Cw1 'Timber & Steel Design'

DEPARTMENT OF PROPERTY AND
CONSTRUCTION
BUILDING STRUCTURES A
CW1: ‘TIMBER & STEEL BEAM

DESIGN’
DAVID ARMITAGE
BY;
SHOAYB PATEL
I.D: 03094761
Building Structures A Shoayb Patel
Cw1: ‘Timber & Steel Beam Design’ I.D: 03094761
INTRODUCTION
‘A timber floor consists of 60 x 220 C16 joists @ 395mm centres and supports a load of
2.5 kN/sq.m (1.0, DL, 1.5 LL) over a span of 4.6m’.
1) The purpose of this assignment is to determine whether or not the joists are
adequate and if not, suggest solutions both (a) using the existing joists and (b) replacing
them with new joists.
In order to assess the above the following will have to be carried out:
 Calculate the Section Modulus (Z) value required for the joist in order for it to be
adequate to support the load.
 Calculate the Moment of Inertia (I) value required for the joist in order for it to be
adequate to support the load.
 Calculate the Section Modulus (Z) of the 60 x 220 C16 joist.
 The Moment of Inertia value of the 60 x 220 C16 joist.
 The required values are evaluated against those of the 60 x 220 C16 joist, and
we can determine whether the joists are adequate.
Section Modulus (Z) Required Of The Design Beam
Z= Max Bending Moment (M)

Allowable Bending Stress Parallel to the Grain (f)
Max Bending Moment (M)
M = wL²/8
= [(Line Load (kN/m) x Load Length (m) x L (m)] / 8
= [(2.5 x 0.395) x 4.6] / 8
= 2.61 kN/m
Bsc Construction Management 2

Allowable Bending Stress Parallel to the Grain (F)
Bs 5268 Table 8 (Grade Stresses and moduli of elasticity for various strength
classes: for service classes 1 and 2), the bending stress parallel to the grain for a timber
with a strength class C16 is 5.3N/mm². It is important to note that the BS requires the
inclusion of modification factors to allow for the effects of the depth factor (k7) and the
load sharing system (k8).
BS 5268 clause 2.10.6, the depth factor (k7), is as follows:
K7 = (300 / H) 0.11
= (300 / 220) 0.11
= 1.03
BS 5268 clause 2.9.6, the load sharing system (k8), is as follows:
K8 = 1.1
Thus:
f = 5.3 x 1.03 x 1.1
= 600 N/mm²
Z Required
= (2.61 kN/m x 10 ) / 6.00 N/mm²)
= 435 x 10³ mm³
435 x 10³ mm³ = the required section modulus for the timber

Moment of Inertia Required
I reqd = 5WL / 438eδ
Where:
 Equivalent Line Load (w)

 Span (L)
 Modulus of Elasticity (E)
 Allowable Deflection (s)
W = Line Load (kN/m) x Load Length (m)
= 2.5 x 0.395
= 0.998 kN/m
L = 4600mm
E:
BS 5268 Table 8, the Modulus of Elasticity is 8800 N/mm², where the joist is part of a
system E mean is used.
δ:
Bs 5268 clause 2.10.7, the deflection of timber is as follows:
Max δ: (0.003 x Span) or 14mm as an absolute maximum.
Max δ = 0.003 x 4600 = 13.8mm
I Required:
I Reqd = 5wl / 384eδ
= (5 x 0.998 x 4600) (384 x 8800 x 13.8)
= 47 x 10 mm.

47 x 10 mm is the required Moment of Inertia.
SECTION MODULUS OF 60 X 220 C16 JOISTS
Z = (bh²) / 6)
b = 60mm
h = 220mm
Z = (60 X 220²) / 6
Z = 484 X 10³ mm³
The Section Modulus of the 60 x 220 joist is 484 X 10³ mm³
MOMENT OF INTERTIA OF SUGGESTED BEAM
I = (bh³) / 12)
= (60 x 220³) / 12
= 53.2 x 10 mm
The required Moment of Inertia for the 60 x 220 joist is 53.2 x 10 mm
CONCLUSION
1A) b = 60
h = 220
h/d = 220 / 60
= 3.7 K7 = 1.03, K8 = 1.10, Kg = 1.00
After evaluating the values that I have received above against those of the 60 x
220 C16 joists, I can safely say that the joists are adequate. This is because of the fact
that when comparing the values with those in BS 5268 the properties are within
acceptable limits, thus making the joists adequate.

