic effort to increase the population of a particular racial or
ethnic group.
Ans: F
Page: 224
24. Genocide is a milder form of inequalitarian pluralism in action.

Ans: F
Page: 224
25. There is now widespread agreement that race is no longer a significant issue in American society.
Ans: F
Pages: 224-225
26. In 2002, those who were born in or whose ancestors were born in Latin American nations or in Spain
became the largest ethnic minority group in the United States.
Ans: T
Page: 225-229
27. Mexico alone accounts for more than one quarter of the foreign-born population of the United States.
Ans: T
Page: 225-229
28. With the exception of the Native American Indians, Mexicans are the only American minority to enter
the society through the conquest of their homeland.
Ans: T
Page: 225-229
29. The poverty rate for Cuban Americans is the highest among all Hispanic/Latino groups.
Ans: F
Page: 225-229
30. Until 2001, poverty rates had been declining for African Americans.
Ans: T
Page: 229-232
31. Seventy-seven percent of African-American families live in poverty.

Ans: F
Page: 229-232
32. The leading cause of death among African-American males is homicide..

Ans: T
Page: 229-232
33. By the beginning of the 20th century, the U.S. population of Indians had dropped to 250,000.
Ans: T
Page: 232-234
34. Asian Americans now enjoy the highest median family income of the nations ethnic groups.
Ans: T
Page: 234-236
35. Asian Americans are less likely than non-Hispanic whites to live in central cities.
Ans: F
Pages: 234-236
36. The text points out that white ethnicity has become symbolic.
Ans: T
Page: 237-238
37. As viewed by functionalists, a function of ethnic conflict is the promotion of group cohesion.
Ans: T
Page: 238-241
38. According to conflict theorists, communication serves as the mechanism by which one group dominates
and subjugates another group.
Ans: F
Page: 238-241
39. According to conflict theorists, competition provides the motivation for systems of social inequality.
Ans: T
Pages: 238-241
40. According to symbolic interactionists, ethnic groups are not products of social interaction because they
share a common genetic strain.
Ans: F
Pages: 238-241
41. A split labor market is an economic arena where the members of different minority groups compete with
each other for available resources.
Ans: F
Page: 240
Multiple-Choice
42. History shows that

A. passing anti-discrimination laws has an immediate impact on human behavior.
B. passing anti-discrimination laws results in lower levels of prejudice.
C. passing anti-discrimination laws does not immediately translate into equal treatment for all.
D. fewer acts of symbolic racism occur as more laws against discrimination are passed.
Ans: C
Page: 212-214
43. Socially marginalized groups

A. tend to be vulnerable and frequently victimized.
B. are typically lacking in economic, political, and social power.
C. include cancer and AIDS patients.
Ans: D
Page: 212-214
44. Populations assumed to differ on the basis of the incidence of various physical characteristics are called
A. ethnic groups.
B. ethnocentric groups.
C. racial groups.
D. societal groups.
Ans: C
Page: 214
45. Races
A. are characterized by rather fixed, clear-cut differences.
B. involve physical characteristics that never change over time.
C. are groups whose physical traits make it a relatively easy task to determine where one racial population
ends and another racial population begins.
D. are groups that are not easily identified by cut-and-dry classifications.
Ans: D
Pages: 214
46. For most social scientists, the most significant aspect of race is its
A. effect on brain capacity.
B. effect on athletic ability.
C. well-supported relationship to intelligence and musical ability.
D. significance as a social definition.
Ans: D
Page: 214
47. According to the scientific community,

A. there is a clear-cut relationship between physical traits associated with race and such characteristics as
intelligence and moral character.
B. there is no agreed-upon connection between physical traits associated with race and such characteristics
as intelligence and moral character.
C. the findings noted in The Bell Curve represent an accurate social reality.
D. race is a totally unusable and worthless concept.
Ans: B
Page: 214
48. The Bell Curve study

A. argued a relationship between race and characteristics including intelligence, character, and competence.
B. was refuted by later studies as a myth.
C. is believed by many sociologists to encourage stereotyping and discrimination by promoting inaccurate
presumptions about race.
Ans: D
Page: 214
49. Institutional racism

A. focuses on the belief that some racial groups are naturally superior to others.
B. depends on the idea that people may be reliably classified into racial groups.
C. involves discriminatory policies and practices that result in unequal outcomes for members of different
racial groups.
D. gives rise to attitudes of aversion and hostility.
Ans: C
Page: 214
50. Groups defined in terms of such characteristics as language, folk practices, dress, gestures, religion, or
mannerisms are called
A. nationality groups.
B. ethnic groups.
C. racial groups.
D. oppressed minorities.
Ans: B
Page: 214-215
51. Polish Americans, Russian Americans, and Greek Americans are examples of
A. racial groups.
B. ethnic groups.
C. nationality groups.
D. organic groups.
Ans: B
Page: 214-215
52. ____________ groups are identified chiefly on cultural grounds.

A. Social class
B. Racial
C. Ethnic
D. Gender
Ans: C
Page: 214-215
53. Ethnic identities are

A. often constructed by their bearers.
B. sometimes confused with images of nationalism.
C. connected directly to racial traits.
Ans: D
Page: 214-215
54. According to sociologists, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a minority group?
A. A minority group suffers discrimination.
B. A minority group has no sense of self-consciousness.
C. A minority group has distinguishable physical or cultural traits.
D. A minority group tends to be endogamous.
Ans: B
Pages: 215-216
55. Minority status primarily is a matter of

A. racial identity.
B. who has power and privilege and who doesn't.
C. the heritage of racial memory.
D. nationalism and patriotism.
Ans: B
Page: 215-216
56. Minority status generally is

A. voluntary.
B. achieved.
C. exogamous.
D. ascribed.
Ans: D
Page: 215-216
57. When sociologists observe that minorities are typically endogamous, they assert that minorities
A. tend to marry within their group.
B. tend to marry outside their group.
C. have sexual desire for members of other groups.
D. are often separatist in their outlooks.
Ans: A
Page: 215-216
58. A racially or culturally self-conscious population, with hereditary membership and a high degree of ingroup marriage, that suffers oppression at the hands of a dominant segment of a nation-state defines a(n)
A. in-group.
B. bureaucracy.
C. reference group.
D. minority group.
Ans: D
Page: 215-216
59. When minority groups are identified as a self-conscious social group, this means
A. they tend to be aware of oneness.
B. their members tend to feel a social and psychological closeness with other people who are viewed to be
like them.
C. their sense of peoplehood tends to be accentuated by the members' common suffering and burdens.
Ans: D
Page: 215-216
60. The ethnicity choices for the Census 2000 were

A. Hispanic or Latino.
B. Not Hispanic or Latino.
C. Mexican.
Ans: D
Page: 214-215
61. Attitudes of aversion and hostility toward a minority group are termed
A. prejudice.
B. discrimination.
C. cultural relativism.
D. syncretism.
Ans: A
Page: 216-218
62. The _____________ is NOT a feeling typically held by dominant group members?
A. feeling that developing an understanding of the nature and meaning of intergroup differences and
similarities is important
B. sense that they are superior to members of minority groups
C. feeling that minority group members are by their nature different and alien
D. belief that they have an in-born claim to privilege, power, and prestige
Ans: A
Page: 216-218
63. Recent sociological research

A. shows all forms of prejudice dramatically declined over the past 40 years.
B. demonstrates symbolic prejudice declined somewhat in the past 25 years.
C. shows traditional forms of prejudice declined over the past 40 years, but that symbolic racism newly
emerged over the past 30 years.
D. demonstrates institutional discrimination declined dramatically.
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
64. Which of the following is NOT a component of symbolic racism?

A. the feeling that African Americans got more than they rightly deserve
B. the belief that African Americans don't value hard work and individualism like whites do
C. that African Americans have made great strides in becoming more like whites, but still have a long way to
go
D. that African Americans would rather be on welfare than work
Ans: C
Page: 217-218
65. Which of the following is NOT a component of the paradox associated with symbolic racism?
A. the continued unwillingness of whites to support anti-discrimination policies
B. whites increasingly embrace the principle of racial equality
C. whites increasingly embrace both the principles of racial equality and the continued establishment of antidiscrimination policies
D. the finding that traditional prejudice no longer has much effect on whites' support for racial policies
Ans: C
Page: 217-218
66. Prejudice is an attitude; discrimination

A. is a belief based on fact.
B. is an emotional feeling.
C. involves behavior that includes the outright denial of power, privilege, and prestige to members of a
minority group.
D. is an unchanging state of mind.
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
67. _________________ refers to the arbitrary denial of prestige, privilege, and power to members of a
minority group whose qualifications are equal to those of members of the dominant group.
A. Prejudice
B. Discrimination
C. Ethnocentrism
D. Cultural relativism
Ans: B
Page: 219-222
68. Feelings that African Americans ask for too much, don't play by the rules, and exploit welfare could be
referred to as
A. Deep South racism.
B. symbolic interactionism at its worst.
C. symbolic racism.
D. institutional discrimination.
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
69. Prejudice and discrimination

A. are mutually exclusive.
B. always occur together.
C. may or may not occur together.
D. never occur together.
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
70. Sociologist Robert Merton noted that while we expect prejudiced people to discriminate and
unprejudiced people not to discriminate,
A. sometimes unprejudiced people discriminate anyway.
B. sometimes prejudiced people don't discriminate.
C. there is no such thing as an unprejudiced person.
Ans: D
Page: 219-222
71. Discrimination is
A. entirely dependent on individual attitudes.
B. not connected with attitudes.
C. not affected by anti-discrimination laws.
D. not entirely dependent on individual attitudes.
Ans: D
Page: 219-222
72. In their daily operations, the institutions of society may produce unequal outcomes for different groups.
This is called
A. symbolic racism.
B. old-fashioned discrimination.
C. institutional discrimination.
D. timid bigotry.
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
71. Equality of opportunity

A. does not necessarily produce equality of outcome.
B. (if realized in American life) automatically produces equality of outcome.
C. has no affect on outcomes.
D. historically has produced equality of outcome, but not in recent years.
Ans: A
Page: 219-222
72. Generally, those known as gatekeepers have been

A. those who are in line to receive welfare checks.
B. welfare cheats.
C. white males.
D. those who report welfare frauds to the authorities.
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
73. A(n) ______________ represent(s) institutional discrimination?

A. white supremacist hitting an African American in the face
B. university application specifying a prerequisite of graduation from a private high school
C. African-American gang beating up a white youth because of his race
D. Asian-American student overcoming problems with the English language in a reading class for ESL
students
Ans: B
Pages: 219-222
74. __________ is defined as the decision-making process whereby people are admitted to offices and
positions of privilege, prestige, and power within a society.
A. Pluralism
B. Assimilation
C. Gatekeeping
D. Diversity subjugation
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
75. The practice of deliberately locating hazardous waste sites near minority communities is called
A. gatekeeping.
B. institutional discrimination.
C. environmental racism.
D. symbolic racism.
Ans: C
Page: 219-222
76. America's melting pot tradition illustrates

A. pluralism.
B. legal protection of minorities.
C. assimilation.
D. diversity subjugation.
Ans: C
Page: 222-224
77. The blending of peoples and cultures to form a new people and culture is
A. the melting pot perspective.
B. the Anglo-conformity view.
C. population transfer.
D. symbolic racism.
Ans: A
Page: 222-224
78. The attitude that insists that immigrants give up their cultural traits for those of the dominant American
group is called the
A. melting pot tradition.
B. Anglo-conformity view.
C. pluralistic view.
D. institutional racism view.
Ans: B
Page: 222-224
79. When the cultural elements of one group change in the direction of another group, it is called
A. cultural assimilation.
B. acculturation.
C. the melting pot.
Ans: D
Page: 222-224
80. Structural assimilation

A. is commonly called integration.
B. occurs when members of different ethnic groups participate with one another in the major institutional
patterns of a society, such as work and school.
C. typically occurs first in primary relationships such as clubs and cliques.
Ans: D
Page: 222-224
81. In the final stage of assimilation,

A. it becomes impossible to distinguish the ethnic groups that were formerly distinct.
B. intermarriage occurs to a significant extent.
C. it is called amalgamation.
Ans: D
Page: 222-224
82. The situation in which different racial or ethnic groups coexist side by side and still maintain their
separate identities, is called
A. the melting pot.
B. Americanization.
C. pluralism.
D. assimilation.
Ans: C
Page: 222-224
83. Equalitarian pluralism is

A. when cultural identity and group boundaries are maintained while participation in political and economic
institutions is conducted on an equal basis.
B. the goal of many American minority groups.
C. not popular with many American minority groups.
Ans: D
Page: 222-224
84. Pluralism promoted by dominant groups in an attempt to maintain their power and privilege by
controlling the participation of minorities in society is called
A. equalitarian pluralism.
B. acculturation.
C. inequalitarian pluralism.
D. hypocrisy.
Ans: C
Page: 222-224
85. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 is an example of

B. acculturation.
C. assimilation.
D. inequalitarian pluralism.
Ans: D
Page: 222-224
86. The apartheid policy of South Africa was an example of

B. inequalitarian pluralism.
C. assimilation.
D. symbolic racism.
Ans: B
Page: 222-224
87. Genocide represents the systematic _____________ of a racial or ethnic group.

A. extermination
B. exclusion
C. subjugation
D. transfer
Ans: A
Page: 222-224
88. In 1865, the __________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution outlawed slavery.
A. 10th
B. 11th
C. 12th
D. 13th
Ans: D
Page: 229-232
89. The Civil Rights Movement occurred during the

A. 1950s.
B. 1960s.
C. 1970s.
D. 1980s.
Ans: B
Page: 229-292
90. Sociologist William J. Wilson believes that racial discrimination in the United States
A. has become more important than it was 50 years ago in affecting the life chances of African Americans.
B. has become less important than social class in affecting the life chances of African Americans.
C. has not changed much one way or the other.
D. is found primarily in small rural villages or towns.
Ans: B
Page: 229-232
91. Recent data indicate that

A. the economic gap between poor and affluent African Americans is narrowing.
B. the economic gap between poor and affluent African Americans is widening.
C. the economic gap between African Americans and whites no longer exists.
D. those African Americans who were affluent are now experiencing an economic decline.
Ans: B
Page: 229-232
92. ________________ percent of African-American families do not live in poverty.

A. Forty
B. Fifty-five
C. Sixty-two
D. Seventy-seven
Ans: D
Page: 229-232
93. In recent decades the Spanish-speaking population has
A. grown rapidly through immigration.
B. declined slightly through emigration.
C. declined rapidly due to out-migration.
D. remained stable in its growth pattern.
Ans: A
Page: 225-229
94. In 2004, there were __________ million Hispanics living in the United States.
A. 10.1
B. 20.3
C. 37.4
D. 40.4
Ans: D
Page: 225-229
95. Among Hispanic groups in the United States, _____________ have the highest income and most
education.
A. Cuban Americans
B. Mexican Americans
C. Puerto Ricans
D. Guatemalans
Ans: A
Page: 225-229
96. Native Americans make up __________ percent of the total U.S. population.
A. less than 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 5
Ans: A
Page: 232-234
97. The Trail of Tears refers to the forced

A. segregation of African Americans.
B. migration of Native American Indians.
C. relocation of Jewish Americans.
D. internment of Japanese Americans.
Ans: B
Page: 232-234
98. Americans moved from handling relationships with Native Americans through forced relocation to
handling relationships with Native Americans through
A. forced assimilation.
B. annihilation.
C. negotiation.
D. forced segregation.
Ans: A
Page: 232-234
99. _____________________ have been identified as the most severely disadvantaged group of any
population within the United States.
A. African Americans
B. Hispanic Americans
C. Asian Americans
D. Native American Indians
Ans: D
Page: 232-234
100. The _________ during World War II were singled out for internment in concentration camps in the
United States.
A. Italians
B. Germans
C. Japanese
Ans: C
Page: 234-236
101. According to the text, _________________ are often referred to as the model minority in the United
States.
A. Cuban Americans
B. Jewish Americans
C. Latinos
D. Asian Americans
Ans: D
Page: 234-236
102. Of the ethnic groups in the United States, __________ have the highest median family income.
A. Hispanics/Latinos
B. African Americans
C. Asian Americans
D. white ethics.
Ans: C
Page: 234-236
103. White ethnicity

A. was viewed by Gans as contributing to individual identity, but not as creating or sustaining strong ethnic
group ties.
B. is a deep, stable identity.
C. includes Hispanic Americans.
D. has a tremendous impact on the everyday lives of most white ethnics.
Ans: A
Page: 237-238
104. Functionalists argue that
A. social conflict among racial and ethnic groups is an important foundation of social integration and
stability.
B. the social cleavages produced by race are actually healthy to the evolution of society.
C. ethnic differentiation may be dysfunctional because it reduces consensus and increases the chances of
conflict.
D. ethnically differentiated societies will eventually disintegrate.
Ans: C
Pages: 238-241
105. Conflict theorists often argue that prejudice and discrimination is explained best by
A. understanding the religious values that promote such attitudes and behaviors.
B. conclusions developed through functionalist research methods.
C. understanding the tension among groups resulting from competition.
D. understanding the inherent dislike harbored by the proletariat for foreigners.
Ans: C
Page: 238-241
106. ___________ is NOT a component of the conflict view of racism.

A. Equilibrium of racist attitudes
B. Ethnocentrism
C. Competition
D. Unequal power
Ans: A
Pages: 238-241
107. Conflict theorists argue that racial prejudice and exploitation arose in the Western world with the rise of
capitalism in four ways. Which of the following is NOT one of those factors?
A. Racism is not profitable.
B. Racist ideologies divide the working class.
C. Capitalists need minority workers as a reserve that can be fired during times of economic stagnation.
D. Racial superiority ideologies make colonialism and racist practices more easily acceptable to the white
masses.
Ans: A
Page: 238-241
108. Ethnocentrism enhances the potential for

A. global cooperation and consensus.
B. intergroup communication and networking.
C. prejudicial attitudes and stereotypes.

D. intermarriage and cultural exchange.
Ans: C
Page: 238-241
109. __________ is an economic arena in which large differences exist in the price of labor at the same
occupational level.
A. Supply-side policy
B. A split labor market
C. Oligarchy
D. Competitive ruthlessness
Ans: B
Page: 238-241
110. According to interactionists like Shibutani and Kwan,

A. ethnic groups share a common genetic strain.
B. the identity of ethnic groups is built around a common sense of group position.
C. ethnic groups are products of social interaction.
Ans: D
Page: 238-241
Essays
111. Contrast race, ethnic, and minority in terms of their sociological significance.
112. Explain the meanings of and relationship between prejudice and discrimination.
113. Identify and contrast the functionalist and conflict perspectives on racial and ethnic stratification.
114. Contrast pluralism with assimilation. Be sure to include explanations of equalitarian pluralism and
inequalitarian pluralism.
Answer:
115. Use each of the three theoretical perspectives in the text to discuss the projected future of ethnic and
minority group relations in America.
Answer:
Kroehler, 7/e
Chapter 4, Social Groups and Formal Organizations
True/False
1. Although the leading cause of death for U.S. teenagers is car crashes, the death rate drops when teens
travel in groups.
Ans: F
Page: 101
2. A group consists of two or more people who share a feeling of unity but who do not necessarily require
stable patterns of social interaction.
Ans: F
Page: 102
3. Expressive group ties are those social links formed to achieve a specific goal.
Ans: F
Page: 102
4. Instrumental group ties are those social links formed when we become emotionally committed to other
people.
Ans: F
Page: 102
5. Size, face-to-face contact, and the development of group bonds are factors affecting the likelihood that
primary groups will arise.
Ans: T
Pages: 102-103
6. Instrumental ties tend to dominate secondary groups.

