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TECHNICAL PAPER
INTRODUCTION
Significant investigations of the long-term behavior of
various longitudinal reinforcing steel ratios in concrete
columns were conducted in the 1920s and 1930s. One of the
earliest investigations was conducted by Davis and Davis in
1931.1 The investigation included eight reduced-scale
specimens. Four were unloaded control specimens to separate
the effects of shrinkage from those of creep. A change in
steel stress of 209 MPa (30,300 psi) due to instantaneous
load, creep, and shrinkage was found. This study references
a field study by MacMillan 2 that was conducted on the
University of Minnesota campus.
A significant investigation was carried out in tandem at the
University of Illinois and Lehigh University. At the University
of Illinois, Richart and Staehle3,4 tested 108 reinforced concrete
columns. Sixty were loaded and 48 were unloaded control
specimens. Forty-five unreinforced columns were also
included in the study. Specimens were stored in a laboratory
environment or a 100% relative humidity environment for a
period of 60 weeks. Variables investigated were reinforcement
ratio (1.5, 4.0, and 6.0%), concrete strengths of 13.8, 24.1,
and 34.5 MPa (2000, 3500, and 5000 psi), steel yield stresses
of 271 and 368 MPa (39,300 to 53,400 psi) and applied load.
Load was generally applied in accordance with the ACI
Code or the New York City Building Code. At Lehigh
University, Slater and Lyse5 and Lyse and Kreidler6 tested a
total of 108 columns of similar dimensions, material properties,
ACI Structural Journal/March-April 2004
165
Environmental conditions
Two reduced-humidity enclosures were built for storage of
all column specimens. The approximate size of the enclosures
was 6.1 x 6.1 x 3.7 m high (20 x 20 x 12 ft high). The enclosures
were framed using wood studs and were covered with a single
ply of clear vapor barrier stapled to the studs. The enclosures
were free-standing inside a light-gage metal-framed building. A
dehumidifier was operated constantly in each enclosure. During
periods of cold weather, small space heaters were placed inside
the enclosures to prevent freezing temperatures. An attempt was
made to keep temperatures above 10 C (50 F) at all times to
avoid large temperature fluctuations. Temperature and humidity
readings were recorded continuously with an electronic
data recorder. The maximum and minimum values were read
each day during the first 28 days after casting and generally at
no greater than 6-day intervals thereafter. Column specimens
were cast in four different groups. The maximum and
Table 1Number of test specimens
8 longitu- 6 longitu- 4 longitudi- 0 longituDesign concrete
dinal bars dinal bars nal bars dinal bars
strength, MPa
(ratio =
(ratio =
(ratio =
(ratio =
(psi)
Load type 0.72%)
0.54%)
0.36%)
0.00%)
55.2 (8000)
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
None
27.6 (4000)
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
None
Table 2Specimen details and loading history, 55.2 MPa (8000 psi) specimens
Design strength
at 28 days,
Actual strength at
Longitudinal
Spiral
MPa (psi)
28 days, MPa (psi) reinforcement ratio, % reinforcement ratio, %
Column load,
kN (kips)
Age at
Group
loading, days number
Specimen name
Load type
C8-0.00-1
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
47.7 (6920)
0.00
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
21
C8-0.36-1
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.36
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
20
C8-0.36-2
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.36
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
17
C8-0.36-3
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
47.7 (6920)
0.36
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
22
C8-0.54-1
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.54
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
19
C8-0.54-2
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.54
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
19
C8-0.54-3
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
47.7 (6920)
0.54
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
22
C8-0.72-1
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.72
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
19
C8-0.72-2
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.72
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
19
C8-0.72-3
Concentric
55.2 (8000)
47.7 (6920)
0.72
0.27
722.8 (162.5)
20
U8-0.00NS-1
Unloaded
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.00
0.00
U8-0.00NS-2
Unloaded
55.2 (8000)
47.7 (6920)
0.00
0.00
U8-0.00-1
Unloaded
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.00
0.27
U8-0.00-2
Unloaded
55.2 (8000)
47.7 (6920)
0.00
0.27
U8-0.36-1
Unloaded
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.36
0.27
U8-0.54-1
Unloaded
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.54