1B)
For reasons that might affect the structure the joists can be replaced. If we were
to do this then a new size joist would have to be inserted. The new joists would have to
be larger and must have suitable properties and high values. With reference to BS 5268
the joists that are adequate to accommodate this are the following:
 75 × 225 = Z = 633, I = 71.2

2.) In order to produce the Shear Force Diagram and Bending Moment Diagram,
both the reactions and bending moments have to be calculated.
The diagram below shows the floor loads being distributed along the beam in the form of
line loads and also the wall loads being transferred to the beam in the form of point
loads.
The line loads for the three floor loads will be calculated as follows:
Line (kN/m) = Floor udl (kN/m²) x Load Width
Wall Load (PL1) Wall Load (PL1)
3550 5350 2850
Floor Load (LL1) Floor Load (LL2) Floor Load (LL3)

BEAM
VL VR
11750
(Figure 1: Load Transfer)
LL1 = (5.5kN/m² x 3.8 Width) + (5Kn/m x 3.9 Width) = 40.45 kN/m
LL2 = (4kN/m² x 3.8 Width) + (3.5 kN/m² x 3.9 Width) = 28.85 kN/m
LL3 = (5kN/m² x 2.2 Width) + (5.5kN/m² x 2.6 Width) = 25.3 kN/m

The point loads for wall load 1 and 2 will be calculated as follows:
Point Load (kN) = Line Load (kN/m) x Load Length (m)
PL1 = (7kN/m x 4.8 Length) = 33.6kN
PL2 = (7.5 kN/m x 7.7 Length) = 57.7KN
33.6 57.7
40.45 kN/m 28.85 kN/m 25.3kN/m

BEAM
VL VR
(Figure 2: Downward Forces)

REACTION CALCULATIONS
The main objective is to calculate two vertical reactions, which are VL and VR.
In order for the beam to remain stationery, the moments must be in ‘equilibrium’
i.e. equal to zero:
 ΣM = 0
Moment (kN/m) = Value of point load (kN) x Lever Arm (m)
The line loads and bending moment is calculated as follows:
Moment (kN/m) = Value of line load (kN) x Length Considered (m) x lever arm
(m)
VR:
To find the reaction of VR the moment is taken about the support on the left hand
side (centre of rotation), and all the moments that are acting in the clockwise direction
are positive.
ΣM = 0
= (40.4 x 3.55 x 1.755) + (57.75 x 3.55) + (28.85 x 5.35 x 6.225) + (25.3 x 2.85 x
10.325)
= (33.6 x 11.75) – 8.9vR
= (254 + 205 + 960 + 744 + 394)
= 2557 – 8.9vR
VR = 2557 / 8.9
VR = 287 kN

To find the reaction of VL the moment is taken about the support on the right
hand side (centre of rotation), and all the moments that are acting in the clockwise
direction are positive.
ΣM = 0
= (40.4 x 3.55 x 7.125) + (57.75 x 5.35) + (28.85 x 5.35 x 2.68) – (25.3 x 2.85 x
1.425) + (33.6 x 2.85)
= (1021 + 308 + 413 – 102 – 95)
= 1549/8.9
VL = 173 kN
CHECK
As previously mentioned the upward and downward forces must be equal in

order for the beam to be in stationery or equilibrium.
Downward Forces
= (40.4 x 3.5) + 57.75 + (28.85 x 5.35) + (25.5 x 2.85) + 33.6
= 143 + 57.75 + 154 + 72 + 33.6 = 460kN
Upward Forces
= 287 + 173 = 460kN
33.6 57.7
3550 5350 2850
40.45 kN/m 28.85 kN/m 25.3kN/m

BEAM
173 kN 287kN

(Figure 3: Upwards & Downward Forces)

BENDING MOMENTS
The main objective is to determine the values of the bending moments in order to
produce the Bending Moment Diagram.
33.6 57.7
3550 5350 2850
40.45 kN/m 28.85 kN/m 25.3 kN/m

BEAM
173 kN A 287kN
(Max Sagging) B (Max Hogging)
Assuming moments in the anticlockwise direction is positive.
Sagging Mmax
= M (A)
= (40.4 X 3.55 X 1.775) – (173 X 3.55)
= 254 – 614 = - 361 kN/m
Hogging Mmax
= M (B)