Ans: T
Page: 102-103
7. Primary groups are fundamental to both individuals and society because they are critical to the
socialization process, to personal need satisfaction, and to social control.
Ans: T
Pages: 102-103
8. The concepts of in-group and out-group are important because they highlight the physical barriers to
group membership for many different people.
Ans: F
Page: 104-105
9. Thoreau's observation, If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a
different drummer, illustrates the view that we tend to evaluate and guide our behavior by our own
independent standards.
Ans: F
Page: 105
10. The concept of relative deprivation suggests we tend to be discontented when we experience a gap
between what we have and what we believe we should have.
Ans: T
Page: 105
11. Sociologically speaking, individuality is the wellspring of our humanness.

Ans: F
Page: 107
12. John James found that emotions tend to play a greater role in larger groups than they do in dyads.
Ans: F
Page: 106-108
13. Research showed that the popular adage two's company, three's a crowd is a myth.
Ans: F
Page: 106-108
145. Two types of leadership roles tend to evolve in small groups: the instrumental leader and the expressive
leader.
Ans: T
Page: 108-109
15. Contrary to popular opinion, researchers found that authoritarian leadership tends to produce low levels
of frustration and hostile feelings.
Ans: F
Page: 108-109
16. Recent studies confirm that democratic leadership always yields better results than authoritarian
leadership.
Ans: F
Page: 108-109
17. The old saying that many hands make light the work turns out to be true; each person in a group tends
to do less work than if he or she were alone.
Ans: T
Page: 109
18. Garrett J. Hardin's tragedy of the commons illustrates a social dilemma in which the consequences of
personal self-interest results in social disaster.
Ans: T
Page: 109
19. The Kennedy administration's Bay of Pigs invasion illustrates Parkinson's Law.
Ans: F
Page: 110
20. Groupthink is a concept where group members share an illusion of invulnerability that leads to
overconfidence and a tendency to ignore contrary evidence.
Ans: T
Pages: 110
21. The Sherif and Asch experiments demonstrated that the desire to be accepted by one's group members
has little impact on the conformity of the individual.
Ans: F
Pages: 112-113
22. In sociology, groups formed deliberately for the achievement of specific objectives are called formal
organizations.
Ans: T
Page: 113
23. Mental hospitals, the military, and prison are examples of what Erving Goffmans total institutions.
Ans: T
Page: 114
24. Hierarchies of statuses and roles that are based on loosely formed rules and procedures in order to create
maximum flexibility of jobs on the labor force characterize bureaucracies.
Ans: F
Page: 115-116
25. Max Weber developed a description of bureaucracy as an ideal type of organization.

Ans: T
Page: 117
26. Max Weber was truly optimistic about bureaucracy.

Ans: F
Page: 118
27. Even when bureaucracies function as they were designed to, they may produce harmful consequences
Ans: T
Page: 119-120
28. The U.S. government employed approximately 1 of 109 Americans in mid-2005.

Ans: T
Page: 120
29. From the conflict perspective, organizations are neutral social structures pursuing clear goals.
Ans: F
Page: 124
30. Symbolic interactionists contend that human beings in organizations are spongelike, malleable organisms
who passively conform to the bureaucratic requirements.
Ans: F
Page: 122-123
31. Ethnomethodologists argue that organizations are products of their rules.

Ans: F
Page: 124
32. Sociologist Charles Perrow claims that our world is more loosely coupled than structural theories admit.
Ans: T
Page: 124-125
33. Overall, new management strategies over the past 30 years emphasized a lessening of hierarchy and
authoritarianism.
Ans: T
Page: 125-126
34. The text notes that employee ownership guarantees labor peace.
Ans: F
Page: 125-127
Multiple-Choice
35. According to the texts discussion of group interactions and peoples driving behavior,
A. the death rate is lower when teenagers travel in groups.
B. for older drivers, fatal crash rates go up significantly for drivers with passengers.
C. the highest death rate is for teenage drivers who are operating a vehicle alone.
Ans: D
Page: 101
36. More than a third of all deaths of 15- to 19-year-olds results from
A. drug overdoses.
B. motor vehicle crashes.

C. athletic injuries.
D. drive-by shootings.
Ans: B
Page: 101
37. Two or more people who share a sense of unity and who are bound together in relatively stable patterns
of social interaction are known as a
A. group.
B. social class.
C. society.
D. culture.
Ans: A
Page: 101-102
38. Groups are

A. constructed realities.
B. not tangible things.
C. a clear application of the Thomas Theorem.
Ans: D
Pages: 101-102
39. Groups are

A. social structures that have an existence apart from the particular relationships people have with one
another.
B. an example of the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
C. an example of the idea that the whole is almost never greater than the sum of its parts.
Ans: D
Page: 102-104
40. Sociologists call an association between two people characterized by relatively stable mutual
expectations a(n)
A. interconnected link.
B. social tie.
C. relationship.
D. dyadic node.
Ans: C
Page: 102-104
41. A group of people gathered together to construct a house is an example of an

A. instrumental tie
B. expressive tie
C. interactional tie
D. extrapolative tie
Ans: A
Page: 102-104
42. Family members bound together by their love for each other are experiencing an
A. instrumental tie.
B. expressive tie.
C. interactive tie.
D. extrapolative tie.
Ans: B
Page: 102-104
43. Instrumental ties are

A. means-ends oriented to achieve some sort of goal.
B. based on strong emotional investment.
C. based primarily on sexual exploitation a form of sexual harassment.
D. the foundation of in-groups.
Ans: A
Page: 102-104
44. Expressive ties tend to be more prevalent in

A. secondary group relationships.
B. primary group relationships.
C. impersonal groups.
D. coercive organizations.
Ans: B
Page: 102-104
45. ________ is one of a number of conditions that enhance the chances that primary group relationships
will develop.
A. Small group size.
B. Face-to-face contact.
C. Frequent and numerous contact.
Ans: D
Pages: 102-104
46. Which of the following represents a secondary group?

A. a family
B. an intimate friendship group
C. a pair of lovers
D. a college class
Ans: D
Page: 102-104
47. Groups in which the relationships are primarily impersonal and instrumental are
A. primary groups.
B. secondary groups.
C. reference groups.
D. expressive groups.
Ans: B
Page: 102-104
48. Primary groups are fundamental to us as individuals and society at large because they
A. have little to do with the socialization process.
B. play a minimal role in the social control of group members.
C. provide the settings in which we meet most of our personal needs.
Ans: C
Page: 102-104
49. One of the principal factors that contributed to the fighting effectiveness of the German military units in
World War II was
A. strong primary-group ties.
B. strong secondary-group ties.
C. fear of the Waffen SS troops.
D. the effectiveness of Nazi ideology that made them feel that they were the master race.
Ans: A
Page: 102-104
50. A group with which we identify and to which we belong is called a(n)
A. instrumental group.
B. secondary group.
C. in-group.
D. out-group.
Ans: C
Page: 104-105
51. In-groups and out-groups function to provide us with a sense of

A. we and they.
B. social identity or self-concept.
C. disgust or revulsion for others that may result in conflict.
Ans: D
Page: 104-105
52. One of the major functions of in-groups and out-groups is to

A. diminish differences that result from such social distinctions as race.
B. reduce hostility that results from competition.
C. dissolve social boundaries.
D. emphasize the significance and importance of social boundaries.
Ans: D
Page: 104-105
53. We use ____________ to appraise and shape our attitudes, feelings, and actions.
A. primary groups.
B. secondary groups.
C. reference groups.
D. in-groups.
Ans: C
Page: 104-105
54. The reference group concept helps to explain the behavior of the
A. upper-class revolutionary.
B. renegade Catholic.
C. reactionary union member.
Ans: D
Page: 105
55. Relative deprivation refers to

A. the welfare gap.
B. the distinction made between rich and poor.
C. the gap between what we have and what we believe we should have.
D. the normative function of the reference group.
Ans: C
Page: 105
56. Compared to larger groups, dyads tend to be
A. less prevalent.
B. more emotionally strained.
C. less fragile.
D. more apathetic.
Ans: B
Pages: 106
57. The Tajfel experiments are now referred to as the __________ paradigm.
A. minimal group
B. groupthink
C. group polarization
D. reference group
Ans: A
Pages: 106
58. Research seems to indicate that the optimum group size for problem solving is _____ members.
A. 2
B. 15
C. 5
D. 25
Ans: C
Page: 106-108
59. In which setting are we more likely to find intruders, outsiders, or mediators?
A. dyads
B. triads
C. monads
Ans: B
Page: 106-108
60. As groups become larger,

A. they become more manageable.
B. members find it easier to converse with each other.
C. they become less manageable and less stable.
D. knowledge is shared more easily and thus the group becomes more stable.
Ans: C
Page: 106-108
61. The person in a small-group who is devoted to appraising the task at hand is known as the
A. instrumental leader.
B. expressive leader.
C. harmony and unity specialist.
D. interpersonal leader.
Ans: A
Page: 108-109
62. The person in a family who seems to be the member in charge of the emotional climate and interpersonal
relationships might be identified as the
A. instrumental leader.
B. social-emotional specialist.
C. task leader.
D. orientation specialist.
Ans: B
Page: 108-109
63. Authoritarian leaders tend to

A. promote stability and group happiness.
B. reduce levels of hostility within groups.
C. produce high levels of frustration and hostile feelings.
D. promote high levels of productivity whether they are present or absent.
Ans: C
Pages: 108-109
64. New studies on leadership show that

A. democratic leadership is clearly superior to other forms of leadership.
B. authoritarian leadership is clearly superior to other forms of leadership.
C. there is probably not one leadership style that works best in all situations.
D. laissez-faire leadership is the best for high group productivity.
Ans: C
Page: 108-109
65. Recent research on gender differences in leadership indicate that

A. female leaders exhibit more characteristics of effective leadership than male leaders do.
B. male leaders exhibit more characteristics of effective leadership than female leaders do.
C. few differences exist between male and female leadership capability.
D. older male leaders are more effective than younger female leaders.
Ans: A
Page: 108-109
66. Social loafing refers to the tendency of people to work harder

A. in occupational groups than in social groups.
B. individually than in groups.

C. in groups than they do individually.
Ans: B
Page: 109
67. The social loafing effect suggests that there is

A. a direct relationship between group size and individual motivation.
B. an inverse relationship between group size and individual motivation.
C. no relationship between group size and individual motivation.
D. a one-to-one relationship between group size and individual motivation.
Ans: B
Page: 109
68. Social dilemmas in the text represent situations of conflict between

A. maximizing personal interests and maximizing collective welfare.
B. maximizing primary interests and maximizing secondary interests.
C. maximizing in-group interests and maximizing out-group interests.
D. maximizing personal interests and minimizing collective welfare.
Ans: A
Page: 109-110
69. Garrett J. Hardin's social dilemma called the tragedy of the commons illustrates
A. the issue of personal interests versus collective welfare.
B. the fact that social welfare is a parasitic system.
C. the value of authoritarian leadership.
D. how laissez-faire leadership and economics lead to the best of all possible group environments.
Ans: A
Page: 109
70. Robert Axelrod found that the simplest and most effective strategy for playing the prisoners dilemma
game is one he called
A. forgiveness.
B. confession.
C. tit for tat.
D. competition.
Ans: C
Pages: 110-111
71. In some social dilemmas, when one member of a group may make a contribution to the general welfare
of his or her group that makes other members feel that their contribution is unnecessary, it is called the
A. easy-rider mechanism.
B. sidecar mechanism.
C. transit-rider syndrome.
D. free-rider mechanism.
Ans: D
Pages: 109-110
72. The Bay of Pigs fiasco is an example of decision-making based on

A. relative deprivation.
B. groupthink.
C. dyadic dynamics.
D. cultural diversity.
Ans: B
Page: 110-112
73. When a shared elusion of invulnerability leads to undue overconfidence and willingness to take risks, we
are often experiencing
A. relative deprivation.
B. groupthink.
C. dyadic dynamics.
D. cultural diversity.
Ans: B
Page: 110-112
74. A decision-making process in which group members become so preoccupied with maintaining consensus
that their ability to think critically is impaired is called
A. management by objectives.
B. zero-based decision-making.
C. groupthink.
D. zero-based critical thinking.
Ans: C
Page: 110-112
75. The process that led to the NASA Challenger tragedy in 1986 involved people who
A. ignored warnings against the launch.
B. experienced considerable pressure to launch from outsiders.
C. functioned according to the principles of groupthink.
Ans: D
Page: 110-112
76. The studies by Muzafer Sherif (utilizing a fixed spot of light) and Solomon Asch (utilizing different line
lengths) illustrate that
A. groups have minimal impact on individual conformity.
B. we are truly autonomous individuals who are not swayed by the group.
C. the group often has a significant effect on our individual judgment and behavioral conformity.
Ans: C
Pages: 112
77. The researchers involved in the BBCs The Experiment maintain that Zimbardos original results
A. can be seen as a reasonable excuse for the powerful abusing the powerless.
B. prove that people do not have responsibility and choice over conditions that lead to tyranny.
C. demonstrate that extreme behaviors cannot be restrained in power situations.
Ans: D
Pages: 114
78. _________ are deliberately created to accomplish some specific goal.

A. Informal work groups
B. Formal organizations
C. Primary work groups
D. Expressive reference groups
Ans: B
Page: 113-115
79. Formal organizations

A. have come into being only in recent times.
B. date back to ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and China.
C. have become so out of date, they are no longer considered significant.
D. emphasize the use of expressive ties.
Ans: B
Page: 113-115
80. On college campuses, hiking and biking groups, service organizations, and intramural sports teams are
prime examples of ______________ organizations.
A. utilitarian
B. mortification
C. coercive
D. voluntary
Ans: D
Page: 113-115
81. Formal organizations include

A. voluntary organizations.
B. coercive organizations.
C. utilitarian organizations.
Ans: D
Page: 113-115
82. Utilitarian organizations include

A. the League of Women Voters.
B. mental hospitals.
C. universities.
D. prisons.
Ans: C
Page: 113-115
83. __________ strip participants of old roles and identities through the use of mortification and degradation
A. Voluntary organizations
B. Total institutions
C. Utilitarian organizations
D. Emotional-expressive organizations
Ans: B
Page: 113-115
84. A(n) _________ is not a total institution.

A. mental hospital
B. public school
C. prison
D. army boot camp
Ans: B
Pages: 113-115
85. Erving Goffman defined _________ as places of residence where individuals are isolated from the rest
of society for a significant amount of time and where behavior is tightly controlled.
A. formal organizations.
B. bureaucracies.
C. total institutions.
D. universities.
Ans: C
Page: 113-115
86. When people are inducted into a total institution, they are often deprived of personal items such as
clothing in order to make them vulnerable to the control of the institution. This process is called
A. mortification.
B. degradation.
C. initiation.
D. bureaucratization.
Ans: A
Pages: 113-115
87. Sociologists use the term bureaucracy to refer to

A. a social structure that is a complex system of statuses, roles, rules, and authority.
B. a social structure that is fundamentally inefficient, incompetent, and decadent.
C. informal organizations.
D. voluntary organizations.
Ans: A
Page: 115-117
88. Early bureaucracies were based on

A. patrimonialism.
B. a traditional system of authority in which people were committed to serve traditional leaders.
C. a set of codified rules and procedures.
Ans: D
Page: 115-117
89. Which of the following does not characterize Max Weber's ideal type of bureaucracy?
A. clearly defined duties
B. offices organized into a hierarchy of authority
C. positions filled on the basis of personal considerations
D. rules and procedures recorded in written documents
Ans: C
Pages: 117-118
90. If we employ Max Weber's approach to bureaucracy and look for similarities in such organizations as the
Catholic Church, Ford Motor Company, and the U.S. Government, we are dealing with bureaucracy as a(n)
A. simple organization.
B. expressive group.
C. ideal type.
D. single set of divergent, unrelated groups.
Ans: C
Page: 117-118
91. Max Weber's approach to bureaucracies follows a __________ perspective.

A. conflict
B. functionalist
C. symbolic interactionist
D. psychological
Ans: B
Pages: 117-118
92. Although the abstract definition of bureaucracy may appear irrelevant to the daily lives of most people,
A. it is, in fact, a description of what most of us would like to take for granted.
B. it is important only to those in positions of leadership.
C. most of us expect such organizations to work exactly the way Weber described.
Ans: D
Pages: 117-118
93. Bureaucracies
A. are not an inherent feature of capitalism, but they are characteristic of socialistic societies.
B. are not an inherent feature of socialism, but they are characteristic of capitalistic societies.
C. are an inherent feature of both capitalism and socialism.
D. serve to make peoples lives in a capitalistic society relatively unpredictable.
Ans: C
Page: 117-118
94. Problems of bureaucracies include

A. oligarchy.
B. high levels of redundancy.
C. trained incapacity.
Ans: D
Pages: 118-120
95. The _________ states that bureaucracy leads to the concentration of power in the hands of a few people.
A. iron law of oligarchy
B. preventive checks theory of bureaucratic development
C. Peter Principle
D. law of the informal group
Ans: A
Page: 118-120
96. Robert Michels suggests that the reasons for oligarchical tendencies found in formal organizations
include
A. the existence of hierarchical structures with authority exercised upward from the bottom.
B. the advantages that organization officials have over the other group members.
C. the lack of officials' control over administrative resources.
D. the lack of officials' control over communication networks.
Ans: B
Pages: 118-120
97. Parkinson's Law states

A. Whoever says organization, says oligarchy.
B. Work expands so as to fill the time available for its completion.
C. If something can go wrong, it will.
D. Whoops is a byproduct of committees.
Ans: B
Pages: 118-120
98. Work expands to fill the time available for its completion. This statement is known as
A. the Thomas Theorem.
B. Parkinson's Law.
C. the Peter Principle.
D. Vander Zanden's Law.
Ans: B
Page: 118-120
99. __________ is not a dysfunction of bureaucracy.

