Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted
By
GOPINATH. J
Regn. No.
A
PROJECT REPORT
ON
SUBMITTED
BY
GOPINATH. J
Regn. No.
ABSTRACT
buildings will not only save your money, allowing us to provide more healthy,
comfortable and sustainable future.
application of green
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
PAGE NO.
INTRODUCTION
Research Background
Introduction to the Industry
Company Profile
II
LITERATURE REVIEW
Need for an Energy Saving Model
Concepts and Indicators
Building Energy Management System
Breaking the myth that the green always costs more
III
15
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
18
IV
VI
Research design
Methods of data collection
22
CONCLUSIONS
Findings
Suggestions
Conclusion
41
BIBLIOGRAPHY
45
RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Traditionally, energy has been viewed as a cost, a bill to be paid and an
expense to be controlled. Those who are ready for the future, however have
matured into a new perspective towards energy and are shifting their operations,
to capitalize on the full value of energy as a "raw material", a resource that can
be applied to grow and sustain their business into the future. Among the different
challenges faced by facilities managers, inefficient energy consumption of
buildings, and a need for application of green technology for a Green & Clean
Building are the todays two major challenges. Optimizing power consumption
and the application of Green Technology is a facility management strategy that
helps businesses does both making money and saving the planet. When we
conserve energy resources, our nation can enjoy cleaner air and a healthier
environment, and we can help protect the climate. Building Green Buildings or
energy-efficient buildings will not only save your money, allowing us to provide
more healthy, comfortable and sustainable future.
FM market revenues in India are higher than other nations such as Singapore
that are smaller in geography. But, in terms of market maturity and understanding
and accepting of such services by end users, India has a long way to go. The
market for outsourced FM services in India was estimated to be USD 850 million
in 2014. About 54.9 percent of the overall market was for soft services and 45.1
percent for hard services in 2010. The market for soft services comprises a large
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cluster of companies that provide single services and specialize in services such
as catering and pantry, cleaning and housekeeping, security and others. The
market for hard services has high prominence in the IT sector as it outsource the
work to professionalized and well-equipped service providers. Cleaning and
Housekeeping services contribute a higher percentage of the market followed by
maintenance and engineering services and finally security services and others.
The commercial sector witnessed the highest percentage share of the overall
FM services market. The commercial sector is maturing, providing huge potential
among other sectors such as telecom, retail and industrial as Global MNCs such
as Accenture, Nokia, Cisco, Microsoft, and others demand outsourced FM
services in India. Presence of global and Indian MNCs is the major driver for the
growth of this market across various end-user sectors as they are the potential
customers due to their increased awareness levels and willingness to invest in
such services. outsourced services coupled with the investment boom in real
estate and construction sectors. Growth of this market is driven by the need for
safety, comfort, and healthy environment of the employees as well as the
increase in awareness about outsourced services among customers. The market
sustained the situation and improved its penetration largely through existing
contracts although the economy witnessed slowdown in the last 2-3 years.
Therefore, it is observed that the current economic situation prevailing in the US
and Euro zone will not have much impact on the growth of this market. Indias
growth is expected to be intact with a GDP growth rate of 7.5-7.9 percent in the
coming years due to the current economic scenario and its long term implication
on the emerging countries.
INDUSTRY CHALLENGES
9
Green Technology
In general, the technologies and related services in the green sector can be
grouped into the following categories:
Energy
Water
Water conservation
Water recycling
Production of water from alternative sources, such as desalination
10
Product Design
Industrial Process Improvement
Factory Automation
Packaging
Heating and Air conditioning Efficiencies
Lighting Efficiencies
Other Resources
plastics
Agriculture
Food processing and distribution
Oil and gas
Manufacturing and other industrial processes
Transportation, logistics and shipping
Automobiles and trucks
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enables its suppliers to measure whether or not their packaging reduces energy
consumption, cuts waste and fosters sustainability. The company even has an
annual Sustainable Packaging Expo where its suppliers can meet with leading
packaging manufacturers and designers to learn about the latest technologies
and innovations. Long term, Wal-Mart has set a goal of being packaging-neutral
by 2025. That is, the company plans to be recycling packaging and waste to the
extent that it uses no more packaging materials than it creates. By 2013, the
company was already 80% effective.