= (25.3 x 2.85 x 1.425) + (33.6 x 2.85)
= 102 + 95 = 197kN/m
2.1.1.)
In order to design a steel beam assuming that it has full lateral restraint the
following will have to be carried out:
 Calculating the Plastic Modulus (Sx) required of the beam.
 Calculate the Moment of Inertia of the beam (I)
The Sx and I values will be compared against standardized tables which show
the relevant properties and the most appropriate beam will be selected.
THE PLASTIC MODULUS (Sx)
S reqd = Max Ultimate Bending Moment (BM) in kNm x 10³ cm³

Bending Strength (py) in N/mm²
In order to calculate the maximum bending moment the following formulas will be
used:
Moment (kN/m) = Value of point load (kN) x Lever Arm (m)
Moment (kN/m) = Value of line load (kN) x Length Considered (m) x lever arm
(m)
It is important to note that the load values at this point must be divided in to
elements of dead and live loads at a ratio of 1:3 (i.e.1/4 dead loads and ¾ live loads)
and then multiplied by the relevant safety factor (1.4 for dead loads, and 1.5 for live
loads)-Reference to BS 5959 clause 2.4.1.1 (Table 3).
(361 x 0.25 x 1.4) + (361 x 0.75 x 1.6)
= 559.55

Py
Assuming that the steel grade is S255 / Thickness 63mm / 255mm²
S reqd = 559 x 10³ / 255
= 2192.15 cm³
The Plastic Modulus for the steel beam is 2192.15 cm³
MOMENT OF INERTIA (I) REQUIRED
I Reqd = (5wl / 384eδ) x 10 cm
BM = 361 kN/m
L = 8900mm (8.9m)
W = 8BM / L²
8 (361) / 8.9² = 36.46 kN/m
The dead load and live load are both at a ratio of 1:3; therefore the equivalent Live Line
Load is as follows:
(LLL) = (36.46 / 4) x 3
= 27.345 kN/m
E = 21 x 10 N/mm²
With reference to BS 5950 Table 8, the allowable deflection is calculated as follows:
δ = Span / 360

= 8900 / 360
= 24.7 mm
I Reqd = (5wl / 384eδ) x 10 cm
= [(5 x 27.34 x 8900) / (384 x 21 x 104 x 24.7)] x 10
= 43060.6 cm
The section selected for the beam must have a Plastic Modulus of 2192.15 cm³
and a Moment of Inertia value of 43060.6 cm. After looking at the selected tables the
possible sections are suitable are as follows:
 457 x 191 UB98 S = 2230, I= 45700

 356 x 358 UC53 S = 29600, I =48500
It is important to bear in mind that the most suitable selection will depend on its
use. This will depend on the governing criterion. The section 457 x 191 UB98 would be
most suitable if the weight was the governing criterion. If the depth was the most
important issue then the section 356 x 358 UC53 would be more appropriate.

2.1.2.)
In order to design a steel beam assuming that it does not have full lateral
restraint the following will have to be carried out:
 Calculating the maximum buckling resistance moment (Mb)
 Calculate the Moment of Inertia of the beam (I)
The Mb and I values will be compared against the tables and select which Mb
exceeds the value calculated and spans the required distance.
Maximum Buckling Resistance Movement
The maximum bending moment will have to be calculated, and when selecting a
section the following rule will have to be used:
 Mb for the appropriate value of LE > max BM from load condition
Max design BM = 559.55 kN/m

Dimension between supports (LE) = 8.9 rounded to 9m
The section selected for the beam must have a Plastic Modulus of 2192.15 cm³
and a Moment of Inertia value of 43060.6 cm. Also an LE of 9m and an exceeding 559.55
kN/m. After comparing the values to those in the table it is evident that the
following sections are suitable:
 686 × 254 UB 170 = Mb = 564 I = 170000

 356 × 368 UC 153 = Mb = 590 I = 48500
As previously mentioned the most suitable section will again depend on its use.
In this case the Universal Column may prove to be a better choice as it is lighter and is
likely to meet the governing criterion.

