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0 ABSTRACT
The purpose of this experiment was to find the basic operation of the
centrifugal pump which is to convert energy of a prime mover (an electric motor or turbine)
first into velocity or kinetic energy and then into pressure energy of a fluid that is being
pumped. We also identified the performance of the centrifugal pump by calculating hydraulic
power and the efficiency (which is a function of the output for an electric motor and as a
function of flow rate for the centrifugal pump) at constant speed and compare the results with
flow rate.
2.0 INTRODUCTION
A pump is a device used to move gases, liquids or slurries. A pump
moves liquids or gases from lower pressure to higher pressure, and overcomes this difference
in pressure by adding energy to the system (such as a water system). A gas pump is generally
called a compressor, except in very low pressure-rise applications, such as in heating,
ventilating, and air-conditioning, where the operative equipment consists of fans or blowers.
Centrifugal pump
A centrifugal pump is a rot dynamic pump that uses a rotating impeller to increase the velocity
of a fluid. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to move liquids through a piping system. The
fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the
impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute chamber, from where it exits into the
downstream piping system. Centrifugal pumps are used for large discharge through smaller
heads.
Figure 1.Basic element of a centrifugal pump
3.0 APPARATUS
The unit was constructed on a stable stainless steel base plate, comprises of
a fixed speed centrifugal pump, a water sump tank and all required pipe works. It was installed
with pressure gauges and flow meter for pump characteristic studies. The pump casing was made
of transparent material; therefore the pump mechanism can be clearly visualized
4.0 Procedures
1.
That the circulation tank was made sure it was filled with water up to at least the
end of the pipe output.
5.0 RESULTS
a)
Rota meter
(FI1) LPM
cmHg
kgf/cm2
kgf/cm2
90
7.5
0.20
80
0.30
70
2.5
0.40
60
0.000
0.50
50
0.025
0.60
40
0.025
0.65
30
0.050
0.75
= 20
Difference in pressure, P
LPM
(m3/s)
(Kpa)
90
1.50x10-3
09.61
14.42
80
1.33 x10-3
22.75
30.26
70
1.17 x10-3
35.89
41.63
60
1.00 x10-3
49.03
49.03
50
8.33 x10-4
56.39
46.80
40
6.67 x10-4
61.30
40.46
30
5.00 x10-4
63.74
31.87
Pi
100%
P
90
08.01
80
16.81
70
23.13
60
27.24
50
26.00
40
22.48
30
17.71
6.0 DISCUSSION
We can see from the graphs and results that the pressure differences
decreases with the flow rate, because centrifugal pump has no fixed volume at fixed inlet and
casing. When the flow rate of the fluid increases, The pump head will decrease for a given
impellers diameter. In order to increase the pump head the discharge flow rate will have to
decrease The centrifugal pump has a very large capacity compared to other pump, and in turn
more energy is consumed. Capacity (flow rate) is proportional to impellers speed and head. The
larger the impellers diameter or the faster speed, will increase the pressure head due to the
higher exit velocity and converted to the head. The pressure becomes low due to more stages of
impellers because of the friction loss between inlet and outlet.
From the efficiency and flow rate graph we can see that efficiency is highest when the
rota meter reads 60 lpm.Efficiency is neither good at high flow rate or lower flow rate.
Centrifugal pump transfer fluids using impellers to kinetic energy into pressure energy, but its
not a direct energy transfer. Hydraulic efficiency considered an efficiency energy that changes
the fluid to pressure energy. Efficiency is a comparison (ratio) between the power coming out
of the system and that put into the system. When the efficiency is high, the system is minimizing
those losses. The efficiency decreases and this might related to shock loss of eye impeller due to
an unsatisfactory match between inlet flow and impeller blade turbulence or due to friction loss
in impeller blade passages.
The overall efficiency on the centrifugal pumps increases or gain a good percent due to the pump
over sizing and considerations of system flow rate when the system is designed or operating
parameters. The efficiency can be reached on special designs which can operate best efficiency
point (BEP) when the pump performance curve and system-operating system curve matches
perfectly.
7.0 CONCLUSION
After looking at the result we can say that ,higher the flow rate lesser
the pressure difference. And we can conclude that the machinery works most efficient, when the
flow rate and other conditions are optimum (as in 60 lpm) rather then very high or very low.
8.0 REFRENCE
Mukesh Sahdev, Centrifugal Pumps: Basic Concepts of Operation, Maintenance, and
Troubleshooting (Part- I). [ONLINE] Available : http://www.mech.hku.hk/bse/cpd/watersystem/centrifugalpumps.pdf. [Accessed on 8 oct 2014].
Carl R. (Rod) Nave. (2000). Bernoulli's equation. Available: http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/pber.html. [Accessed on 08 oct 2014]
Rama Durgaiah, 2002, Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1st Edition, New Age International (P)
Ltd, India.