A. Clearly defined jobs and duties
B. Trained incapacity
C. Oligarchy
D. Redundancy
Ans: A
Pages: 118-120
100. Thorsten Veblen called the time when bureaucrats come to rely on organizational rules and regulations
in a dull, mechanical manner the
A. hierarchy of authority.
B. rationalized organization.
C. trained incapacity.
D. Parkinson's Law.
Ans: C
Page: 118-120
101. Individuals in bureaucracies often develop a kind of tunnel vision that limits their ability to respond to
new situations. This is called
A. burnout.
B. groupthink.
C. management by objectives.
D. trained incapacity.
Ans: D
Page: 118-120
102. A number of forces undermine the operation of the bureaucratic model, including the fact that
A. human beings tend to exist just for the benefit of the organization.
B. bureaucracies tend to be immune to social change.
C. bureaucracies are basically designed with the average person in mind.
D. informal organizations develop within the bureaucracy.
Ans: D
Pages: 118-120
103. Research has shown that the informal group is

A. a minimal influence on the lives of workers.
B. a sociological fiction.
C. essential to the smooth operation of the formal organization.
D. analagous to the primary group.
Ans: C
Page: 118-120
104. Conflict theorists and Marxist social scientists contend that

A. organizational goals reflect the priorities of those who occupy the top positions.
B. bureaucratic mechanisms arose as much from the desire of capitalists to control workers as from abstract
notions of efficiency and rationality.
C. the emergence of the collectivist-democratic organization is a promising development.
Ans: D
Pages: 122-125
105. A good example of the application of symbolic interactionism to organizations is the classic study by
Anselm Strauss and his colleagues of organizational behavior in two Chicago-area psychiatric hospitals.
These researchers treated a formal organization as a(n)
A. negotiated order.
B. backstage behavior.
C. frontstage behavior.
D. imaginary entity.
Ans: A
Page: 122-125
106. __________ refers to procedures rules and activities that people employ in making social life and
society intelligible.
A. Negotiated order
B. Anomie
C. Ethnomethodology
D. Dramaturgy
Ans: C
Page: 122-125
107. Among American companies, most employee participation programs have

A. been modestly successful.
B. been tremendously successful.
C. been slightly successful.
D. failed.
Ans: D
Page: 124-125
108. Overall, new management strategies over the past 30 years

A. have emphasized a lessening of hierarchy and authoritarianism.
B. have emphasized an increase in worker participation and workplace decision making.
C. still sometimes revert to a direct authoritarian mode.
Ans: D
Page: 125-126
109. ________ is a successful example of a virtual corporation.

A. Verifone, Inc.
B. Borders Bookstores
C. Office Max
D. Wal-Mart
Ans: A
Page: 125-126
110. Beyond the small work groups approach is the __________-collar approach, in which informally
dressed employees manage themselves, use the office as a funhouse and are expected to work 70-hour
weeks.
A. green
B. red
C. no
D. black
Ans: C
Page: 125-126
Essays
111. Define and contrast primary and secondary groups. Include concrete examples of each, and indicate the
importance of expressive ties and instrumental ties in these groups.
112. Discuss the consequences of democratic, authoritarian, and laissez-faire leadership styles on the
functioning of the human group.
113. Explain groupthink, and provide a concrete example of it. Be sure to include an explanation of how
groupthink occurs during group interaction.
114. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of modern bureaucracy according to the perspectives
identified in the text.
115. Identify and briefly explain at least five ways that companies have attempted to humanize modern
bureaucratic structure according to the text.
/Kroehler, 7/e
Chapter 3, Socialization
True/False
1. Socialization allows the renewal of culture from one generation to the next.
Ans: T
Page: 70
2. Human socialization presupposes that as long as a child has an adequate genetic makeup, environmental
conditions have little impact on human development.
Ans: F
Page: 70
3. The studies of Anna, Isabelle, and Genie all testify to the importance of biological equipment in the
production of a normal human personality.
Ans: F
Page: 69-70
4. As genetic research continues, evidence is emerging that anorexia, alcoholism, and antisocial behavior
have genetic components.
Ans: T
Page: 70-72
5. Organisms are basically passive objects programmed by internal genetic forces or shaped by the external
environment.
Ans: F
Page: 70-72
6. Biological influences on behavior may themselves be influenced by the environment.

Ans: T
Page: 70-72
7. While learning, the human being modifies itself by responding; human organisms literally change
themselves by their own actions.
Ans: T
Page: 72-73
8. Both functionalism and conflict theory view the socialization process as important to society as a whole
and to the individual.
Ans: T
Page: 72-73
9. Social learning theory, a microlevel theory, suggests we are socialized through positive and negative
reinforcements by the significant people in our lives.
Ans: T
Pages: 72-73
10. Cognitive developmental theory, a macrolevel theory, proposes that what and how we learn depends on
the objective social facts that we encounter in the world.
Ans: F
Page: 73
11. According to symbolic interactionism theory, the individual takes an important and active role in the
learning process.
Ans: T
Page: 73-74
12. The family, peer group, schools, and the mass media are examples of agents of socialization.
Ans: T
Page: 74-75
13. According to the text, we cannot overestimate the direct impact of the mass media on the socialization
process.
Ans: F
Pages: 75; 77
14. Half of all school-aged children from kindergarten through 8th grade are in nonparental care programs
after school.
Ans: T
Page: 75
15. In their investigation of high school students, Bonnie Barber and her colleagues discovered that the
crowd identities and activities of tenth graders fail to predict adult outcomes.
Ans: F
Page: 76
16. The diversity and uniqueness of human beings make socialization possible.
Ans: F
Page: 77
17. Noam Chomsky, a linguist, proposed that human beings possess a language-generating characteristic that
is biologically channeled.
Ans: T
Page: 77-78
18. Media-related aggression can be reduced by changing childrens attitudes toward the violence they see
on television and in video games.
Ans: T
Page: 77
19. According to the text, neither genetic factors nor learning processes alone can produce a language-using
human being.
Ans: T
Page: 77-78
20. Verbal symbols provide the essence and primary impact of any communication experience.
Ans: F
Pages: 78-79
21. Cultural diversity in the workplace helped to create the need for greater sensitivity regarding people's use
of such nonverbal communication as eye contact.
Ans: T
Page: 79
22. The idea that people vary in their perceptions of and reactions to different situations was an observation
of W. I. Thomas in his concept of definition of the situation.
Ans: T
Page: 81
23. The Thomas Theorem suggests that people respond only to the objective features of situations they
encounter.
Ans: F
Page: 81
24. The egocentric bias claims that we tend to be quite egotistical in situations where an action is directed
at us.
Ans: F
Page: 82
25. The looking-glass self is Charles Cooley's concept that suggests we tend to see ourselves as we
imagine others see us.
Ans: T
Pages: 82-83
26. Self-esteem is governed by three principles: reflected appraisals, social comparisons, and self-attribution.
Ans: T
Pages: 83-84
27. According to George H. Mead, the key to children's development of the self is found in their acquisition
of a conscience.
Ans: F
Page: 84-85
28. The generalized other is an attitude children acquire that is essentially the attitude of their parents.
Ans: F
Page: 84-85
29. Erving Goffman's concept, impression management, refers to our practice of presenting ourselves to
others in ways that might cause them to view us favorably.
Ans: T
Pages: 85-86
30. The dramaturgical approach to understanding socialization and the development of the self utilizes the
view of life as a stage on which people interact; where all people are both actors and audience, and the parts
are the roles people play in their daily lives.
Ans: T
Page: 85-86
31. In the United States, most people make the transition to adulthood by about the age of 16.
Ans: F
Pages: 88-89
32. The socialization process ends at the conclusion of adolescence.

Ans: F
Page: 90
33. Middle adulthood contains more concrete boundaries than infancy, childhood, and adolescence.
Ans: F
Page: 91-92
34. Socialization is as important during old age as it is during other stages of adult development.
Ans: T
Page: 92-93
35. In recent years, the importance of retirement has been challenged.

Ans: T
Page: 93-94
36. Today, over 75 percent of Americans die at home.

Ans: F
Page: 95
Multiple-Choice
37. The process of social interaction through which people acquire the knowledge, attitudes, values, and
behaviors essential for effective participation in society is called
A. acculturation.
B. socialization.
C. socialism.
D. symbolic interactionism.
Ans: B
Page: 70-73
38. Socialization
A. benefits individuals, but not necessarily the society at large.
B. benefits the society, but seldom works to the advantage of the individual.
C. ideally blends the ideas of culture to the capacities and needs of the individual for the mutual benefit of
the individual and society.
D. benefits neither the individual nor society.
Ans: C
Page: 70-73
39. The sociological view of human beings is that

A. we are born with a large set of behavioral instincts.
B. we are not born as social beings, but become social only through the process of socialization.
C. our culture is programmed through the genetic makeup of society.
D. our humanness is no different from the abilities that characterize other living creatures.
Ans: B
Page: 70-73
40. Cases of children raised in conditions of extreme social isolation show the
A. inadequacy of our biological equipment to produce a normal human personality in the absence of social
interaction.
B. inadequacy of social interaction in overcoming biological limitations.
C. ability of rehabilitation to correct the effects of childhood deprivation after puberty.
D. tendency of parents to isolate illegitimate children.
Ans: A
Page: 70-73
41. The problems experienced by Genie, the social isolate, are believed to demonstrate
A. that childhood is the critical period in the development of language ability.
B. that once a child enters puberty, such problems cannot be overcome.
C. nothing that is sociologically based.
Ans: D
Page: 70
42. Human socialization presupposes that

A. the socialization process can overcome inadequate genetic capacity.
B. adequate genetic endowment and environment are available.
C. Neither of the above is correct.
Ans: B
Page: 70-73
43. Recent interest in the roles of nature and nurture in the development of human personality centers on the
issue(s) of
A. which factor is more important.
B. to what degree the differences between people can be attributed to each factor.
C. how specific hereditary and environmental factors interact.
D. which factor ultimately determines personality traits.
Ans: C
Pages: 70-73
44. The study of the enzyme disorder among the inhabitants of island of Sardinia showed that
A. beans activated the disease.
B. the disorder was genetically based.
C. the beans and genetics caused the disease.
D. it is an oversimplification to think of organisms as passive objects that are programmed by either genetics
or environment.
Ans: D
Pages: 71-72
45. Human beings are

A. locked into an unchangeable body that interacts with a changeable social system.
B. locked into a rigidly structured society that interacts with a changeable body.
C. not locked into an unchangeable body or an unchangeable society; both can change and each influences
the other.
D. passive agents, shaping neither themselves nor their environments.
Ans: C
Page: 72
46. The two primary macrolevel theories of socialization

A. are symbolic interactionism and social learning theory.
B. take the position that social values, norms, and beliefs play a limited role in the development of society.
C. reject the notion of social determinism.
D. are functionalism and conflict theory; both view socialization as having important consequences for
society as a whole.
Ans: D
Page: 72
47. Three microlevel theories of socialization

A. focus on how socialization occurs.
B. are functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic socialism.
C. include social learning theory, cognitive developmental theory, and symbolic interactionism.
Ans: D
Page: 72-73
48. Social learning theory includes the importance of ____________ in the socialization process.
A. conditioning
B. sensorimotor development
C. meaning conceptualization
D. schools
Ans: A
Page: 72-73
49. Conditioning, social reinforcement, and observational learning are components of

A. symbolic interactionism.
B. social learning theory.
C. cognitive development theory.
D. conflict theory.
Ans: B
Pages: 72-73
50. Piaget's cognitive development theory included the importance of

A. four stages of development from birth to adulthood.
B. the power of parents in dictating the development of the child.
C. a person's ability to understand and interpret the world.
Ans: D
Page: 73
51. In Piaget's theory, the sensorimotor stage of development

A. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B. usually lasts about 5 years.
C. involves the child's development of language.
D. involves the child's development of abstract thought.
Ans: A
Page: 73
52. In Piaget's theory, the preoperational stage

B. includes the learning of symbols and language.
C. involves the child's development of abstract thought.
D. includes the development of logic.
Ans: B
Page: 73
53. In Piaget's theory, the concrete operational stage

B. includes the development of language.
C. is where children begin to think more abstractly by being able to separate symbols from the things they
represent.
D. focuses on the development of logic.
Ans: C
Page: 73
54. In Piaget's theory, the formal operations stage

A. includes children's sudden realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them.
B. is where children learn language.
C. is where children learn abstract thought.
D. is marked by a deeper, more complex way of viewing the world, including the ability to critically
evaluate others' points of view.
Ans: D
Page: 73
55. A major component of Piaget's preoperational stage is

A. children's awareness and understanding that they are children in the full meaning of the word.
B. the children's identification of themselves as boys or girls.
C. learning the meaning of religion.
D. understanding the role of family.
Ans: B
Page: 73
56. Reflexive behavior is

A. rooted in conflict theory.
B. a component of symbolic interactionism in which people observe, interpret, evaluate, communicate with,
and attempt to control themselves.
C. a major feature of parapsychology.
D. behavior that is totally dominated by one's genetic heritage.
Ans: B
Page: 73-74
57. Today, _____ percent of mothers with children under school age are in the workforce.
A. 30
B. 40
C. 50
D. more than 60
Ans: D
Page: 74
58. Agents of socialization

A. are primarily those significant people found in the formal school setting.
B. have been replaced in recent times by the peer group.
C. include the school, the family, the peer group, and the mass media.
D. Have minor impact on the personality development of the child.

Ans: C
Pages: 74-75
59. The average American child spends between __________ hours with a television every day.
A. one and two
B. two and three
C. three and four
D. three and six
Ans: D
Page: 75
60. The _________ is NOT one of the Breakfast Club characters that Bonnie Barber and her colleagues used
in their research.
A. Brain
B. Dork
C. Basket Case
D. Princess
Ans: B
Page: 76
61. According to symbolic interactionists, the most important agents of socialization are
A. the schools.
B. the peers of the child.
C. dependent on how they are defined and interpreted by people before they actually influence behavior.
D. members of the mass media.
Ans: C
Page: 82
62. All social interaction involves

A. verbalization.
B. communication.
C. vision.
D. hearing.
Ans: B
Page: 77
63. Communication
A. is a nonessential feature of the socialization process.
B. allows us to establish a commonness with one another that makes socialization possible.
C. allows us to develop our innate uniqueness that makes socialization possible.
D. includes only those verbal processes that allow us to talk to one another.
Ans: B
Page: 77
64. Noam Chomsky's observations of language suggest that

A. language will develop regardless of the society in which one lives.
B. language does not involve any predisposition; it is totally a learned capacity.
C. human beings possess an inborn language-generating mechanism that only requires that the child learn
the specific peculiarities of his or her society's language.
D. genetic factors play no role in language development.
Ans: C
Page: 78
65. The case of the boy with normal hearing but with deaf parents highlights the idea that
A. learning gestures is a sufficient method of communication.
B. even though isolated, he was able to form a sufficient pattern of communication for adequate
socialization to occur.
C. to learn a language, children must be able to interact with people in that language.
D. the importance of maturational factors in the development of language.
Ans: C
Page: 78
66. Critics of Chomsky's language acquisition device argue that

A. human interaction is not necessary for children to learn a language adequately.
B. human interaction is necessary for children to learn a language adequately.
C. simple exposure to language is sufficient to set the processes of learning language into motion.
D. language is genetically programmed in all of us.
Ans: B
Page: 78
67. Cultural diversity in the workplace created a need for

A. understanding genetic differences in the development of language.
B. desensitizing workers regarding the nuances of language.
C. learning more effective verbal skills.
D. greater sensitivity among workers regarding people's use of nonverbal communication.
Ans: D
Page: 78-79
68. Nonverbal communication gestures

A. have universally accepted meanings.
B. ease cross-cultural communication problems.
C. are especially susceptible to cultural interpretations.

D. are impractical considerations in people's daily lives.
Ans: C
Page: 78-79
69. Nonverbal communication

A. includes body language.
B. includes paralanguage.
C. is considered to make up the bulk of all our communication experience.
Ans: D
Page: 78-79
70. The Thomas Theorem states that

A. if something can go wrong, it will.
B. if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences.
C. work expands to fill the time available to complete it.
D. people rise to their level of incompetence.
Ans: B
Page: 78
71. The self is formed

A. through interaction with others.
B. before birth.
C. from hereditary influences.
D. before communication is possible.
Ans: A
Page: 81
72. Cooley's looking-glass self refers to

A. our fetish with examining ourselves in a mirror.
B. a process by which we view ourselves as we believe others see us.
C. a process by which we mirror our views of others to them.
D. the process in which we ape the behavior of others around us.
Ans: B
Page: 82-84
73. The looking-glass self is an ongoing mental process involving three phases with the last phase involving
A. imagining how we appear to others.
B. imagining how others judge our appearance.
C. a sense of self-evaluation.
D. imagining how we view others.

Ans: C
Page: 82-84
74. The only area where nonverbal communication possibly may be universal in meaning is
A. hand gesturing.
B. proxemics.
C. touch.
D. facial expression.
Ans: D
Pages: 77; 79
75. The looking-glass self involves

A. an objective definition of reality.
B. a subjective definition of reality.
C. a universal definition of reality.
D. no definition of reality.
Ans: B
Pages: 82-84
76. A self-concept differs from a self-image in that the self-concept is more

A. accurate.
B. subjective.
C. long-term.
D. temporary.
Ans: C
Page: 82-84
77. The Thomas Theorem states that

A. phenomena have inherent, intrinsic meaning.
B. the meaning of things is essentially unimportant.
C. we respond not only to objective features of a situation, but also to its meaning, a process that has an
effect on both our behavior and its results.
Ans: C
Page: 81
78. Martha believes that if she doesn't wear her lucky hat, she'll flunk her algebra test. She forgets her hat,
and becomes so anxious about forgetting it that she flunks the exam. This is an example of
A. the power of positive thinking.
B. the Thomas Theorem.
C. a definition of the situation.

Ans: D
Page: 81
79. Self-esteem includes our

A. perception of how others appraise us.
B. comparison of our performance, ability, or other characteristics to those of others.
C. belief that we are responsible for a characteristic that results in credit or blame.
Ans: D
Page: 82-83
80. Personal efficacy is

A. one of the few social processes that is unaffected by the socialization process.
B. the belief that we cannot overcome environmental obstacles and achieve our goals.
C. the belief that we can overcome obstacles and achieve our goals.
D. a belief that does not require that we achieve things.
Ans: C
Page: 84
81. According to George H. Mead, the key to children's development of the self resides in the childrens
A. ability to separate themselves from their parents.
B. reliance on the outside world for survival.
C. acquisition of language.
D. physical maturity.
Ans: C
Page: 84-85
82. According to George H. Mead, the generalized other is the attitude of

A. a significant role model.
B. a caregiver.
C. one's family.
D. the larger community in which one is socialized.
Ans: D
Page: 84-85
83. According to George H. Mead, when we respond to how we think others perceive us as a subject, the
__________ component of the self is being illustrated.
A. me
B. I
C. you
D. significant other
Ans: B
Page: 84-85
84. When George H. Mead explained the process of role taking, he asserted that
A. we consciously steal others' roles through imitation.
B. we are, at the same time, the subject doing the viewing and the object being viewed.
C. most people are neurotic.
D. most people have multiple personalities.
Ans: B
Page: 84-85
85. The primary role model for children in George H. Mead's play stage is a
A. diffused other, such as a distant cousin.
B. generalized other, such as a sense of community.
C. unilinear other.
D. significant other, such as a parent.
Ans: D
Page: 84-85
86. The stage at which a child begins to learn how to assume and play many different, but complementary,
roles in George H. Mead's theory is the
A. play stage.
B. game stage.
C. generalized-other stage.
D. psychosexual stage.
Ans: B
Page: 84-85
87. Erving Goffman calls our presentation of self in ways that will lead others to view us in a favorable light
A. self-actualization.
B. the looking-glass self.
C. impression management.
D. the self-concept.
Ans: C
Pages: 85-86
88. When ________, it illustrates Goffman's idea of frontstage behavior?