Company Profile
LITERATURE REVIEW
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14
Stage1:Agreements
on Company Energy
Savings
Stage4: Evaluation of
Proposed Plan
Regulator
y
Committe
e
Stage2: Study on
Companys Energy
Use
Stage3: Programs to
Manage Energy
Savings
Power factor
If the industry is large enough, it may be penalized by its power factor (pf).
This factor is basically an indicator of electrical efficiency or the electricity that is
used. For example, an electric stove or incandescent light bulb has a pf of 1. In
any other appliance, the electrical charges power is not completely used, since
the current passes through and is not used 100% due to normal losses caused
by the appliance.
The power factor for an industry should equal approximately 0.9. Any number
below that will be penalized on the monthly bill, at least in the case of Costa Rica.
What does a power factor lower than 0.9 imply? Seen from the consumers point
of view, it means an increase in electricity consumption, strong drops in
conductor tension, a reduction in the useful life of appliances and appliance
imbalances.
On the other hand, from the perspective of the electricity distributor, a low
power factor means greater investment in electrical generation equipment
because KVA (kilovolt amperes) capacity is affected.5 In addition, the distributor
has to use lines and transformers with greater capacity, increasing energy loss
and associated costs.
Electric current
Electrical energy flow, or electric current, is measured in amperes (A). To
generate an electric current through a cable, there must be a difference of
tension or voltage between the two ends, which is expressed in volts (V). Water
and electricity have very similar behaviors in terms of flows. As an analogy, if a
person wants water to move through a tube, there must be different pressures
between the two ends of the tube. This same principle applies to electricity.
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17
Capacity factor
Capacity factor is used as an indicator to measure the productivity of an
electrical generation of any utility for example, a hydroelectric, biomass, wind or
solar system, among others. This indicator is the comparison of real production
during a given amount of time with the amount of energy produced theoretically, if
the plant had been producing at 100% capacity during that timeframe. See the
following formula.
Real production
Capacity factor =
--------------------------------- x 100
Theoretical Production
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This is a good capacity factor. A good factor is usually one equaling 6070%,
even reaching more than 70% in exceptional cases, depending on the industry
and business.
Maximum demand
Maximum demand is representative of a period of time and has to do with
electrical charges, from motors, compressors, lighting and refrigeration
equipment, among others, that are in use during that timeframe. In other words,
demand is the specific value in time for energy consumption of determined
charges, measured in power units called kilowatts (kW).
Peaks of maximum demand can be controlled. One way to do so is to avoid
using electrical charges within the building at the same time. Another way is to
schedule sections of production when the cost per kW is lower, for example, at
night. Companies can also scale the timing when equipment is turned on and off.
This can be scheduled to incorporate preventive maintenance and offers two
benefits. First, it avoids dead time and expenses in production due to
maintenance issues. With good maintenance, the availability of equipment can
increase by up to 90%. The second benefit comes from decreasing excessive
energy use from unnecessary equipment in a factory.
Demand factors
This is the relationship between electrical systems maximum demand and
the total charge connected at a specific time. This can be expressed using the
following:
Maximum demand
Demand factor =
forward model or data-driven model. Most of the researches adopted the data
driven model for solving heating, ventilation and cooling problems which was
successful for controlling some parts but it did not take into consideration the
physical interactions of the whole building system .
21
CHAPTER III
22
condition) system
Reviewing the challenges and available options for the application of Green
Technology
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1. The study was limited to attributes identified at M/s IEC may not be applied
by other companies for reducing its power consumption equally.
2. Timing of the study may be a factor, results based on attributes related to
the period of study
3. The time period of the study being only few weeks, it was not possible to
conduct a highly in-depth and detailed study, which in turn might affect the
findings.
4. Different people have different thought process and different attitudes. As
a result, opinion of experts may differ. Therefore, the results derived from
this study differs when apply at other context.
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CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
26
Research Design
A research design in the specification of methods and procedures for acquiring
the needed information it is the over all operational pattern of frame work of the
project that stipulates what information is to be collected from which sources by
what procedures
To test the reliability, of the power consumption optimization solution and to
define a key principles, technology and strategies for application of green technology
a combination of qualitative quantitative approach was followed in this study. The
proposed solution will help the facility managers at M/s IEC. Where it gives a
guideline for detecting high energy consumption problems faced in office buildings
and operational cycle. Nevertheless, it clarifies the procedure and the variables that
should be considered during the process, thus an accurate model behaves almost as
the real building could be created. The proposed framework consists of five layers
An investigation layer,
Validation layer,
Analysis layer,
communication layer.
