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Saluran seragam,
tekanan di DA=CB
R=A/P
V=kecepatan m/det
C=koefisien chezy m1/2/det
R=jari-jari hidrolis (m)
S=kemiringan dasar
n=koef kekasaran manning
m=koef kekasaran bahan saluran
=kekentalan kinematik
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
V = R S
n
1/ 6
R
C=
n
V=kecepatan m/det
C=koefisien chezy m1/2/det
R=jari-jari hidrolis (m)
S=kemiringan dasar
n=koef kekasaran manning
N
3/ 2
Pi ni
ne = i =1
P
2
3
Ri=jari-jari hidrolis.
ni
i =1
Ni=angka kekasaran Manning bagian i
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q = Q1 + Q2 + Q3
2
3
A1 A 1
Q=
n1 P1
HYDRAULICS
1
S2
2
3
A2 A2
+
n2 P2
1
S2
2
3
1
A3 A3
S 2
+
n3 P3
11
EXERCISES 1
Problem:
A trapezoidal channel with side slopes 1:1 and bed slope 1:1.000
has a 3 m wide bed composed of sand (n = 0.02) and side of
concrete (n = 0.014). Estimate the discharge when the depth of flow
is 2.0 m.
Solution:
A1 (=A3) = 2x2/2 =2.0 m2
A2 = 3x2 = 6.0 m2
P1 (=P3) =(4+4)0.5 = 2.828 m P2 = 3.0 m
R1 (=r3) = 2/2.828 = 0.7072 m R2 = 6/3 = 2.0 m
A= 10.0 m2
P = 8.656 m
R = 10/8.656 =1.155 m
3
2.0 m
1
3.0 m
HYDRAULICS
12
EXERCISES 1 (continued)
Lotter
Horton - Einstein
3
N
P i n i2
n e = i= 1
P
Pi
2(2.282 )
ne =
2
3
3
x0.014 2
8.656
ne =
3
+ 3 x0.02 2
2
3
ne =
5
3
PR
5
N
3
P
R
i
i
i =1 ni
5
8.656 x1.155 3
5
5
3
2(2.828 )0.7072
3x2 2
+
0
.
014
0.02
ne= 0.0162
ne = 0.0157
A
2
1
10
3
2
Q=
x1.155 x0.001
0.0162
2
1
10 A
3
2
Q=
x1.155 x0.001
0.0157
Q = 21.49 m3/dt
Q = 22.17 m3/dt
13
A = Bxh
A
B =
H
P = B + 2h
A
P =
+ 2h
h
h
B
P minimum
dP
A
= 2 +2=0
dh
h
A = 2h 2
Bh = 2h 2
B = 2h h =
B
2
A
Bh
=
P B + 2h
h
2h 2
R=
=
2 h + 2h 2
Trapesium
A = ( B + mh)h
P = B + 2h m 2 + 1
1
m
B
B = P 2h m 2 + 1
A = P 2h m 2 + 1 h + mh 2
A = Ph 2h 2 m 2 + 1 + mh 2
dA
= P 4h m 2 + 1 + 2mh = 0
dh
8
2
P = h 3 h 3 = 2h 3
3
3
4
2
B = 2h 3 h 3 = h 3
3
3
1
2
A = h 3 + h 3 h = h 2 3
3
3
P = 4h m 2 + 1 2mh
dP 1
2m
2h = 0
= 4h
dm 2
m2 +1
2m
m2 +1
= 1 4m 2 = 1 + m 2 m =
1
1
=
3
3
MOST ECONOMICAL
TRIANGULAR CHANNEL SECTION
A = h2tan
P = (2h ) sec
h=
A
tan
2 A
(sec)
P=
tan
r
1
3
dP
sec tan
sec
= 2 A
=0
3
tan
d
2(tan )2
1
m
2tan = sec
= 45o, or m = 1.
17
MOST ECONOMICAL
TRIANGULAR CHANNEL SECTION
y = acos
sin2 = 2sin cos
HYDRAULICS
18
CONTOH KASUS
H=4.656 m
B=5.37729 m
1 3 2
V = R S
n
Konsep energi spesifik (E) dikenalkan oleh Bakhmeteff 1912, yaitu tinggi tenaga
pada sembarang tampang diukur dari dasar saluran. Atau energi persatuan berat
(Nm/N) relatif terhadap dasar saluran.