A. waiters serve guests in a restaurant
B. waiters interact with each other in a kitchen
C. friends talk with each other

D. parents converse with each other about their children
Ans: A
Page: 85-86
89. If we take special steps to influence how another person views us, Goffman would say we probably are
engaging in
A. vulgar deceit.
B. superficiality.
D. self-esteem development.
Ans: C
Pages: 85-86
90. Goffman's dramaturgical approach to human interaction emphasizes that

A. we may radically alter our self-expression as we move from situation to situation.
B. the self is a fixed, rigid entity defined by a social script.
C. the frontstage and backstage selves are signs of a disturbed psyche.
D. the self is not influenced appreciably by setting or context.
Ans: A
Page: 85-86
91. According to Goffman's dramaturgical view of human interaction, when we dress up for a special event
such as a job interview, we are engaging in
A. egoistic bias.
B. calculated deception.
D. ego enhancement.
Ans: C
Pages: 85-86
92. The concept of life course refers to

A. a process that begins with conception and continues throughout life until one's death.
B. a network of age-graded stages in life.
C. a subject that has produced increased interest as a sociological issue in recent years.
Ans: D
Pages: 86-87
93. The concept of childhood

A. is a cultural universal.
B. expresses kinship ties.

C. is of relatively recent origin.
D. has always existed.
Ans: C
Page: 87
94. Most American children have mastered the complicated and abstract structure of the English language by
their __________ birthday.
A. first
B. second
C. third
D. fourth
Ans: D
Page: 87
95. Children display people-oriented responses

A. only when they have nearly reached adolescence.
B. immediately at birth.
C. usually around ten years of age.
D. quite early even before their first birthday.
Ans: D
Page: 88
96. In much of the world, adolescence

A. occurs before puberty.
B. does not occur until the late twenties.
C. is more pronounced and pervasive than in the United States.
D. is not a socially distinct period in the human life course.
Ans: D
Page: 88
97. In 2002, the National Opinion Research Center asked U.S. adult survey respondents to rate the
importance of various life transitions and events as indicators or adulthood. _________ was NOT
mentioned.
A. Reaching sexual maturity
B. Being finished with school
C. Being employed full-time
D. Being financially independent
Ans: A
Page: 90-91
98. In the United States, most people make the transition to adulthood by about the age of
A. 16.
B. 19.
C. 23.
D. 26.
Ans: D
Page: 90-91
99. Erik Erikson believed that the main task of adolescence is to

A. conquer and moderate sexual impulses and hormonal changes.
B. graduate from high school.
C. build and confirm a reasonably stable identity.
D. separate from parents.
Ans: C
Pages: 88-89
100. Apprenticeships, internships, or children playing house are examples of

A. the process of anticipatory socialization.
B. impression management.
C. status seeking.
D. egoistic bias.
Ans: A
Page: 87
101. Generation gap studies show that adolescents are

A. influenced by peers rather than parents.
B. influenced by parents rather than peers.
C. influenced by peers on some issues and parents on others.
D. rebellious and rely solely on their own opinions at this age.
Ans: C
Page: 89
102. Recent developments in the Western world

A. lengthened the transition to adulthood.
B. forced children to grow up faster.
C. decreased life expectancy.
D. decreased the need for adolescence.
Ans: A
Page: 88
103. The developmental tasks confronting young adults typically center on two core tasks:
A. sex and marriage.

B. college and housing.
C. job hunting and staying healthy.
D. love and work.
Ans: D
Page: 89
104. Developmental social psychologists, like Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson, emphasize the
A. passage through stages that must each be resolved before successful advancement to the next stage.
B. ability of adulthood stages to compensate for early childhood crises.
C. reliance of psychological development on biological precipitators.
D. reliance of psychological development on economic conditions.
Ans: A
Page: 89-91
105. Daniel J. Levinson's view of adulthood included the idea that

A. adulthood was the least complicated of life's stages.
B. the overriding task confronting adults is the creation of a structure for life.
C. adults were essentially children in larger bodies.
D. once a life structure is established, there is little need for modification throughout the rest of the life
course.
Ans: B
Pages: 89-901
106. Evidence suggests that
A. women progress through a different set of stages than men.
B. the stages women pass through take longer than those passed through by men.
C. women progress through the same developmental periods as do men, but there are important differences.
D. men take longer to pass through their stages than do women.
Ans: C
Page: 91
107. Psychologist Carol Gilligan found that

A. men view human interaction as central to their life development.
B. the development of women involves a steady progression of stages.
C. the development of women involves the recovery in adulthood of confidence, assertiveness, and a
positive sense of self that are lost during adolescence.
D. there is no difference in the progression of stages for men and women.
Ans: C
Pages: 92
108. ________ percent of the elderly function without any limitation.
A. Twenty
B. Twenty-five
C. Thirty-three
D. Fifty to sixty
Ans: D
Page: 92
109. Recent research indicates that

A. many skills improve with age, including verbal abilities and social skills.
B. adult brains grow new neurons.
C. the elderly have better mental health than younger people.
Ans: D
Pages: 93
110. The older people get, the more likely they are to be
A. stereotyped negatively.
B. stereotyped positively.
C. not stereotyped at all.
D. accorded high status due to their age.
Ans: A
Page: 93

A. 75 percent of American men 65 and over are married and living with their wives.
B. 44 percent of American women 65 and over are married and living with their husbands.
C. the higher a womans education and socioeconomic class, the more disorganized her self-identity and life
become after her husbands death.
Ans: D
Page: 94

A. most Americans have an uninterrupted work life.
B. when women retire, they withdraw only from paid labor.
C. race does not affect the retirement picture.
Ans: B
Pages: 93-94
113. The text refers to the painless putting to death of an individual who suffers from an incurable and
painful disease as
A. mercy killing.
B. euthanasia.
C. death with dignity.
D. Dr. Kevorkianism.
Ans: B
Page: 94
114. In doing cost-benefit analysis of pollution regulations, the Environmental Protection Agency used a
figure for the value of a senior citizens life that was about __________ than the value for younger peoples
lives.
A. 11 percent less
B. 19 percent less
C. 38 percent less
D. 25 percent more
Ans: C
Page: 94
115. Today, __________ percent of U.S. citizens die of long-term illnesses including heart disease,
Alzheimers, and cancer.
A. 40
B. 50
C. 60
D. 70
Ans: D
Page: 94
116. __________ is a program or mode of care that attempts to make the dying experience less painful and
emotionally traumatic for patients and their families.
A. Euthanasia
B. Mercy killing
C. Managed care
D. A hospice
Ans: D
Page: 95
117. In 2001, __________ percent of survey respondents said that they thought doctors should be allowed to
comply with the wishes of a dying patient in severe distress who asks to have his or her life ended.
A. 35
B. 45
C. 55
D. 65
Ans: D
Page: 93
Essays
118. According to the text, the individual and society are mutually dependent on socialization. Explain the
meaning of this statement sociologically.
119. Explain the social learning and the cognitive developmental theories of socialization. Compare and
contrast the two approaches.
120. Contrast the explanations of the development of the self by Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead.
121. Explain the dramaturgical perspective on social life depicted by Erving Goffman. Be sure to discuss his
concept of impression management in your explanation.
122. According to Elisabeth Kbler-Ross, dying people typically pass through five stages in adjusting
themselves to their impending death. Identify and briefly explain each of these stage
Kroehler, 7/e
Chapter 2, Culture and Social Structure
True/False
1. The story of the settlement on Pitcairn Island is an example of the founding of a society and the issues
involved in the development of a culture.
Ans: T
Page: 43
2. Culture provides individuals with a set of common understandings used to fashion behavior.
Ans: T
Page: 43-44
3. The only component that gives meaning to the term culture is the nonmaterial aspect that includes such
tools for living as computers, axes, and paintings.
Ans: F
Pages: 44
4. In a cultural context, norms are the social rules that identify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in
given situations.
Ans: T
Page: 45
5. Norms are created by people, so they tend to be objective in nature and universal in their use by different
societies.
Ans: F
Page: 45-46
6. The differences identified between folkways and mores include their relative importance to the well-being
and survival of the society in which they exist.
Ans: T
Page: 45-46
7. Values are the codified rules of behavior, including the rule that classifies murder as a felony.
Ans: F
Pages: 46-47
8. Two people may believe in the same value, such as social equality, yet have strongly opposite views as to
how he or she should achieve this valued goal.
Ans: T
Page: 46-47
9. Values are very stable, and never change over time.

Ans: F
Pages: 46-47
10. Gestures used to communicate numbers are universal.

Ans: F
Page: 47-48
11. Helen Keller was unable to acquire an intelligent understanding of her environment until she grasped the
significance of symbols, specifically the connection between words and experiences.
Ans: T
Pages: 47-48
12. Similar to humans, groups of orangutans have unambiguously symbolic elements in their cultures.
Ans: F
Pages: 48-49
13. Humans stand apart from other species in their use of language.
Ans: T
Page: 48-49
14. The idea that people view the world differently depending on the nature of the concepts available in their
language is the linguistic ethnocentric hypothesis.
Ans: F
Page: 48-50
15. An example of expressive symbolism is found in the way lyrics of country music songs changed from
the 1930s to the present.
Ans: T
Page: 50
16. The form and content of culture is rarely affected by economic, legal, or organizational factors. The
primary influence is technological.
Ans: F
Page: 50
17. The oughts and musts of some societies are often the ought nots and must nots of other
societies.
Ans: T
Page: 51-52
18. Culture universals often include the specific details of actual behavior.
Ans: F
Pages: 51-52
19. Some analysts partly blame our surprise at the 9/11 attacks on ethnocentrism.
Ans: T
Page: 52-53
20. Mirror imaging is the projection of American values and behavior onto Americas enemies and rivals.
Ans: T
Page: 53
21. Gunnar Myrdal's book, An American Dilemma, exposed the inconsistencies in America's values and the
reality of its societal behavior.
Ans: T
Page: 52
22. Sumner's strain of consistency suggests that there are powerful forces linking the various elements of
culture into an interwoven unit.
Ans: T
Page: 52
23. The view that one's own group is the center of everything reflects the concept of ethnocentrism.
Ans: T
Pages: 52-53
24. All groups are ethnocentric.

Ans: T
Page: 52-53
25. Cultural relativism refers to the importance of evaluating a different culture's way of life from the point
of view of the evaluator.
Ans: F
Page: 53
26. The old order Amish serve as an example of a counterculture.
Ans: F
Page: 53
27. Countercultures are identified as groups of people, such as delinquent gangs, who tend to be at odds with
the larger mainstream society.
Ans: T
Page: 56
28. The idea behind social structure is that most people tend to interact in a haphazard or random manner;
therefore, they need structure in their lives.
Ans: F
Page: 57
29. Sociologist William H. Sewell, Jr., observed that structure is static, not dynamic.
Ans: F
Page: 57
30. Status refers to a person's social ranking in a society as determined by wealth, influence, and prestige.
Ans: T
Page: 57-58
31. One may achgeive ascribed status through a great effort like winning a gold medal at the Olympics.
Ans: F
Page: 58
32. Quarterback, choir director, ballet dancer, and college student are all examples of achieved statuses.
Ans: T
Page: 58
33. Race, class, and gender are examples of the term master status in that they carry the primary weight in a
person's interactions and relationships with other people.
Ans: T
Page: 58
34. Statuses carry with them a number of culturally defined rights and duties. These expectations are
referred to as roles.
Ans: T
Page: 58
35. Role performance is the actual behavior of a person occupying a particular status.
Ans: T
Page: 59
36. Roles frequently exist in isolation.

Ans: F
Page: 58-59
37. A group is, essentially, the same as a category.

Ans: F
Page: 60-61
38. A society is a relatively simple type of social structure in todays world.

Ans: F
Page: 62-63
Multiple-Choice
39. The development of the settlement on Pitcairn Island serves as an example of

A. the founding of a capitalist economy among a group of primitives.
B. the development of a new culture.
C. the establishment of religion in a previously satanist society.
D. how to maintain order in a military setting.
Ans: B
Page: 43-44
40. The learned patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting, which are transmitted from one generation to the
next, are referred to as
A. society.
B. social structure.
C. culture.
D. material culture.
Ans: C
Page: 43-44
41. Stone axes, computers, skateboards, and lamp shades are examples of
A. society.
B. nonmaterial culture.
C. social structure.
D. material culture.
Ans: D
Pages: 44
42. ________ are NOT an example of nonmaterial culture.

A. Physical artifacts
B. Values
C. Norms
D. Customs
Ans: A
Pages: 44
43. While culture provides the meanings that allow people to interpret their daily lives, _____________ is
the concept that represents the networks of social relations that develop among a group of people.
A. material culture
B. socialization
C. society
D. ethnocentrism
Ans: C
Page: 44
44. Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given situations are called
A. cultural expectations.
B. socialized values.
C. norms.
D. cognitive expectations.
Ans: C
Page: 45-46
45. Norms
A. are essentially no more than moral rules.
B. are subjective in nature.
C. vary in type from folkways to mores to laws.
Ans: D
Page: 45-46
46. _____________ have to do with the customary ways and ordinary conventions by which we carry out
our daily actions, and we ordinarily do not attach moral significance to their violation.
A. Folkways
B. Mores
C. Laws
Ans: A
Pages: 45-46
47. Primary methods for enforcing folkways include

A. gossip and ridicule.
B. ostracism.
C. death.
D. fines and imprisonment.
Ans: A
Page: 45-46
48. ______________ are rules enforced by a special political organization composed of individuals who
maintain the right to use force.
A. Folkways
B. Mores
C. Laws
Ans: C
Page: 45-46
49. ______________ are rules that are seen as vital to a society's well-being and survival, people who break
them are viewed as sinful, evil, and wicked.
A. Folkways
B. Mores
C. Laws
Ans: B
Page: 45-46
50. From the sociological perspective, wearing soiled clothing might be viewed as violating a
A. law.
B. more
C. folkway.
D. sanction.
Ans: C
Page: 45-46
51. If someone constructed a playhouse in your backyard for his or her children and a group of neighbors
complained that he or she had violated the written deed restrictions for the neighborhood, the basis of their
complaint would best illustrate a(n)
A. social more.
B. law.
C. informal norm.
D. value.
Ans: B
Page: 45-46
52. Norms include

A. folkways.
B. mores.
C. laws.
Ans: D
Pages: 45-46
53. A society's shared ideas regarding what is desirable, correct, and good are called
A. norms.
B. laws.
C. values.
D. mores.
Ans: C
Page: 46-47
54. Values provide us with

A. a legalistic approach to life, leaving no doubt as to what is right or wrong.
B. ways to evaluate people, objects, and events as to their relative worth, merit, beauty, or morality.
C. specific methods for judging the appropriateness of our behavior.
D. stable, unchanging guidelines for behavior.
Ans: B
Pages: 46-47
55. ________ is(are) NOT one of the major value configurations within the dominant American culture.
A. The assignment of high importance to leisure and relaxation
B. Work and activity

C. Efficiency and practicality
D. Material comfort
Ans: A
Page: 46-47
56. Major sets of values within the dominant American culture include the assignment of high importance to
all but ________.
A. work and activity
B. efficiency and practicality
C. individuality
D. group effort and cooperation
Ans: D
Page: 46-47
57. Decency, justice, worth of the individual, and equal opportunity illustrate basic American
A. norms.
B. mores.
C. values.
D. folkways.
Ans: C
Page: 46-47
58. In examining the relationship between values and norms, we generally can say that
A. values are based on norms.
B. values are based on mores.
C. norms are based on values.
D. there is no relationship.
Ans: C
Page: 46-47
59. ________ represent(s) symbols of American culture.

A. Gestures
B. Language
C. The U.S. flag
Ans: D
Page: 47-48
60. Acts or objects that are socially accepted as standing for something else are called
A. norms.
B. symbols.
C. values.
D. signs.
Ans: B
Page: 47-48
61. The word computer

A. is a symbol.
B. is part of a powerful code that helps us deal with the world around us.
C. becomes a vehicle of communication because a group of people view the symbol and the object as linked.
Ans: D
Page: 47-48
62. The most important symbols are found in

A. music.
B. mathematics.
C. language.
D. art.
Ans: C
Page: 47-48
63. The idea that language shapes our perceptions of reality is called the
A. symbolic reality hypothesis.
B. linguistic relativity hypothesis.
C. sign language hypothesis.
D. cultural diversity hypothesis.
Ans: B
Page: 49-50
64. Helen Keller gained entrance to social life because

A. she grasped the significance of symbols.
B. she eventually could see the association between a word and an experience.
C. she could conceive of things apart from their actual presence.
Ans: D
Pages: 47-48
65. Researcher Christophe Boesch claims there are three components of culture common to humans and
chimpanzees. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
A. Culture is learned from group members.
B. Culture is a distinctive collective practice.

C. Culture is objectively obtained.
D. Culture is based on shared meanings between members of the same group.
Ans: C
Pages: 48-49
66. According to existing research, chimpanzees

A. do not use tools.
B. have complex grooming and courtship behaviors.
C. cannot solve technical problems.
Ans: B
Pages: 48-49
67. Based on research conducted with chimpanzees, which of the following is a specific behavior found
among some chimps?
A. leaf clipping
B. drumming
C. nut-cracking
Ans: D
Pages: 48-49
68. Primate researchers have concluded that great ape cultures probably have existed for at least
__________ years.
A. 400,000
B. 1.4 million
C. 4 million
D. 14 million
Ans: D
Pages: 48-49
69. Sapir and Whorf

A. developed the linguistic relativity hypothesis.
B. proposed that people view the world differently depending on the nature of the concepts available in their
language.
C. argued that language has a powerful influence on thoughts.
Ans: D
Page: 49-50
70. Expressive symbolism

A. is an important way to communicate the norms, values, and beliefs in a society.
B. interferes with the ability of people to understand their society.
C. is a reflection of society.
Ans: D
Page: 50-51
71. The form and content of culture is

A. heavily affected by economic, organizational, legal, and technological factors.
B. unaffected by technology.
C. almost totally determined by its economic system.
D. separate from the legal system.
Ans: A
Page: 51
72. Which of the following is not a cultural universal?