2.2)
To comment on the results between 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 it is evident that the beam
that does not have full lateral restraint is larger than the one that does have full lateral
restraint. This is when comparing the size or the weight of the beam. Universal beams
are thinner in comparison to universal columns. They have a thin cross section. As
universal columns are thicker they provide more lateral restraint. This is due to the fact
that there is more weight present.
When designing beams it is important to consider the concept of ‘lateral-torsional

buckling’. It is present in all beams and is caused from stress. When the weight or size of
the beam is increased, the beam will provide greater resistance to stiffness and is
slender. The beam will put up a greater resistance to the imposed stress.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
In order to conduct this assignment I used the following resources;
Books
 Ozelton E.C & Baird J.A

‘Timber Designers Manual’ (3rd edition),
Blackwell publishing, 2002
Lecture Notes
 Armitage, D
Building Structures A: ‘Steel Beam design to BS 5950’, 2005
 Armitage, D
Building Structures A: ‘Principles of Shear Force, Bending Moment and
Deflection’, 2005
 Armitage, D
Building Structures A: ‘Timber Beam Design to BS 5268-2’, 2002
Journals
 British standards (2002)
 British Standards 5268
 British standards (2000)
 British Standards 5950
 The Steel Construction Institute (1992)

‘Lateral Stability of steel Beams and Columns’ – Common cases restraint


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DEPARTMENT OF PROPERTY AND

CW1: ‘TIMBER & STEEL BEAM

 Calculate the Section Modulus (Z) of the 60 x 220 C16 joist.

 The Moment of Inertia value of the 60 x 220 C16 joist.

Section Modulus (Z) Required Of The Design Beam

Z= Max Bending Moment (M)

Max Bending Moment (M)

= [(Line Load (kN/m) x Load Length (m) x L (m)] / 8

= [(2.5 x 0.395) x 4.6] / 8

Bsc Construction Management 2

Allowable Bending Stress Parallel to the Grain (F)

BS 5268 clause 2.10.6, the depth factor (k7), is as follows:

= (300 / 220) 0.11

BS 5268 clause 2.9.6, the load sharing system (k8), is as follows:

f = 5.3 x 1.03 x 1.1

= (2.61 kN/m x 10 ) / 6.00 N/mm²)

= 435 x 10³ mm³

Bsc Construction Management 3

Moment of Inertia Required

I reqd = 5WL / 438eδ

 Equivalent Line Load (w)

W = Line Load (kN/m) x Load Length (m)

Bs 5268 clause 2.10.7, the deflection of timber is as follows:

Max δ: (0.003 x Span) or 14mm as an absolute maximum.

Max δ = 0.003 x 4600 = 13.8mm

I Reqd = 5wl / 384eδ

= (5 x 0.998 x 4600) (384 x 8800 x 13.8)

Bsc Construction Management 4

47 x 10 mm is the required Moment of Inertia.

SECTION MODULUS OF 60 X 220 C16 JOISTS

Z = 484 X 10³ mm³

The Section Modulus of the 60 x 220 joist is 484 X 10³ mm³

MOMENT OF INTERTIA OF SUGGESTED BEAM

The required Moment of Inertia for the 60 x 220 joist is 53.2 x 10 mm

Bsc Construction Management 5

 75 × 225 = Z = 633, I = 71.2

Bsc Construction Management 6

Line (kN/m) = Floor udl (kN/m²) x Load Width

Wall Load (PL1) Wall Load (PL1)

3550 5350 2850

Floor Load (LL1) Floor Load (LL2) Floor Load (LL3)

(Figure 1: Load Transfer)

LL1 = (5.5kN/m² x 3.8 Width) + (5Kn/m x 3.9 Width) = 40.45 kN/m

LL3 = (5kN/m² x 2.2 Width) + (5.5kN/m² x 2.6 Width) = 25.3 kN/m

Bsc Construction Management 7

Point Load (kN) = Line Load (kN/m) x Load Length (m)

PL1 = (7kN/m x 4.8 Length) = 33.6kN

PL2 = (7.5 kN/m x 7.7 Length) = 57.7KN

40.45 kN/m 28.85 kN/m 25.3kN/m

(Figure 2: Downward Forces)

Bsc Construction Management 8

Moment (kN/m) = Value of point load (kN) x Lever Arm (m)

The line loads and bending moment is calculated as follows:

= (33.6 x 11.75) – 8.9vR

= (254 + 205 + 960 + 744 + 394)

Bsc Construction Management 9

= (1021 + 308 + 413 – 102 – 95)

As previously mentioned the upward and downward forces must be equal in

= (40.4 x 3.5) + 57.75 + (28.85 x 5.35) + (25.5 x 2.85) + 33.6

= 143 + 57.75 + 154 + 72 + 33.6 = 460kN

= 287 + 173 = 460kN

3550 5350 2850

40.45 kN/m 28.85 kN/m 25.3kN/m

Bsc Construction Management 10

Cw1 'Timber & Steel Design'

Cw1 'Timber & Steel Design'