0.27
U8-0.72-1
Unloaded
55.2 (8000)
63.3 (9180)
0.72
0.27
169
Table 3Specimen details and loading history, 27.6 MPa (4000 psi) specimens
Longitudinal
Design strength at 28 Actual strength at reinforcement
days, MPa (psi) 28 days, MPa (psi)
ratio, %
Specimen
name
Load type
C4-0.00-1
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
30.8 (4460)
C4-0.36-1
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
C4-0.36-2
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
C4-0.36-3
Concentric
C4-0.54-1
Column load,
kN (kips)
Age at
loading, days
Group
number
0.00
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
16
0.36
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
23
37.2 (5390)
0.36
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
22
27.6 (4000)
30.8 (4460)
0.36
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
15
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.54
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
25
C4-0.54-2
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.54
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
24
C4-0.54-3
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
30.8 (4460)
0.54
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
15
C4-0.72-1
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.72
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
23
C4-0.72-2
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.72
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
21
C4-0.72-3
Concentric
27.6 (4000)
30.8 (4460)
0.72
0.27
361.6 (81.3)
15
U4-0.00NS-1
Unloaded
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.00
0.00
U4-0.00NS-2
Unloaded
27.6 (4000)
30.8 (4460)
0.00
0.00
U4-0.00-1
Unloaded
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.00
0.27
U4-0.00-2
Unloaded
27.6 (4000)
30.8 (4460)
0.00
0.27
U4-0.36-1
Unloaded
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.36
0.27
U4-0.54-1
Unloaded
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.54
0.27
U4-0.72-1
Unloaded
27.6 (4000)
37.2 (5390)
0.72
0.27
170
t
v t = ------------------v u
( 10 + t )
(1)
(2)
(3)
Specimen
name
Days after
Average
Longitudi- loading at microstrain at
nal rein- conclusion of conclusion of Groupforcement experimental experimental numLoad type ratio, %
program
program
ber
C8-0.00-1
Concentric
0.00
392
2734
C8-0.36-1
Concentric
0.36
491
2615
C8-0.36-2
Concentric
0.36
494
2432
C8-0.36-3
Concentric
0.36
392
2729
C8-0.54-1
Concentric
0.54
492
2184
C8-0.54-2
Concentric
0.54
492
2264
C8-0.54-3
Concentric
0.54
392
2368
C8-0.72-1
Concentric
0.72
492
2226
C8-0.72-2
Concentric
0.72
493
2346
C8-0.72-3
Concentric
0.72
393
2540
U8-0.00NS-1
Unloaded
0.00
358
U8-0.00NS-2
Unloaded
0.00
210
U8-0.00-1
Unloaded
0.00
308
U8-0.00-2
Unloaded
0.00
224
U8-0.36-1
Unloaded
0.36
330
U8-0.54-1
Unloaded
0.54
408
U8-0.72-1
Unloaded
0.72
310
171
(4)
(5)
(6)
( sh )t E s A g g
- (7)
( shrinkage )t = ( sh )t ------------------------------------------------------------------------[
A
(
1
)
+
A
E
g
g g eff.
eff.
g
Total strain is obtained by summing the initial, creep, and
shrinkage strains.
(8)
Specimen
name
Days after
Average
Longitudi- loading at microstrain at
nal rein- conclusion of conclusion of Group
forcement experimental experimental numLoad type ratio, %
program
program
ber
C4-0.00-1
Concentric
0.00
397
1972
C4-0.36-1
Concentric
0.36
462
1936
C4-0.36-2
Concentric
0.36
463
2021
C4-0.36-3
Concentric
0.36
398
1932
C4-0.54-1
Concentric
0.54
461
1775
C4-0.54-2
Concentric
0.54
461
1742
C4-0.54-3
Concentric
0.54
398
1838
C4-0.72-1
Concentric
0.72
462
1725
C4-0.72-2
Concentric
0.72
464
2055
C4-0.72-3
Concentric
0.72
398
2128
U4-0.00NS-1 Unloaded
0.00
466
U4-0.00NS-2 Unloaded
U4-0.00-1
Unloaded
0.00
245
0.00
556
U4-0.00-2
Unloaded
0.00
337
U4-0.36-1
Unloaded
0.36
416
U4-0.54-1
Unloaded
0.54
360
U4-0.72-1
Unloaded
0.72
444
CONCLUSIONS
Although creep and shrinkage of the specimens had not
ceased when data collection was discontinued at the end of the
funded study, the rate of creep and shrinkage had dropped to a
sufficiently low level to provide confidence in the conclusions
drawn from the recorded data. Several conclusions can be made
from both the experimental and analytical results:
1. All concentrically loaded column specimens constructed
with concrete having a nominal compressive strength of
Table 6Summary of ACI 209R-92 correction factors and ultimate coefficients for 55.2 MPa
(8000 psi) specimens
C8-00
C8-0.36
C8-0.54
Unloaded
specimens
C8-0.72
21
20
17
22
19
19
22
19
19
20
Creep, la
0.87
0.88
0.90
0.87
0.88
0.88
0.87
0.88
0.88
0.88
Shrinkage, cp
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
Group 1 Group 2
38
37
37
38
37
37
38
37
37
38
37
38
Creep,
Shrinkage,
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
Creep, h
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
Shrinkage, h
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
Volume-surface ratio,
mm (in.)