A. food quest
B. automobile purchase
C. social stratification
D. funeral rites
Ans: B
Pages: 51-52
73. The existence of cultural universals is due to

A. a law of nature.
B. the tendency of all people to desire the same, specific activities and relationships in their lives.
C. a human instinct.
D. people facing the same broad problems of survival.
Ans: D
Pages 51-52
74. When social scientists examine the practice of the Inuits leaving their elderly to perish in the cold, they
typically evaluate the behavior pattern in the context of the Inuit culture. This is an example of
A. Christianity.
B. Judaism.
C. syncretism.
D. cultural relativism.
Ans: D
Page: 53
75. When a trait or feature from one culture is rejected as being strange or immoral by another culture, it is
an example of
A. syncretism.
B. synchronization.
C. sedition.
D. ethnocentrism.
Ans: D
Page: 53
76. The strain to achieve consistency in a culture means that

A. culture is always in a state of flux.
B. inconsistencies in values and behavior are always present in human societies.
C. powerful social forces link the various elements of a culture.
Ans: C
Page: 52
77. Two Americans in England note the stupidity of English drivers for driving on the wrong side of the
road. The Americans are exhibiting
A. cultural relativism.
B. syncretism.
C. ethnocentrism.
D. patriotism.
Ans: C
Page: 52-53
78. The often unavoidable process of judging the behavior of others by our standards and tending to see
them as inferior to us is called
A. ethnicity.
B. entropy.
C. ethnocentrism.
Ans: C
Page: 52-53
79. Some analysts blame our surprise at the 9/11 attacks partly on
A. cultural relativism.
B. ethnocentrism.
C. anomie.
D. ethnicity.
Ans: B
Page: 52-53
80. A Peace Corps volunteer living in Blantyre, Malawi reported that the post office there had two letter
slots, one labeled Blantyre and the other labeled
A. All points West.
B. All points East.
C. Elsewhere.
Ans: C
Page: 52-53
81. Cultural relativism

A. is quite similar to ethnocentrism.
B. uses the value-free neutrality approach favored by Max Weber.
C. recognizes that our own values are absolute.
D. interferes with the ability to get to know people of other cultures.
Ans: B
Page: 53
82. Cultural relativism is a perspective

A. that does not ask whether a particular cultural trait is moral or immoral.
B. that examines the role a cultural trait plays in the life of members of a society.
C. that implies there is no key to understanding culture except on that culture's own terms.
Ans: D
Page: 53
83. The old order Amish and the youth culture both represent examples of the ___________ within
American society.
A. subcultures
B. roles
C. peculiarities
D. cultural universals
Ans: A
Pages: 53; 55
84. According to the texts discussion of world cultures,

A. Tuesday is Tuesday in all parts of the world.
B. a week is seven days long in all parts of the world.
C. a twelve-month year is universal.
Ans: D
Pages: 55
85. In the Trobriand Islands, where gardening is a major focus of peoples lives, the calendar is based on
A. outdoor activities.
B. lunar cycles.
C. the darkest nights.
D. the longest days.
Ans: B
Pages: 54
86. The Trobriand Islanders calendar system highlights the importance of the principle of
A. ethnocentrism.
B. role conflict.
D. linguistic relativity.
Ans: C
Pages: 54
87. Among the Trobriand Islanders, the methods for constructing calendars link to other elements of culture,
and this illustrates
A. cultural integration.
B. ethnocentrism.
D. linguistic relativity.
Ans: A
Pages: 54
88. A subculture whose values and lifestyles are substantially at odds with those of the larger society is
called a(n)
A. anomaly.
B. counterculture.
C. protest culture.
D. contradictive culture.
Ans: B
Page: 56
89. Delinquents, social dropouts, or the militia movement are examples of

A. countercultures.
B. ethnic groups.
C. cultural relativists.
D. noncultures.
Ans: A
Pages: 54
90. When we notice that people's interactions and relationships are interwoven into recurrent and stable
patterns, we are observing
A. social psychology.
C. counterculture.
D. social Darwinism at work.
Ans: B
Page: 57
91. When the social scientist notes that people tend not to interact in haphazard or random ways, she or he
refers to the concept of
A. material culture.
C. nonmaterial culture.
D. social values.
Ans: B
Page: 57
92. General Motors, the neighborhood, and the church are examples of
A. cultures.
B. social structures.
C. cliques.
D. societies.
Ans: B
Page: 57
93. A position within a group is called a

A. status.
B. role.
C. norm.
D. folkway.
Ans: A
Page: 57-58
94. Which of the following is most purely an ascribed status in the United States?
A. age
B. education level
C. occupation
D. political candidacy
Ans: A
Page: 58
95. Race, class, and gender are prime examples of

A. achieved status.
B. socioeconomic status.
C. master status.
D. status hierarchy.
Ans: C
Page: 58
96. An achieved status is

A. acquired at birth.
B. exemplified by the caste system.
C. based on your father's status.
D. based more on individual choice and competition than ascribed status.
Ans: D
Page: 58
97. Which of the following is a master status in most societies?

A. occupation
B. gender
C. education level
D. size
Ans: B
Page: 58
98. Those expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are
A. simple norms.
B. complex norms.
C. values.
D. roles.
Ans: D
Page: 58-59
99. We ___________ a status and ____________ a role.

A. play; occupy
B. occupy; play
C. enhance; play
D. play; emulate
Ans: B
Page: 58-59
100. ________ play a major role in determining what we will become and who we will be.
A. Primary statuses.
B. Determinant statuses.
C. Master statuses.
D. Roles.
Ans: C
Page: 58
101. The actual behavior of the person who occupies a status is termed
A. role performance.
B. master status.
C. role set.
D. duties.
Ans: A
Page: 58-59
102. A single status may have multiple roles attached to it, constituting a
A. right.
B. duty.
C. role set.
D. conflict.
Ans: C
Page: 58-59
103. __________ are the actions others can legitimately insist that we perform.
A. Rights
B. Duties
C. Roles
D. Statuses
Ans: B
Page: 59-60
104. __________ are the actions we can legitimately insist that others perform.
A. Statuses
B. Roles
C. Duties
D. Rights
Ans: D
Page: 59-60
105. A football coach whose son is a member of his football team may experience
A. role strain.
B. role conflict.
C. ethnocentrism.
Ans: B
Page: 59-60
106. A professor is supposed to be understanding and concerned about students, yet coldly objective while
grading papers. These expectations may lead to
A. role complexity.
B. role conflict.
C. role strain.
D. role reciprocity.
Ans: C
Page: 59-60
107. Sociologists define a(n) _____________ as two or more people who share a feeling of unity and who
are bound together in relatively stable patterns of social interactions.
A. culture
B. category
C. aggregate
D. group
Ans: D
Page: 60-61
108. A(n) __________ is a collection of anonymous individuals who are in one place at the same time.
A. aggregate
B. category
C. group
D. institution
Ans: A
Page: 60-61
109. Sociologists define a(n) _____________ as a collection of people who share a characteristic that is
deemed to be of social significance.
A. culture
B. category
C. aggregate
D. group
Ans: B
Page: 60-61
110. A social institution is a

A. structure to house the mentally impaired.
B. mechanism that organizes, directs, and executes the essential tasks of living.
C. structure that offers a standardized solution to a set of problems.
Ans: D
Page: 61-62
111. The term society refers to

A. people living within a common territory.
B. people who share some degree of a common culture.
C. people who are not separated into subcultures.
Ans: D
Page: 62-63
112. __________ represent(s) the most comprehensive and complex type of social structure in todays
world.
A. Societies
B. Institutions
C. Culture
D. Groups
Ans: A
Page: 62-63
113. Horticultural, agrarian, hunting and gathering, industrial, and postindustrial are all terms that signify
A. subcultures in American life.
B. different forms of behavior in third-world countries.
C. the different forms of organization among human societies.
D. a theory of societal evolution developed by Karl Marx.
Ans: C
Pages: 62-63
Essays
114. Contrast and discuss the relationship between culture and society.
115. Define norms, and define and differentiate folkways, mores, and laws as types of norms.
116. Explain the linguistic relativity hypothesis. Discuss how this hypothesis represents a significant aspect
of cultural diversity.
117. Define and differentiate cultural relativism and ethnocentrism. Give a concrete example of each as it
might apply to the institution of marriage.
118. Define and differentiate status and role. Explain the distinction between ascribed and achieved statuses
and between role strain and role conflict.
Kroehler, 7/e
Chapter 1, Developing a Sociological Consciousness
True/False
1. From a sociological perspective, what we think, how we feel, and what we say and do are shaped by our
social interactions.
Ans: T
Page: 3
2. Since sociological research is scientific in nature, it is seldom applied to the practical matters of everyday
life.
Ans: F
Pages: 4
3. The collection of census and national statistical data used to determine federal and state policies on health,
education, and housing is collected primarily through telemarketing private businesses.
Ans: F
Page: 5
4. Recent data show that more than 18 percent of Americas children live in poverty.
Ans: T
Page: 4
5. Most African Americans are not poor with more than 75 percent of African Americans living above the
poverty line.
Ans: T
Page: 5
6. Elliot Liebow's classic study of low-income urban black men offers a fine example of how sociological
research is limited to gathering only superficial understandings of social problems like poverty.
Ans: F
Pages: 5-7
7. Elliot Liebow's study of streetcorner men demonstrated how sociological research can help us to see
beyond the stereotyped images of African American men.
Ans: T
Pages: 5-7
8. The sociological imagination was a concept developed by C. Wright Mills that helps us to understand how
the creativity of the average American can help us to overcome social obstacles.
Ans: F
Page: 7
9. The sociological imagination allows us to realize the connection between our personal problems and the
public issues of our time.
Ans: T
Pages: 7-8
10. Microsociology involves the detailed study of what people say, do, and think moment-by-moment in
their everyday lives.
Ans: T
Page: 8
11. Macrosociology focuses on the up-close and personal events of human beings in their private worlds.
Ans: F
Page: 8
12. C. Wright Mills is credited as the founder of sociology.
Ans: F
Page: 9
13. English sociologist Harriet Martineau was an ardent defender of womens rights who supported the idea
of making the study of society a scientific enterprise.
Ans: T
Page: 9
14. Herbert Spencer was an English sociologist who argues that society was like a human organism because
it was made up of many interrelated parts.
Ans: T
Pages: 10
15. John D. Rockefeller emphasized the role of class conflict in the formation of history.
Ans: F
Page: 11
16. Marxs perspective is called dialectical materialism.

Ans: T
Page: 11
17. Emile Durkheim was a French psychologist who promoted the idea that suicide was brought on by the
mental illness of the individuals committing the act.
Ans: F
Page: 12
18. Sociologist Max Weber used verstehen to identify the significance of understanding the subjective
meanings people attach to their behavior.
Ans: T
Page: 13-14
19. Ideal type is a concept that portrays the most valuable characteristics of phenomena, such as
bureaucracies and capitalism.
Ans: F
Page: 14
20. One of the most important contributions of sociologist Max Weber is his insistence on maintaining a
value-free approach to the discipline.
Ans: T
Page: 14
21. While early American sociology was often optimistic and rooted in a belief in progress, the work of
W.E.B. Du Bois helped to promote the need for radical changes in society, particularly the need to eliminate
racial inequality.
Ans: T
Page: 15
22. The founders of Hull House in Chicago, Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, are credited with assisting
the urban poor in that city and developing case studies and demographic mapping as research procedures.
Ans: T
Page: 15-16
23. During the early twentieth century, Chicago sociologists trained an estimated half of the sociologists in
the world.
Ans: T
Page: 15
24. Three influential frameworks critical theory, feminism, and socialism stand out in contemporary
sociology.
Ans: F
Pages: 16
25. The more recent developments in feminist theory grew out of an awareness that the social experience of
gender is not universal.
Ans: T
Page: 16-17
26. Postmoderism is a sociological framework based on an inherent trust in science and objectivity as
potential solutions to social problems.
Ans: F
Page: 17
27. Manifest functions are those consequences that are neither intended nor recognized.
Ans: F
Page: 20
28. Power is the ability to control the behavior of others, even it is against their will.
Ans: T
Page: 21
29. Symbolic interactionists say we experience the world as an objective reality.

Ans: F
Page: 22
30. A primary goal of sociology is to understand what causes such social phenomena as racism and crime.
Ans: T
Page: 25
31. An independent variable is a variable that is affected.

Ans: F
Page: 26
32. Individual behaviors and environmental factors cause approximately 70 percent of the premature deaths
in the United States.
Ans: T
Page: 25
33. Researchers frequently introduce a change into the control group.

Ans: F
Page: 26
34. A stratified random sample provides less precision than a pure random sample.
Ans: F
Page: 28
35. The first step in the scientific method is determining a research design.
Ans: F
Page: 31
Multiple-Choice
36. The scientific study of social interactions and of social organization is called
A. psychology.
B. sociology.
C. sociometry.
D. socialism.
Ans: B
Page: 3
37. The ways we think, feel, and act are

A. shaped by our interaction with others.
B. largely determined by our genes.
C. mainly a result of our unique individuality, rather than of society.
Ans: A
Page: 3
38. A 2002 study showed _________ was a major contributor to death and disease around the world?
A. smoking
B. practicing unsafe sex
C. eating improperly
Ans: D
Page: 4
39. The sociological perspective points out that

A. we have absolutely no control over our individual behavior.
B. there is scientific agreement that the subconscious is the principal source of behavioral motivation.
C. as we look beyond outer appearances at what lies beneath, we encounter new levels of social reality.
D. written rules and regulations are the unquestionable roots of behavior.
Ans: C
Page: 5
40. Elliot Liebow's study of streetcorner men in Washington, D.C., found that
A. the conventional stereotypes of such people were accurate.
B. their lifestyles were surprisingly middle class.
C. these men believed that success was inevitable.
D. many of our stereotyped images of people are wrong or inaccurate.

Ans: D
Pages: 5-7
41. A majority of Liebow's streetcorner men were

A. drug addicts and AIDS carriers.
B. unemployed.
C. employed.
D. white derelicts.
Ans: C
Pages: 5-7
42. The sociological imagination allows us to explore the relationship between personal problems and
A. social and historical events.
B. the global climate.
C. genetic heritage.
D. the psyche.
Ans: A
Page: 7-8
43. C. Wright Mills noted that

A. one's personal troubles and public issues are intertwined.
B. we cannot simply look to the personal character of individuals to explain changes in their lives, such as
employment circumstances.
C. the social forces of life play a large role in determining our life experience.
Ans: D
Pages: 7-8
44. When sociologists investigate the big picture of social groups and societies, they are said to be
engaging in
A. microsociology.
B. macrosociology.
C. ethnomethodology.
D. nonscientific research.
Ans: B
Page: 8-9
45. Microsociology is the study of

A. the family in America.
B. large-scale, long-term social processes.
C. up-close and personal studies of people in real-life settings.

D. cultures and societies.
Ans: C
Page: 8-9
46. _________________ is commonly credited with being the founder of sociology.

A. Max Weber
B. Emile Durkheim
C. Harriet Martineau
D. Auguste Comte
Ans: D
Page: 9
47. __________ involves aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social organization
that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure.
A. Social dynamics
B. Organic solidarity
C. Social statics
D. Mechanical solidarity
Ans: C
Page: 9
48. __________ refers to processes of social life that pattern institutional development and have to do with
social change.
A. Social dynamics
B. Social statics
C. Organic solidarity
D. Mechanical solidarity
Ans: A
Page: 9
49. The origins of sociology are linked to

A. the French Revolution.
B. the Industrial Revolution.
C. Neither of the above is correct.
Ans: D
Page: 9
50. Auguste Comte and Harriet Martineau both presented sociology as a

A. component of the liberal arts.
B. science.
C. religion.
D. philosophy of humanism.
Ans: B
Page: 9-10
51. Herbert Spencer viewed society as a system, having important similarities with
A. a biological organism.
B. a finely tuned automobile.
C. a modern factory.
D. a jigsaw puzzle.
Ans: A
Page: 10-11
52. Herbert Spencer applied the concept of survival of the fittest to the social world, an approach termed
social
A. hedonism.
B. organicism.
C. Darwinism.
D. Freudianism.
Ans: C
Page: 10-11
53. Karl Marx focused on ______________ as a primary cause of the evolution of history.
A. physical environments
B. class conflict
C. genetic behavioral codes
D. the psychology of the individual
Ans: B
Pages: 11-12
54. Karl Marx sought to

A. prove the value of science in the study of human behavior.
B. prove the value of maintaining the status quo in societies.
C. narrow the gap between the rich and the poor.
D. show the value of capitalism in developing a more humanitarian society.
Ans: C
Pages: 11-12
55. Harriet Martineau was

A. an author concerned with the role of values in American life.
B. a defender of women's rights.

C. a supporter of the study of society as a separate scientific field.
Ans: D
Page: 9-10
56. Examining how the aging of the American population affects jobs and promotions for younger people in
an historical context would be an example of using
A. social psychology.
B. microsociology.
C. macrosociology.
D. clinical psychological analysis.
Ans: C
Page: 8-9
57. Such social policies that we take for granted in modern societies as the limited work day or factory
safety rules can be traced to the ideas of
A. Karl Marx.
B. Herbert Spencer.
C. William Graham Sumner.
D. William J. Wilson.
Ans: A
Pages: 11-12
58. Emile Durkheim is often remembered for his scientific study of

A. consumerism.
B. suicide.
C. dialectical materialism.
D. political attitudes.
Ans: B
Page: 12-13
59. Emile Durkheim focused his sociological perspective on
A. why social classes always seem to be in conflict with one another.
B. the way societies seem to be made up of tiny relationship units.
C. how societies hold together and endure.
Ans: C
Page: 12-13
60. Durkheim found that

A. individuals enmeshed in a web of social bonds are less inclined to suicide than individuals who are
weakly integrated into group life.