The first layer revolves around doing investigations where at this stage all the
relevant data to address all the power consuming equipment and building behavior
should be gathered. Therefore, power metering were installed to cover all
equipment. The second layer considered as representation for the building under
27
consideration, thus it should be calibrated to reach the best fit between the model
and real data measured. The third layer is analysis of problems occurred in
equipment, its position in the building and its relation to the current heating control
configuration. The fourth layer is optimization layer, at this stage operational control
and the equipment control alternative possibilities are generated and evaluated.
This
project
has
phenomenologist
underpinnings
and
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CHAPTER V
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
30
Various root causes analysed for the study to be presented here and how they are
deduced to 3 ultimate root cause
How 7% reduction in consumption charges to be exlplained
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32
CHAPTER VI
CONCLUSIONS
Findings
Suggestions
Conclusion
33
Findings:
The following are the 3 ultimate root causes of unnecessary electrical power
consumption at M/s IEC
VFD not used, therefore all floors supplied with surplus air
Lighting in conference room & workstation not turn off when not
required
These three ultimate root causes are deduced from 5 probable root causes
determined after why analysis they are
34
Key Principles:
finishes in order to
maximize the use of controlled natural day lighting which significantly reduces
artificial lighting energy use thereby reducing the buildings internal cooling
load and energy use. Consider the use of light shelf technology.
Use of high performance low-e glazing, can result in significant year round
energy savings.
Use of Insulated double glazing, triple glazing or double pane glazing with a
35
Window frames, sashes and curtain wall systems should also be designed
foroptimum energy performance including the use of multiple thermal breaks
buildings.
SIPS and ICFs and other thermally decoupled envelope systems will offer
lighting controls.
Consider using indirect ambient lighting with workstation based direct task
lighting to improve light quality, reduce glare and improve overall energy
performance in general office areas. Incorporate sensors and controls and
design circuits so that lighting along perimeter zones and offices can be
switched off independently from other interior lights when day lighting is
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Suggestions:
Suggestions:
The following are Suggestions derived from the study for M/s IEC for Maintaining
Optimum Electrical Power consumption at its building and for moving towards
Green Energy:
Building Shell
HVAC (Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning) and Other Systems
Office and Industrial Equipment
Lighting
Improving energy efficiency of building
Tighten the building envelope (energy efficient windows and doors, adequate
and vegetation.
Paint external walls and roof white to reflect heat.
o Information on Cool roofs
o Information on Green roofs which can reduce heat gains and losses
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systems.
Install programmable thermostats and adjust for non-work hours.
Install high-volume, low speed fans to improve air circulation and save energy
costs.
Improve efficiency of compressed air and steam systems.
o Check for leaks.
o Avoid 90 degree angles in the piping.
o Use the lowest pressure setting that provides reliable performance.
o Consider ducting outside air when temperatures are lower since less
energy is needed to compress cool air than warm air.
Install cogeneration (combined heat and power) system
Improve efficiency of office and industrial equipment.
lighting with energy efficiency T-8 or T-5 fixtures and install LED exit signs.
Install motion sensors, timers, manual dimmers or or automatic daylight
dimming controls.
Maximize use of natural light (windows, skylights and solar tubes) and use
task lighting where extra lighting is needed.
Use energy management software systems to control lighting, HVAC systems,
and to turn off computers and printers, vending machines and other
equipment
40
CONCLUSION
41
42
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.confiabilidad.net.
http://www.performancebuilding.org/performancebuilding.php
Guide to Energy Management William J. Kennedy, Wayne C. Turner Barney
Itzhak Maor and Chanin Panjapornpon T. Agami Reddy, "Calibrating detailed
building energy simulation programs with measured data--Part I: general
methodology,
Ardeshir Mahdavi and Claus Proglhof, "A model-based approach to natural
ventilation," Building and Environment
Energy efficiency of buildings Calculation of the energy needs, delivered
energy and primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domesticwater and
lighting
43