Energi spesifik E terdiri dua komponen yaitu kedalaman h dan tinggi kecepatan
V2/2g
Semakin tinggi nilai h maka kecepatan akan semakin kecil, atau nilai V akan
menurun jika kedalaman meningkat
V2
E = kedalaman + head kecepatan = h +
2g
= koefisien coriolis (1 1,1)
q2
E=h+
2 gh 2
2
q
(E - h)h 2 =
2g
Eh 2 h 3 = konstan, E - h = 0, E = h
Q = AV
V =
Q
Q
q
=
=
A
b .h
h
Energi spesifik E terdiri dua komponen yaitu kedalaman h dan tinggi kecepatan V2/2g
Semakin tinggi nilai h maka kecepatan akan semakin kecil, atau nilai V akan menurun jika
kedalaman meningkat
hc
Emin
V2
q
E = h+
V =
2g
h
q2
E = h+
2 gh 2
dE
q2
= 1 3 = 0
dh
gh
hc = 3
q2
g
h=hc
hc g = qc
3
hc g = Vc hc
3
hc g = Vc
2
V2
E = h+
2g
1
1
3
E = h + h hc + hc hc
2
2
2
Vc
1
= hc
2g 2
2
3
Emin , atau Emin = hc
2
3
kedalaman kritis
hc =
V2 1
V2
= hc
=1
2g 2
ghc
V
ghc
=1 = F
hc =
Vc =
q2
Vc
2
Ec =
=
g
3
g
gh c atau
hc =yc
Vc
=1
gh c
Vc
= 1, tarjadi aliran kritis
gh c
hc
hc
E
8.334759
4.919552
0.5
11.3
1.5
3.392513
0.6
11.3
1.8
2.60869
0.7
11.3
2.1
2.175772
0.8
11.3
2.4
1.929888
0.9
11.3
2.7
1.792751
11.3
1.723128
1.1
11.3
3.3
1.697627
1.2
11.3
3.6
1.702172
1.3
11.3
3.9
1.727887
1.4
11.3
4.2
1.768943
1.5
11.3
4.5
1.82139
1.6
11.3
4.8
1.882472
1.7
11.3
5.1
1.950217
1.8
11.3
5.4
2.023188
1.9
11.3
5.7
2.100313
11.3
2.180782
2.1
11.3
6.3
2.263975
2.2
11.3
6.6
2.349407
2.3
11.3
6.9
2.436697
2.4
11.3
7.2
2.525543
= h +
5
4
10
1/ 2
hc =
q2
=
g
(0,005)
25
=
3,99
0,02
B 2/3
B
25 2
3 , 99
=
2
Bx 9 ,81
B3
1
V = R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2 ,
n
Q
V = , P = B + 2hc , A = Bhc , R = A / P
A
2/ 3
25
1 Bhc
(0,005)1/ 2
=
Bhc 0,02 B + 2hc
2/3
3,99 B 1 / 3
7,98
B + 2/3
B
2/3
3,99
B 2/3
B
3,99
B + 2 2/3
B
25
(0,005)1 / 2
=
0,02
3,99 B 1 / 3
1
Q = A R 2 / 3 S 1/ 2
n
A = 10 x5 = 50 m 2
P = 2 x5 + 10 = 20 m 2
R = A / P = 50 / 20 = 2,5 m
Kelandaian Kritis
2
hc = 3
1 2 / 3 1/ 2 2
hc S hc
2
2
(Vhc )
q
n
3
hc =
=
=
g
g
g
q2
g
q = Vhc
V =
1 2 / 3 1/ 2
hc S c
n
Sc =
gn 2
hc
1/ 3
9,81x0,017 2
=
= 0,00208
1/ 3
2,52
Kelandaian Normal
Q2n2
S = 2 4/3 =
A R
500 2 x0,017 2
40 x 4
(40 x4) x
40 + 2 x 4
2
4/3
= 0,00057
q max
2
yc vc
vc =
= gy
2
2
3
c
= gy
g yc
3
c