B. individuals dependent on a web of social bonds are more inclined to suicide than individuals who have a
stronger, more self-sufficient sense of self.
C. individuals from cultures emphasizing individual worth are less inclined to suicide than individuals from
cultures emphasizing group worth.
D. individuals from cultures with greater economic opportunities are less inclined to suicide than individuals
from cultures with fewer economic opportunities.
Ans: A
Pages: 12-13
61. A simple, small tribal society would coincide with Durkheim's concept of ______, whereas a modern,
complex society would coincide with his concept of ________.
A. rural; urban
B. organic solidarity; mechanical solidarity
C. mechanical solidarity; organic solidarity
D. utopian; rational
Ans: C
Page: 12-13
62. Durkheim found in his study of suicide that

A. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had lower suicide rates than did Catholics, people
who were married, and civilians.
B. Protestants, people who were unmarried, and soldiers had higher suicide rates than did Catholics, people
who were married, and civilians.
C. there was no statistically significant difference in the suicide rates of the above mentioned groups.
Ans: B
Page: 12-13
63. For Durkheim, social facts are

A. individual properties in reality.
B. the tangible, brick-and-mortar institutions of society, like prisons.
C. aspects of social life that cannot be explained in terms of either biological or mental characteristics of
people.
D. similar to the Freudian concepts of the Id and Ego.
Ans: C
Page: 12-13
64. Max Weber emphasized the importance of a

A. culturally biased sociology.
B. personally defined sociology.
C. value-free sociology.
D. subjective sociology.
Ans: C
Page: 13-14
65. Max Weber's term verstehen describes an approach for understanding

A. objective reality.
B. subjective meanings people attach to their actions.
C. people's behavior rather than their values.
D. the social structure outside the individual.
Ans: B
Page: 13-14
66. Max Weber's term verstehen suggests that

A. sociologists must put themselves in the shoes of others to know how they think and feel.
B. sociologists, to be objective, must avoid putting themselves in the shoes of others.
C. sociologists must engage in criticism of self in order to understand others.
D. ideal types must be refuted to make sociology a real science.
Ans: A
Page: 13-14
67. The concept that represents the main features of a phenomenon such as bureaucracy is called
A. verstehen.
B. Gemeinschaft.
C. an ideal type.
D. objectivity.
Ans: C
Page: 13-14
68. In regard to value-free sociology, Max Weber
A. argued for experimental research.
B. rejected the scientific model as a basis for sociology.
C. felt that sociologists must see the world as they believe it should be, not as it is.
D. argued for objectivity and control of personal biases.
Ans: D
Page: 13-14
69. _________, a common but important idea that we use to understand social life, originated in the work of
Max Weber.
A. Economic determinism
B. The Trinity
C. Suicide
D. The Protestant ethic
Ans: D
Page: 13-14
70. American sociologists assumed a critical role in the development of sociology during the
A. Middle Ages.
B. Industrial Revolution.
C. American Revolution.
D. Twentieth Century.
Ans: D
Page: 14-16
71. W. E. B. Du Bois
A. was a leading African-American sociologist.
B. was one of the founders of the NAACP.
C. helped promote the importance of investigative field work in sociology.
Ans: D
Page: 14-16
72. Early American sociology

A. developed a rather pessimistic approach to the study of human behavior.
B. believed that American society was in a lot of trouble.
C. used a generally optimistic, forward-looking approach that was rooted in a belief in progress.
Ans: C
Page: 14-16
73. ____________ was the first university to create a department of sociology in the United States.
A. University of Chicago
B. Harvard University
C. University of Virginia
D. Yale University
Ans: A
Page: 14-16
74. In the early Twentieth Century, the women's world of sociology was centered at
A. the University of Chicago.
B. Hull House, a Chicago settlement house.
C. Smith College.
D. Vassar College.
Ans: B
Page: 14-16
75. The women of Hull House are credited with using _________ as research procedures?
A. experiments and surveys
B. participant and nonparticipant observation
C. archival and comparative research methods
D. community case studies and demographic mapping
Ans: D
Page: 14-16
76. Founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr, the Hull House
A. promoted women's suffrage, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women.
B. promoted civic, recreational, and education programs.
C. invented the research techniques of community case study and demographic mapping.
Ans: D
Page: 14-16
77. The new breed of sociologists of the 1960s and 1970s often
A. emphasized scientific objectivity in their work.
B. were actually major supporters of traditional sociology.
C. rejected the scientific neutrality view because it was insensitive to social problems and human suffering.
D. despised the theoretical work of C. Wright Mills because they felt it was too reactionary.
Ans: C
Pages: 14-16
78. Three theoretical frameworks that developed in contemporary sociology include

A. critical theory, feminism, and postmodernism.
B. feminism, functionalism, and neolocalism.
C. critical theory, feminism, and posthumanism.
D. postmodernism, theoreticalism, and neoculturalism.
Ans: A
Page: 16
79. Critical theory

A. grew out of dissatisfaction with Marxism.
B. criticized sociology because it viewed individuals as passive and helpless entities locked in social
structures.
C. grew out of conflict theory.
Ans: D
Page: 16
80. Feminism
A. is viewed as an intellectual movement in the humanities and social sciences.
B. examines women's roles and experiences in society.
C. attempts to avoid theories developed through the experiences and situation of women.
Ans: D
Page: 16-17
81. Postmodernism
A. is an intellectual view that suggests deep distrust of science and the research principle of objectivity.
B. is no different from the views of critical theory.
C. assumes the modern period of history is an ongoing, never-ending process.
D. supports the idea that we are entering an age dominated by a goods-producing economy.
Ans: A
Page: 17
82. A tool that provides sociologists with a set of assumptions, concepts, and statements about the
relationship of various social phenomena is called a(n)
A. hypothesis.
B. experiment.
C. theoretical perspective.
D. social structure.
Ans: C
Page: 18-24
83. Which of the following is NOT a major theoretical perspective of sociology?

A. functionalism
B. conflict theory
C. interactionism
D. behaviorism
Ans: D
Page: 18-24
84. The _______ theoretical perspective of sociology views society as a system.

A. functionalism
B. conflict theory
C. interactionism
D. behaviorism
Ans: A
Page: 18-24
85. The _______ theoretical perspective focuses on the micro or small-scale aspects of social life.
A. functionalism
B. conflict theory
C. interactionism
D. behaviorism
Ans: C
Page: 18-24
86. The _______ theoretical perspective focuses on the concepts of wealth, status, and power.
A. functionalism
B. conflict theory
C. interactionism
D. behaviorism
Ans: B
Page: 18-24
87. In answer to the question of how society is possible,

A. functionalists say that consensus regarding core values and norms is the key.
B. conflict theorists say that society is held together in the face of conflicting interests.
C. interactionists say that society isn't possible; small groups are the only reality holding people together.
Ans: D
Pages: 18-24
88. Which of the following is a core assumption of symbolic interactionism?

A. People respond to elements in their environment on the basis of the meanings attached to such elements.
B. Meaning attached to environmental elements develop from social interaction.
C. Shared cultural meanings continually emerge and change.
Ans: D
Pages: 18-24
89. Symbolic interactionists say that we experience the world as a(n) __________ reality.
A. objective
B. experimental
C. constructed
D. solid
Ans: C
Page: 18-24
90. __________ is a general framework or perspective that provides an explanation for a specific social
phenomenon.
A. A research method
B. Theory
C. Science
D. Observation
Ans: B
Page: 25-31
91. Sociologists, like other scientists, assume that ________________ relationships dominate the universe.
A. cause-and-effect
B. primary and secondary
C. genetic
D. physical and psychological
Ans: A
Page: 25-31
92. In viewing theory and research,

A. theory must be emphasized over research.
B. hard research is the primary emphasis of science; theory tends to be an afterthought.
C. theory is mainly an educated guessing game.
D. both theory and research are necessary for the scientific enterprise.
Ans: D
Page: 25-31
93. Theory
A. helps to provide explanations for specific social phenomena.
B. stands in opposition to research.
C. often brings about research that can support or disprove it.
Ans: D
Page: 25-31
94. Science
A. makes the assumption that every event is caused by other events.
B. assumes that under identical conditions, the same cause will always produce the same effect.
C. is a process, and it is a form of social behavior.
Ans: D
Page: 25-31
95. Something that influences or is influenced by something else is referred to by scientists as a(n)
A. theory.
B. hypothesis.
C. survey.
D. variable.
Ans: D
Page: 25-31
96. A variable that causes an effect is called a(n)

A. independent variable.
B. dependent variable.
C. control variable.
D. spurious variable.
Ans: A
Page: 25-31
97. When testing hypotheses,

A. scientists try to use their biases to the best advantage.
B. scientists try to determine the connection that exists between dependent and independent variables.
C. scientists are uninterested in variables.
D. scientists are focused on establishing spurious correlations.
Ans: B
Page: 25-31
98. A correlation exists when

A. a dependent variable causes change in an independent variable.
B. a lack of control is evident in an experimental research design.
C. a change in one variable is associated with a change in another variable.
Ans: C
Page: 25-31
99. Correlation
A. is synonymous with cause and effect.
B. exists if one variable changes and the other remains constant.
C. is not necessarily the same as causation.
D. is the equivalent of spuriousness.
Ans: C
Page: 25-31
100. Spurious correlations

A. are those where the apparent relationship between two variables is actually produced by a third variable.
B. are an ideal toward which researchers strive.
C. are nonexistent in true scientific research.
D. have no bearing on the researcher's search for truth.
Ans: A
Page: 25-31
101. A predictive statement or question regarding a possible relationship between variables is called a(n)
A. theory.
B. hypothesis.
C. sample.
D. experimental design.
Ans: B
Page: 25-31
102. In general, the first step in the scientific method is to

A. select a researchable problem.
B. review the literature.
C. formulate a hypothesis.
D. collect data.
Ans: A
Page: 31-35
103. In surveying the research literature, Ann M. Meier discovered that which of the following is/are
important influences on adolescent sexual behavior?
A. being more religious
B. being uneducated
C. having more permissive attitudes about sexual activity
Ans: C
Page: 31-35
104. When sociologists discover a correlation between variables, they have

A. established causation.
B. not established causation.
C. proven all hypotheses.
D. demonstrated generalization.
Ans: B
Page: 31-35
105. A researcher must take abstract concepts and translate them into a form that allows them to be
measured. This is the development of a(n)
A. operational definition.
B. theoretical model.
C. conceptual abstraction.
D. experiment.
Ans: A
Page: 31-35
106. Which of the following was NOT one of Ann Meiers operational hypotheses?
A. More permissive attitudes toward having sex will increase the probability of having sex.
B. Having sex will result in adolescents having more permissive attitudes about having sex.
C. Higher levels of religiosity will increase the probability of having sex.
D. All the above were among Meiers operational hypotheses.
Ans: C
Pages: 31-35
107. Experiments, surveys, observation, and archival research represent

A. theories.
B. hypotheses.
C. samples.
D. research designs.
Ans: D
Pages: 31-35
108. __________ research design provides the best opportunity for researchers to obtain data to accept or
reject a hypothesis.
A. The survey
B. Archival
C. The experiment
D. Participant observation
Ans: C
Pages: 31-35
109. ________ research design best meets the scientific need to control all relevant variables in a study.
A. The survey
B. Archival
C. The experiment
D. Participant observation
Ans: C
Pages: 31-35v
110. Studies of people's values, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions most frequently use
A. the survey method.
B. experimental methods.
C. participant observer techniques.
D. archival research.
Ans: A
Page: 31-35
111. A representative sample

A. is an impossible research goal to achieve.
B. is a sample that accurately reflects the composition of the people being studied.
C. means the researcher hand-picks the research subjects.
D. is the technique most apt to result in sampling bias.
Ans: B
Page: 31-35
112. Observation becomes a scientific technique when it

A. serves a clear research objective.
B. is done in a systematic manner.
C. is carefully recorded.
Ans: D
Page: 31-35
113. ____________ uses existing records produced by people or organizations other than the researcher.
A. Experimental design research
B. Participant observation research
C. Archival research
D. Unobtrusive observation.
Ans: C
Page: 31-35
114. Feminist research methods include a commitment to

A. include women's lives in social research.
B. reduce inequality.
C. minimize research exploitation.
Ans: D
Page: 31-35
115. Ann Meiers project is best described as a(n)

A. experiment.
B. survey.
C. secondary data analysis.
D. observational study.
Ans: C
Page: 31-35
116. In a research investigation that focused on nannies, sociologist Julia Wrigley combined _____________
research methods.
A. survey and interview
B. experiment and archival
C. intensive interviewing and participant observation
D. participant observation and survey
Ans: C
Pages: 31-35
117. Ann Meiers investigations supports the hypothesis that states

A. students who are more religious are less likely to engage in sexual activity.
B. students who have more positive attitudes about sex are more likely to engage in sexual activity.
C. students who had had their first sexual experiences became less religious.
D. All the above were supported.
Ans: B
Pages: 31-35
118. ____________ is not an ethical consideration in sociology?

A. Choosing a biased sample
B. Abusing power as a researcher
C. Misleading subjects as to the research purpose
D. Exposing subjects to personal harm
Ans: A
Page: 31-35
119. The research dilemma confronting sociologists includes

A. how to avoid the distortion of their findings.
B. how to avoid the manipulation of data.
C. the obligation to consider people as ends and not means.
Ans: D
Page: 35-36
Essay
120. In detail, explain the meaning of the sociological perspective.
121. Explain the differences between microsociology and macrosociology.
122. Contrast the perspectives of society that Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim used in their work.
123. Compare and contrast the critical theory, feminist, and postmodern frameworks of contemporary
sociology.
124. List and explain the seven steps in the scientific method.
Kroehler, 7/e
Chapter 5, Deviance and Crime
True/False
1. What we think of as deviant can be an ordinary part of everyday life.

Ans: T
Pages: 133-135
2. In modern times, student cheating on college campuses has become a relatively uncommon pattern of
behavior.
Ans: F
Page: 133-135
3. Deviance is a property conferred upon particular behaviors by social definitions.

Ans: T
Page: 134-135
4. Even though norms are frequently violated, they are still viewed sociologically as important mechanisms
of social control and social organization.
Ans: T
Page: 134
5. Without norms for governing behavior, family would be the only institution capable of maintaining
organized interaction.
Ans: F
Page: 134
6. Deviance is anything people think is deviant.

Ans: T
Page: 134-135
7. The example of the Etoro of New Guinea serves to show how deviance is not absolute, but rather relative
to people and their culture.
Ans: T
Page: 134-135
8. Like in the United States, the people of the Etoro in New Guinea believe that oral sex with boys should
lead to the loss of reputation and to a long prison term.
Ans: F
Page: 134-135
9. Since there are many systems of morality in existence across societies and over time, we cannot
understand deviant behavior without understanding the normative context in which it may occur.
Ans: T
Page: 135
10. Some people believe that America has been defining deviancy down in an effort to explain away and
make normal what was viewed as deviant not too many years ago.
Ans: T
Page: 136
11. Child abuse is one example of deviant behavior that has been defined down.
Ans: F
Page: 138
12. Norms seldom allow for variant behavior.

Ans: F
Page: 138
13. Deviance can be viewed as having positive, or integrative, consequences for social life.
Ans: T
Page: 138-139
14. Deviance is viewed as dysfunctional for society in that it undermines our willingness to play our roles
and contribute to the larger social setting.
Ans: T
Page: 138-139
15. Because norms are not always clear, each time a member of the social group is censured for deviant
behavior, the deviance tends to help highlight and sharpen the meaning of the norm.
Ans: T
Page: 138-139
16. By occasionally engaging in deviant behavior, we acquire a stronger self-identity and a sense of
independent well-being.
Ans: F
Page: 138-139
17. Nonconformist patterns occur because they are not known to us in the context of our own society.
Ans: F
Page: 139-141
18. Informal sanctions are reactions to deviance that tend to occur in small communities, among groups of
friends, and in the family.
Ans: T
Page: 139-141
19. Ostracism among friends is a common form of formal sanctions.
Ans: F
Page: 139-141
20. When they study deviance, sociologists tend to focus on what is wrong with people who deviate.
Ans: F
Page: 139-141
21. Sociologically speaking, deviance is a property inherent in one's behavior.

Ans: F
Page: 139-141
22. Anomie is a social condition in which people have difficulty identifying the social norms guiding their
behavior because the norms may be weak, unclear, or conflicting.
Ans: T
Page: 142
23. Structural strain theory suggests that conflicts between socially accepted goals and socially accepted
ways of achieving them may produce deviant behavior.
Ans: T
Pages: 142
24. Merton argued that when a society extols common symbols of success for all while restricting the access
to approved means for acquiring such goals, then deviant behavior is generated.
Ans: T
Pages: 142
25. Edwin H. Sutherlands differential association theory builds on the interactionist perspective.
Ans: T
Page: 144
26. Richard Quinney said the U.S. legal system reflects the interests of American society as a whole.
Ans: F
Page: 148
27. Labeling theorists note that a minority of the members of society engage in deviant behavior by violating
some norms.
Ans: F
Page: 149
28. Secondary deviance is behavior that violates social norms but usually goes unnoticed by the agents of
social control.
Ans: F
Page: 151
29. Control theorys claims people conform as an outgrowth of ideas from the conflict perspective.
Ans: F
Page: 151-153
30. Crime is an act of deviance that is prohibited by law.

Ans: T
Page: 153-154
31. Index crimes are increasing in the United States.

Ans: F
Page: 154
32. A large number of white-collar criminals are prosecuted and convicted, and they usually receive
sentences comparable to those of other criminals.
Ans: F
Page: 157-158
33. Identity theft may be the most dramatic and widespread of the new high-tech crimes.
Ans: T
Page: 159
34. Women accounted for 24 percent of all arrests in 2004.

Ans: T
Page: 163
35. An increasing number of U.S. citizens support legalizing marijuana.

Ans: T
Page: 161
Multiple-Choice
36. According to the texts discussion of cheating among college students,

A. cheating is uncommon.
B. some studies suggest that the percentage of students who cheat in college is at least 90 percent and may
be as high as 99 percent.
C. the motive for cheating usually has little to do with career enhancement.
Ans: B
Page: 133-135
37. An important concept in the analysis of deviance is that

A. whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it.
B. determining whether an act is deviant is an objective, absolute process.
C. when important norms are violated, social control is lost.
D. deviance can only be considered as a specific act and it never can be viewed in a relative manner.
Ans: A
Pages: 134-136
38. Without norms for governing behavior,

A. life would go on without much change.
B. interaction in such groups as families would be impossible.
C. we would still intuit what is permissible behavior.
D. we would still be able to anticipate what people might do in different social settings.
Ans: B
Page: 134
39. In modern societies, the ___________ is the mechanism by which a good many norms laws are
enforced.
A. neighborhood
B. town hall
C. state
D. informal group
Ans: C
Page: 134
40. Sociologically speaking, ____________ is behavior that a considerable number of people in a society
view as reprehensible and beyond the limits of tolerance.
A. crime
B. mental illness
C. social control
D. deviance
Ans: D
Page: 133-135
41. Deviance is
A. a property inherent in certain forms of behavior.
B. a property conferred upon particular behaviors in an absolute manner.
C. what people say it is.
D. a behavior that often exists independently of norms.
Ans: C
Page: 133-135
42. Deviance depends to some extent on

A. who does the defining.
B. who has the power to make the definitions stick.
C. the time and place in which the deviance occurs.
Ans: D
Pages: 133-135
43. Among the Etoro of New Guinea,

A. homosexual acts between adult males and young boys are mildly rejected as a lower-level pattern of
deviance.
B. homosexual acts between adult males and young boys are strongly rejected just as they are in the United
States.
C. oral sex with boys is considered a normal and essential part of everyday life.
D. homosexuality does not exist.
Ans: C
Page: 135
44. The example of the Etoro of New Guinea shows that

A. morality has no basic importance to human experience.
B. deviance is relative and a matter of social definition.
C. anything goes in matters of human sexuality.
D. moralities across different societies tend to be very similar in content.
Ans: B
Page: 135
45. Deviance is often

A. defined by those who have the power to make the social definitions stick.
B. nonrelative to time and place.
C. seen as decadent, depraved, and evil, but not as an illness.
Ans: A
Page: 136
46. According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Americans are defining deviancy down in order to
A. make normal what used to be labeled as deviant.
B. make tolerable what used to be viewed as intolerable behavior.
C. redefine behavior that was previously viewed as illness into behavior identified as sinful and evil.
Ans: D
Page: 136
47. In the real world, norms allow some latitude for behavior that is not strictly conformist. This is called
A. classic anomie.
B. a zone of permissible variation.
C. nonsense, sociologically speaking.
D. social disorganization.
Ans: B
Page: 144
48. Smoking, child abuse, and family violence are all examples of behavior that have been
A. defined downward.
B. viewed always as depraved.
C. redefined upward.
D. receiving less media attention than they did in the 1970s.
Ans: C
Page: 138
49. The dysfunctions of deviance

A. help society through the reinforcement of social organization.
B. include the undermining of our willingness to play our roles and contribute to the larger social scene.
C. result in a stronger family life.
D. help us to better trust our social institutions.
Ans: B
Pages: 138-139
50. Deviance facilitates

A. conformity.
B. a clearer understanding of social norms.
C. stronger group ties.
Ans: D
Pages: 138-139
51. The methods and strategies that regulate behavior constitute

A. social structure.
B. social control.
C. deviance.
D. norms.
Ans: B
Page: 139-141
52. When individuals incorporate within their personalities the standards of behavior prevalent within the
larger society, the process is called
A. internalization.
B. socialization.
C. conformity.
D. normative intervention.
Ans: A
Page: 139-141
53. Internalization, the structuring of our world experiences, and formal/informal sanctions are types of
A. dysfunctions of deviance.
B. functions of deviance.
C. social control processes.
D. anomie in operation.
Ans: C
Pages: 139-141
54. Internalization occurs when

A. norms are intuited from the behavior of others.
B. the individual questions the legitimacy of the norms.
C. normative expectations are sharpened.
D. we understand and believe in the norms.
Ans: D
Page: 139-141
55. Many nonconformist patterns do not occur to us because

A. we are culture bound.
B. Americans are quite relativistic in their views of other ways of doing things.
C. what we see in other cultures we tend not to like.
D. conformity is so ingrained in our attitudes.
Ans: A
Page: 139-141
56. When biologists and psychologists look at deviants, they typically ask
A. what is wrong with them or at least different about them.
B. why some acts are defined as deviant in one setting and not in another.
C. why some people are severely punished while others are not punished for the same behavior.
D. why the incidence of deviance varies from group to group.
Ans: A
Pages: 139-141
57. Fines, expulsion from school, and imprisonment are examples of

A. informal sanctions.
B. formal sanctions.
C. deviance reinforcement.
D. punishments that have little to do with the normative system itself.
Ans: B
Page: 139-141
58. Examples of informal sanctions are

A. fines and imprisonment.
B. community service as a court-mandated punishment.
C. ridicule and ostracism from a group of former friends.
D. probation as the result of a plea bargain.
Ans: C
Page: 139-141
59. ________ is not a sociological approach to understanding deviance.