Temperature, C (F)
23.9 (75) 24.4 (76) 24.4 (76) 23.9 (75) 24.4 (76) 24.4 (76) 23.9 (75) 24.4 (76) 24.4 (76) 23.9 (75) 24.4 (76) 23.9 (75)
Creep
Slump, mm (in.)
1.08
1.12
1.12
1.08
1.12
1.12
1.08
1.12
1.12
1.08
165 (6.5) 191 (7.5) 191 (7.5) 165 (6.5) 191 (7.5) 191 (7.5) 165 (6.5) 191 (7.5) 191 (7.5) 165 (6.5) 191 (7.5) 165 (6.5)
Creep, s
1.26
1.32
1.32
1.26
1.32
1.32
1.26
1.32
1.32
1.26
1.32
1.26
Shrinkage, s
1.16
1.20
1.20
1.16
1.20
1.20
1.16
1.20
1.20
1.16
1.20
1.16
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
34
Creep,
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
Shrinkage,
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
0.78
Fine aggregate, %
Cement content,
kg/m 3 (lb/yd3)
Shrinkage, c
415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700) 415 (700)
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.08
1.20
1.22
1.08
1.20
1.20
1.08
1.20
1.20
1.09
1.03
1.06
1.06
1.03
1.06
1.06
1.03
1.06
1.06
1.03
1.06
1.03
2.55
2.81
2.87
2.53
2.83
2.83
2.53
2.83
2.83
2.56
801
829
829
801
829
829
801
829
829
801
829
801
Air content, %
Shrinkage,
173
Table 7Summary of ACI 209-92 correction factors and ultimate coefficients for 27.6 MPa
(4000 psi) specimens
C4-0.00
Loading age, days
Creep, la
Initial cure, days
Shrinkage, cp
Humidity, %
Creep,
Shrinkage,
Average thickness, mm (in.)
Creep, h
Shrinkage, h
C4-0.36
C4-0.54
Unloaded
specimens
C4-0.72
16
23
22
15
25
24
15
23
21
15
Group 3 Group 4
0.90
0.86
0.87
0.91
0.86
0.86
0.91
0.86
0.87
0.91
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
37
39
39
37
39
39
37
39
39
37
39
37
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
203 (8)
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.96
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
0.93
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
50.8 (2)
Temperature, C (F)
25.0 (77) 24.4 (76) 24.4 (76) 25.0 (77) 24.4 (76) 24.4 (76) 25.0 (77) 24.4 (76) 24.4 (76) 25.0 (77) 24.4 (76) 25.0 (77)
Creep
Slump, mm (in.)
1.15
1.13
1.13
1.15
1.13
1.13
1.15
1.13
1.13
1.15
165 (6.5) 152 (6.0) 152 (6.0) 165 (6.5) 152 (6.0) 152 (6.0) 165 (6.5) 152 (6.0) 152 (6.0) 165 (6.5) 152 (6.0) 165 (6.5)
Creep, s
1.26
1.22
1.22
1.26
1.22
1.22
1.26
1.22
1.22
1.26
1.22
1.26
Shrinkage, s
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.14
1.16
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
56
Creep,
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
Shrinkage,
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
Fine aggregate, %
Cement content, kg/m (lb/yd ) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500) 297 (500)
Shrinkage, c
Air content, %
Shrinkage,
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.06
0
1.26
1.16
1.16
1.27
1.15
1.15
1.27
1.16
1.17
1.27
1.20
1.18
1.18
1.20
1.18
1.18
1.20
1.18
1.18
1.20
1.18
1.20
2.96
2.72
2.73
2.98
2.69
2.71
2.98
2.72
2.75
2.98
936
920
920
936
920
920
936
920
920
936
920
936
NOTATION
Ag
As
Eci
Eeff.
Es
f c
n
neff.
P
t
t
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
vt
(creep)t =
initial
g
=
=
REFERENCES
1. Davis, R., and Davis, H., Flow of Concrete Under the Action of
Sustained Loads, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 27, No. 7, Mar. 1931,
pp. 837-901.
2. McMillan, F., A Study of Column Test Data, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings
V. 17, 1921, pp. 150-171.
3. Richart, F., and Staehle, G., Second Progress Report on Column
Tests at the University of Illinois, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 27, No. 7,
Mar. 1931, pp. 761-790.
4. Richart, F., and Staehle, G., Fourth Progress Report on Column Tests
at the University of Illinois, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 28, No. 5, Jan.
1932, pp. 279-315.
5. Slater, W., and Lyse, I., Second Progress Report on Column Tests
Made at Lehigh University, ACI J OURNAL, Proceedings V. 27, No. 7,
Mar. 1931, pp. 791-835.
6. Lyse, I., and Kreidler, C., Fourth Progress Report on Column Tests at
Lehigh University, ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 28, No. 5, Jan. 1932,
pp. 317-346.
7. Lyse, I., Fifth Progress Report on Column Tests Made at Lehigh
175