A. Cultural transmission theory
B. Anomie theory
C. Hereditary predisposition perspective
D. Labeling perspective
Ans: C
Page: 142
60. According to Durkheim, a social condition in which people find it difficult to guide their behavior by
norms they experience as weak, unclear, or conflicting is called
A. stress.
B. anomie.
C. deviance.
D. schizophrenia.
Ans: B
Page: 142
61. When access to socially approved means of success (material wealth) is blocked or frustrated, Merton
would argue this is a condition of
A. high anxiety.
B. justified frustration.
C. structural strain.
D. frustration-aggression.
Ans: C
Pages: 142
62. Merton described five responses to anomie. An embezzler stealing money from his company to fund his
high mortgage payments is an example of a(n)
A. conformist.
B. innovator.
C. rebel.
D. retreatist.
Ans: B
Page: 142-143
63. From Merton's perspective, those who abandon or scale down the goals of success, but compulsively
abide by the rules as some bureaucrats do, are
A. innovators.
B. rebels.
C. retreatists.
D. ritualists.
Ans: D
Page: 142-143
64. According to Merton, anomie represents society's struggle between its

A. conformists and deviants.
B. values and attitudes.
C. goals and means.
D. successes and failures.
Ans: C
Page: 142-143
65. From Merton's perspective, those who reject both culturally approved goals and means and substitute
new norms are
A. innovators.
B. ritualists.
C. rebels.
D. retreatists.
Ans: C
Page: 142-143
66. Studies by Messner and Rosenfeld suggest the strain toward deviance, particularly crime, is
A. stronger when the economy is a relatively weak institution in the society.
B. stronger when the economy is the dominant institution in the society.
C. not related to the position of the economy in the society.
D. weaker when penal institutions dominate the society.
Ans: B
Page: 144
67. Critics of Merton's structural strain theory note that Merton

A. doesn't emphasize conformity enough.
B. ignores the ways in which people shape their definitions of the world about them.
C. ignores the fact that not all deviance stems from gaps between goals and means.
Ans: D
Page: 144
68. ________ was one of the first people to suggest that we acquire deviant behavior much as we acquire
other behaviors.
A. Robert Merton
B. Gabriel Tarde
C. Peter Rosemont
D. Karl Marx
Ans: B
Page: 144
69. The cultural transmission perspective was developed in part from the research of a group of sociologists
at the University of Chicago who concluded that
A. deviance was a problem of morality.
B. deviance is primarily a product of economic conditions.
C. deviance is culturally passed from one generation to the next.
D. people become deviant genetically.

Ans: C
Page: 144
70. Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association illustrates the ________ sociological perspective
on deviance.
A. structural strain
B. cultural transmission
C. conflict
D. labeling
Ans: B
Page: 144-145
71. Individuals learn deviance primarily in intimate groups of deviant others, such as small groups of
friends. This view typifies
A. differential association theory.
B. control theory.
C. Freudian theory.
D. labeling theory.
Ans: A
Page: 144-145
72. Marxists regard ________ as a product of the moral degeneration and estrangement fostered by the
oppression and exploitation of the poor, women, and African Americans or other minorities?
A. alcholism
B. mental illness
C. prostitution
Ans: D
Page: 147
73. Which of the following is NOT one of the categories of crime outlined by Richard Quinney?
A. crimes of ultimatum
B. crimes of domination
C. crimes of resistance
D. predatory crime
Ans: B
Pages: 148
74. Richard Quinney contended that to understand crime we have to understand the development of the
political economy of capitalist society. This is a reflection of which perspective?
A. conflict
B. functionalist
C. interactionist
D. developmental
Ans: A
Pages: 148
75. Conflict theorists argue that the most important question to ask regarding deviance is
A. How do deviants differ from nondeviants?
B. How do different groups' values and norms increase their chances of engaging in culturally transmitted
deviance?
C. Which group will be able to translate its values into the rules of society and make these rules stick?
D. Which group will experience the anomie necessary to give rise to deviance?
Ans: C
Page: 148-149
76. Crime is a normal characteristic of capitalism. This view is most likely to be expressed by
A. conflict theorists.
B. functionalists.
C. labeling theorists.
D. cultural transmission theorists.
Ans: A
Page: 148-149
77. Labeling theory essentially argues that

A. society needs to place more emphasis on the labeling of deviants so deviants can be singled out.
B. labeling deviants helps them come to grips with their personal problems.
C. often those who are labeled as deviant develop a deviant identity and embark on a career of deviance.
D. the labeling of people as deviant is a latent function arising from the world of crime and delinquency.
Ans: C
Pages: 149-151
78. According to labeling theorists, deviance that individuals may adopt in response to negative labels is
A. functional deviance.
B. primary deviance.
C. secondary deviance.
D. tertiary deviance.
Ans: C
Page: 149-151
79. Labeling theorists promote the idea that
A. we all engage in deviant behavior by violating some norms.

B. deviance is something inherent in the badness of the act.
C. we engage in deviant acts only when pushed beyond normal stress limits.
D. deviants perceive right and wrong differently than nondeviants.
Ans: A
Page: 149-151
80. According to labeling theorists, behavior that violates social norms but goes unnoticed by agents of
social control is called
A. primary deviance.
B. secondary deviance.
C. tertiary deviance.
D. ambulatory deviance.
Ans: A
Page: 149-151
81. William Chambliss' study of two teenage gangs the Saints and the Roughnecks illustrates
A. the labeling perspective.
B. differential association theory.
C. the functionalist perspective.
D. the cultural transmission perspective.
Ans: A
Page: 150
82. Labeling theory does not explain

A. why an act may or may not be defined as deviant.
B. how situations may affect the definition of deviance.
C. what initially contributed to the occurrence of the deviant behavior.
D. the impact of social inequities on the definition of deviance.
Ans: C
Pages: 149-151
83. The difference between control theory and other theories written about in the text is that
A. control theory is decidedly psychological in nature.
B. control theory focuses more on hereditary factors.
C. while the other theories focus on the why of deviance, control theory focuses on why some people do
not deviate.
D. the other theories tend to concentrate on environmental factors, while control theory does not.
Ans: C
Page: 151-153
84. Control theory, as developed by Travis Hirschi, argues that young people are much more likely to
conform to society's rules if their
A. attachment level to friends and family is high.
B. involvement level in conventional activities such as athletics is high.
C. belief in conventional values and ideas about morality is strong.
Ans: D
Pages: 151-153
85. Hirschi's research showed that

A. religion is ineffective as a social control mechanism.
B. having an intact family seems to be irrelevant to the reduction of juvenile delinquency.
C. attachment to school and having positive attachments to teachers reduces the chances of becoming
delinquent.
D. attachment to school has no bearing on rates of delinquency.
Ans: C
Page: 152
86. Critics of control theory contend that

A. factors other than those emphasized in control theory are involved in deviant behavior around 50 percent
of the time.
B. when someone makes an attachment to delinquent peers, this element of the social bond is associated
with more delinquency.
C. the theory cannot explain deviance among those who are fully integrated into mainstream society.
Ans: D
Pages: 151-153
87. Unlike such informal norms as folkways and mores, laws are
A. rules enforced by the state.
B. written descriptions of immoral behavior.
C. universal.
D. rules agreed to by a majority of the population.
Ans: A
Page: 153
88. For an act to be considered criminal,

A. it must also be considered immoral.
B. the state must undertake the process of criminalizing it.
C. it must be proven to create a significant monetary cost to society.
D. it must be proven to create a significant social cost to society.
Ans: B
Page: 153
89. The criminal justice system includes

A. families, schools, and churches.
B. neighborhoods, communities, and cities.
C. prisons, probation, and treatment centers.
D. police, courts, and prisons.
Ans: D
Page: 153
90. Index crimes are those that are

A. most widely covered by the mass media.
B. most feared by the public at large.
C. most denounced by political officials.
Ans: D
Pages: 153
91. Data on index crime, released in 2001, showed that

A. serious crime has significantly increased.
B. the level of serious crime has remained steady.
C. crime continued to decline.
D. the forcible rape rate has increased, while the other three categories have declined.
Ans: C
Page: 153-154
92. If we could prevent all crimes committed by persons __________, this would eliminate most
conventional crimes from society.
A. between 25 and 35 years of age
B. between 35 and 45 years of age
C. below 25 years of age
D. with mental illnesses
Ans: C
Page: 156
93. Regarding murder,
A. most were committed through the use of a sharp instrument.
B. a majority was precipitated by arguments.
C. a majority of the victims knew their assailants.
D. a majority was associated with robbery, arson, and other crimes.
Ans: C
Page: 155
94. Juvenile involvement in violent crime

A. just recently started a significant increase.
B. increased over the past several decades.
C. followed almost exactly the rates of adult crime.
D. resulted in a significant increase in arrests.
Ans: B
Page: 156-157
95. ________ is the large-scale provision of illegal goods and services.

A. Organized crime.
B. White-collar crime.
C. Corporate crime.
D. Business-related crime.
Ans: A
Page: 157
96. A violation of a social relationship of trust lies at the heart of much

A. organized crime.
B. white-collar crime and corporate crime.
C. violent crime.
D. victimless crime.
Ans: B
Pages: 157-158
97. The difficulty of handling the problem of white-collar and corporate crime is compounded because
A. the U.S. criminal justice system is ill-equipped to deal with these types of crime.
B. officials typically lack the skills necessary to solve such crimes.
C. the sentences of white-collar criminals are less stringent than others.
Ans: D
Pages: -158
98. Studies of crime committed by government

A. have been emphasized by conflict theorists.
B. show that presidential power may be used to victimize personal enemies.
C. show that today's students have grown up with at least one well-publicized scandal for every presidential
administration, regardless of political party affiliation.
Ans: D
Page: 158
99. Gambling, drug use, and prostitution are considered

A. corporate crimes.
B. victimless crimes.
C. white-collar crimes.
D. violent crimes.
Ans: B
Page: 159
100. In the case of victimless crime, if there is any suffering, it is by the

A. criminal justice system.
B. offenders themselves.
C. wider society.
D. citizenry.
Ans: B
Page: 159
101. ________ may be the most dramatic and widespread of the new high-tech crimes?
A. Identify theft
B. Child pornography
C. Mail bombings
D. Software piracy
Ans: A
Page: 159
102. According to the text, in 2004, __________ were reported to the police.
A. 37 percent of property crimes
B. 49 percent of violent crimes
C. 85 percent of motor vehicle thefts
Ans: D
Page: 160
103. According to the texts discussion of crime measurement,

A. the rates of various crimes in the United States are substantially higher according to the NCVS than the
UCR.
B. Justice Department studies reveal that over 75 percent of all crimes are reported to the police.
C. perceptions of crime vary little from community to community.
D. statistics on crime are among the most satisfactory of all social data.
Ans: A
Page: 160
104. Nearly _____ percent of adults in the United States have used illegal drugs or used prescription drugs
without a physicians prescription in their lifetime.
A 20
B. 30
C. 40
D. 50
Ans: D
Page: 160-161
105. __________ American children take prescription psychiatric drugs, despite the fact that most such
drugs have never been tested for use in children.
A. 100,000 to 250,000
B. 250,000 to 500,000
C. 500,000 to 1 million
D. 3 to 4 million
Ans: D
Page: 160-161
106. In 2001, the largest category of all arrests was

A. violent crime.
B. property crime.
C. drug abuse violations.
D. prostitution.
Ans: C
Page: 160-161
107. Regarding women and crime,

A. the amount of crime committed by women has been steadily declining.
B. a growing percentage of the criminal population is female.
C. more girls are likely to be involved in juvenile gangs than boys.
D. most girls are arrested for serious crimes rather than status offenses.
Ans: B
Page: 163-164
108. According to the texts writings about the criminal justice system,
A. police officers spend over 50 percent of their time dealing with crime.
B. since 1973, average prison sentences have lengthened substantially.
C. the United States has an extremely high rate of imprisonment: 25 imprisonments per 100 crime
victimizations.
D. in the United States, the criminal justice system is an adversary system.
Ans: D
Pages: 164-165
109. ________ has the highest incarceration rate in the world?

A. Iraq
B. Pakistan
C. The United States
D. France
Ans: C
Page: 166
110. ________ is NOT one of the traditional purposes of imprisonment?

A. Punishment
B. Rehabilitation
C. Recidivism
D. Selective confinement
Ans: C
Pages: 166-168
Essays
111. Explain the meaning of the term deviance as viewed sociologically, and explain the meaning of the
relativity of deviance. Include concrete examples in your answer.
112. Explain the functions and dysfunctions of deviance.
113. Explain and give examples of defining deviancy down and defining deviancy upward.
114. Outline and briefly explain each of the principal components of the criminal justice system in the
United States.
115. Discuss your feelings about capital punishment. Answer the questions: Does capital punishment deter
crime, and is it widely used in the U
ughes/Kroehler, 7/e
Chapter 6, Social Stratification
True/False
1. Social stratification is the term used to describe the ranking or grading of people and groups into layers
representing structured inequality.
Ans: T
Page: 175
2. From the social stratification perspective, social arrangements essentially are neutral because they serve
and promote the goals and interests of people in a roughly egalitarian manner.
Ans: F
Pages: 176-177
3. Social differentiation is a process that is equivalent to social stratification.

Ans: F
Page: 176
4. Social differentiation sets the stage for the social ranking of people in a society.
Ans: T
Page: 176
5. The United States serves as a good example of a relatively open class system.
Ans: T
Page: 176-177
6. A closed class system is supported by stratification that is based primarily on achieved status.
Ans: F
Page: 176-177
7. Recent surveys show that most Americans typically are optimistic about the future, believing they have a
good chance for getting ahead.
Ans: T
Page: 177
8. The United States is founded on the idea that all people should enjoy equal status within the confines of a
classless society.
Ans: F
Page: 176-177
9. The ideal that people in America should experience rewards that they earn through their merit and
competence is not totally realized, since America also places some degree of reliance on ascription.
Ans: T
Page: 176-177
10. Karl Marx believed that the key to social stratification in capitalist societies is the separation between
those who own and control the means of production and those who are the laborers.
Ans: T
Page: 177-179
11. Max Weber took a single-dimensional view of stratification by identifying social class as the only
concept of significance in the social ranking of people and groups.
Ans: F
Pages: 177-179
12. Income refers to what people own at a particular point in time, while wealth refers to the amount of new
money people receive within a given time frame.
Ans: F
Page: 179
13. Social respect, admiration, and recognition associated with a particular social status are examples of the
sociological view of prestige.
Ans: T
Page: 179
14. Max Weber is given credit for developing the roles that conspicuous leisure and conspicuous
consumption have in revealing social ranking.
Ans: F
Pages: 179
15. Our social positions change throughout the life cycle, and so do the status symbols of these positions.
Ans: T
Page: 179
16. Prestige determines the ability of people to make the world work on their behalf even when the world
may not want to work on their behalf.
Ans: F
Page: 179
17. In highly egalitarian societies, the percentages of aggregate income for each economic layer should be
fairly close to each other.
Ans: T
Page: 179-180
18. Based on current figures that show the percentages of aggregate income of each economic layer in the
U.S., we live in a highly egalitarian society.
Ans: F
Page: 179-180
19. Inequality in the incomes of American citizens is greater than inequality in wealth.
Ans: F
Page: 181-182
20. For every dollar in wealth owned by a white household, the average African American household owns
15 cents and the average Hispanic household owns 11 cents.
Ans: T
Pages: 181-182
21. The Federal Reserve Board Survey of Consumer Finances showed that in 2004 the wealthiest one
percent of U.S. households own 33.3 percent of all private wealth.
Ans: T
Page: 181-182
22. Inequality tends to occur in a random fashion, and differences in wealth and income develop primarily
by chance.
Ans: F
Page: 183
23. The objective method of identifying social classes views class as a numerically measurable category.
Ans: T
Page: 185-186
24. The self-placement method of identifying social classes (also known as the subjective method) views
class as a social category in which people sense the attributes they share with others in the same category.
Ans: T
Page: 186-187
25. The reputational method of identifying social classes has people rank others on the basis of their
knowledge of who associates with whom.
Ans: T
Page: 187-188
26. Class distinctions in the United States that once were clear have become harder to discern.
Ans: T
Page: 189-190
27. During the Vietnam War, 80 percent of the 2.5 million men who served in Southeast Asia came from
working-class and impoverished backgrounds.
Ans: T
Page: 189-190
28. Between 2001 and 2002, the poverty rate increased among suburban dwellers, but it stayed the same for
city dwellers.
Ans: F
Page: 190-191
29. The poverty rate is lower for whites than for African Americans.
Ans: T
Pages: 190-191
30. Being poor makes a person part of the underclass.

Ans: F
Page: 190-191
31. Jencks argues that sociologists use the term underclass as a stereotype.
Ans: F
Page: 192
32. Two-thirds of Americans between the ages of 20 and 65 will use a welfare program, and 90 percent of
those who use it will use it more than once.
Ans: T
Page: 192
33. Between 1996 and 2000, the number of people receiving government handouts increased by 2.5 million.
Ans: F
Page: 192
34. Chances for upward mobility in the U.S. are no better, and in some cases worse, than they are in other
industrialized countries.
Ans: T
Pages: 196
35. Being rich or poor is permanent in the United States.

Ans: F
Pages: 196
36. Elman and ORand found that education increased increased adult wages equally for for whites and
blacks.
Ans: F
Pages: 197
37. According to the functionalist perspective, social stratification is a structural feature of all societies.
Ans: T
Page: 200-202
38. The officers of the largest U.S. corporations earn about 100 times more than the president of the United
States.
Ans: T
Page: 203-204
Multiple-Choice
39. In discussing inequality on campus, the text points out that

A. unlike the rest of society, campus life involves very little inequality.
B. social stratification is a pervasive component of campus life.
C. ethnicity, prestige, and wealth tend to dissolve as significant aspects of student life on campus.
D. students and teachers are essentially alike in their experience of classroom freedom.
Ans: B
Pages: 175-176
40. Regarding social stratification, the text observes that

A. the process of stratification results in benefits to all members of society.
B. social arrangements are neutral.
C. most societies of the world are organized so that their institutions systematically distribute benefits and
burdens unequally among different categories of people.
Ans: C
Pages: 175-176
41. Sociologists define _________ as the ranking or grading of individuals and groups into hierarchical
layers.
A. social stratification
B. social structure
C. social status
D. social differentiation
Ans: A
Page: 175-176
42. ____________________ requires that people be distributed within the social structure so that statuses
are filled and their accompanying roles performed.
A. Social differentiation
B. Social gradation
C. Social degradation
D. Social stratification
Ans: A
Page: 176
43. Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Social stratification depends upon but is not the same as social differentiation.
B. Social stratification is analogous to social differentiation.
C. Social differentiation depends upon but is not the same as social stratification.
D. There is no relationship whatever between social stratification and social differentiation.
Ans: A
Page: 175-176
44. According to most theorists, the United States is an example of

A. the ideal type of a closed social stratification system.
B. a relatively closed social stratification system.
C. a relatively open social stratification system.
D. the ideal type of an open social stratification system.
Ans: C
Page: 176-177
45. The type of society in which people can change their social status is a(n)
A. open system.
B. closed system.
C. ascribed status system.
Ans: A
Page: 176-177
46. Societies with closed social stratification systems are characterized by

A. little social mobility.
B. a great amount of social mobility.
C. little social differentiation.
D. a great amount of social differentiation.
Ans: A
Page: 176-177
47. Societies with open social stratification systems have a greater reliance on
A. ascribed statuses.
B. achieved statuses.
C. caste statuses.
D. inverted class statuses.
Ans: B
Page: 176-177
48. Most Americans believe

A. they have a good chance of getting ahead.
B. they have a better standard of living than their parents.

C. their children will have a better chance of succeeding than they had.
Ans: D
Page: 176-177
49. A good example of a closed stratification system is the

A. British class system.
B. American class system.
C. American caste system.
D. Hindu caste system.
Ans: D
Page: 176-177
50. Karl Marx believed the key to social stratification is the

A. prestige of the haves vs. the have-nots in socialistic societies.
B. division between those who own and operate the means of production and those who sell their labor in
capitalist societies.
C. informal communication network between workers and owners.
D. bureaucratic structure of modern times.
Ans: B
Page: 177
51. Max Weber's three dimensions of social stratification include all of the following except
A. class.
B. party (power).
C. education.
D. status (prestige).
Ans: C
Pages: 179-180
52. The economic dimensions of social stratification include

A. wealth and income.
B. prestige and power.
C. wealth and power.
D. power and status.
Ans: A
Page: 179-180
53. The social respect, admiration, and recognition associated with a particular social status is known as
A. wealth.
B. power.
C. prestige.
D. income.
Ans: C
Page: 179-180
54. When we speak about the things that people own, we are referring to their
A. wealth.
B. income.
C. prestige.
D. power.
Ans: A
Page: 179-180
55. The amount of money people receive from jobs is referred to as

A. wealth.
B. income.
C. investment potential.
D. K-1 retirement plans.
Ans: B
Page: 179-180
56. Thorsten Veblen's concept of conspicuous consumption asserts that

A. we must merely possess power and wealth in order to gain social prestige.
B. wealth and power must be put on public display.
C. little evidence of wealth is required.
D. we must engage in appropriate conspicuous buying rituals to maintain our personal identity.
Ans: B
Page: 179-180
57. Thorsten Veblen documents how

A. conspicuous consumption is an accurate measure of the total wealth of the individual.
B. relative success can become an established end.
C. self-esteem is not connected to high status.
D. conspicuous leisure has no role in the social ranking of the individual.
Ans: B
Page: 179-180
58. While status symbols may affect adult status, the core of adult status is symbolized primarily by
A. clothing, jewelry, and housing.
B. clothing, computers, and cultural products.
C. wealth and income.

D. where one lives, the nature of one's occupation, the roles one plays and the people with whom one
associates.
Ans: D
Page: 179-180
59. Sociologically, power

A. is the ability to force people to do something, even if they don't want to do it.
B. affects the ability to make the world work on their behalf.
C. unconnected to wealth and income.
Ans: D
Pages: 179-180
60. Highly egalitarian societies should

A. produce levels of aggregate income that are fairly similar, percentage-wise, to each other.
B. be modeled after the United States, which currently has a very small gap between rich and poor.
C. experience substantial inequalities between haves and have-nots.
D. maintain relatively high levels of inequality in wealth, with income remaining relatively equal.
Ans: A
Page: 182-184
61. In America,
A. white households maintain higher levels of wealth than both African American and Hispanic households.
B. for every dollar in wealth owned by white households, the average African American household owns 16
cents.
C. for every dollar in wealth owned by white households, the average Hispanic household owns 10 cents.
Ans: D
Pages 182-184
62. The 2004 Federal Reserve Board Survey of Consumer Finances shows that the wealthiest 1 percent of
U.S. households own __________ percent of all private wealth.
A. 7.5
B. 18.2
C. 33.3
D. 42.7
Ans: D
Page: 182
63. Social inequality in the United States
A. is a part of the structure of contemporary life.

B. is institutionalized.
C. does not occur randomly, but follows a relatively consistent and stable pattern.
Ans: D
Page: 182-184
64. Two perceptions promote that social classes exist as distinct groups. are promoted regarding the answer
to this question. They include the idea that
A. classes exist, but are invisible due to the melting pot theory.
B. classes are real and exist in a state of conflict with one another.
C. American society is essentially classless, a situation in which class divisions are blurred by their
continuous nature.
Ans: D
Page: 182-184
65. The ____________ method of identifying social class views social class as a statistical category.
A. objective
B. self-placement
C. reputational
D. distributional
Ans: A
Page: 185-186
66. The simplest and cheapest approach to identifying social class is usually provided by the
A. objective method.
B. self-placement method.
C. reputational method.
D. distributional method.
Ans: A
Pages 185-186
67. The _____________ approach to measuring social class views social class as a social category in which
people perceive themselves as sharing attributes with others.
A. objective method.
B. self-placement method.
C. reputational method.
D. distributional method.
Ans: B
Page: 186-187
68. The advantage of the self-placement approach to measuring social class is that
A. it is cheaper.
B. it is less complex.
C. it can be applied to large populations.
D. it is particularly effective when dealing with small communities.
Ans: C
Page: 186-187
69. The ______________ approach to measuring social class focuses on the knowledge of who associates
with whom and tends to be limited to small communities.
A. objective
B. occupational
C. reputational
D. distributional
Ans: C
Page: 187-188
70. In Yankee City and Old City, W. Lloyd Warner identified six classes. Which of the following is NOT one
of these?
A. working
B. upper upper
C. lower middle
D. upper lower
Ans: A
Page: 187-188
71. Objective measures of social class neglect people's

A. income and wealth.
B. perceptions of their social class.
C. occupational categories.
D. educational attainment.
Ans: B
Page: 188-189
72. The Coleman-Rainwater approach to understanding class structure

A. combined the objective with the self-placement methods of measuring class.
B. is a simpler, though less descriptive method of determining social class.
C. refined the reputational method of measuring social class.
D. involves a somewhat unwieldy, but more descriptive approach to measuring social class by combining the
self-placement and reputational approaches.
Ans: D
Pages 188-189
73. Status spheres are

A. classes established on the basis of wealth and income.
B. based on a person's location on a dimension of value, such as ethnicity, lifestyle, or occupation.
C. areas within cities that form social class islands.
Ans: B
Page: 189
74. When we talk about level of living and options for choice, we are considering
A. life chances.
B. social differentiation.
C. inducements.
D. status spheres.
Ans: A
Page: 189
75. __________ is probably the most powerful single contributor to premature morbidity and mortality
worldwide.
A. Lower socioeconomic status
B. Race
C. Ethnicity
D. Religion
Ans: A
Page: 190-193
76. Lower-class people are more likely to drink beer, eat frozen pizza, and watch more television than are
middle-class people. This is an example of
A. who's better and who isn't.
B. innate intelligence.
C. good socialization.
D. differing styles of life.
Ans: D
Page: 190-193
77. The magnitude and manner in which we consume our society's goods and services is called
A. life chances.
B. style of life.
C. inducement theory.
D. the law of supply and demand.
Ans: B
Page: 190-193
78. According to the text, social class affects

A. education.
B. health and life expectancy.
C. life chances in a variety of ways.
Ans: D
Page: 190-193
79. __________ refer(s) to the likelihood that individuals and groups will enjoy desired goods and services,
fulfilling experiences, and opportunities for living healthy and long lives.
A. Social stratification
B. Style of life
C. Social classes
D. Life chances
Ans: D
Page: 190-193
80. __________ refer(s) to the magnitude and manner of consumption of goods and services.
A. Life chances
B. Social stratification
C. Style of life
D. Social classes
Ans: C
Page: 190-193
81. In 2004, the poverty rate was __________ percent.

A. 5.7
B. 12.7
C. 25.7
D. 42.7
Ans: B
Page: 190-193
82. In 2004, the poverty threshold for a family of four was

A. $18,244
B. $19,157
C. $20,125
D. $21,765
Ans: B
Page: 190-193
83. Research shows that social class is associated with mortality due to
A. nonpreventable causes.
B. preventable causes.
C. all preventable and nonpreventable causes.
Ans: B
Page: 189
84. The feminization of poverty refers to the increasing number of

A. female-headed families living in poverty.
B. women entering the helping professions.
C. women forcing men into poverty.
D. men who take low-paying jobs traditionally reserved for females.
Ans: A
Page: 191
85. In 2002, the poverty rate for the elderly was __________ percent.
A. 10.4
B. 21.4
C. 35.2
D. 41.3
Ans: B
Page: 190-193
86. In 2004, __________ percent of all American children were living in poverty.
A. 6.7
B. 17.8
C. 26.2
D. 36.6
Ans: B
Page: 190-193
87. In 2004, fatherless families represented 17.4 percent of the nations families and __________ percent of
the households living in poverty.
A. 23.5
B. 33.1
C. 43.7
D. 48.3
Ans: D
Page: 190-193
88. In 2004, there were __________ million non-Hispanic whites living in poverty, compared to 9 million
African Americans and the same number of Hispanics.
A. 10.6
B. 13.8
C. 14.6
D. 16.8
Ans: D
Page: 190-193
89. The underclass refers to persons exhibiting

A. extreme poverty.
B. illegal poverty.
C. persistent poverty.
D. homogeneous characteristics.
Ans: C
Pages: 190-193
90. William J. Wilson contends that the underclass exists primarily due to
A. too many low-skill jobs in America's cities.
B. the concentration of jobs into the middle-wage sector.
C. the sharp climb in inner-city joblessness due to loss of lower-skill jobs.
D. the replacement of lower-class homes by manufacturing industries within the inner city.
Ans: C
Page: 190-193
91. The underclass

A. typifies most urban populations in the United States today.
B. constitutes a minority of the poor in the United States.
C. has drastically declined in number during the 1980s.
D. has grown mainly in the outlying areas of America's cities.
Ans: B
Page: 190-193
92. According to Christopher Jencks, the underclass is

A. perceived identically by virtually all researchers.
B. a group of people who live just below the economic level of the upper class.
C. a group characterized only by its homelessness and lower level of morality.
D. a much more heterogeneous group than the concept suggests.
Ans: D
Page: 195
93. The culture of poverty theory views poverty as

A. a chronic, self-perpetuating pattern that occurs because of the different values of the poor.
B. situational.
C. structural.
D. the result of a conflict between goals and means.
Ans: A
Page: 193
94. The view that such poverty values as weak ego, helplessness, and dependence are passed from one
generation to the next reflects the
A. situational perspective.
B. structural perspective of poverty.
C. culture of poverty perspective.
D. Marxist perspective of poverty.
Ans: C
Page: 193
95. The situational view of poverty argues that

A. poverty is passed from one generation to the next.
B. poverty is a consequence of a weaker morality structure of the poor.
C. people who slip into poverty do so for a limited time after such major adverse events as divorce or illness.
D. poverty is a persistent trait of some types of people.
Ans: C
Pages: 193
96. The structural theory of poverty contends that

A. poverty is due to momentary lapses in the competitive drive of some individuals.
B. changes in the nature of industry from manufacturing to service-sector employment produces
vulnerability among some workers.
C. poverty is in-born.
D. the poor should be held accountable for their own problems.
Ans: B
Page: 193
97. The earliest national poverty programs in the U.S. were

A. oriented toward children, the disabled, and the elderly.
B. developed as part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal in the 1930s.
C. partially replaced by the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program in President Clinton's recent
welfare reform package.
Ans: D
Pages: 194-195
98. The welfare reform program that took effect in 1996 focuses primarily on
A. encouraging work.
B. eliminating long-term use of welfare.
C. handing welfare over to the states.
Ans: D
Page: 194-195
99. The shift in status of individuals or groups is known as

A. social inequality.
B. horizontal transition.
C. social differentiation.
D. social mobility.
Ans: D
Page: 196-197
100. Social mobility occurs because of

A. social change and availability of talent.
B. a shift in the culture of poverty.
C. random, unexplained factors.
D. genetic transitions in the population.
Ans: A
Page: 196-197
101. Vertical mobility is

A. a shift in social status that is about equivalent in prestige.
B. movement to a higher or lower social status.
C. change in social status of one person during his or her lifetime.
D. change in social status from one generation to the next.
Ans: B
Pages: 196-197
102. Comparison of an individual's social status over time is known as ________________ mobility.
A. vertical
B. intergenerational
C. intragenerational
D. horizontal
Ans: C
Page: 196-197
103. The __________ involves a sequence of stages that begins with birth into a family with a specific social
status and proceeds through childhood, socialization, schooling, job-seeking, occupational achievement,
marriage, and the formation and functioning of a new family unit.
A. mobility diagram
B. social class matrix
C. dual labor market
D. socioeconomic life cycle
Ans: D
Pages: 1998-1999
104. The text describes the __________, where the primary, or core, sector of the economy offers good
jobs and the secondary, or periphery, sector offers bad jobs that provide poor pay, poor working
conditions, and little room for advancement.
A. dual labor market
B. socioeconomic life cycle
C. social class spectrum
D. American dream
Ans: A
Page: 1998-1999
105. Regarding the American Dream,

A. growing numbers of Americans are not achieving prosperity.
B. the middle class appears to be shrinking.
C. more and more Americans are experiencing prosperity.
Ans: D
Page: 199-200
106. The __________ thesis contends that an unequal distribution of social rewards is a necessary
instrument for getting the essential tasks of society performed.
A. conflict
B. radical
C. conservative
D. interactionist
Ans: C
Page: 201-206
107. The __________ thesis views social inequality as an exploitative mechanism arising out of a struggle
for valued goods and services in short supply.
A. functionalist
B. radical
C. interactionist
D. conservative
Ans: B
Page: 201-206
108. The Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore view of social stratification supports the idea that
A. the most highly rewarded positions are those that are often the most dysfunctional.
B. the most highly rewarded positions are those that are of marginal significance to society.
C. stratification systems are inherently unjust and should be abolished.
D. the most highly rewarded positions are those most critical to the welfare of society.
Ans: D
Pages: 201-206
109. The __________ theory of social equality holds that stratification exists because it benefits individuals
and groups who have the power to dominate and exploit others.
A. conflict
B. functionalist
C. interactionist
D. evolutionary
Ans: A
Page: 201-206
110. __________ is the difference between the value that workers create (as determined by the labor-time
embodied in a commodity that they produce) and the value that they receive (as determined by the
subsistence level of their wages).
A. False consciousness
B. Surplus value
C. Class consciousness
D. The haveshave nots thesis
Ans: B
Page: 201-206
111. __________ refers to an incorrect assessment of how the system works and of workers subjugation and
exploitation by capitalists.
A. Surplus value
B. Anomie
C. False consciousness
D. Radical thesis
Ans: C
Page: 201-206
112. __________ have long argued that traditional investigations of stratification overlook the key
underlying issue of ones relations to the means of production.
A. Functionalists
B. Marxists
C. Interactionists
D. Developmentalists
Ans: B
Page: 201-206
113. Harold R. Kerbo tried to synthesize the functionalist and conflict perspectives. His analysis is based on
the work of
A. Talcott Parsons
B. Karl Marx
C. Gerhard Lenski
D. Emile Durkheim
Ans: C
Pages: 201-206
Essays
114. Explain open and closed systems of social stratification. Identify and briefly explain Max Weber's three
components of social stratification.
115. Contrast the objective, subjective, and reputational methods of determining social classes.
116. Describe the variations in people's style of life based on their social class.
117. Explain the meaning of the term social mobility. Identify and define the four types of social mobility.
118. Contrast the conflict and functionalist views on social stratification. What appear to be the strengths and
weaknesses of each perspective?

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Hughes/Kroehler, 7/e

Chapter 10, The Family

13. The ancient Greeks defined romantic love as diseased hysteria.

24. A large majority of Americans continue to view marriage as a permanent institution.

32. Same-sex marriage is legal in Belgium, Denmark, and the Netherlands.

36. A pessimistic view of American marriage suggests that

37. An optimistic view of the American family suggests that

C. about half of the nation's households.

40. In modern societies, the concept of the family is

42. Families vary in terms of their

48. Sociologists have found that industrialization

B. had no effect on the prevalence of the extended family.

51. Patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal refer to

52. The vesting of power in women for family decision-making is called

53. Egalitarian power arrangements in the family

A. distribute power equally between wife and husband.

57. Exogamy is the requirement that

60. The existence of polygyny is based primarily on

61. The Greeks saw romantic love as

64. We tend to select marital partners

68. Married couples who have sex infrequently

69. Research findings consistently indicate that

70. The goal of having a happy marriage currently ranks

71. In 2000, __________ percent of white families were married couples.

74. The family life course

75. According to sociological studies of the empty nest period,

77. Research evidence seems to indicate that

78. When women work full-time outside the home,

81. The number of single-person households

82. Young adults now marry

83. Unwed motherhood is

87. __________ percent of all out-of-wedlock births were to cohabitating parents.

88. According to the text,

90. Compared to heterosexual married couples, gay and lesbian couples

91. Same-sex marriage is legal in

93. The alternative essentialist view argues that homosexual orientation is

94. Regarding the challenges facing the American family,

98. In 2001, there were __________ confirmed cases of child maltreatment.

103. In the 1980s and 1990s, divorce rates

105. A mounting body of evidence suggests that

106. Most divorced people

107. The sandwich generation is

110. According to sociologist Randall Collins, marriage is a socially enforced contract of

9. In many cases the denomination is actually a cult in an advanced state of development.

13. Religious conservatives avoid the political arena.

25. All homeschooling families officially register their children as homeschooled.

44. The term mana refers to people

45. ______________ involves belief in spirits or other-worldly beings.

46. Monotheism is the belief in

47. Theistic religion is centered in a belief in

48. Which of the following are not characteristics of the church?

55. The secularization thesis proposes that

Page: 360; 362

58. Civil religion is found in

59. According to Emile Durkheim, the central function of religion is

61. Karl Marx viewed religion as an institution that

62. According to conflict theory, religion

66. At the elementary and secondary levels, American schools are

69. __________ was NOT a characteristic of effective schools in Rutters study.

71. Parents reported approximately _______ of homeschooling students in 2003.

72. Among America's undergraduates between 18 and 22 years of age,

D. reproducing society's power structure

76. Functionalist theorists see schools and education as